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the media as the experiences of
Indigenous women faced in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside became more publicly recognized. Due to the surplus of single men, drug use, and crime in the area, "skid road" became a commonly used symbol of the Downtown Eastside. The "Skid Road Girl" referred to women living in this neighbourhood and came with negative connotations referring to poverty, addiction, violence, and corruption. According to Elliot, these categorizations informed the idea that violence was a natural consequence of living in this area and victims were at fault for their own suffering.
440:, violence experienced by indigenous women in Canada was kept out of mainstream public discourse, it was not until the 1960s that these incidences were given attention in the media. News stories rationalized the violence by focusing on poverty, disease, crime, and sex work in the Downtown Eastside. The photos of the victims used in the media were often mug shots from previous arrests presenting these women as criminals. In her article, "Indigenous Women as Newspaper Representations: Violence and Action in 1960s Vancouver"
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conversation with an undercover RCMP officer in his cell, he admitted to murdering 49 women and wanting to make it an even 50. Due to a lack of evidence and attention, however, many of the disappearances were not officially connected to
Pickton. Many of the women went missing unnoticed. Sherry Rail, who disappeared in 1984, was not reported missing until 1987 when a team was initiated by the RCMP to investigate unsolved cases of sex trade workers. This team made little progress and was dissolved in 1989.
704:. Pickton ended up in the same hospital for injuries the women inflicted in self defence and the key for the handcuffs around the woman's wrists was found in Picktons pocket. He was charged with attempted murder, assault with a weapon, and forcible confinement, all of which were eventually dropped. The woman, whom Pickton claimed to be a hitchhiker that assaulted him, was shown to be an incompetent witness because of a drug addiction.
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themselves by living in the
Downtown Eastside and living the lifestyles that they did. Vancouver's missing women became a public issue as more women disappeared. Academics, advocates, journalists and the women's families came together. It became publicly recognized that a serial killer may be active in this neighbourhood in 1999.
770:"Multiple factors, including the impacts of residential schools, colonial land and resource policies, technological developments, changes to subsistence and capitalist economies, and growing populations contributed to overcrowding, housing shortages, unemployment, poverty, welfare dependency, alcohol addiction, and poor health."
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and proceeds through downtown, stopping outside of bars, strip clubs, in alley ways and parking lots where women's bodies have been found. Each woman's name is read aloud along with the name(s) of direct family members (for example, "daughter of..." or "mother of...") before the family and supporters
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who was last seen by family in
December 1991. At the time, she was a 25-year-old mother of two. She was a drug user and occasionally worked in the sex trade, according to family members. The family became aware that she was missing in March 1992, when Lonethunder's attorney contacted them to say she
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women in Canada. Another important role of this movement is the restoration of public discourses in media. To reshape certain labels, representations, categorizations, and stereotypes of
Indigenous women in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside used to excuse ignorance and discrimination from the police and
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The provincial government initiated an inquiry into the case in 2012 which concluded that this "tragedy of epic proportions" was caused by "blatant failures" of the police. Failures surrounding incompetent criminal investigative work constituted by prejudice against sex trade workers and
Indigenous
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Missing Women Task Force joined forces to organize a list of missing women from the
Downtown East Side. By 2002, this list accounted for at least 65 women. In 1992 when the first Women's Memorial March took place and families were demanding thorough investigations into their missing loved ones, the
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The police who were assigned to the case failed to act on specific tips that pointed to the four likely perpetrators. The car that was used during the crime was not searched until a year later (1972). By 1972, police concluded that they did not have enough evidence for the case. Only 20 years later
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These conditions were compounded by the provisions of colonial legislation. According to the Indian Act, for example, Indigenous women who married men who did not have legal Indian status were refused their own status, along with that of their "illegitimate" children's. Before 1985 when the Indian
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has historically been a destination for immigrant, working-class families and migrant workers. In the 20th century, this area was largely populated by loggers, miners, fishers, railway workers and other single male labourers who resided in cheap hotels and boarding rooms. Due to categorizations of
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since before the 19th century. Negative tropes regarding
Indigenous femininity, sexuality, and motherhood pit Indigenous and white women against each other and protect white men from punishment and accountability for abuse against Indigenous women. The “Skid Road Girl” was a trope that appeared in
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women who were aged 15 and above reported being subjected to violence within the previous 12 months. About 63% of these were aged 15 to 34 years old. Seventy-six per cent of the incidents reported were non-spousal violence and were not reported to police, as is the case with incidents of violence
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used statements such as, " was drunk, just another cut and bruised Indian girl, and nobody took much interest in the complaint" and "The way she died is typical and so common, society has accepted it just as it does minor traffic accidents." In an attempt to bring awareness to the inaction of the
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Weeks later, on
February 14, her mother Linda Ann Joe and family, along with several others living in this area, gathered in the same parking lot where the victim's body was found to grieve their loss. Linda Joe and other women from the community decided to host an annual grassroots event to show
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According to
Longstaffe, Vancouver journalists "combined postwar discourses about "skid road" with stereotypes about Indigenous women to create a specifically female version of this narrative." Headlines such as "Skid Road 'Killed My Girls'" and "Where Were You Going, Little One? Bubble of City
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Many workers and friends of Pickton's made reports to the police of suspicious behaviour, sightings of women's belongings on the farm and even a woman's body spotted in the slaughterhouse. None of these reports came from a first hand witness thereby disabling the police from obtaining a search
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The Women's Memorial March now draws thousands of people in Vancouver every year and has grown as a movement, spreading to other provinces in Canada. Many cities across Canada now stage similar events to honour and bring visibility to missing and murdered indigenous women in their communities.
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Culhane states that authorities used categorizations of Indigenous women as related to sex, drugs, crime, violence, murder and disease as excuses to ignore and take little action into investigating the root of these disappearances. The justification was that these women inflicted this harm on
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In February 2002, Pickton was charged with the murders of 26 of the women listed by the Missing Women Task Force. Pickton often came to the Downtown East Side to dispose of waste and used the opportunity to offer women money or drugs to lure them into his car and take them to his farm. In a
614:. She was accosted by four non-Indigenous men at 2 a.m. while walking back to her house. Osborne refused to have sex with the men, and was then forced into their car where she was beaten and sexually assaulted. She was then taken to a local cabin, beaten some more and stabbed to death.
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reported that more than 1,200 indigenous women were missing or had been found murdered in the last 25 years, while Indigenous women's groups proclaimed this number to be over 4,000. This discrepancy between numbers is due to a lack of evidence and attention given by authorities.
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Each year, Vancouver organizers have published a list of names of the women and girls who have been murdered or remain missing in the Downtown Eastside. In the time since the first march in 1992, more than 970 names have been added to this list with 75 new names from 2019 alone.
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Despite the large numbers of missing and murdered women from this neighbourhood, Meghan Longstaffe says, "The historical processes that shaped this neighbourhood's social location and the experiences of the women and girls who lived there, however, remain poorly understood."
154:"WE ARE ABORIGINAL WOMEN. GIVERS OF LIFE. WE ARE MOTHERS, SISTERS, DAUGHTERS, AUNTIES AND GRANDMOTHERS. NOT JUST PROSTITUTES AND DRUG ADDICTS. NOT WELFARE CHEATS. WE STAND ON OUR MOTHER EARTH AND WE DEMAND RESPECT. WE ARE NOT THERE TO BE BEATEN, ABUSED, MURDERED, IGNORED."
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As a result, many Indigenous men and women moved from reserve communities into city centres. The city provided better social and health services in cases of refuge from violence, employment opportunities and in some cases government-sponsored relocation programs.
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warrant. Finally, in February 2002, Pickton was arrested for a weapons charge allowing the police to conduct a search warrant on his farm. This search revealed human remains and other evidence connecting him to 26 of the missing women from the Downtown Eastside.
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The annual Valentine's Day Women's Memorial March gives political expression to a complex process through which Aboriginal women here are struggling to change the language, metaphors, and images through which they come to be (re)known as they emerge into public
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police investigators showed little interest in the case. Six months after filing a missing person report for his sister, Lonethunder's brother contacted the police to ask about progress on the case, only to be told they had no record of the report.
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against Indigenous women. Although many of these crimes against Indigenous women were not reported to police or other service organizations, such as shelters, etc., 98% of women victimized told an informal source such as a friend or family member.
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following the murder of a local Indigenous woman, Cheryl Ann Joe. Beginning as a small memorial for one woman, it has since grown to become an annual march to recognize all MMIWG. In Downtown East Side, the March begins on the corner of
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women. The Pickton case brought public awareness to the ongoing issue of missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls in Canada, as many of his victims were Indigenous women. A national government inquiry was initiated in 2016.
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630:. Charges were eventually brought in October 1986 when new evidence was released. Dwayne Johnson was found guilty in 1987 and sentenced to life in prison. Among the other men, one was acquitted and the others never charged.
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On January 20, 1992, at the age of 26, Joe's mutilated body was found murdered near a warehouse loading dock on Powell Street in Downtown Eastside. Within hours of discovering her body, detectives had 36-year-old suspect
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peoples of British Columbia from across North America. This pivotal migration was due to various circumstances in northern and reserve communities concerning economic and social inequity and dislocation. Longstaffe
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from 1993 to 2002, refused to offer a reward or further investigate the missing women, and stated that he believed public funds should not be used to create a "location service for prostitutes."
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has been reported to have a disproportionately high population of Indigenous people. As of 2013, the Indigenous population made up 2% of Vancouver as a whole and 10% of the Downtown Eastside.
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Joe had planned to become a police officer to help protect the city’s vulnerable, and would frequently encourage younger women in the sex trade to get off the street and better their lives.
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police, the language used in these reports normalized the violence Indigenous women were experiencing and allowed the public to turn a blind eye to the matter. In Dara Culhane's words,
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Vancouver police refused to concede that there may be a serial killer preying on the Downtown East Side despite the frequent disappearances, mostly because no bodies had been found.
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Act was amended, thousands of women without legal status lost their band membership and their right to live on reserves, and were forced to move to city centres.
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this area as working class, and dominantly masculine, the Downtown Eastside was deemed, as Longstaffe writes, a zone of "immorality and physical decay."
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and made a spectacle of the injustices which were occurring with undue focus on crime while avoiding topics of sex and race prejudice and colonialism.
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Meghan Longstaffe says that media outlets used racist and stereotypical language which reinforced negative representations of Indigenous women.
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Some specific cases which illustrate the depth of the problem of violence against aboriginal women in Canada were highlighted in a report by
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106:(MMIWG) across Canada and the United States. This event is also a protest against class disparity, racism, inequality and violence.
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Dara Culhane emphasizes a quote from a flyer distributed at the Women's Memorial March in 2001 in the beginning of her essay
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and over half were indigenous women. As families and friends tried to draw authorities attention to the matter,
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On January 20, 1992, Cheryl Ann Joe, a 26-year-old Indigenous woman, was found murdered on Powell Street in
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1134:"Stolen Sisters: A human rights response to discrimination and violence against Indigenous women in Canada"
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An example of the perceived indifference to the disappearance of Indigenous women is seen in the case of
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885:"Their Spirits Live within us: Aboriginal Women in Downtown Eastside Vancouver Emerging into Visibility"
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Missing and Murdered Aboriginal Women: A National Operational Overview (Royal Canadian Mounted Police)
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Their Spirits Live Within Us: Aboriginal Women in Downtown Eastside Vancouver Emerging into Visibility,
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She had lived in the Sunshine Coast before challenges with housing, finances, and alcohol led her to
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Participants of the Women's Memorial March believe that it stands for survival and resilience, and
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Missing and Murdered Aboriginal Women and Girls: Understanding the Numbers (Amnesty International)
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Fact Sheet: Missing and Murdered Aboriginal Women and Girls (Native Women's Association of Canada)
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In her thesis, "You Will Be Punished: Media Depictions of Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women"
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Relatives of woman whose death sparked MMIW's memorial march want changes in the justice system
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In Canada, Indigenous women constitute 4% of the female population and 16% of female murders.
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1194:"32 years later, Vancouver's Downtown East Side walks in memory of missing and murdered"
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1096:"Indigenous Women as Newspaper Representations: Violence and Action in 1960s Vancouver"
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compassion and recognize all women in the DTES and to honour the missing and murdered.
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City of Vancouver Community Services and City of Vancouver Planning and Development
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In 1993, a jury convicted Allender of first-degree murder and he was sentenced to
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You Will Be Punished: Media Depictions of Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
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Between 1983 and 2003, more than 61 women were filed as "missing persons" from
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Glamor Burst in Bundle of Death" characterized victims as young and helpless.
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In the 1950s, a rapid increase of Indigenous migrants began to join the
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1008:"Violent Victimization of Aboriginal Women in Canadian Provinces, 2009"
976:"Violent Victimization of Aboriginal Women in Canadian Provinces, 2009"
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who was killed November 12, 1971, after a night out with friends in
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United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act
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Marches have expanded to other British Columbia cities, including
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https://vancouver.ca/files/cov/profile-dtes-local-area-2013.pdf.
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City of Vancouver, "Downtown Eastside Local Area Profile 2013."
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had missed a court date. According to Lonethunder's relatives,
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1045:(MA thesis). Wilfrid Laurier University – via LAURIER.
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National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
1058:"Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls in Canada"
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Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls movement
700:. Pickton was a part owner of his families pig farm in
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The use of tropes and stereotypes has been a tactic of
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which occurs on February 14 in honour of the lives of
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Richard Cardinal: Cry from a Diary of a Métis Child
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451:Caitlin Elliot observes a pattern where reporters
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598:in 2004. They include the murder of 19-year-old
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104:missing and murdered indigenous women and girls
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622:conclude that the murder was indeed fueled by
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366:. Allender currently serves his sentence in
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1944:Portrayals of the residential school system
378:Violence against Indigenous women in Canada
2157:Violence against women in British Columbia
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1634:Violence against Wetʼsuwetʼen protesters
928:"Feb 14th Annual Women's Memorial March"
2117:1992 establishments in British Columbia
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273:Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation
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956:Sterritt, Angela. February 13, 2017. "
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1383:First Nations nutrition experiments
344:who were living with their father.
2043:The Unnatural and Accidental Women
1094:Longstaffe, Meghan (26 May 2017).
388:By the year 2009, close to 67,000
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1804:An Act to amend the Criminal Code
1056:Brant, Jennifer (22 March 2017).
840:Conn, Heather (22 January 2020).
327:British Columbia’s Sunshine Coast
1663:Death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet
1242:Vancouver Eastside Missing Women
974:Brennan, Shannon (17 May 2011).
720:History in the Downtown Eastside
702:Port Coquitlam, British Columbia
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355:in custody and charged him with
109:The event originated in 1992 in
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688:In March 1997, a woman escaped
507:needs additional citations for
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1100:The Canadian Historical Review
432:Public discourse and the media
269:Six Nations of the Grand River
111:Vancouver's Downtown East Side
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338:Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside
165:Vancouver's Downtown Eastside
139:that has been denied to many
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1138:Amnesty International Canada
1039:Elliott, Caitlin A. (2016).
2102:Indigenous health in Canada
2097:Indigenous events in Canada
1918:Old-growth logging protests
682:Vancouver Police Department
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1685:Judge David William Ramsay
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1806:for trafficking of minors
1673:Saskatoon freezing deaths
1357:Residential school system
1173:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1062:The Canadian Encyclopedia
889:American Indian Quarterly
846:The Canadian Encyclopedia
692:'s farm and was taken to
1747:Walking With Our Sisters
1668:Killing of Chantel Moore
1562:Winnipeg serial killings
1321:Gradual Civilization Act
842:"Women's Memorial March"
794:Highway of Tears murders
694:Royal Columbian Hospital
646:White Bear First Nations
531:"Women's Memorial March"
293:St. John’s, Newfoundland
2142:Annual events in Canada
1923:Trans Mountain pipeline
1646:Gustafsen Lake standoff
237:Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
1898:Caledonia land dispute
1752:Women's Memorial March
1512:Healthcare inequality
1400:High Arctic relocation
883:Culhane, Dara (2003).
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96:Women's Memorial March
70:; 32 years ago
19:Women's Memorial March
1597:Jean Virginia Sampare
1582:Tammy Lamondin-Gagnon
1169:"Robert Pickton Case"
932:Womens Memorial March
901:10.1353/aiq.2004.0073
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596:Amnesty International
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309:in the United States.
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68:14 February 1992
1978:Missing and Murdered
1538:Missing and Murdered
1378:Forced sterilization
755:Vancouver's Eastside
728:(released in 2022),
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368:Mountain Institution
159:History of the March
2087:Events in Vancouver
1893:Burnt Church Crisis
1720:Moose Hide campaign
1592:Helen Betty Osborne
1491:Criminal sentencing
1465:Structural violence
1312:Settler colonialism
662:Robert Pickton case
635:Shirley Lonethunder
600:Helen Betty Osborne
460:settler colonialism
357:first-degree murder
303:Fargo, North Dakota
135:the reclamation of
1903:Clayoquot protests
1496:Mass incarceration
1469:and discrimination
1122:– via EBSCO.
1006:Brennan, Shannon.
911:– via JSTOR.
734:Indigenous peoples
732:is home to 63,345
618:did an inquiry by
422:mayor of Vancouver
243:Winnipeg, Manitoba
2137:Downtown Eastside
2132:Feminist protests
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1198:The Free Press
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364:life in prison
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527:Find sources:
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505:This section
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470:Vancouver Sun
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1983:
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1969:
1964:Foster Child
1962:
1957:Finding Dawn
1955:
1815:
1803:
1751:
1710:History wars
1587:Serena McKay
1476:Birth alerts
1433:Potlatch ban
1369: /
1331:
1319:
1261:
1218:
1213:
1202:. Retrieved
1200:. 2023-02-15
1197:
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1172:
1141:. Retrieved
1137:
1128:
1103:
1099:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1014:
987:the original
982:
969:
961:
935:. Retrieved
931:
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888:
849:. Retrieved
845:
800:Finding Dawn
798:
777:
773:
769:
763:Coast Salish
760:
753:
749:
742:
723:
714:
710:
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687:
676:In 1978 the
675:
650:Saskatchewan
637:
632:
616:
593:
578:
572:January 2024
569:
559:
552:
545:
538:
526:
514:Please help
509:verification
506:
488:Case studies
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144:the public.
141:marginalized
130:
127:Significance
108:
100:annual event
95:
93:
2022:Secret Path
1845:land claims
1761:Commissions
1508:Foster care
1428:Pass system
1423:Stereotypes
1143:19 February
851:20 February
726:2021 census
648:reserve in
483:visibility.
473:journalist
418:Philip Owen
372:Agassiz, BC
265:Thunder Bay
212:Grand Forks
36:February 14
24:Also called
2081:Categories
2029:This River
1913:Oka Crisis
1841:Indigenous
1362:gravesites
1333:Indian Act
1304:Background
1204:2024-01-07
807:References
542:newspapers
475:Simma Holt
390:Indigenous
133:symbolizes
75:1992-02-14
49:2025-02-14
1868:Land Back
1698:Responses
1120:149182741
909:162342553
730:Vancouver
655:Saskatoon
612:Canadians
208:Penticton
192:Courtenay
57:Frequency
1992:Pig Girl
1456:Specific
1349:Genocide
1178:30 March
962:CBC News
937:17 March
783:See also
680:and the
608:Manitoba
334:sex work
223:Edmonton
184:Victoria
167:(DTES).
120:Hastings
1831:Related
1780:Holiday
1705:AmINext
1656:Inquiry
604:The Pas
556:scholar
342:Alberta
281:Ontario
249:Toronto
231:Alberta
227:Calgary
204:Merritt
200:Kelowna
188:Nanaimo
137:dignity
73: (
47: (
1833:topics
1458:issues
1415:Racism
1118:
907:
628:sexism
624:racism
558:
551:
544:
537:
529:
305:, and
277:London
275:, and
257:Kenora
253:Ottawa
214:, and
196:Nelson
98:is an
60:Annual
2036:Taken
1937:Media
1882:
1843:
1796:Legal
1770:IRSSA
1624:
1540:
1467:
1116:S2CID
1011:(PDF)
990:(PDF)
979:(PDF)
905:S2CID
766:says,
563:JSTOR
549:books
295:; and
1949:list
1639:2020
1367:list
1180:2021
1145:2016
939:2021
853:2021
678:RCMP
670:and
642:Cree
626:and
535:news
406:RCMP
225:and
118:and
116:Main
94:The
32:Date
1880:and
1108:doi
960:."
897:doi
696:in
518:by
370:in
336:in
325:on
279:in
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