485:, the job of the synthetase is to join the t-shaped RNA with its amino acid. These aminoacylated tRNAs go on to the translation of an mRNA transcript, and are the fundamental elements that connect to the codon of the amino acid. The necessity of the wobble base pair is illustrated through experimentation where the Guanine-Uracil pairing is changed to its natural Guanine-Cytosine pairing. Oligoribonucleotides were synthesized on a Gene Assembler Plus, and then spread across a DNA sequence known to code a tRNA for alanine, 2D-NMRs are then run on the products of these new tRNAs and compared to the wobble tRNAs. The results indicate that with that wobble base pair changed, structure is also changed and an
229:, was not as spatially confined as the other two bases and could, thus, have non-standard base pairing. Crick creatively named it for the small amount of "play" or wobble that occurs at this third codon position. Movement ("wobble") of the base in the 5' anticodon position is necessary for small conformational adjustments that affect the overall pairing geometry of anticodons of tRNA.
25:
75:
201:
molecule with an anticodon with which it can stably complement. If each tRNA molecule is paired with its complementary mRNA codon using canonical Watson-Crick base pairing, then 64 types of tRNA molecule would be required. In the standard genetic code, three of these 64 mRNA codons (UAA, UAG and UGA)
269:
If the first nucleotide in the anticodon is a C or an A, pairing is specific and acknowledges original Watson-Crick pairing, that is: only one specific codon can be paired to that tRNA. If the first nucleotide is U or G, the pairing is less specific and in fact two bases can be interchangeably
489:
can no longer be formed. The alpha helix was the recognizable structure for the aminoacyl tRNA synthetase and thus the synthetase does not connect the amino acid alanine with the tRNA for alanine. This wobble base pairing is essential for the use of the amino acid alanine in
206:
rather than tRNA molecules, so canonical pairing would require 61 species of tRNA. Since most organisms have fewer than 45 types of tRNA, some tRNA types can pair with multiple, synonymous codons, all of which encode the same amino acid. In 1966,
451:
Aside from the necessity of wobble, that our cells have a limited amount of tRNAs and wobble allows for more flexibility, wobble base pairs have been shown to facilitate many biological functions, most clearly demonstrated in the bacterium
236:
tRNA has the anticodon 5'-GmAA-3' and can recognize the codons 5'-UUC-3' and 5'-UUU-3'. It is, therefore, possible for non-Watson–Crick base pairing to occur at the third codon position, i.e., the 3'
281:
is coded for by multiple anticodons and those anticodons differ in either the second or third position (first or second position in the codon) then a different tRNA is required for that anticodon.
559:
267:
the first nucleotide in the anticodon (which is on the tRNA and pairs with the last nucleotide of the codon on the mRNA) determines how many nucleotides the tRNA actually distinguishes.
669:
The correct name of the base in inosine (which is a nucleoside) is hypoxanthine, however, for consistency with the nucleic acid nomenclature, the shorthand is more appropriate...
43:
274:
displays the true qualities of wobble, in that if that is the first nucleotide in the anticodon, any of three bases in the original codon can be matched with the tRNA.
284:
The minimum requirement to satisfy all possible codons (61 excluding three stop codons) is 32 tRNAs. That is 31 tRNAs for the amino acids and one initiation codon.
256:
The first two bases in the codon create the coding specificity, for they form strong Watson-Crick base pairs and bond strongly to the anticodon of the tRNA.
494:
and its significance here would imply significance in many related species. More information can be seen on aminoacyl tRNA synthetase and the genomes of
1024:
551:
626:
169:). The thermodynamic stability of a wobble base pair is comparable to that of a Watson-Crick base pair. Wobble base pairs are fundamental in RNA
920:
Murphy IV, Frank V; Ramakrishnan, V (21 November 2004). "Structure of a purine-purine wobble base pair in the decoding center of the ribosome".
788:
297:. Parentheses denote bindings that work but will be favoured less. A leading x denotes derivatives (in general) of the base that follows.
609:
264:
260:
222:
218:
897:
813:
61:
754:
170:
161:; nomenclature otherwise follows the names of nucleobases and their corresponding nucleosides (e.g., "G" for both guanine and
153:). In order to maintain consistency of nucleic acid nomenclature, "I" is used for hypoxanthine because hypoxanthine is the
1054:
627:"Covering All the Bases in Genetics: Simple Shorthands and Diagrams for Teaching Base Pairing to Biology Undergraduates"
252:
to the creation of the wobble hypothesis, a set of four relationships explaining these naturally occurring attributes.
409:
548:
These relationships can be further observed, as well as full codons and anticodons in the correct reading frame at:
965:"NMR evidence for helix geometry modifications by a G-U wobble base pair in the acceptor arm of E. Coli tRNA(Ala)"
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Mathews, Christopher K.; Van Holde, K.E.; Appling, Dean; et al., eds. (2012).
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Due to the specificity inherent in the first two nucleotides of the codon, if one
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880:"Protein Metabolism: Wobble Allows Some tRNA's to Recognize More than One Codon"
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808:(4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1360–1361.
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there is a wobble base pair that determines whether the tRNA will be
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Limmer, S.; Reif, B.; Ott, G.; Arnold, L.; Sprinzl, M. (1996).
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of the mRNA codon and the 5' nucleotide of the tRNA anticodon.
16:
RNA base pair that does not follow Watson-Crick base pair rules
571:
For a modern view on the pairings, see doi:10.1093/nar/gkh185.
98:
18:
682:
293:
Wobble pairing rules. Watson-Crick base pairs are shown in
202:
are stop codons. These terminate translation by binding to
39:
1015:
tRNA, the
Adaptor Hypothesis and the Wobble Hypothesis
783:(4th ed.). Toronto: Prentice Hall. p. 1181.
600:(9th ed.). Boston: Benjamin Cummings. pp.
173:and are critical for the proper translation of the
34:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
829:Varani, Gabriele; McClain, William H (July 2000).
1020:Wobble base-pairing between codons and anticodons
888:(6th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp.
714:"Codon—anticodon pairing: The wobble hypothesis"
631:Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
589:
587:
8:
681:Lowe, Todd; Chan, Patricia (18 April 2011).
217:to account for this. He postulated that the
101:molecules that does not follow Watson-Crick
105:rules. The four main wobble base pairs are
878:Cox, Michael M.; Nelson, David L. (2013).
221:base on the anticodon, which binds to the
1030:Information of Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases
988:
922:Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
854:
732:
650:
552:"Genetic Code and Amino Acid Translation"
504:Information on Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
46:, without removing the technical details.
556:Society for Biomedical Diabetes Research
299:
1025:Genetic Code and Amino Acid Translation
594:Campbell, Neil; Reece, Jane B. (2011).
583:
541:
189:, there are 4 = 64 possible codons (3
44:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
885:Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
687:University of California, Santa Cruz
804:Voet, Donald; Voet, Judith (2011).
499:
197:, each of these codons requires a
14:
760:from the original on 4 March 2016
693:from the original on 30 May 2015
23:
562:from the original on 2014-11-04
625:Kuchin, Sergei (19 May 2011).
1:
743:10.1016/S0022-2836(66)80022-0
712:Crick, F.H.C. (August 1966).
309:mRNA 3' codon base (Revised)
990:10.1016/0014-5793(96)00339-0
721:Journal of Molecular Biology
847:10.1093/embo-reports/kvd001
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831:"The G·U wobble base pair"
306:mRNA 3' codon base (Crick)
483:aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
481:. When a tRNA reaches an
462:. In fact, in a study of
289:tRNA base pairing schemes
93:is a pairing between two
270:recognized by the tRNA.
683:"Genomic tRNA Database"
530:Synonymous substitution
643:10.1128/jmbe.v12i1.267
303:tRNA 5' anticodon base
86:
78:Wobble base pairs for
1035:Genomic tRNA Database
508:Genomic tRNA Database
447:Biological importance
77:
1055:Protein biosynthesis
667:on 17 October 2013.
981:1996FEBSL.385...15L
550:SBDR (2008-04-15).
525:Hoogsteen base pair
171:secondary structure
248:These notions led
87:
928:(12): 1251–1252.
790:978-0-13-800464-4
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244:Wobble hypothesis
214:Wobble Hypothesis
165:– as well as for
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455:Escherichia coli
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193:sequences). For
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232:As an example,
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40:help improve it
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250:Francis Crick
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211:proposed the
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181:Brief history
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903:. Retrieved
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841:(1): 18–23.
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835:EMBO Reports
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806:Biochemistry
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781:Biochemistry
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762:. Retrieved
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695:. Retrieved
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665:the original
637:(1): 64–66.
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498:tRNA at the
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225:base on the
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187:genetic code
184:
175:genetic code
150:
143:hypoxanthine
138:
131:hypoxanthine
126:
119:hypoxanthine
114:
90:
88:
58:
49:
33:
487:alpha helix
440:U, A, or G
387:A, C, or U
195:translation
95:nucleotides
1044:Categories
905:31 October
764:31 October
697:31 October
579:References
566:2014-09-14
384:A, C, or U
279:amino acid
238:nucleotide
191:nucleotide
155:nucleobase
890:1108–1110
729:CiteSeerX
536:Footnotes
520:Base pair
163:guanosine
103:base pair
52:June 2024
950:27022506
942:15558050
865:11256617
755:Archived
691:Archived
661:23653747
560:Archived
514:See also
147:cytosine
999:8641457
977:Bibcode
856:1083677
751:5969078
652:3577215
602:339–342
597:Biology
496:E. coli
492:E. coli
475:alanine
464:E. coli
427:or (G)
272:Inosine
185:In the
159:inosine
141:), and
135:adenine
107:guanine
84:guanine
80:inosine
38:Please
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123:uracil
111:uracil
946:S2CID
758:(PDF)
717:(PDF)
467:'
357:or U
234:yeast
995:PMID
938:PMID
907:2015
894:ISBN
861:PMID
810:ISBN
785:ISBN
766:2015
747:PMID
699:2015
657:PMID
606:ISBN
506:and
473:for
471:tRNA
458:, a
368:or G
351:or U
295:bold
227:mRNA
199:tRNA
82:and
985:doi
973:385
930:doi
851:PMC
843:doi
739:doi
647:PMC
639:doi
416:, x
410:mUm
408:, x
406:msU
263:to
157:of
151:I-C
139:I-A
129:),
127:I-U
117:),
115:G-U
99:RNA
97:in
42:to
1046::
993:.
983:.
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944:.
936:.
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924:.
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586:^
558:.
554:.
510:.
502:,
469:s
434:oU
418:mU
414:Um
412:,
399:A
393:kC
265:3'
261:5'
223:3'
219:5'
177:.
89:A
1001:.
987::
979::
952:.
932::
909:.
867:.
845::
839:1
818:.
793:.
768:.
741::
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641::
614:.
569:.
432:x
425:A
404:x
380:I
372:A
366:A
362:U
355:C
349:C
345:G
339:G
334:G
330:C
323:U
318:U
314:A
149:(
145:-
137:(
133:-
125:(
121:-
113:(
109:-
65:)
59:(
54:)
50:(
36:.
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