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1918, and secured funding from the War Chest Board to help finance it. In 1919 the clubwomen successfully petitioned the Marion County commissioners to appropriate funds to care for black tuberculosis patients at
Sunnyside; however, the hospital's reports did not show any increase in the allotment until 1926 and continued to allot beds to black on a pro-rata basis of one-tenth of the county's population. To help compensate for the continued shortage of hospital beds for black tuberculosis patients, the club began providing care at the former Sisters of Charity Hospital in 1922. It operated the facility for two years before purchasing a home on Agnes Street in 1924. The Agnes Street Cottage had space to care for six patients at a time; about thirty-five patients per year. In 1938 WIC members persuaded the city's Flower Mission to establish a segregated wing at City Hospital to care and treat black tuberculosis patients.
185:
to
October 1916, treating six patients at a time. The volunteer-run camp was chronically short of cash, but the WIC continued to operate it though numerous fundraising activities at local churches, donations from the community, and personal contributions from WIC members until it permanently closed in 1916. Encroaching development in the area, lack of adequate funding, and changes in trends for treating tuberculosis patients are cited as the likely causes for its closure.
259:
African-American community, especially its tuberculosis patients, assisted its impoverished residents, and aided at-risk youth. While the club provided its members with opportunities for personal growth, educational improvement, and community service, it approached tuberculosis work in the "professional and scientific manner that prevailed during the
119:, Afro-American Council, and Anti-Lynching League. Their involvement with other civic groups, as well as the local black community's physicians, businessmen, and church leaders helped widen the clubwomen's contact base and obtain support for WIC projects. Club members also supported women's suffrage.
106:
Several of the club's early members were recognized as prominent members of
Indianapolis's black community, such as Fox, Porter, Ada Harris, Ida Webb Bryan, Roxie Belle, and Cora Jackson, among others. A few of its first members were professional women, some were educators, and a few were married to
48:
and provided social service assistance to
Indianapolis's impoverished residents and its African American youth. By 1960, when tuberculosis was no longer a major health threat, the club continued its support of the local black community in other ways, such as a visiting nurse program and scholarships
241:
With the development of new medicines and treatments, tuberculosis was no longer a major health threat by 1960. Although the club discontinued tuberculosis-related work, it continued to support the local
African American community in other ways. The clubwomen paid a visiting nurse to provide advice
232:
In addition to its assistance to tuberculosis patients, WIC expanded its social services in the 1920s. The clubwomen provided aid to indigent blacks facing eviction and food to the city's impoverished and underfed
African American children. The women also sent some of these children to summer camps
184:
Oak Hill Camp was modest in size. It included just three tents with board floors and a temporary frame building that had a partition down the middle to separate the camp kitchen from the living quarters of the camp's matron/cook/nurse. The facilities operated only during the summer months from 1905
171:
The clubwomen began by raising funds to send small groups of the city's at-risk black children to the country to regain their strength. Suffering from poor health and inadequate nutrition, these children were deemed to be the most likely to be infected with tuberculosis. The club also established
158:
In 1904, its second year of existence, the club expanded its scope beyond literary studies to include philanthropic work. Its members began by focusing on the care of
African American tuberculosis patients in Indianapolis. At that time city hospitals were segregated and primarily served the white
228:
After World War I the WIC continued its crusade to provide health care for
African Americans suffering from tuberculosis. After earlier efforts proved to be unsuccessful, the clubwomen finally got the Indianapolis Flower Mission Hospital to agree to open a room for black tuberculosis patients in
202:
Between 1910 and 1920, when health care facilities in
Indianapolis were segregated and the city's black population was rapidly increasing, facilities in Indianapolis that provided care for black tuberculosis patients were limited. Sunnyside Sanitarium admitted only nineteen blacks in 1918. (The
193:
After Oak Hill Camp closed in 1916, the clubwomen continued to raise funds care for the city's black tuberculosis patients and other projects. Between 1916 and 1918 the club raise funds by sponsoring numerous lectures to increase awareness and educate the community about tuberculosis and other
207:
to provide care for tuberculosis patients.) Public funds were not allocated to assist black tuberculosis patients in the county until 1919. Despite challenges and setbacks, the WIC continued its efforts to provide tuberculosis care for blacks by becoming involved in year-round social work.
258:
While other community groups participated with the Woman's
Improvement Club, it is the group considered to be the initiator and leader of the effort to provide tuberculosis facilities for black patients in Indianapolis. Between 1905 and 1935 the club provided health care to the city's
167:
By 1904 the WIC expanded its mission to include community service, with its major goal centering on improving health care for Indianapolis's black community. The club spearheaded efforts to combat tuberculosis and provide health care to African Americans afflicted with the disease.
180:
With no government-funded support, the club obtained permission from William Haueisin, a local white businessman, to established Oak Hill Camp on his property in 1905. The fresh-air camp for tuberculosis patients is believed to be the first of its kind in the United States.
194:
community health concerns. Examples of the clubwomen's other projects include working with Mary Cable, principal of Indianapolis Public School Number 24, to open it as the city's first fresh-air school for African American students in 1916. The clubwomen also persuaded
198:
leaders to change its discriminatory practices and establish a division at its Indianapolis plant staffed with African-American women. In addition, the women hired WIC-member Daisy Brabham in 1918 as its first salaried visiting nurse/social worker.
110:
According to the club's constitution and bylaws, WIC membership was limited to twenty. The club's small size meant the close-knit group had to work closely together on projects. Membership in the exclusive club was passed from mother to daughter.
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Early WIC members "believed firmly in middle-class values and the middle-class way of life." They were also active in other local literary clubs, religious groups, and black organizations that held gatherings in Indianapolis, such as the
855:
131:, and learned about the lives of black missionaries, evangelists, inventors, and social and political leaders. The members also sponsored educational lectures to raise money for club projects. Prominent black speakers included
220:. The women raised funds for the War Chest Board and contributed to the National Colored Soldiers Relief Committee and Colored Soldiers Comfort Home. The club's fundraising efforts also assisted the orphans of black soldiers.
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107:
professional men (businessmen, physicians, and clergymen). Other members were household servants, cooks, seamstresses, or other domestic workers. By 1920s the club's members were mainly teachers and social workers.
172:
local nurses' training programs. In the early twentieth century nurses' training programs in Indianapolis hospitals were segregated, forcing African American students to leave the area to gain similar experience.
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women as a small literary group to improve their education, but it was especially active and best known for its pioneering efforts to provide facilities to care for the city's African American
1979:
95:
and a local civic activist, was the primary leader and founder of the group. She also served as its president. Porter, a former teacher and Indianapolis physician, was a principal in the
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community organized the Woman's Improvement Club in 1903 as a literary group at Fox's home. The club offered its members an opportunity for self improvement and personal growth.
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community. There were no facilities to care for black tuberculosis patients, even though the disease had a high mortality rate among African American living in urban areas.
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The clubwomen studied topics related to "racial pride and solidarity" and women's issues. They read the literature of African American writers, the poetry of
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to black families and to help them get medical care and social services. The club also provided scholarships to students graduating from
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In addition to its health care initiatives in Indiana, the all-black women's club supported the United States and its allies during
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continue their education. By the mid-1960s, with membership significantly declining, the club's records were donated to the
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students. In the mid-1960s, after its membership significantly declined, its records were donated to the
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674:"The Woman's Improvement Club of Indianapolis: Black Women Pioneers in Tuberculosis Work, 1903–1938"
376:"The Woman's Improvement Club of Indianapolis: Black Women Pioneers in Tuberculosis Work, 1903–1938"
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1198:
132:
1029:
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116:
66:
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1954:
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When the Truth is Told: A History of Black Women's Culture and Community in Indiana, 1875–1950
631:
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When the Truth is Told: A History of Black Women's Culture and Community in Indiana, 1875–1950
323:
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99:. Her medical training was very beneficial to the club in its philanthropic work with
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In the tradition of many other black women's clubs in the early twentieth century,
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743:(2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. pp. 67–85.
217:
45:
856:
Daughters of the Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World
741:
Indiana's African-American Heritage: Essays from Black History News and Notes
320:
Indiana's African-American Heritage: Essays from Black History News and Notes
291:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 220, 239.
322:(2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 75.
41:
730:
360:
1594:
1215:
Chicago and Northern District Association of Colored Women's Clubs
737:
Thornbrough, Emma Lou, "The History of Black Women in Indiana" in
699:"Woman's Improvement Club Collection, 1909–1965, Collection Guide"
577:"Woman's Improvement Club Collection, 1909–1965, Collection Guide"
351:. Indianapolis, Indiana: National Council of Negro Women. p.
148:
316:
Emma Lou Thornbrough, "The History of Black Women in Indiana" in
945:
1653:
Federation of Women's Clubs for Oklahoma and Indian Territories
761:
826:
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
725:. Indianapolis, Indiana: National Council of Negro Women.
630:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
626:
Bodenhamer, David J., and Robert G. Barrows, eds. (1994).
149:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
1980:
First National Conference of the Colored Women of America
287:
David J. Bodenhamer and Robert G. Barrows, ed. (1994).
1721:
General Federation of Women's Clubs of South Carolina
1450:
Mississippi State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
1025:
California State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
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684:(3). Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 237–61
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1251:Indiana State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
891:National Society of the Colonial Dames of America
2034:Women's organizations based in the United States
1293:Topeka Council of Colored Women's Clubs Building
203:hospital opened in 1917 and was the only one in
386:(3). Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 240
821:Associated Daughters of Early American Witches
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137:National Association of Colored Women's Clubs
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1648:Oklahoma Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
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89:Fox, an African American journalist for the
550:Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., pp. 128, 220.
477:Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., pp. 129, 220.
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663:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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40:patients from 1905 to the mid-1930s. The
2044:African-American history of Indianapolis
1565:Empire State Federation of Women's Clubs
1413:Ladies' Library Association of Kalamazoo
1272:Iowa Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
811:American Association of University Women
672:Ferguson, Earline Rae (September 1988).
437:
435:
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1445:Mississippi Federation of Women's Clubs
374:Earline Rae Ferguson (September 1988).
272:
2029:African-American women's organizations
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643:
1382:New England Woman's Press Association
936:Women's Joint Congressional Committee
896:National Society of New England Women
881:National Association of Colored Women
612:Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 597.
532:Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 223.
44:also supported the war effort during
7:
1314:Kentucky Federation of Women's Clubs
846:Daughters of the American Revolution
1351:Maryland Woman Suffrage Association
946:Young Women's Christian Association
916:United Daughters of the Confederacy
861:General Federation of Women's Clubs
841:Daughters of the American Colonists
2039:Women's clubs in the United States
1773:Texas Association of Women's Clubs
1768:Daughters of the Republic of Texas
1346:Woman's Literary Club of Baltimore
926:Women's Christian Temperance Union
14:
1793:Dallas Equal Suffrage Association
1788:Texas Federation of Women's Clubs
931:Women's National Republican Club
427:Ferguson, pp. 239, 244, 252, 254.
24:, Indiana, was formed in 1903 by
1783:Texas Equal Suffrage Association
1585:Equal Suffrage League (Brooklyn)
886:National Council of Jewish Women
628:The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis
289:The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis
1230:Frederick Douglass Woman's Club
911:United States Daughters of 1812
523:Ferguson, pp. 240, 255–57, 259.
73:, and other prominent women of
1778:Texas Equal Rights Association
962:Alabama's Colored Women's Club
1:
697:Gibbs, Wilma (June 8, 1994).
151:; and anti-lynching crusader
135:, the first president of the
1590:Newswomen's Club of New York
1065:Hollywood Women's Press Club
871:Ladies' Memorial Association
739:Wilma L. Gibbs, ed. (2007).
717:Hine, Darlene Clark (1981).
704:. Indiana Historical Society
582:. Indiana Historical Society
575:Wilma Gibbs (June 8, 1994).
318:Wilma L. Gibbs, ed. (2007).
147:and magazine editor for the
49:to students graduating from
2049:History of women in Indiana
851:Daughters of the Cincinnati
831:Colonial Dames XVII Century
678:Indiana Magazine of History
380:Indiana Magazine of History
343:Darlene Clark Hine (1981).
244:Crispus Attucks High School
97:Indianapolis Public Schools
51:Crispus Attucks High School
2070:
1877:University Club of Seattle
1832:Daughters of Utah Pioneers
1163:Atlanta Neighborhood Union
941:Women's Trade Union League
906:Queen Isabella Association
495:Ferguson, pp. 251–52, 255.
459:Ferguson, pp. 244–45, 250.
248:Indiana Historical Society
55:Indiana Historical Society
1999:
1975:
1949:
836:Colonial Dames of America
224:Ongoing community service
1387:New England Women's Club
196:Van Camp Packing Company
18:Woman's Improvement Club
816:American Woman's League
573:"Historical Sketch" in
163:Health care initiatives
145:The Souls of Black Folk
1372:College Club of Boston
1298:Woman's Club of Topeka
1225:Fortnightly of Chicago
876:League of Women Voters
32:, and other prominent
2054:Women in Indianapolis
2004:List of women's clubs
1993:List of women's clubs
1674:Colored Women's Clubs
1570:Brooklyn Woman's Club
1397:Saturday Morning Club
921:United Order of Tents
901:Phillis Wheatley Club
564:Ferguson, pp. 259–60.
541:Ferguson, pp. 248–49.
409:Ferguson, pp. 242–43.
1747:Country Woman's Club
1220:Chicago Woman's Club
1168:Atlanta Woman's Club
1040:College Women's Club
791:in the United States
71:Beulah Wright Porter
30:Beulah Wright Porter
1199:Daughters of Hawaii
133:Mary Church Terrell
1030:Berkeley City Club
656:has generic name (
117:Knights of Pythias
67:Lillian Thomas Fox
26:Lillian Thomas Fox
2016:
2015:
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1987:
1964:
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1930:Women's City Club
1742:19th Century Club
1700:Cosmopolitan Club
1600:Women's City Club
1580:Cosmopolitan Club
1482:20th Century Club
1085:Metropolitan Club
750:978-0-87195-099-4
603:Ferguson, p. 261.
418:Hine, pp. 36, 46.
329:978-0-87195-099-4
92:Indianapolis News
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176:Oak Hill Camp
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23:
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1953:
1943:Publications
1846:Mount Vernon
1705:Plastic Club
1693:Pennsylvania
1466:East Glacier
740:
720:
706:. Retrieved
686:. Retrieved
681:
677:
627:
608:
584:. Retrieved
569:
546:
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491:
486:Hine, p. 37.
482:
441:Hine, p. 38.
423:
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388:. Retrieved
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153:Ida B. Wells
144:
126:
113:
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101:tuberculosis
90:
88:
75:Indianapolis
64:
38:tuberculosis
22:Indianapolis
17:
15:
1969:Conventions
1818:San Antonio
1813:Lyceum Club
1575:Colony Club
1549:Silver City
1498:Kalmia Club
1438:Mississippi
1055:Ebell of LA
994:Casa Grande
511:Hine p. 39.
237:Later years
218:World War I
46:World War I
2023:Categories
1855:Washington
1803:Fort Worth
1544:Las Cruces
1534:Alamogordo
1527:New Mexico
1513:Rutherford
1503:Morristown
1491:New Jersey
1429:Saint Paul
1277:Des Moines
1116:Wilmington
1018:California
804:Nationwide
620:References
103:patients.
85:Membership
1893:Wauwatosa
1886:Wisconsin
1735:Tennessee
1684:Town Club
1616:Charlotte
1539:Carrizozo
1422:Minnesota
1323:Louisiana
1256:Vincennes
1132:Bradenton
1090:San Pedro
978:Anchorage
708:March 23,
688:March 15,
646:cite book
586:March 23,
390:March 15,
42:clubwomen
1867:Longview
1862:Kirkland
1839:Virginia
1641:Oklahoma
1558:New York
1508:Red Bank
1406:Michigan
1339:Maryland
1330:Era Club
1307:Kentucky
1208:Illinois
1183:Tennille
1178:Demorest
1104:Delaware
1070:La Jolla
999:Glendale
61:Founding
1902:Wyoming
1872:Olympia
1798:El Paso
1669:Ashland
1595:Sorosis
1459:Montana
1367:Chilton
1244:Indiana
1156:Georgia
1125:Florida
1111:Milford
1075:Lincoln
1009:Willcox
987:Arizona
955:Alabama
731:7808788
361:7808788
1909:Casper
1679:Dundee
1662:Oregon
1632:Dayton
1475:Nevada
1286:Kansas
1192:Hawaii
1173:Dawson
1045:Corona
971:Alaska
747:
729:
634:
359:
326:
295:
254:Legacy
1761:Texas
1147:Miami
1137:Davie
797:Clubs
702:(PDF)
580:(PDF)
267:Notes
1827:Utah
1625:Ohio
1265:Iowa
1004:Mesa
745:ISBN
727:OCLC
710:2018
690:2018
665:link
658:help
632:ISBN
588:2018
392:2018
357:OCLC
324:ISBN
293:ISBN
16:The
263:."
77:'s
20:of
2025::
682:84
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781:e
774:t
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394:.
363:.
332:.
301:.
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