304:". The Bureau shifted its focus in this time to achieve more skills training, wider job opportunities, higher wages and better working conditions for the 'new' female workforce. The WB was an esteemed agency by 1942 and reports were consistently conservative, often repeating stereotypical ideas of women's strengths and weaknesses. However, the records of the Bureau during World War II contain a wealth of data and information about women with the focus remaining on the conditions of employed women, often neglecting middle-class women and continual support for special legislation for women's employment.
1468:
148:
374:(CETA) designed to train workers and provide them with public service jobs, the Bureau began developing programs for CETA funds that focused on special counseling and referral services, women in non-traditional jobs, pre-apprenticeship training and job development. Many of these new programs were also designed to help low-income women. The Bureau also had a role in the passage of the
390:
instructors, and actual women miners. Its focus was on federally required safety instruction, information on federal and state antidiscrimination laws, union rights, physical development, techniques on assertiveness, and credit and social security rights. Also involved were all-women panels that discussed how they handled problems that often concerned women, like sexual harassment.
38:
352:, who had advocated for the formation of the Commission early on. With Peterson as the de facto head, the final report by the commission made no flat statement for or against passage of the ERA. It did, however, urge the courts to expand the 14th amendment to grant full Constitutional equality to women.
263:
The Bureau was established by
Congress on June 5, 1920, just two months before women achieved the right to vote, and continues its responsibility to carry out Public Law 66-259; 29 U.S.C. 11–16.29 (1920) Their enabling legislation gives them the duty to formulate policies and standards to promote the
385:
to carry out a two-phase, experimental program in the five county mining area of
Anderson, Campbell, Claiborne, Morgan, and Scott in Tennessee. CEP was a non-profit women's organization founded in 1977 with the goal of women gaining employment as miners. With local support groups in both the eastern
420:
for the White House Summit on
Working Families convening businesses, economists, labor leaders, legislators, advocates, and the media for a discussion on issues facing the entire spectrum of working families, including workplace flexibility, equal pay, workplace discrimination, worker retention and
307:
In the 1940s and 50s, the WB turned its attention how women's employment outlook and opportunities changed in the postwar period. After 1942, the Bureau officials hoped to have an audience in the federal government and to play a large role in labor mobilization. This hope never came to fruition and
362:
named Koontz a U.S. Delegate and with this added role, she worked with the Bureau to share research and expertise in developing countries. Under Koontz's leadership, the WB also worked to address and eliminate description against women and minorities in the workforce. They supported the proposed
280:
In the 1920s and 30s, the Women's Bureau focused on women's working conditions in industries including manufacturing, household employment and clothing industry. 21% of
American's employed at this time were women, who worked long hours with little wages. In 1922, the WB began investigating the
389:
The program with CEP centered on the development of a training program that considered the needs of women—which was accomplished with the aid of federal and state mining officials, coal industry leaders, union officials, U.S. Department of Labor Mine Safety and Health officials, state training
255:
After the war, van Kleeck's group became the United States Women's Bureau. Van Kleeck helped write the law enabling this transition in June 1920. On July 14, van Kleeck was appointed as the head of the new agency within the
Department of Labor. Although she was expected to lead the Bureau
339:
in 1923 until
Kennedy took office in 1961. This was due to the commitment the WB had in maintaining protective labor legislation for women. During Kennedy's campaign, he needed to recognize a political constituency. However instead of supporting an ERA during his presidency, he created a
393:
In the 1960s, the Bureau started an on-site day care center. This led to the Bureau launching a major initiative to encourage employer-sponsored child care in 1982. The result of this initiative was the establishment of a multi-media Work and Family
Clearinghouse in 1989 and the
316:, rejected the idea of having any woman on his labor advisory commission instead creating a Women's Advisory Committee. However, both the Bureau and the Advisory Committee's advice regarding women's employment was often disregarded.
237:, and discrimination against female laborers, conducting investigations in 31 states. However, their recommendations were often ignored, and at an October 1918 conference to discuss women's labor organized by van Kleeck,
171:. The Women's Bureau works to create parity for women in the labor force by conducting research and policy analysis, to inform and promote policy change, and to increase public awareness and education.
996:
226:
represented a "new freedom" for women: "freedom to serve their country through their industry not as women but as workers judged by the same standards and rewarded by the same recompense as men".
264:
welfare of wage-earning women, improve their working conditions, increase their efficiency, and advance their opportunities for profitable employment. The Women's Bureau's collaboration with the
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194:
The Women's Bureau evolved out of the Woman in
Industry Service, which was established on July 1, 1918, as a war-time service to employ women. It was headed by social activist
773:
1487:
186:. Since its founding in 1920, the Director of the Women's Bureau has always been a woman. She is supported by a staff in the national office as well as ten regional offices.
903:
Alchon, Guy (1998). "The "Self-Applauding
Sincerity" of Overreaching Theory, Biography as Ethical Practice, and the Case of Mary van Kleeck". In Silverberg, Helene (ed.).
386:
and western coalfields, CEP also advocated for women on issues such as sexual harassment, mine safety, equal access to training and promotions, parental leave, and wages.
367:(ERA). Carmen Rosa Maymi headed the Women's Bureau in 1975 as the highest-ranking Hispanic woman in the Federal Government and the first Hispanic Director of the Bureau.
359:
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861:
300:, many women began working in nontraditional roles such as in aircraft plants, shipyards, and manufacturing companies. These jobs also paid more than traditional "
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in the 1950s and 60s, the WB developed policies and programs to increase women college graduates. The WB played an instrumental role in the passage of the
269:
1286:
936:
1225:
McGuire, John Thomas. "Gender and the
Personal Shaping of Public Administration in the United States: Mary Anderson and the Women's Bureau, 1920–1930."
698:
289:
legislation passed for women since the administration largely ignored these groups. The WB successfully advocated for the inclusion of women under the
1391:
371:
179:
1071:
1386:
1353:
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77:
1399:
1072:"A guide to the Microfilm Edition of Records of the Women's Bureau of the U.S. Department of Labor, 1918-1965. Part II: Women in World War II"
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1371:
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395:
549:
348:, an ERA supporter, until her death 1962, after which the commission was unofficially headed by Women's Bureau director and ERA opponent,
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725:
219:
168:
129:
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249:
238:
211:
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912:
234:
175:
1124:
Harrison, C. (1988). On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945–1968. Berkeley: University of California Press.
223:
206:, van Kleeck undertook an investigation of the possibility of employment of women in Army warehouses at the behest of the
244:
declined to take action to address wage inequality. In December 1918, the group published a wide-ranging report entitled
436:
417:
398:, that mandated employers to provide employees job-protected and unpaid leave for qualified medical and family reasons.
375:
282:
257:
715:
585:
1232:
Nyland, Chris, and Mark Rix. "Mary van Kleeck, Lillian Gilbreth and the Women’s Bureau study of gendered labor law."
1213:
Boris, Eileen. "Women's Work and Public Policy: a History of the Women's Bureau, US Department of Labor, 1945-1970."
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permanently, van Kleeck was called away to help care for her dying mother and resigned after a few weeks.
241:
1366:
997:"The Women's Bureau: A Continuous Fight Against Inequality | Section of Civil Rights and Social Justice"
320:
1239:
Sharer, Wendy B. "Genre work: Expertise and advocacy in the early bulletins of the US women's Bureau."
673:
207:
183:
328:
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Women's work and public policy: A history of the Women's Bureau, US Department of Labor, 1945-1970
1045:""Continued Employment after the War?": The Women's Bureau Studies Postwar Plans of Women Workers"
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Hendrickson, Mark. "Gender Research as Labor Activism: The Women's Bureau in the New Era."
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signed the law on June 10, 1963. However, during this time, the Bureau was opposed to the
195:
301:
409:. In 1996, the WB published a fact sheet on the workplace effects of domestic violence.
218:
appointed van Kleeck to lead a new Women in Industry Service group, a sub-agency of the
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286:
230:
215:
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780:. St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank of the United States. March 4, 2019. Archived from
803:
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The Bureau focused on non-traditional employment for women in the 1990s, including
297:
17:
969:
649:
147:
327:. It effectively removed the ability to pay employees differently, based on sex.
252:, which applied basic working standards to men and women throughout the country.
413:
203:
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available on FRASER, the Federal Reserve Archival System for Economic Research.
260:, her close friend and colleague, became its first long-term director instead.
281:
conditions facing 'negro women in industry.' By focusing on minority groups,
229:
The Women in Industry Service group produced a series of reports documenting
1138:"Women's bureau publication touts benefits of high-tech employment of women"
1137:
922:
1272:
1149:
1104:"House Resolution 5056 Prohibiting Discrimination in Pay on Account of Sex"
1103:
272:
allowed the Bureau to effectively research and advocate for women workers.
774:"Uncurrent Events: The Woman-Power Behind the "Woman in Industry Service""
293:, which, for the first time, set minimum wages and maximum working hours.
1339:
1330:
717:
The Road Not Taken: A History of Radical Social Work in the United States
1044:
1020:
1218:
37:
878:"Mary Abby Van Kleeck | A Biographical Dictionary of Women Economists"
198:, who was the head of the Department of Industrial Studies at the
182:, the position required confirmation by advice and consent of the
146:
139:
529:
Bureau Special Bulletin 20: Occupational Status of Women in 1944.
180:
Presidential Appointment Efficiency and Streamlining Act of 2011
1282:
1251:
The Women's Bureau: Its History, Activities, and Organization
905:
Gender and American social science : the formative years
742:"United States Women's Bureau | United States federal agency"
937:"Sophia Smith Collection: Mary van Kleeck Papers, 1849–1998"
248:, which was later used as the basis for the groundbreaking
697:
Robins, Margaret Dreier; Rippey, Sarah Cory, eds. (1918).
358:
was the first Black woman to head the Bureau in 1969. The
210:. She recommended the creation of a Women's Bureau in the
1267:
970:"Open Collections Program: Women Working, Women's Bureau"
1170:"About Us, Women's Bureau - U. S. Department of Labor"
1382:
Center for Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships
421:
promotion, and childcare/early childhood education.
1352:
703:. Vol. 8. National Women's Trade Union League.
135:
125:
105:
97:
83:
73:
57:
49:
44:
860:Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States (1942).
531:Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1944.
312:headed labor mobilization. The commission, led by
246:Standards for the Employment of Women in Industry
941:Five College Archives and Manuscript Collections
360:United Nations Commission on the Status of Women
907:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
285:, the Bureau's first director, was able to get
1418:Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs
586:"[USC05] 29 USC Ch. 2: WOMEN'S BUREAU"
381:From 1978 to 1980, the Bureau contracted with
342:Presidential Commission on the Status of Women
1410:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1294:
804:"Women's Bureau (WB) – About Us, Our History"
222:. Van Kleeck wrote that the great numbers of
8:
296:As American men were mobilized for entering
30:
224:women brought into the workforce by the war
1488:United States Department of Labor agencies
1301:
1287:
1279:
650:"WB – Our History (An Overview 1920–2012)"
36:
1448:Veterans' Employment and Training Service
1392:Employee Benefits Security Administration
714:Reisch, Michael; Andrews, Janice (2002).
487:Jill Houghton Emery (Phillips), 1988–1989
372:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
1443:Office of Workers' Compensation Programs
270:Women's Educational and Industrial Union
541:
118:Joan Harrigan-Farrelly, Deputy Director
78:Federal government of the United States
1414:Office of Disability Employment Policy
1400:Employment and Training Administration
29:
1405:Mine Safety and Health Administration
1387:Employees' Compensation Appeals Board
1372:Bureau of International Labor Affairs
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1428:Office of Labor-Management Standards
720:. Psychology Press. pp. 61–65.
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396:Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993
376:Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978
1396:Office of Administrative Law Judges
412:In 2014, the WB teamed up with the
1273:Publications of the Women's Bureau
814:from the original on June 19, 2019
25:
1310:United States Department of Labor
174:The Director is appointed by the
169:United States Department of Labor
1466:
481:Lenora Cole Alexander, 1981–1986
291:Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
250:Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
866:. U.S. G.P.O. pp. 522–535.
674:"Records of the Women's Bureau"
550:"DOL Shutdown Plan, Page Three"
344:. The commission was headed by
115:Analilia Mejia, Deputy Director
1253:(. Johns Hopkins Press, 1923)
1217:14#1 (2002), pp. 201–207
1:
1234:Journal of Management History
833:McGuire, John Thomas (2006).
517:Wendy Chun-Hoon, 2021–present
511:Patricia G. Greene, 2017–2018
1227:Public Administration Review
863:Handbook of labor statistics
514:Laurie Todd-Smith, 2019–2021
505:Sara Manzano-Diaz, 2010–2012
484:Shirley M. Dennis, 1986–1988
472:Carmen Rosa Maymi, 1973–1977
418:Center for American Progress
157:United States Women's Bureau
1433:Office of Public Engagement
1423:Office of Inspector General
1362:Administrative Review Board
499:Irasema T. Garza, 1999–2000
1504:
1377:Bureau of Labor Statistics
1249:Weber, Gustavus Adolphus.
1241:Rhetoric Society Quarterly
490:Elsie Vartanian, 1991–1993
1464:
1354:Deputy Secretary of Labor
1344:Deputy Secretary of Labor
1316:
1207:(Northeastern UP, 2000).
1198:Journal of Policy History
1021:"WB – Directors' Gallery"
882:search.credoreference.com
839:. ABC-CLIO. p. 624.
527:Pidgeon, Mary Elizabeth.
266:National Consumers League
235:unsafe working conditions
112:Wendy Chun-Hoon, Director
65:Woman in Industry Service
35:
1323:Frances Perkins Building
1268:Women's Bureau Home Page
1236:(2000). on a 1928 report
335:(ERA) introduced by the
325:Fair Labor Standards Act
165:United States government
88:Frances Perkins Building
1438:Office of the Solicitor
746:Encyclopedia Britannica
508:Latifa Lyles, 2012–2017
467:Elizabeth Duncan Koontz
383:Coal Employment Project
356:Elizabeth Duncan Koontz
310:War Manpower Commission
200:Russell Sage Foundation
1453:Wage and Hour Division
1203:Laughlin, Kathleen A.
1150:10.1037/e303132004-001
1077:. 1991. Archived from
1049:historymatters.gmu.edu
502:Shinae Chun, 2001–2009
461:Mary Dublin Keyserling
365:Equal Rights Amendment
337:National Woman's Party
333:Equal Rights Amendment
163:) is an agency of the
152:
151:Women's Bureau in 1920
1367:Benefits Review Board
1229:72.2 (2012): 265-271.
1200:20.4 (2008): 482-515.
321:Equal Pay Act of 1963
150:
323:, which amended the
208:War Industries Board
27:US government agency
1243:33.1 (2003): 5-32.
1084:on 17 November 2015
1001:www.americanbar.org
974:ocp.hul.harvard.edu
611:"WB – Regional Map"
522:Select publications
370:Following the 1973
308:in April 1942, the
220:Department of Labor
130:Department of Labor
32:
18:Women's Bureau
1335:Secretary of Labor
784:on August 16, 2019
433:, 1920 (temporary)
239:Secretary of Labor
214:, and as a result
202:. In 1917, amidst
153:
1475:
1474:
1142:PsycEXTRA Dataset
884:. Credo Reference
566:on 3 October 2014
425:List of directors
346:Eleanor Roosevelt
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126:Parent department
106:Agency executives
16:(Redirected from
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216:President Wilson
92:Washington, D.C.
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