1320:
2107:
2027:
1981:
1843:
1716:
114:
93:
126:
2517:
2391:
2351:
2305:
2225:
2185:
2067:
1935:
1756:
1676:
106:
2471:
2265:
1796:
1636:
1889:
1527:
battle not all had been in contact). One U-boat had been lost with all hands, though a number had been damaged. The battle was undoubtedly a success for the
Germans. However, they had failed to interrupt the North Atlantic convoy route to any extent; 68 ships (two-thirds of those involved) made a safe and timely arrival, and the 38 ships of HX 229A, which had been detached at New York to cross separately, arrived unscathed.
1155:. Taking a more northerly route than HX 229, the convoy remained undetected by German patrol lines and made a safe and timely landfall on 26 March. The voyage was not without its perils though. The more northerly route took it into an icefield and two ships were damaged by icebergs, rerouting to Iceland. The convoy vice-commodore's vessel the Svend Foyn was also damaged and ultimately sank on March 19, 1943.
2431:
1596:
1533:
March 1943 marked the low point of Allied fortunes in the
Atlantic campaign. The month saw four home-bound convoys attacked, and a total of 39 ships sunk; yet of those four convoys over 200 arrived safely, while four other eastbound convoys were unharmed. None of the eight westbound convoys in March
1255:
and which had helped the
Admiralty to divert convoys away from wolf packs, had been "blinded" on 10 March 1943 as the result of the Germans bringing in a new short weather report. This resulted in the British code breakers being starved of the cribs necessary to break "Shark", the cipher used by the
1094:
HX 229 was also eastbound and sailed from New York on 8 March, with 40 ships and the local escort. A further 34 ships which should have been included were delayed due to congestion at New York; they sailed the following day as HX 229A. The first few days of the convoy were uneventful; HX 229 met its
947:
During March, there was a series of fierce convoy battles which became, for the Allies, the crisis point of the whole campaign. One hundred merchant ships in trade convoys HX 229 and SC 122 encountered three wolfpacks of 38 submarines in a single sprawling action, which German radio reported as "the
943:
tactics in nearly simultaneous surface attacks at night. Patrolling aircraft restricted the ability of submarines to converge on convoys during daylight. The North
Atlantic winters offered the longest periods of darkness to conceal surfaced submarine operations. The winter of 1942–43 saw the largest
1526:
The double battle had involved 90 merchant ships and 16 escort ships (though not all were present at the same time). 22 merchant ships were sunk (13 from HX 229 and 9 from SC 122), a loss of 146,000 tons. More than 300 merchant seamen died. In total, 38 U-boats had taken part (though throughout the
1311:
caught up with HX 229 on the evening of 16 March and mounted an attack that night. Three ships were sunk and another five on the morning of 17 March, a total of eight in just 8 hours. The escort was reported to be weak, as 2 ships had dropped out to pick up survivors. The escorts chased 3 contacts
1459:
the two convoys were running in tandem, though sailing independently. All attacks on both convoys were repelled this night, and six firm contacts were attacked but little damage was inflicted. One ship from HX 229 was lost, a romper which broke away to proceed independently; this ship,
1362:
were able to penetrate the defences about midday on 17 March but the escorts were able to fend off any further attacks, assisted by brief visits from Very Long Range (VLR) aircraft flying at extreme range. SC 122 was also able to resist further attacks until evening.
1496:
was attacked by air patrol to the north of SC 122 and sunk. There were no further losses to the convoys that day; faced with stiffening resistance and sensing nothing further would be achieved without disproportionate losses, Dönitz called off the assault.
1256:
German U-boats. The U-boat tracking room at the
Admiralty Operational Intelligence Centre was therefore unable to divert convoys around the U-boat packs. A message from a U-boat gave away its position once that position had been fixed by
3389:
1530:
This was the largest convoy battle of the
Atlantic campaign. A Royal Navy report later concluded "It appeared possible that we should not be able to regard convoy as an effective system of defence".
1534:
were attacked. Also during March nine U-boats were destroyed in the
Atlantic, and more were damaged, leading to a hiatus in U-boat operations during April. When the offensive renewed in May, it saw
1110:, as its regular leader was in dock for repairs. Luther, although an ASW specialist, had recently joined the group and this was only his second crossing. The other ships of B4 were the destroyers
3384:
1301:
were ordered west to form a line ahead of the convoy. He saw in this an opportunity to attack an east-bound convoy, full of war materials bound for Europe, with the full width of the
252:
1410:, under Commander ECL Day. Arriving on 18 March, Day, as a senior and more experienced officer, took command of B4 Group for the rest of the engagement. Also en route from
308:
1354:
had sighted SC 122 heading east, about 120 miles from HX 229's position. After sending a sighting report she attacked, sinking four ships in quick succession. A fifth,
3379:
956:
report later concluded "The
Germans never came so near to disrupting communications between the New World and the Old as in the first 20 days of March 1943".
281:
245:
1100:
1148:
HX 229A sailed on 9 March, meeting its ocean escort, 40 Escort Group, on 15 March. This comprised six sloop-type warships under Cdr. J Dalison in
1016:
238:
2944:
2917:
1223:
3340:
303:
944:
number of submarines deployed to the mid-Atlantic before comprehensive anti-submarine aircraft patrols could be extended into that area.
3301:
3271:
3221:
3154:
3135:
1500:
The convoys continued east. Further changes to the escort occurred on 20 March as reinforcement arrived in the form of the corvette
3174:
3113:
2507:
2461:
2421:
2381:
2341:
2295:
2255:
2215:
2175:
2097:
2057:
2017:
1971:
1925:
1879:
1833:
1786:
1746:
1666:
1626:
1586:
1188:("Daredevil"), a new group of 18 boats, was to form up in the middle of the Air Gap. It was formed from boats from patrol group
1289:
to return to base with mechanical problems, sighted HX 229 heading east and sent a sighting report. Dönitz immediately ordered
1232:
signals intelligence group, had given notice of an east-bound convoy and by 8pm on 13 March had a location for SC 122. Admiral
980:, to New York; this was reversed later due to congestion problems there.) It sailed on 5 March 1943, protected at first by one
276:
2886:
3105:
2642:
1267:. This allowed them to position wolf packs in the way of HX 229, which was following a similar course. It passed through
2004:
1958:
1912:
1866:
1733:
996:, two ships put back to New York due to heavy weather, and on 8 March, another six abandoned the crossing, and put into
458:
899:
894:
2599:
828:
407:
989:
291:
865:
321:
1358:, was damaged, to be sunk later in the day. Two more ships from HX 229 were lost during the day. Two boats from
1319:
1175:
1103:, of four destroyers and a corvette. It was led on this occasion by Lieutenant Commander Gordon John Luther of
1464:, ran into the melée around SC 122 and was torpedoed, to be sunk later on 19 March. A straggler from SC 122,
2626:
2564:
940:
847:
553:
463:
451:
286:
2848:
2822:
2796:
2767:
2738:
2704:
2678:
2580:
2534:
2494:
2488:
2448:
2408:
2368:
2328:
2322:
2282:
2242:
2202:
2130:
2124:
2084:
2044:
1998:
1952:
1906:
1860:
1819:
1813:
1773:
1693:
1653:
1613:
1491:
1443:
1433:
1379:
1348:
1324:
1280:
1124:
1096:
1008:
914:
889:
852:
796:
436:
262:
220:
210:
1240:
to intercept, forming a new rake to the west. A westerly gale gave speed to SC 122, which passed through
1077:
1071:
3239:
3027:
2961:
1514:
were detached. The local escort groups met on 23 March, and HX 229, with 27 ships surviving, arrived at
1065:
1047:
791:
781:
615:
575:
563:
378:
1130:
105:
3317:
2603:
1404:
1248:
1053:
997:
816:
811:
806:
519:
3213:
3062:
2161:
1706:
1572:
1111:
1104:
1034:
1027:
973:
821:
1170:, ("Robber Baron"), of eight boats was already formed, having just been involved in a battle with
3293:
3184:
1059:
1020:
977:
882:
647:
3297:
3267:
3243:
3217:
3196:
3170:
3150:
3131:
3109:
2940:
2913:
1257:
1209:
1118:
652:
541:
526:
2934:
2907:
1439:
for SC 122. These were dispatched on the morning of 18 March, and arrived the following day.
1378:, of SC 122 in the evening, surviving a fierce counter-attack by escorts, and after midnight
3255:
1535:
1179:
1040:
749:
630:
343:
298:
3281:
3231:
1502:
1244:
s patrol area on the morning of 15 March just 24 hours before the patrol line was formed.
1019:. B5 Escort Group consisted of eight warships, led by Commander RC Boyle in the destroyer
965:
3332:
3327:
1452:
joined that afternoon, a welcome addition as B4 was by this time reduced to five ships.
2522:
2396:
2356:
2310:
2230:
2190:
2072:
1940:
1761:
1681:
1252:
1233:
842:
146:
3373:
3286:
3260:
2112:
2032:
1986:
1894:
1848:
1721:
1316:
began to arrive. One of these was attacked by a destroyer but again without success.
1193:
1171:
1140:
1099:
on 14 March and the local escort departed. The ocean escort was B4 Escort Group from
1083:
860:
801:
786:
769:
764:
759:
744:
729:
724:
714:
709:
704:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
642:
625:
610:
600:
595:
531:
502:
472:
446:
441:
431:
426:
414:
119:
2968:. HyperWar Foundation publishing National Security Agency, Central Security Service.
3192:
3034:. HyperWar Foundation publishing National Security Agency, Central Security Service
2660:
1149:
1012:
935:
930:
776:
754:
637:
620:
605:
590:
585:
580:
570:
558:
536:
507:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
421:
402:
397:
385:
373:
368:
358:
348:
338:
333:
98:
43:
3001:
2270:
1801:
1641:
1426:
1411:
699:
363:
353:
17:
3123:
1484:
1448:
succeeded in sinking two ships of HX 229 but further losses were avoided. HMS
953:
870:
734:
719:
3355:
3342:
3200:
3322:
3247:
3102:
The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945: Its
Organization, Defence, and Operation
1515:
1312:
during the night but with no result. During the rest of the day, boats from
1004:
981:
969:
3028:"Volume III German Naval Communications Intelligence, Chapter 4, Section 4"
2962:"Volume III German Naval Communications Intelligence, Chapter 4, Section 2"
1518:
on 23 March. SC 122, with 42 remaining ships, arrived later the same day.
1419:
1302:
1279:
without being sighted because of bad weather. On the morning of 16 March
1264:
1229:
1213:, which had also been in the battle with HX 228; the rest were newcomers.
1050:
993:
985:
3262:
The
Critical Convoy Battles of March 1943: The Battle for HX 229/SC 122
1415:
1037:
143:
3147:
The Fighting Commodores: The Convoy Commanders in the Second World War
921:
for protection against German submarine attack. In March 1943 convoys
2476:
2436:
1601:
1260:
and the convoy SC 122 was diverted around the estimated danger area.
918:
131:
230:
1251:
intelligence, which decrypted German messages enciphered using the
1318:
548:
1163:
Arrayed against them were three patrol lines (rakes) of U-boats:
972:. (This was during the period when SC convoys were switched from
3210:
German U-Boat Losses during World War II: Details of Destruction
1370:
the attack on both convoys, now just 70 miles apart, continued.
234:
2936:
Hitler's Navy: A Reference Guide to the Kriegsmarine 1935-1945
964:
SC 122 was a slow eastbound convoy of 60 ships, routed from
3288:
The Atlantic Campaign: World War II's great struggle at sea
2696:
d/c by aircraft x4; forced to break off and return to base
1538:
for the U-boat Arm, and the turning point of the campaign.
3390:
Naval battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
2906:
Gordon Smith; Don Kindell; Donald A. Bertke (April 2012).
1471:
On 19 March the escorts were reinforced by the arrival of
1139:
had to detach on 15 March, to be replaced by the corvette
3167:
U-Boats Destroyed: German Submarine Losses in World Wars
1003:
The convoy pressed on, changing escorts on 13 March off
3333:
http://uboat.net/ops/convoys/convoys.php?convoy=SC-122
3328:
http://uboat.net/ops/convoys/convoys.php?convoy=HX-229
1263:
The Allied Cipher Number 3 used by the convoy escorts
939:
tactics against convoys employed multiple-submarine
1483:for SC 122. HX 229 was also joined by the corvette
1203:("Harrier"), of eleven boats formed to the east of
27:
Convoy during naval battles of the Second World War
3285:
3259:
3063:"LLOYD'S REGISTER, NAVIRES A VAPEUR ET A MOTEURS"
1490:, detached from another convoy. Also on 19 March
1403:Help was on its way in the form of the destroyer
3238:. Vol. II. The Period of Balance. London:
2730:(17th): d/c, s damaged by Sunderland /423 Sqdn
929:were the focus of the largest convoy battle of
36:
3385:Naval battles of World War II involving Canada
2986:
2984:
2909:World War II Sea War, Vol 9: Wolfpacks Muzzled
2756:d/c Liberator /86 Sqdn (17th); dc, damage by
246:
8:
1432:, for HX 229, and the US Coast Guard cutter
917:, British merchant shipping was formed into
2144:
1555:
1007:. The western local group left, after the
950:Die grösste Geleitzugschlacht aller Zeiten
253:
239:
231:
33:
3128:Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted 1942-1945
2874:(17th); dc, damage by Fortress /220 Sqdn
1468:, was also sunk with all hands by U-663.
1399:was forced to detach during the night of
37:Convoy HX 229 (plus delayed 229A) /SC 122
2610:
2548:
1236:, commanding the U-boat fleet, directed
2898:
2633:
2625:
2616:
2571:
2563:
2554:
2165:
2153:
2150:
2147:
1576:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1395:HX 229's escort suffered a blow as HMS
3380:North Atlantic convoys of World War II
2933:Jak Mallmann Showell (19 March 2009).
2630:
2622:
2619:
2568:
2560:
2557:
2159:
2156:
1570:
1567:
1224:Convoys HX 229/SC 122 order of battle
948:greatest convoy battle of all time" (
7:
3266:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
3169:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
1174:; it was sent to patrol off east of
2939:. Seaforth Publishing. p. 84.
25:
151:B4 Group: GJ Luther; later EC Day
2515:
2469:
2429:
2389:
2349:
2303:
2263:
2223:
2183:
2105:
2065:
2025:
1979:
1933:
1887:
1841:
1794:
1754:
1714:
1674:
1634:
1594:
1207:. Some of these boats were from
124:
112:
104:
91:
3086:Middlebrook App. 4 (pp.316-320)
2960:Pitz, John (9 September 2016).
2840:d/c, damage by Sund. /201 Sqdn
2814:d/c, damage by Sund. /201 Sqdn
1293:to pursue and intercept, while
1192:, which had previously engaged
3000:Lawson, Siri (21 March 2024).
2887:Convoy Battles of World War II
1442:On the afternoon of 18 March,
1265:had been broken by the Germans
1:
1178:, at the western edge of the
2586:
2579:
2502:
2456:
2416:
2376:
2336:
2290:
2250:
2210:
2170:
2092:
2052:
2012:
1966:
1920:
1874:
1828:
1781:
1741:
1701:
1661:
1621:
1581:
1339:At the north-eastern end of
2594:
2576:
2530:
2527:
2484:
2481:
2444:
2441:
2404:
2401:
2364:
2361:
2318:
2315:
2278:
2275:
2238:
2235:
2198:
2195:
2120:
2117:
2080:
2077:
2040:
2037:
1994:
1991:
1948:
1945:
1902:
1899:
1856:
1853:
1809:
1806:
1769:
1766:
1729:
1726:
1689:
1686:
1649:
1646:
1609:
1606:
3406:
2597:
2589:
2533:
2512:
2505:
2487:
2466:
2459:
2447:
2426:
2419:
2407:
2386:
2379:
2367:
2346:
2339:
2321:
2300:
2293:
2281:
2260:
2253:
2241:
2220:
2213:
2201:
2180:
2173:
2123:
2102:
2095:
2083:
2062:
2055:
2043:
2022:
2015:
1997:
1976:
1951:
1930:
1905:
1884:
1859:
1838:
1812:
1791:
1772:
1751:
1732:
1711:
1692:
1671:
1652:
1631:
1612:
1591:
1331:, a member of SC 122 that
1285:, which had detached from
1221:
990:Western Local Escort Force
3149:. Naval Institute Press.
272:
194:
157:
137:
83:
49:
41:
3236:The War at Sea 1939–1945
2912:. Lulu.com. p. 34.
3208:Niestle, Axel (1998).
3100:Hague, Arnold (2000).
1418:, were the destroyers
1349:German submarine
1336:
1097:Mid-Ocean Escort Force
1009:Mid-Ocean Escort Force
915:Battle of the Atlantic
138:Commanders and leaders
3106:Naval Institute Press
2866:d/c by Lib /86 Sqdn,
1384:sank two more ships (
1322:
1275:rake in the night of
195:Casualties and losses
3068:. Plimsoll Ship Data
2600:B-17 Flying Fortress
1455:During the night of
1366:During the night of
3356:50.6333°N 34.7667°W
3352: /
3323:SC 122 at convoyweb
3318:HX 229 at convoyweb
3185:Middlebrook, Martin
3165:Kemp, Paul (1997).
2613:
2551:
1374:sank the freighter
304:Blockade of Germany
190:plus reinforcements
188:60 ships, 8 escorts
184:50 ships, 5 escorts
3145:Alan Burn (1999).
2611:
2550:U-boats destroyed
2549:
2508:Clarissa Radcliffe
2098:Matthew Luckenbach
1479:, for HX 229, and
1466:Clarissa Radcliffe
1462:Matthew Luckenbach
1337:
1145:for the crossing.
1086:as rescue vessel.
992:. On 6 March, off
200:1 U-Boat destroyed
153:B5 Group: RC Boyle
3361:50.6333; -34.7667
2978:Middlebrook p.276
2946:978-1-78346-917-8
2919:978-1-937470-16-6
2878:
2877:
2609:
2608:
2542:
2541:
2138:
2137:
2018:William Q Gresham
1667:Southern Princess
1199:A further group,
1129:and the corvette
908:
907:
264:Atlantic campaign
229:
228:
209:13 ships (93,502
79:
78:
16:(Redirected from
3397:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3307:
3294:Harper & Row
3291:
3282:van der Vat, Dan
3277:
3265:
3251:
3232:Roskill, Stephen
3227:
3204:
3180:
3160:
3141:
3119:
3087:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3002:"Convoy HX 229A"
2997:
2991:
2988:
2979:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2903:
2631:Convoy attacked
2614:
2612:U-boats damaged
2552:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2457:18/19 March 1943
2439:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2251:16/17 March 1943
2233:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2211:16/17 March 1943
2193:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2171:16/17 March 1943
2145:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2028:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1834:James Oglethorpe
1804:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1782:16/17 March 1943
1764:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1742:16/17 March 1943
1724:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1707:Harry Luckenbach
1702:16/17 March 1943
1684:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1662:16/17 March 1943
1644:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1622:16/17 March 1943
1604:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1556:
1458:
1402:
1369:
1344:
1335:sank on 17 March
1327:cargo steamship
1278:
1272:
1026:, the destroyer
299:Northern Barrage
267:
265:
255:
248:
241:
232:
219:9 ships (53,694
130:
128:
127:
118:
116:
115:
108:
101:
97:
95:
94:
57:16–19 March 1943
51:
50:
34:
21:
18:Wolfpack Dränger
3405:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3370:
3369:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3314:
3304:
3280:
3274:
3254:
3230:
3224:
3214:Greenhill Books
3207:
3183:
3177:
3164:
3157:
3144:
3138:
3122:
3116:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2989:
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3104:. Annapolis:
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2013:18 March 1943
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3292:. New York:
3287:
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3235:
3212:. Barnsley:
3209:
3193:Viking Press
3191:. New York:
3188:
3176:1-55750-8593
3166:
3146:
3127:
3115:1-55750-0193
3101:
3094:Bibliography
3082:
3070:. Retrieved
3057:
3048:
3038:20 September
3036:. Retrieved
3031:
3026:Pitz, John.
3021:
3009:. Retrieved
3005:
2995:
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2627:U-boat group
2604:206 Squadron
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1547:Allied ships
1532:
1529:
1525:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1406:
1401:17/18 March.
1396:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1332:
1329:King Gruffyd
1328:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1268:
1262:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1189:
1185:
1176:Newfoundland
1167:
1162:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1137:Witherington
1136:
1131:
1126:Witherington
1125:
1119:
1113:
1106:
1093:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:Flower-class
1042:
1029:
1022:
1015:joined from
1013:Escort Group
1002:
963:
949:
946:
936:Kriegsmarine
934:
926:
922:
912:
900:7–8 May 1945
895:5–6 May 1945
890:Point Judith
883:
876:
875:
854:
836:
835:
822:
739:
693:
692:
648:27 September
631:
564:
542:
520:
513:
512:
464:
452:
408:
391:
390:
379:
327:
326:
315:
314:
292:St. Lawrence
174:
169:
164:
163:
84:Belligerents
44:World War II
29:
3359: /
3124:Blair, Clay
3072:19 February
3052:Blair p.272
2845:19 Mar 1943
2819:20 Mar 1943
2793:20 Mar 1943
2764:17 Mar 1943
2735:19 Mar 1943
2701:19 Mar 1943
2675:18 Mar 1943
2639:19 Mar 1943
2569:Casualties
2271:Netherlands
2157:Casualties
1802:Netherlands
1642:Netherlands
1568:Casualties
1457:18/19 March
1434:USCGC
1368:17/18 March
1323:5,072
1277:15/16 March
1247:The Allied
1234:Karl Dönitz
1228:The German
1135:, although
1035:River-class
978:Cape Breton
913:During the
853:Capture of
616:Bell Island
565:Connecticut
380:Nordseetour
322:River Plate
215:249 killed
177:11 U-boats
147:Karl Dönitz
3374:Categories
3347:34°46′00″W
3344:50°38′00″N
3161:262 pages.
3006:Warsailors
2758:Highlander
1450:Highlander
1407:Highlander
1305:to cross.
1218:The battle
954:Royal Navy
521:Postmaster
453:RheinĂĽbung
225:112 killed
202:7 damaged
172:18 U-boats
167:10 U-boats
3201:641970843
2669:Volunteer
2422:Granville
2256:Alderamin
2176:Kingsbury
1516:Liverpool
1485:HMS
1427:USS
1420:HMS
1412:Hvalfjord
1405:HMS
1397:Mansfield
1376:Granville
1159:Wolfpacks
1142:Pennywort
1120:Mansfield
1107:Volunteer
1105:HMS
1101:St John's
1079:Saxifrage
1073:Pimpernel
1055:Buttercup
1051:corvettes
1041:HMS
1028:USS
1021:HMS
1017:St John's
1005:Cape Race
986:corvettes
984:and five
982:destroyer
970:Liverpool
823:Stonewall
797:Sept-ĂŽles
750:Black May
653:SG 6/LN 6
309:Gibraltar
287:Caribbean
204:49 killed
179:Total: 39
3284:(1987).
3258:(1977).
3248:59620954
3234:(1956).
3187:(1976).
3126:(1998).
3011:21 March
2881:See also
2787:Beverley
2724:Lavender
2572:Sunk by
2166:Sunk by
2160:Tonnage
1787:Terkoeli
1747:Coracero
1627:Zaanland
1577:Sunk by
1571:Tonnage
1506:, while
1309:Raubgraf
1291:Raubgraf
1287:Raubgraf
1269:Raubgraf
1242:Raubgraf
1238:Raubgraf
1230:B-Dienst
1190:Westmark
1168:Raubgraf
1152:Aberdeen
1114:Beverley
1082:, and a
1067:Lavender
1023:Havelock
994:Cape Cod
966:New York
941:wolfpack
884:Teardrop
843:Lyme Bay
554:27 March
465:Bismarck
277:Americas
165:Raubgraf
158:Strength
62:Location
42:Part of
3032:ibiblio
2966:ibiblio
2868:Godetia
2859:Sturmer
2833:Sturmer
2807:Sturmer
2778:Sturmer
2749:Sturmer
2722:d/c by
2715:Sturmer
2689:Sturmer
2665:Anemone
2653:Sturmer
2620:Number
2591:Sturmer
2558:Number
2545:U-boats
1522:Outcome
1429:Babbitt
1416:Iceland
1360:StĂĽrmer
1341:StĂĽrmer
1314:StĂĽrmer
1303:Air Gap
1299:Dränger
1295:StĂĽrmer
1210:Neuland
1205:StĂĽrmer
1201:Dränger
1186:StĂĽrmer
1180:Air Gap
1132:Anemone
1084:trawler
1061:Godetia
1038:frigate
998:Halifax
988:of the
931:the war
919:convoys
632:Laconia
543:Neuland
437:4 April
175:Dränger
170:StĂĽrmer
144:Admiral
99:Germany
3300:
3270:
3246:
3220:
3199:
3189:Convoy
3173:
3153:
3134:
3112:
2943:
2916:
2872:Upshur
2863:SC 122
2837:HX 229
2782:HX 229
2753:HX 229
2728:Upshur
2719:SC 122
2693:SC 122
2657:HX 229
2634:Notes
2520:
2477:Greece
2474:
2462:Carras
2437:Panama
2434:
2394:
2382:Zouave
2354:
2308:
2268:
2228:
2188:
2141:SC 122
2110:
2070:
2030:
1984:
1938:
1926:Nariva
1892:
1857:7,176
1846:
1799:
1759:
1719:
1690:12,156
1679:
1639:
1610:5,214
1602:Norway
1599:
1587:Elin K
1552:HX 229
1542:Losses
1512:Ingham
1508:Upshur
1487:Abelia
1481:Ingham
1477:Babitt
1436:Ingham
1390:Zouave
1347:rake,
1194:SC 121
1172:HX 228
1046:, the
1033:, the
1030:Upshur
974:Sydney
927:SC 122
923:HX 229
871:BX 141
861:HX 300
802:ON 207
787:SC 143
770:SC 130
765:SC 129
760:HX 237
745:HX 231
730:HX 228
725:SC 121
715:ON 166
710:SC 118
688:ON 154
683:ON 153
678:ON 144
673:SC 107
668:SL 125
663:HX 212
658:SC 104
643:SC 100
626:ON 127
611:ON 122
601:ON 115
596:ON 113
576:6 June
503:HX 156
473:HX 133
447:HX 126
442:OB 318
432:HX 112
427:OB 293
415:HX 106
409:Berlin
217:SC122:
207:HX229:
186:SC122:
182:HX229:
132:Canada
129:
117:
96:
72:Result
3066:(PDF)
2893:Notes
2850:U-666
2824:U-631
2798:U-598
2769:U-530
2740:U-439
2706:U-338
2680:U-305
2644:U-134
2623:Type
2617:Date
2587:VIIC
2582:U-384
2561:Type
2555:Date
2536:U-663
2531:5,754
2496:U-666
2490:U-333
2485:5,234
2450:U-338
2445:4,071
2410:U-305
2405:4,256
2370:U-305
2365:8,789
2330:U-665
2324:U-338
2319:7,134
2284:U-338
2279:7,886
2244:U-338
2239:5,072
2204:U-338
2199:4,898
2162:(GRT)
2154:Flag
2151:Name
2148:Date
2132:U-527
2126:U-523
2121:5,848
2086:U-221
2081:8,293
2046:U-221
2041:7,191
2000:U-600
1995:6,125
1954:U-600
1949:8,714
1908:U-435
1903:7,196
1862:U-758
1821:U-384
1815:U-631
1810:5,158
1775:U-384
1770:7,252
1730:6,366
1695:U-600
1655:U-758
1650:6,513
1615:U-603
1573:(GRT)
1565:Flag
1562:Name
1559:Date
1493:U-384
1445:U-221
1414:, in
1381:U-305
1372:U-338
1351:U-338
1343:'
1333:U-338
1282:U-653
1271:'
1249:Ultra
1043:Swale
952:). A
866:WEP 3
855:U-505
777:Faith
755:ONS 5
735:UGS 6
705:SG 19
638:SQ 36
621:QS 33
606:SC 94
591:QS 15
586:SL 78
581:HG 84
571:ON 92
559:OG 82
549:ON 67
537:SC 67
508:HG 76
498:SC 48
493:HG 73
488:SC 42
483:OG 71
478:OG 69
422:HG 53
403:SC 20
398:SC 19
386:HX 90
374:HX 84
369:HX 79
359:HX 72
349:HX 65
339:HX 49
334:HX 47
3298:ISBN
3268:ISBN
3244:OCLC
3240:HMSO
3218:ISBN
3197:OCLC
3171:ISBN
3151:ISBN
3132:ISBN
3110:ISBN
3074:2009
3040:2016
3013:2024
2941:ISBN
2914:ISBN
2855:VIIC
2829:VIIC
2803:VIIC
2774:VIIC
2745:VIIC
2711:VIIC
2685:VIIC
2649:VIIC
2598:RAF
2006:U-91
1960:U-91
1914:U-91
1868:U-91
1735:U-91
1510:and
1475:and
1473:Vimy
1425:and
1422:Vimy
1388:and
1297:and
1150:HMS
1123:and
1112:HMS
1076:and
925:and
877:1945
837:1944
720:UC 1
700:TM 1
694:1943
514:1942
392:1941
364:SC 7
354:SC 2
328:1940
316:1939
54:Date
2661:d/c
2602:of
2595:49
1854:44
1392:).
1325:GRT
1011:B5
968:to
221:GRT
211:GRT
3376::
3296:.
3242:.
3216:.
3195:.
3130:.
3108:.
3030:.
3004:.
2983:^
2964:.
2870:,
2726:,
2667:,
2528:53
2493:,
2442:12
2402:13
2327:,
2236:22
2129:,
2078:29
2038:27
2003:,
1992:24
1957:,
1911:,
1865:,
1824:?
1818:,
1807:36
1727:80
1607:0
1258:DF
1117:,
1070:,
1064:,
1058:,
1000:.
976:,
933:.
3306:.
3276:.
3250:.
3226:.
3203:.
3179:.
3159:,
3140:.
3118:.
3076:.
3042:.
3015:.
2949:.
2922:.
2482:0
2362:8
2316:0
2276:0
2196:4
2118:?
1946:0
1900:0
1767:5
1687:4
1647:0
1345:s
1273:s
1196:.
1182:.
254:e
247:t
240:v
223:)
213:)
20:)
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