348:
337:
641:
171:
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467:; it was presented by Darwin in March of that year. A postscript at the end of the published volume of transactions containing Darwin's paper states that "Whilst the last pages of this volume were in the press, Dr Withering of Birmingham... published a numerous collection of cases in which foxglove has been given, and frequently with good success". After this, Darwin and Withering became increasingly estranged, and eventually an argument broke out apparently resulting from
532:
380:. Withering explained on the title page and his introduction that he avoided being explicit to allow his book to be used without any problems by a wider audience and in particular women. However he found support for his position, and botany was considered a subject suitable for many women during the next century. A talented illustrator herself, his wife, Helena, sketched plants he collected.
265:
44:
592:
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London and that
Withering's English Botanical Arrangement became the standard reference source and far exceeded the botanical publications of Erasmus (all published semi-anonymously) in popularity. Withering's Botanical Arrangement, although now almost forgotten, became the standard reference for English Botany for almost the next 100 years.
517:
in 1776 and in it suggested foxglove deserved looking at in more detail. Erasmus Darwin tried to take the credit for foxglove and failed. Erasmus Darwin then attempted to try and discredit
Withering behind the scenes with the unwitting help of his son Robert having earlier used the thesis of his dead
512:
printed in 1785 Withering mentions seven different occasions when foxglove was brought to his attention. Recognising that foxglove was the active ingredient in a family recipe (that was long kept secret by an old woman in
Shropshire) would not have been difficult with his expert botanical knowledge.
458:
containing over 20 different ingredients to successfully treat this condition. Withering deduced that digitalis was the active ingredient in the formulation, and over the ensuing nine years he carefully tried out different preparations of various parts of the plant (collected in different seasons)
498:
who marketed digitalis preparations. There is no mention of a Mother Hutton in
Withering's works or anyone else's and no mention of him meeting any old woman directly. In his account he states that he is merely asked to comment on a family recipe that was originally an old woman's receipt or recipe
278:
from 1762 to 1766. In 1767 he started as a consultant at
Stafford Royal Infirmary. He married Helena Cookes (an amateur botanical illustrator, and a former patient of his) in 1772; they had three children (the first, Helena was born in 1775 but died a few days later, William was born in 1776, and
522:
to try and establish priority. Charles Darwin in fact had been friendly with
Withering (as had Robert) and had talked in Edinburgh University about Withering's experiments with foxglove. Erasmus Darwin was probably jealous that Withering had become the most famous and sought-after doctor outside
507:
case by one of his medical colleagues Dr. Ash at
Birmingham Hospital and the Dean was treated with digitalis root not leaves. The myth of Mother Hutton and how Withering chased her around Shropshire has been created by authors not going back to primary sources but instead copying and then
695:
A Botanical
Arrangement of All the Vegetables Naturally Growing in Great Britain: With Descriptions of the Genera and Species, According to the System of the Celebrated Linnaeus. Being an Attempt to Render Them Familiar to Those who are Unacquainted with the Learned Languages. vol
675:
A Botanical
Arrangement of All the Vegetables Naturally Growing in Great Britain: With Descriptions of the Genera and Species, According to the System of the Celebrated Linnaeus. Being an Attempt to Render Them Familiar to Those who are Unacquainted with the Learned Languages. vol
324:'s home was demolished) he prepared to flee from Edgbaston Hall, but his staff kept the rioters at bay until the military arrived. In 1799 he decided that he could not tolerate another winter in the cold and draughty Hall, so he bought "The Larches" in the nearby
375:
version of
Linnaeus, deliberately omitting any references to sexual reproduction, out of a desire to protect 'female modesty', notably by 'A Botanical Society, at Lichfield' - almost always incorrectly named as The Botanical Society of Lichfield or the
503:, herbalist, pharmacist and medical practitioner in Shropshire who was cheated out of her true recognition by Dr. Withering's unscrupulous methods. The story often written around this is also totally apocryphal. Withering was in fact informed of the
295:
and went twice to Portugal hoping the better winter climate would improve his health; it did not. On the way home from his second trip there, the ship he was in was chased by pirates. In 1785 he was elected a Fellow of the prestigious
475:. This was in reality orchestrated by Erasmus Darwin, a man whose anger and sarcasm when he felt slighted had in all likelihood contributed to the suicide of his own son and later to the estrangement of his son Robert.
347:
387:, and after his death his son (also William) published four more. It continued being published under various authors until 1877. Withering senior also carried out pioneering work into the identification of
463:
had asked Withering for his second opinion. In January 1785 Darwin submitted a paper entitled "An Account of the Successful Use of Foxglove in Some Dropsies and in Pulmonary Consumption" to the
459:
documenting 156 cases where he had employed digitalis, and describing the effects and the best - and safest - way of using it. At least one of these cases was a patient for whom
508:
embellishing the unreferenced work of others. See "Withering and The Foxglove; the making of a myth" by D.M. Krikler (British Heart Journal, 1985, 54: 256–257). In Withering's
1518:
1523:
572:
may contain one of the earliest known specimens of witherite. A label in Boulton's handwriting records; "No. 2 Terra Ponderosa Aerata, given me by Dr. Withering"
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419:
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499:(that she had long kept secret) by a colleague. Since 1928, Mother Hutton's status has grown from being an image in an advertising poster to an acclaimed
606:
next to Edgbaston Hall, Birmingham, although the exact site of his grave is unknown. The memorial stone, now moved inside the church, has foxgloves and
726:
1785 "An account of the foxglove and some of its medical uses; with practical remarks on the dropsy, and some other diseases" Publ Swinney, Birmingham
818:
711:
1779 "An account of the scarlet fever and sore throat, or scarlatina; particularly as it appeared at Birmingham in the year 1778" Publ Cadell London
328:
area; his wife did not feel up to the move and remained at Edgbaston Hall. After moving to The Larches on 28 September, he died on 6 October 1799.
410:
was named in his honour, and he became known on the continent of Europe as "The English Linnaeus". The William Withering Chair in Medicine at the
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411:
217:
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Withering also undertook analyses of the mineral content of a number of spa waters in England and abroad, notably at the medicinal spa at
550:, England. He deduced that it contained a hitherto undescribed element which he was unable to characterise. It was later shown to be
1171:
579:
in Portugal. This latter undertaking occurred during the winter of 1793–4, and he was subsequently elected to the Fellowship of the
391:
and invented a folding pocket microscope for use on botanical field trips. He also introduced to the general audience the screw down
1411:
1364:
1339:
1292:
852:
569:
1435:
519:
1488:
1332:
William Withering and the Foxglove: A Bicentennial Selection of Letters from the Osler Bequest to the Royal Society of Medicine
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1134:
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having accused Withering of unprofessional behaviour by effectively poaching patients. This is a very early example of medical
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carved upon it to commemorate his discovery and his wider contribution to botany. He is also remembered by one of the
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336:
280:
221:
182:
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383:
Withering wrote two more editions of this work in 1787 and 1792, in collaboration with fellow Lunar Society member
1212:
797:
of LINNEUS; but has entirely omitted the sexual distinctions, which are essential to the philosophy of the system"
760:
1795 "Analyse chimica da aqua das Caldas da Rainha" Lisbon (a chemical analysis of the water of Caldas da Rainha)
1116:
Medical Transactions, Volume 3, 1785, published by the College of Physicians, London. Transaction XVI, pp 255-286
504:
1125:
Medical Transactions, Volume 3, 1785, published by the College of Physicians, London. Transaction XXVIII, p 448
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229:
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103:
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819:"William Withering (1741-1799), a biographical sketch of a Birmingham Lunatic. - The James Lind Library"
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491:
483:
925:
531:
360:
309:
988:
236:; Withering became famous for recognising that the active ingredient in the mixture came from the
1213:"Professor Wiebke Arlt - Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research - University of Birmingham"
1187:
454:", an old woman who practised as a folk herbalist in Shropshire, who used the plant as part of a
882:
720:
1783 "Outlines of mineralogy" Publ Cadell, London (a translation of Bergmann's Latin original)
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Withering was an enthusiastic chemist and geologist. He conducted a series of experiments on
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1352:. An annotated version of the Withering's work, with a modern analysis of the cases described
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253:
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Botany, sexuality, and women's writing 1760-1830 : from modest shoot to forward plant
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1782 "An analysis of two mineral substance, vz. the Rowley rag-stone and the toad stone"
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565:
384:
317:
1135:"William Withering (1741-1799): a biographical sketch of a Birmingham Lunatic." M R Lee,
962:
622:
School of Medicine established a Chair of Medicine post in his honour, named after him.
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1799 "An account of a convenient method of inhaling the vapour of volatile substances"
367:— a classification of all living things — devised by the Swedish botanist and physician
745:
1793 "An account of the scarlet fever and sore throat..." 2nd ed Publ Robinson, London
460:
434:
305:
284:
268:
249:
153:
1188:"Medicine at the University of Birmingham | Medical School - University of Birmingham"
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1367:. An account of the members of the Lunar Society, their endeavours, and relationships
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451:
368:
313:
297:
288:
233:
1312:. Two volumes: a memoir by Withering's son, and a collection of many of his writings
1150:
Starkey, R. E. (2011). "Matthew Boulton, his mineral collection and the Lunar Men".
1372:
629:
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1784 "Experiments and observations on the terra ponderosa" Phil trans 74: 293-311
591:
357:
The botanical arrangement of all the vegetables naturally growing in Great Britain
1401:
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729:
1787 "A botanical arrangement of British plants..." 2nd ed. Publ Swinney, London
693:
673:
446:
Allegedly, Withering first learned of the use of digitalis in treating "dropsy" (
414:
is named after him, as is the medical school's annual William Withering Lecture.
1450:
736:
on the principle of acidity, the decomposition of water. Phil Trans 78: 319-330
644:
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43:
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1794 "A new method for preserving fungi, ascertained by chymical experiments"
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83:
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opened in Withering's birthplace, Wellington, and has been named after him.
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17:
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William Withering - The Introduction of Digitalis into Clinical Practice
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1796 "An arrangement of British plants..." 3rd ed. Publ Swinney, London
241:
194:
139:
403:
in recognition of his contribution to botany. Subsequently, the plant
1078:"The foxglove, "The old woman from Shropshire" and William Withering"
490:
In reality "Mother Hutton" was created in 1928 in an illustration by
388:
1403:
Sex, Botany and Empire: The Story of Carl Linnaeus and Joseph Banks
639:
590:
530:
477:
346:
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244:, after the plant's scientific name. In 1785, Withering published
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371:(1707–1778). At the time he was criticised for having produced a
662:
763:
1796 "Observations on the pneumatic medicine" Ann Med 1: 392-3
739:
1790 "An account of some extraordinary effects of lightning"
1250:
The Life and Times of William Withering: His Work, His Legacy
748:
1793 "A chemical analysis of waters at Caldas" extract from
847:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 133–134.
279:
Charlotte in 1778). In 1775 he was appointed physician to
1350:
An Account of the Foxglove and its Medical Uses 1785-1985
201:
and first systematic investigator of the bioactivity of
870:
An Account of the Foxglove and some of its Medical Uses
482:"William Withering and Mother Hutton"; illustration by
246:
An Account of the Foxglove and some of its Medical Uses
1374:
Systema vegetabilium (13th edition of Systema Naturae)
883:"William Withering (1741-1799): A Birmingham Lunatic"
224:
from 1779. The story is that he noticed a person with
363:. It was the first in English based on the then new
429:is used to indicate this person as the author when
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149:
127:
109:
99:
91:
72:
50:
34:
232:) improve remarkably after taking a traditional
185:(17 March 1741 – 6 October 1799) was an English
291:), but in 1783 he diagnosed himself as having
789:"Dr. Withering...has translated parts of the
240:plant. The active ingredient is now known as
8:
885:Proc R Coll Physicians Edinb 2001; 31:77-83.
304:(see below). The following year he leased
595:William Withering's memorial plaque inside
1519:Members of the Lunar Society of Birmingham
909:
897:
42:
31:
1093:
1060:"Royal Pharmaceutical Society | RPS"
873:(Birmingham, England: M. Swinney, 1785).
399:. In 1787 he was elected a Fellow of the
661:1773 "Experiments on different kinds of
287:, a physician and founder member of the
212:, the son of a surgeon. He trained as a
963:"William Withering | English physician"
810:
782:
651:This list is drawn from Sheldon, 2004:
412:University of Birmingham Medical School
937:
535:Withering analysing thermal waters at
494:as part of an advertising campaign by
218:University of Edinburgh Medical School
1524:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
1152:The Newsletter of the Russell Society
926:preface of the Translators p. ii
921:
750:Actas da Academica real das Sciencias
581:Royal Academy of Sciences of Portugal
252:and notes on digitalis's effects and
7:
1534:18th-century English medical doctors
996:Iowa Native Plant Society Newsletter
949:
602:He was buried on 10 October 1799 in
312:. He was one of the members of the
274:Born in England, Withering attended
1460:Works by or about William Withering
1042:"Molecular Interventions - CLOCKSS"
359:, an early and influential British
1529:People from Wellington, Shropshire
597:St Bartholomew's Church, Edgbaston
513:Withering had first published his
25:
1446:'An account of the foxglove' book
1322:TW Peck and KD Wilkinson (1950).
1308:William Withering Junior (1822).
570:Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery
554:and in 1789 the German geologist
169:
1324:William Withering of Birmingham
1076:Krikler, Dennis M. (May 1985).
1022:International Plant Names Index
465:College of Physicians in London
1479:18th-century British botanists
1379:A System of Vegetables 2 vols.
351:Pocket microscope by Withering
1:
1441:Revolutionary Players website
1436:Edgbaston Hall Nature Reserve
1095:10.1016/s0735-1097(85)80457-5
248:, which contained reports on
1514:Fellows of the Royal Society
1139:, accessed 25 September 2006
692:Withering, William (1776b).
672:Withering, William (1776a).
216:and studied medicine at the
1383:Lichfield Botanical Society
1330:Mann, Ronald David (1985).
1285:Manchester University Press
378:Lichfield Botanical Society
281:Birmingham General Hospital
222:Birmingham General Hospital
1550:
1451:Works by William Withering
756:Trans Linnean Soc 2: 263-6
342:An Account of the Foxglove
1406:. Cambridge: Icon Books.
1371:Linné, Carl von (1785) .
1174:29 September 2011 at the
843:Haughton, Claire (1980).
505:Brasenose College, Oxford
168:
159:
120:
41:
1334:. Lancaster: MTP Press.
1169:Birmingham Civic Society
665:found in Staffordshire"
612:Lunar Society Moonstones
318:Birmingham riots of 1791
276:Edinburgh Medical School
230:congestive heart failure
1315:Louis H Roddis (1936).
1248:Sheldon, Peter (2004).
989:"A Case for Collecting"
967:Encyclopedia Britannica
614:in Birmingham and by a
510:Account of the Foxglove
302:Account of the Foxglove
300:and also published his
1489:British pteridologists
1326:. A detailed biography
823:The James Lind Library
648:
608:Witheringia solanaceae
599:
568:mineral collection of
556:Abraham Gottlob Werner
539:
487:
456:polyherbal formulation
442:Discovery of digitalis
355:In 1776, he published
352:
344:
293:pulmonary tuberculosis
283:(at the suggestion of
271:
210:Wellington, Shropshire
208:Withering was born in
65:Wellington, Shropshire
887:Accessed 28 June 2009
716:Phil Trans 72: 327-36
699:. Birmingham: Swinney
679:. Birmingham: Swinney
667:Phil Trans. 63: 161-2
655:1766 Dissertation on
643:
620:Birmingham University
594:
534:
527:Chemistry and geology
515:Botanical Arrangement
481:
350:
339:
267:
86:, Birmingham, England
36:William Withering FRS
1484:British phycologists
1355:Jenny Uglow (2002).
1348:J K Aronson (1985).
1310:Miscellaneous Tracts
1217:www.birmingham.ac.uk
1192:www.birmingham.ac.uk
1088:(5 Suppl A): 3A–9A.
1082:J. Am. Coll. Cardiol
987:Jane Mygatt (2001).
741:Phil Trans 80: 293-5
618:at Edgbaston Hall.
604:Edgbaston Old Church
564:in his honour. The
492:William Meade Prince
484:William Meade Prince
1499:English mycologists
1494:British bryologists
1319:. A brief biography
867:William Withering,
546:, a heavy ore from
473:academic plagiarism
420:author abbreviation
1381:]. Lichfield:
1137:James Lind Library
649:
647:at Edgbaston Hall
600:
558:named the mineral
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488:
353:
345:
340:Illustration from
272:
1455:Project Gutenberg
1258:978-1-85858-240-5
1046:aspetjournals.org
795:Species Plantarum
657:angina gangrenosa
365:Linnaean taxonomy
180:William Withering
177:
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150:Academic advisors
122:Scientific career
27:English scientist
16:(Redirected from
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1464:Internet Archive
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1504:1741 births
1419:22 February
1388:24 February
1300:23 February
1275:George, Sam
1006:30 December
938:George 2007
703:24 February
683:24 February
645:Blue plaque
616:blue plaque
496:Parke-Davis
406:Witheringia
393:plant press
373:bowdlerised
100:Citizenship
92:Nationality
1473:Categories
1222:6 November
1197:6 November
1027: With
922:Linné 1785
805:References
548:Cumberland
501:wise woman
326:Sparkbrook
320:(in which
310:Birmingham
84:Sparkbrook
57:1741-03-17
1239:July 2011
972:24 August
950:Fara 2003
828:24 August
587:Memorials
561:Witherite
408:solanacea
260:Biography
214:physician
203:digitalis
199:physician
191:geologist
164:Signature
144:physician
136:geologist
115:digitalis
67:, England
18:Withering
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397:vasculum
395:and the
254:toxicity
238:foxglove
187:botanist
132:Botanist
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242:digoxin
195:chemist
140:chemist
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777:Notes
663:Marle
448:œdema
425:With.
389:fungi
361:Flora
308:, in
1421:2015
1408:ISBN
1390:2015
1361:ISBN
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1289:ISBN
1254:ISBN
1224:2018
1199:2018
1100:PMID
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