352:
200:(1626–1631) with 1000 deaths, before this massive persecutions finally ended with the Cologne witch trial in 1639. These mass trials resulted in the executions of all genders and ages, and while the majority were female, the male minority was by no means small and men were referred to as "witches" as well, which was used as a gender-neutral expression. These mass trials could also show a great number of wealthy, clerical and aristocratic number of people among the condemned, when the rest of Europe had a majority of poor people among their executed.
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308:(1486). This unleashed the first wave of witchcraft persecutions during and was followed by numerous witch trials in Wallis 1430, Fribourg and Neuchâtel (1440), Vevey (1448), Lausanne (1460), Lake Geneva (1480) and Domartin (1498 and 1524–28). During the 15th century, a third of those executed for witchcraft were women and two-thirds were men, but in the 16th century, the figure was reversed.
62:
of the
Emperor. This made it possible for the accused and their next of kin to appeal any sentence of a local court to the Imperial court. In general, such appeals were successful in the Imperial court, but in practice, the local verdict was still put in place because the Imperial court had great difficulty in enforcing their authority over the autonomous states.
117:, vagrants and beggars. Torture were commonly used and when used to make the accused naming their accomplices, the trials could grow to be very large. In contrast to Germany, the witch trials in Austria was at its most severe during the second half of the 17th century. About 1500 people are estimated to have been executed for sorcery in Austria.
262:
188:(1587–1593), which resulted in between 500 and 1000 executions. The witch hunt migrated in waves through the villages through village inquisitors toward other cities and Prince Bishoprics and resulted in recurring waves of persecutions with high points in 1593–1598, 1601–1605, 1611–1618 and 1627–1631. Among them were the infamous
1386:
319:
The majority of the witch trials in
Switzerland were conducted by local secular courts. Most of the cases were directed against members of the public by other private citizens, and the accusations were normally destruction of property by use of magic and participation in a witches sabbath. The witch
292:
Switzerland bordered to North
Eastern France and Southern Germany, where the witchcraft persecutions were more intense than anywhere else in Europe, and belong to the areas where the witch trials were most fervent. A hypothetic number of 10,000 executions has been suggested: the number of executions
61:
in 1532. The Holy Roman Empire consisted of a number of autonomous states, both
Protestant and Catholic who all had their own laws and regulations, and the witchcraft persecutions, therefore, varied considerably. Formally, however, all states within the Holy Roman Empire were under the jurisdiction
311:
A reason for the severe persecutions in
Switzerland was the weak central power, where the Imperial court had little to no real influence, something which had a bad effect on the rights of those accused. This is illustrated by the fact that the persecutions were the worst in areas were the central
48:
The witchcraft persecutions differed widely between the regions, and was most intense in the territories of the
Catholic Prince Bishops in Southwestern Germany. The witch trials of the Catholic Prince Bishops of South West Germany were arguably the biggest in the world. Witch trials did occur in
166:
A number of extremely large mass trials against witchcraft, which took place in the autonomous
Catholic Prince Bishop-states in south-western Germany between 1587 and 1639, are estimated to have amounted to a third of all executions for witchcraft in Germany, and a fourth of all executions of
157:
In general, the witchcraft persecutions were much more extensive in
Catholic South Germany than Protestant North Germany. There were exceptions: the Protestant Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg executed hundreds of people for witchcraft in but a few years around 1630, and the largest Catholic state in
108:
in 1609, resulting in sixteen executions. In
Austria, witch trials were conducted by local secular courts such as estate courts - except in those cases were clerics conducted private witch trials in the courts of their clerical estates. A common accusation was desecration of the
153:
Present-day
Germany executed more people for witchcraft than any other area in Europe. There were however great contrasts within Germany, where certain parts hardly experienced witch trials at all, while the most severe witch trials in Europe took place in others.
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became the last execution for witchcraft in the city of Geneva in the Republic of Geneva. In the 18th century, the Swiss authorities and courts were less and less willing to accept charges of witchcraft or, if they did, to declare a death penalty in such cases.
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witchcraft in all Europe. The mass witch trials which took place in the German Prince Bishoprics could last for years on end and result on hundreds of executions. These enormous trials were infamous in all Europe, and the contemporary
177:
The Roman Catholic subjects, farmers, winegrowers, and artisans in the episcopal lands are the most terrified people on earth, since the false witch trials affect the German episcopal lands incomparably more than France, Spain, Italy or
120:
In the early 18th century, the central government enforced their authority over the local courts, which resulted in a swift decrease in witch trials. By 1730, the witchcraft persecutions in Austria had virtually ended. The execution of
203:
The mass witch trials of the Catholic Prince Bishoprics in South Germany were exceptional and without contest the largest in Germany, but witch trials existed in all Germany, although in smaller scale in comparison.
212:
While witch trials were fewer and less extensive in the Protestant parts of Germany in comparison with the big mass persecutions of the Catholic South, they did occur in Protestant North Germany as well.
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in 1698, with the most extensive persecution being that of 20 executions in 1606. In 1721, the King of Prussia stated that no death sentences for witchcraft would longer be confirmed by him.
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composed of the areas of the present day Germany, were the most extensive in Europe and in the world, both to the extent of the witch trials as such as well as to the number of executions.
158:
Germany, the Electory of Bavaria, only executed about 271 people for witchcraft, since the Elector introduced a witchcraft law in 1590 which was described as uncommonly mild for its time.
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Protestant Germany as well, but were fewer and less extensive in comparison with Catholic Germany. The witch trials of Catholic Austria and Protestant Switzerland were both severe.
89:(1486). After this, however, there were no more witch trials in Austria until the second half of the 16th century, when the witchcraft persecutions spread in parallel with the
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trials often took place during times of crisis and were directed toward people who were different in some way, by people with whom they had previously been in conflict.
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was likely the last person to be sentenced to death of witchcraft in 1775, but the sentence was never carried out, and she died in prison in 1781.
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case documents a witch trial in the region. Switzerland, or at least a part of it, was the location of the first European mass witch trial: the
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The persecutions became fewer in the second half of the 17th century, but a few isolated cases are known to have occurred in the 18th century.
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In the Northern Protestant Electorate of Brandeburg (later Prussia), only about 200 people were executed for witchcraft between 1505 and
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was commonly used and the chance of being acquitted was slim. The method of execution in Switzerland was commonly burning at the stake.
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is often referred to as the last person executed for sorcery in Switzerland in 1782, though the case was a dubious one.
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113:. Women were in majority among the accused, except in the cases in which the accused were men of low status such as
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Silke Kamp, Hexenverfolgungen in der Mark Brandenburg Arkiverad 22 april 2016 hämtat från the Wayback Machine., 2009
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Ankarloo, Bengt, Witchcraft and magic in Europe. Vol. 4, The period of the witch trials, Athlone, London, 2002
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and Agnes Olmanns in 1738. Since then other executions have been found by later research, such as that of
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In the 17th century, severe witchcraft persecutions took place in Austria, one of the first being that of
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Traditionally,the last executions for witchcraft in Germany have been said to be those of
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192:(1603–1606) with 250 deaths, the Alzenau witch trials (1605–1605) witch 139 deaths, the
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power was weakest: between 1580 and 1655, about 1700 witch trials took place in
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Witchcraft was formally categorized as a crime in the Holy Roman Empire in the
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196:(1611–18) with 430 deaths, the Mainz witch trials (1626–1631), and the
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304:, which lasted between 1428 and 1459, long before the publication of
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Treatises on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
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William E. Burns, Witch Hunts in Europe and America: An Encyclopedia
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in 1750 was to be the last in Austria. Witch trials were banned by
278:
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1533 account of the execution of a witch charged with burning the
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described how they affected the population within them:
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are unknown, but are estimated to have been very high.
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Advertisement of reward for Anna Göldi's capture in
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97:became the first person executed for sorcery in
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1331:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts
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1869:16th century in the Holy Roman Empire
779:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire
552:Witch trials in early modern Scotland
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631:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–62
621:Great Scottish witch hunt of 1649–50
33:Trier witch trials (Pamphlett, 1594)
1432:Witchcraft Act 1735 (Great Britain)
1150:Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials
1291:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus
889:Witch trials in Estonia and Latvia
532:Witchcraft in early modern Britain
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1854:Politics of the Holy Roman Empire
586:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597
557:Witchcraft in early modern Wales
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1122:Witch trials in the Netherlands
813:Pappenheimer family witch trial
316:, but only about 80 in Zürich.
237:Maria Renata Saenger von Mossau
59:Constitutio Criminalis Carolina
1275:Summis desiderantes affectibus
1068:Navarre witch trials (1525–26)
967:Vardø witch trials (1651–1653)
218:Dorothee Elisabeth Tretschlaff
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693:Northern Moravia witch trials
597:Northamptonshire witch trials
370:Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn
75:In Austria, a witch trial in
1849:Law of the Holy Roman Empire
1410:accusations against children
1315:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
762:Trial of the Wizards of Lyon
615:Bury St Edmunds witch trials
537:Channel Islands Witch Trials
266:Burning of three witches in
732:Aix-en-Provence possessions
18:Witch trials in Switzerland
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1339:Daemonolatreiae libri tres
1186:Liechtenstein witch trials
867:Witch trial of Fuersteneck
727:Labourd witch-hunt of 1609
580:North Berwick witch trials
1371:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men
1056:Val Camonica witch trials
1036:Witch trials in Catalonia
944:Vardø witch trials (1621)
687:Kasina Wielka witch trial
626:Alloa witch trials (1658)
471:Hexenverfolgung - Schweiz
1379:The Discovery of Witches
1251:Directorium Inquisitorum
1221:Witch trials in New York
1209:Connecticut Witch Trials
1203:Witch trials in Virginia
1041:Witch trials in Portugal
855:Mergentheim witch trials
849:Baden-Baden witch trials
617:(1645, 1662, 1655, 1694)
208:Protestant North Germany
1864:Witch trials in Germany
1476:Witch trials in Europe
1307:De praestigiis daemonum
1259:De maleficis mulieribus
1156:Bredevoort witch trials
1103:Witch trial of Nogaredo
984:Kastelholm witch trials
920:Copenhagen witch trials
899:Witch trials in Iceland
894:Witch trials in Finland
884:Witch trials in Denmark
801:Rottenburg witch trials
795:Wiesensteig witch trial
677:Witch trials in Hungary
660:Islandmagee witch trial
542:Witch trials in England
245:Endingen am Kaiserstuhl
239:in Bavaria in 1749 and
1525:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1363:Compendium Maleficarum
1355:Magical Investigations
1246:(8th–2nd centuries BC)
1062:Mirandola witch trials
1046:Witch trials in Sicily
909:Witch trials in Sweden
904:Witch trials in Norway
861:Esslingen witch trials
831:Eichstätt witch trials
789:Derenburg witch trials
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682:Witch trials in Poland
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162:Catholic South Germany
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1844:Early modern politics
1422:Werewolf witch trials
1215:Maryland Witch Trials
1180:Salzburg witch trials
1097:Terrassa witch trials
1051:Witch trials in Spain
1031:Witch trials in Italy
1002:Katarina witch trials
996:Torsåker witch trials
972:Kirkjuból witch trial
949:Akershus witch trials
837:Würzburg witch trials
825:Ellwangen witch trial
784:Rottweil Witch Trials
756:Affair of the Poisons
750:Normandy witch trials
705:Doruchowo witch trial
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1162:Roermond witch trial
1132:Stedelen witch trial
1085:Witches of Laspaúles
961:Rosborg witch trials
938:Finspång witch trial
843:Bamberg witch trials
744:Louviers possessions
642:Bideford witch trial
547:Witchcraft in Orkney
525:In the British Isles
357:Elisabeth Plainacher
198:Bamberg witch trials
95:Elisabeth Plainacher
79:in 1485 resulted in
1741:States with limited
1323:Newes from Scotland
1283:Malleus Maleficarum
1144:Geneva witch trials
1138:Valais witch trials
1091:Basque witch trials
1014:Thisted witch trial
1008:Rugård witch trials
955:Ramsele witch trial
926:Gyldenstierne-sagen
914:Põlula witch trials
699:Szeged witch trials
306:Malleus Maleficarum
302:Valais witch trials
91:Counter-Reformation
86:Malleus Maleficarum
1227:Salem witch trials
1073:Lisbon witch trial
1024:In Southern Europe
978:Vardø witch trials
877:In Northern Europe
819:Fulda witch trials
807:Trier witch trials
738:Loudun possessions
654:Pittenweem witches
609:Witches of Belvoir
603:Samlesbury witches
574:Witches of Warboys
476:2017-02-11 at the
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186:Trier witch trials
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1196:Outside of Europe
1174:Lukh witch trials
670:In Eastern Europe
274:Johann Jakob Wick
241:Anna Schnidenwind
66:History by region
39:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
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127:Maria Theresa
124:
118:
116:
115:Romani people
112:
107:
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100:
96:
92:
88:
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82:
78:
70:
65:
63:
60:
52:
50:
46:
44:
40:
31:
27:
19:
1770:Transnistria
1385:
1377:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1347:Daemonologie
1345:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1299:Laienspiegel
1297:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1058:(1505, 1518)
932:Køge Huskors
778:
636:Bute witches
518:Witch trials
469:
464:
326:
318:
310:
295:
291:
284:
265:
249:
230:
227:
215:
211:
202:
183:
178:Protestants.
176:
169:Herman Löher
165:
156:
152:
119:
103:
93:. In 1583,
84:
83:writing the
74:
56:
47:
43:witch trials
36:
26:
1808:Isle of Man
1743:recognition
1717:Switzerland
1652:Netherlands
1267:Formicarius
1229:(1692–1693)
1223:(1642–1790)
1217:(1654–1712)
1211:(1647–1663)
1205:(1626–1730)
1188:(1679–1682)
1182:(1675–1681)
1176:(1656–1660)
1152:(1591–1595)
1140:(1428–1447)
1134:(1397–1407)
1099:(1615–1619)
1081:(1575–1650)
1064:(1522–1525)
1016:(1696–1698)
986:(1665–1668)
963:(1639–1642)
934:(1608–1615)
863:(1662–1666)
857:(1628–1631)
851:(1627–1631)
845:(1626–1631)
839:(1626–1631)
833:(1617–1630)
827:(1611–1618)
821:(1603–1606)
809:(1581–1593)
803:(1578–1613)
797:(1562–1563)
764:(1742–1745)
758:(1679–1682)
576:(1589–1593)
272:(1585), by
257:Switzerland
123:Maria Pauer
1833:Categories
1687:San Marino
1647:Montenegro
1627:Luxembourg
1607:Kazakhstan
1510:Azerbaijan
1417:Drudenhaus
1405:Witch-hunt
1113:Elsewhere
1079:Benandanti
772:In Germany
404:References
385:Drudenhaus
338:Anna Göldi
247:in 1751.
1798:Gibraltar
1622:Lithuania
1115:in Europe
1105:(1646–47)
1075:(1559–60)
1010:(1685–86)
980:(1662–63)
752:(1669–70)
740:(1633–34)
715:In France
701:(1728–29)
147:Schiltach
129:in 1768.
111:eucharist
77:Innsbruck
1818:Svalbard
1803:Guernsey
1750:Abkhazia
1702:Slovenia
1697:Slovakia
1672:Portugal
1530:Bulgaria
474:Archived
392:See also
298:Stedelen
145:town of
1727:Ukraine
1677:Romania
1637:Moldova
1595:Ireland
1590:Iceland
1585:Hungary
1575:Germany
1570:Georgia
1560:Finland
1555:Estonia
1550:Denmark
1535:Croatia
1520:Belgium
1515:Belarus
1505:Austria
1500:Armenia
1495:Andorra
1490:Albania
1398:Related
344:Gallery
322:Torture
224:The end
149:in 1531
133:Germany
106:Bregenz
71:Austria
37:In the
1813:Jersey
1755:Kosovo
1722:Turkey
1712:Sweden
1692:Serbia
1682:Russia
1667:Poland
1662:Norway
1642:Monaco
1612:Latvia
1580:Greece
1565:France
1540:Cyprus
1390:(1751)
1382:(1647)
1374:(1627)
1366:(1608)
1358:(1599)
1350:(1597)
1342:(1595)
1334:(1593)
1326:(1591)
1318:(1584)
1310:(1563)
1302:(1509)
1294:(1489)
1286:(1487)
1278:(1484)
1270:(1475)
1262:(1440)
1254:(1376)
1170:(1616)
1164:(1613)
1158:(1610)
1146:(1571)
1093:(1609)
1087:(1593)
1004:(1676)
998:(1675)
992:(1669)
974:(1656)
957:(1634)
951:(1624)
940:(1617)
928:(1596)
922:(1590)
916:(1542)
869:(1703)
815:(1600)
791:(1555)
746:(1647)
734:(1611)
707:(1783)
695:(1678)
689:(1634)
662:(1711)
656:(1704)
650:(1696)
644:(1682)
638:(1662)
611:(1619)
605:(1612)
599:(1612)
593:(1612)
582:(1590)
570:(1582)
564:(1579)
143:German
99:Vienna
1788:Åland
1707:Spain
1632:Malta
1602:Italy
1237:Texts
268:Baden
314:Vaud
243:in
1835::
452:^
428:^
412:^
101:.
41:,
1468:e
1461:t
1454:v
510:e
503:t
496:v
180:"
175:"
20:)
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