730:
that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict.
785:
Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification
782:
Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to
200:
in response to cold is to produce heat maintaining internal temperature at around 37 °C (98.6 °F). Homeostasis is impacted in many ways by drug usage and withdrawal. The internal systems perpetuate homeostasis by using different counter-regulatory methods in order to create a new state of
729:
Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use,
488:. With careful physician attention, however, medication prioritization and discontinuation can decrease costs, simplify prescription regimens, decrease risks of adverse drug events and poly-pharmacy, focus therapies where they are most effective, and prevent cost-related under-use of medications.
503:
The latest evidence does not have evidence of an effect due to discontinuing vs continuing medications used for treating elevated blood pressure or prevention of heart disease in older adults on all-case mortality and incidence of heart attack. The findings are based on low quality evidence
439:
As noted above, many drugs should not be stopped abruptly without the advice and supervision of a physician, especially if the medication induces dependence or if the condition they are being used to treat is potentially dangerous and likely to return once medication is stopped, such as
495:) warns that people with dementia are more likely to experience adverse effects, and to monitor carefully for withdrawal symptoms when ceasing medications for these people as they are both more likely to experience symptoms and less likely to be able to reliably report symptoms.
126:
can cause irritability, fatigue, insomnia, headache, and difficulty concentrating. Many prescription and legal nonprescription substances can also cause withdrawal symptoms when individuals stop consuming them, even if they were taken as directed by a physician.
2000:
1980:
201:
balance based on the presence of the drug in the system. These methods include adapting the body's levels of neurotransmitters, hormones, and other substances present to adjust for the addition of the drug to the body.
181:, conditions that drug abusers often develop as a secondary consequence of the drug. When the drug is removed, these conditions may resurface and be confused with withdrawal symptoms. Genes that encode for the
122:. Withdrawal symptoms from opiates include anxiety, sweating, vomiting, and diarrhea. Alcohol withdrawal symptoms include irritability, fatigue, shaking, sweating, and nausea. Withdrawal from
142:, or otherwise can also play a role in determining the severity of withdrawal symptoms. There are different stages of withdrawal as well; generally, a person will start to feel bad (crash or
1090:
504:
suggesting it may be safe to stop anti-hypertensive medications. However, older adults should not stop any of their medications without talking to a healthcare professional.
240:– psychoactive substances that with repeated use are associated with significantly higher rates of substance use disorders, due in large part to the drug's effect on brain
881:
Withdrawal of antipsychotic drugs after long-term therapy should always be gradual and closely monitored to avoid the risk of acute withdrawal syndromes or rapid relapse.
162:) can be fatal. While it is seldom fatal to the user, withdrawal from opiates (and some other drugs) can cause miscarriage, due to fetal withdrawal. The term "
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meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe.
485:
182:
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1913:
973:"Medication appropriateness tool for co-morbid health conditions in dementia: consensus recommendations from a multidisciplinary expert panel"
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838:
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1944:
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295:– dependence socially seen as being extremely mild compared to physical dependence (e.g., with enough willpower it could be overcome)
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is the body's ability to maintain a certain chemical equilibrium in the brain and throughout the body. For example, the function of
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251:– an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake)
146:), progress to feeling worse, hit a plateau, and then the symptoms begin to dissipate. However, withdrawal from certain drugs (
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538:
572:
672:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and
Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
106:
manner and produces withdrawal symptoms that vary with the type of drug that is consumed. For example, prolonged use of an
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329:– a condition in which the use of substances leads to clinically and functionally significant impairment or distress
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166:" is used to describe the sudden cessation of use of a substance and the ensuing physiologic manifestations.
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99:, or both. Drug dependence develops from consuming one or more substances over a period of time.
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869:(57 ed.). United Kingdom: Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. p. 192.
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The symptoms from withdrawal may be even more dramatic when the drug has masked prolonged
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In order for the symptoms of withdrawal to occur, one must have first developed a form of
31:
2044:
337:– the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose
943:"MATCH-D Medication Appropriateness Tool for Comorbid Health conditions during Dementia"
263:– the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose
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Reeve E, Jordan V, Thompson W, Sawan M, Todd A, Gammie TM, et al. (June 2020).
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304:– stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them
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971:
Page AT, Potter K, Clifford R, McLachlan AJ, Etherton-Beer C (October 2016).
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Medication
Appropriateness Tool for Comorbid Health Conditions in Dementia (
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321:– an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it
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that occur upon the abrupt discontinuation or decrease in the intake of
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119:
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744:"Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction"
676:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–375.
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110:
medication is likely to cause a rather different reaction when
942:
228:
disorder characterized by persistent use of drugs (including
865:
Joint
Formulary Committee, BMJ, ed. (March 2009). "4.2.1".
893:
Alexander GC, Sayla MA, Holmes HM, Sachs GA (April 2006).
596:"Drug addiction: the yin and yang of hedonic homeostasis"
452:
and many psychological or neurological conditions, like
271:– symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug use
1025:"Withdrawal of antihypertensive drugs in older people"
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232:) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences
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895:"Prioritizing and stopping prescription medicines"
177:, infections (common in intravenous drug use), or
185:affect nicotine and alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
1636:Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip)
742:Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016).
279:– dependence that involves persistent physical–
1084:
1018:
1016:
355:
30:"Pink Cloud" redirects here. For the EP, see
8:
1641:Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
1029:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1963:
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27:Medical condition caused by drug addiction
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699:"Cellular basis of memory for addiction"
1771:Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)
556:
486:antidepressant discontinuation syndrome
283:withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue and
183:alpha5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
1914:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
378:code) of withdrawal syndrome include:
208:
1438:Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions
833:. Germany: Peter Lehmann Publishing.
805:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
476:in schizophrenia and psychoses needs
130:The route of administration, whether
7:
1945:Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse
1574:Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder
703:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
114:compared to discontinuation of an
25:
1494:Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder
786:of severe substance-use disorder.
575:from the original on 30 July 2020
212:Addiction and dependence glossary
1547:Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
803:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
1504:Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
1396:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
953:from the original on 2019-05-18
847:from the original on 2019-05-28
809:from the original on 2019-12-08
748:New England Journal of Medicine
654:from the original on 2018-10-13
1898:Sudden sniffing death syndrome
1553:Intravenous marijuana syndrome
1147:Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome
1041:10.1002/14651858.cd012572.pub2
799:"Opiate and opioid withdrawal"
644:"What Causes Drug Withdrawal?"
539:Post-acute withdrawal syndrome
1:
1725:Opioid-induced endocrinopathy
613:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80109-9
70:substance withdrawal syndrome
1938:Anabolic-androgenic steroids
1465:(alcohol use disorder (AUD))
1407:Positional alcohol nystagmus
1372:Alcohol-related brain damage
830:Coming off Psychiatric Drugs
697:Nestler EJ (December 2013).
2072:Substance-related disorders
1802:Benzodiazepine use disorder
1731:Opioid-induced constipation
1719:Opioid-induced hyperalgesia
1413:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
1377:Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
1166:Substance-related disorders
1131:Substance-induced psychosis
1103:substance-related disorders
827:Peter Lehmann, ed. (2002).
384:alcohol withdrawal syndrome
2093:
1499:Caffeine-induced psychosis
1430:Respiratory tract diseases
1415:(WKS, Korsakoff psychosis)
1212:Combined drug intoxication
867:British National Formulary
29:
1808:Benzodiazepine dependence
1792:Benzodiazepine withdrawal
1602:Prenatal cocaine exposure
1265:Gastrointestinal diseases
977:Internal Medicine Journal
648:Laguna Treatment Hospital
484:for example, can lead to
411:benzodiazepine withdrawal
343:
216:
1367:Alcoholic polyneuropathy
1331:Alcohol-related dementia
1249:Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
1202:Polysubstance dependence
1175:Psychological dependence
292:psychological dependence
97:psychological dependence
66:drug withdrawal syndrome
1787:Benzodiazepine overdose
1419:Wernicke encephalopathy
1273:Alcoholic liver disease
1241:Cardiovascular diseases
499:Anti-hypertensive drugs
102:Dependence arises in a
1873:Amphetamine dependence
1834:Barbiturate dependence
1665:Green Tobacco Sickness
1563:Amotivational syndrome
1443:Alcoholic lung disease
1383:Alcoholic hallucinosis
1362:Alcoholic hallucinosis
1310:Alcoholic ketoacidosis
1254:Alcohol flush reaction
1122:Substance intoxication
326:substance use disorder
1568:Cannabis use disorder
1291:Auto-brewery syndrome
760:10.1056/NEJMra1511480
435:Prescription medicine
189:Effect on homeostasis
2077:Withdrawal syndromes
1824:Barbiturate overdose
1597:Cocaine intoxication
1337:Alcohol intoxication
1179:Substance dependence
594:Koob GF (May 1996).
399:methadone withdrawal
91:. This may occur as
2067:Drug rehabilitation
1857:Stimulant psychosis
1742:Opioid use disorder
1686:Nicotine dependence
1676:Nicotine withdrawal
1519:Caffeine dependence
1279:Alcoholic hepatitis
1171:Physical dependence
1142:Neonatal withdrawal
911:10.1503/cmaj.050837
534:Neonatal withdrawal
519:Drug detoxification
514:Chemical dependency
429:nicotine withdrawal
423:caffeine withdrawal
405:cannabis withdrawal
386:(which can lead to
276:physical dependence
93:physical dependence
2031:External resources
1671:Nicotine poisoning
1613:Cocaine dependence
1542:Cannabis arteritis
1402:Korsakoff syndrome
1302:Endocrine diseases
947:www.match-d.com.au
480:. The stopping of
472:. The stopping of
417:cocaine withdrawal
256:drug sensitization
82:recreational drugs
72:, is the group of
18:Withdrawal symptom
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1714:Opioid withdrawal
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989:10.1111/imj.13215
983:(10): 1189–1197.
876:978-0-85369-845-6
840:978-1-891408-98-4
569:meshb.nlm.nih.gov
395:Opioid withdrawal
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261:reverse tolerance
179:sleep deprivation
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37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
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1284:Zieve's syndrome
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1035:(6): CD012572.
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152:benzodiazepines
89:drug dependence
62:Drug withdrawal
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565:"MeSH Browser"
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136:intramuscular
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1979:
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1625:Hallucinogen
1352:Neurological
1135:
1100:Psychoactive
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462:hypertension
438:
397:, including
373:
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192:
175:chronic pain
171:malnutrition
168:
148:barbiturates
129:
112:discontinued
101:
86:
69:
65:
61:
60:
1865:amphetamine
1816:barbiturate
300:reinforcing
194:Homeostasis
173:, disease,
164:cold turkey
132:intravenous
2061:Categories
1846:Stimulants
1509:Caffeinism
1463:Alcoholism
1136:Withdrawal
957:2019-06-01
851:2022-05-06
813:2019-11-20
658:2018-10-12
579:7 February
551:References
478:monitoring
458:depression
248:dependence
205:Substances
118:, such as
54:Psychiatry
2040:eMedicine
1952:Chocolate
1354:disorders
470:psychosis
334:tolerance
309:rewarding
221:addiction
198:shivering
144:come down
49:Specialty
1885:Volatile
1760:hypnotic
1755:Sedative
1654:Nicotine
1531:Cannabis
1483:Caffeine
1342:Hangover
1190:Combined
1059:32519776
1007:27527376
951:Archived
929:16606954
845:Archived
807:Archived
778:26816013
725:24459410
652:Archived
573:Archived
529:Hangover
508:See also
454:epilepsy
442:diabetes
124:nicotine
74:symptoms
2021:D013375
1930:Related
1887:solvent
1698:Opioids
1586:Cocaine
1379:(AWS):
1321:Nervous
1275:(ALD):
1225:Alcohol
1110:General
1050:7387859
998:5129475
920:1421477
769:6135257
716:3898681
630:7053540
622:8630244
493:MATCH-D
311:stimuli
302:stimuli
281:somatic
230:alcohol
156:alcohol
1941:: SUD
1900:(SSDS)
1643:(HPPD)
1398:(FASD)
1149:(PAWS)
1057:
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541:(PAWS)
446:asthma
427:F17.3
421:F15.3
415:F14.3
409:F13.3
403:F12.3
393:F11.3
382:F10.3
376:ICD-10
120:heroin
116:opioid
2010:292.0
1804:(BUD)
1744:(OUD)
1733:(OIC)
1727:(OIE)
1721:(OIH)
1667:(GTS)
1604:(PCE)
1570:(CUD)
1549:(CHS)
1409:(PAN)
1390:(DTs)
1333:(ARD)
1312:(AKA)
1293:(ABS)
1256:(AFR)
1214:(CDI)
626:S2CID
68:, or
2016:MeSH
2005:9-CM
1910:SUD
1894:SID
1869:SUD
1853:SID
1830:SUD
1820:SID
1798:SUD
1783:SID
1767:SID
1738:SUD
1705:SID
1682:SUD
1661:SID
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1593:SID
1559:SUD
1538:SID
1515:SUD
1490:SID
1421:(WE)
1208:SID
1198:SUD
1055:PMID
1033:2020
1003:PMID
925:PMID
899:CMAJ
871:ISBN
835:ISBN
774:PMID
721:PMID
678:ISBN
618:PMID
581:2020
468:and
224:– a
140:oral
2001:ICD
1994:F19
1992:.3-
1990:F10
1981:ICD
1456:SUD
1233:SID
1157:SUD
1117:SID
1045:PMC
1037:doi
993:PMC
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608:doi
259:or
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