300:. Women were expected to write to their "godson" in service in Africa on a regular basis, instilling in him, among other aspects, pride in the service rendered to the country and transmitting to him the recognition of the people for his role in Africa. Qualifications for the godmothers were that they were over 21 years old, "morally fit, with a patriotic spirit, courageous, with the ability of sacrifice and, above all, having confidence in victory and knowing how to transmit that confidence". Although the total number of godmothers assigned amounted to 162,186 between 1961 and 1971, it was inadequate to meet the demand and the MNF lamented that "unfortunately, not all Portuguese women realized the very feminine characteristics of this activity".
266:, a Portuguese military school for young women. Its aims of preserving the colonies initially received widespread support from all classes in Portugal, in part because of the considerable propaganda tactics employed by the regime. In addition to the national organization, the MNF had branch organizations in the colonies. Unlike the headquarters, which had considerable continuity in management, the colonial branches had significant turnover, because many of their leaders were the wives of military officers who were posted to Africa for a few years.
683:
315:, printing 5000 copies a time, were published between October 1963 and December 1965, and it then ceased publication. With an original plan that it should be published monthly, it was intended to function as a liaison for members and godmothers, informing all the women about the activities of the central committee and the other committees. However, the magazine experienced high production costs.
258:, wife of LuĂs Supico Pinto, a former minister under Salazar, who decided, together with around 25 other women, to form the Women's National Movement (MNF) to support the war effort in the colonies. Officially, the MNF was created on 28 April 1961, Salazar's birthday. It received government subsidies, as well as support from the
289:, which the troops and their families could use to communicate with each other. Between 1961 and 1974, the MNF issued more than 300 million such aerograms. Yellow ones were free to the military and blue ones were sold at a low price to family members in Portugal, with the proceeds going to the MNF.
311:. The first was a publication directed by LuĂza Manoel de Vilhena, and the second was a monthly magazine for military personnel, under the direction of CecĂlia Supico Pinto and with editors-in-chief, Martinho Simões and, later, Mário Matos Lemos. Only five issues of
366:
that overthrew the Estado Novo on 25 April 1974 was led by military officers who were unhappy with the continuation of the colonial war, which they considered could not be won. The new government immediately entered into discussions with the rebel movements of
251:(MPLA). This opposition to Portuguese colonial rule eventually led to military contingents being sent from Portugal, first to Angola in 1961, to be followed by Guinea in 1963 and Mozambique in 1964.
292:
Another early MNF activity was the creation of "war godmothers", who were to provide moral and material support to soldiers and their families. This was inspired by a measure put in place by the
224:. It required an extensive air and sea search to discover the vessel's whereabouts in the Atlantic and to establish communications. Subsequently, a United States Navy fleet surrounded the
645:
Martins, Fernando (undated). Amor em tempo de guerra: As "Madrinhas de Guerra" no contexto da Guerra
Colonial Portuguesa (1961-1974), Departamento de História da Universidade de Évora.
716:
736:
248:
731:
460:
Tad Szulc (3 February 1961). "Beg Galvao to Accept Asylum: Brazilian
Marines Board Ship After Crew Scrambles Ashore: May Seize Ship In Owner's Name: Only 30 Rebels".
259:
236:. Negotiations eventually led to the ship sailing into Recife, with GalvĂŁo and his 24 fellow hijackers surrendering in exchange for political asylum.
247:
in Angola with an uprising of
African rural workers, who refused to work. More violent opposition began the following month under the auspices of the
285:, assistant undersecretary of the ministry of defence, appointed the MNF as the organization responsible for the supply and distribution of military
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726:
243:
event, throughout 1961 there had been several anti-colonialist demonstrations in
Portugal and in the colonies, starting on 11 January 1961 in
424:
518:
741:
480:"Presença do discurso colonial do Estado Novo na imprensa das organizações femininas do regime: A Menina e Moça e a Presença"
178:
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and other colonies with a view to granting independence. The MNF thus became superfluous and closed on 22 July 1974.
201:. The members were all largely from the upper middle class in Portugal, who benefited most from the Salazar regime.
220:, Portugal's second-largest merchant vessel, which had 600 passengers and 300 crew. The hijacking occurred in the
275:
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262:, known as the Vincentians, which gave the MNF links to Catholic women throughout the country, and from the
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173:
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The hijacking caused an uproar in
Portugal and was considered a national disgrace. In addition to the
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171:(Movimento Nacional Feminino – MNF) (1961–1974) was an organization that supported the right-wing
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was first issued a year later. It had 55 issues, the last one coming out in August 1973.
354:. It was not a great success as few of the military in the colonies had turntables.
710:
376:
221:
448:
O Estado Novo e as
Mulheres: O Género como Investimento Ideológico e de Mobilização
213:, a Portuguese military officer and political opponent of Salazar, organised the
419:. Lisbon: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais, University of Lisbon. pp. 269–294.
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Mascarenhas, João Mário (ed.); Neves, Helena; Calado, Maria (text).
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and the
Portuguese Women's Assistance to the Victims of War during
511:
CecĂlia Supico Pinto : o rosto do
Movimento Nacional Feminino
197:
and did not seek any changes in the condition of women under the
327:
513:(1a. ed.). Lisboa: A Esfera dos Livros. p. 228.
656:"Movimento Nacional Feminino - NATAL 1971 - LADO A"
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128:
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596:Grupo de Antigos Combatentes da Guerra do Ultramar
303:MNF published, with little success, the magazines
177:dictatorship in Portugal under the prime minister
416:Mulheres e Associativismo em Portugal (1914-1974)
254:Among the responses to these events was that of
88:Organization supporting Portugal’s colonial wars
249:People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola
464:. Toronto. New York Times service. p. 1.
322:For Christmas 1971 the MNF released an album
260:Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul
150:Angola; Cape Verde; Guinea-Bissau; Moxambique
8:
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450:. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 2001.
16:Women's right-wing organization in Portugal
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622:"Um Dia Com… Movimento Nacional Feminino"
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181:. It focused on providing support for
703:The Christmas Album published in 1971
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560:"Cilinha, 'uma Salazar de saias'"
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722:1961 establishments in Portugal
509:Santo, SĂlvia EspĂrito (2008).
413:EspĂrito-Santo, SĂlvia (2022).
96:Improving morale amongst troops
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727:Disestablishments in Portugal
592:"Movimento Nacional Feminino"
179:AntĂłnio de Oliveira Salazar
25:Movimento Nacional Feminino
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294:Portuguese Women's Crusade
41:January 22, 1962
169:Women's National Movement
24:
20:Women's National Movement
183:Portugal's colonial war
742:Estado Novo (Portugal)
535:"CecĂlia Supico Pinto"
276:Manuel Gomes de AraĂşjo
274:In July 1961, General
484:Open Edition Journals
478:Azevedo, Ana Carina.
338:, the football star,
264:Instituto de Odivelas
364:Carnation Revolution
256:CecĂlia Supico Pinto
158:Government; sale of
124:CecĂlia Supico Pinto
57:CecĂlia Supico Pinto
352:Francisco Nicholson
209:On 22 January 1961
21:
564:Diário de NotĂcias
342:, the radio host,
426:978-972-671-714-0
245:Cassange-Calucala
215:hijacking of the
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80:22 July 1974
30:Abbreviation
326:, with the
298:World War I
279: [
241:Santa Maria
226:Santa Maria
217:Santa Maria
199:Estado Novo
174:Estado Novo
711:Categories
383:References
373:Mozambique
270:Activities
195:Mozambique
130:Main organ
63:Founded at
45:1962-01-22
330:singers,
317:Guerrilha
309:Guerrilha
287:aerograms
160:aerograms
139:Guerrilha
77:Dissolved
38:Formation
313:Presença
305:Presença
135:Presença
112:Portugal
101:Location
71:Portugal
665:27 June
660:YouTube
631:27 June
601:27 June
544:27 June
539:PĂşblico
489:27 June
432:27 June
358:Closure
340:Eusébio
205:History
155:Funding
93:Purpose
53:Founder
43: (
569:13 May
517:
423:
369:Angola
234:Brazil
230:Recife
187:Angola
121:Leader
108:Lisbon
67:Lisbon
324:Natal
283:]
667:2024
633:2024
603:2024
571:2021
546:2024
515:ISBN
491:2024
434:2024
421:ISBN
362:The
334:and
328:fado
307:and
193:and
167:The
85:Type
626:RTP
185:in
33:MNF
713::
658:.
624:.
611:^
594:.
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537:.
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371:,
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669:.
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573:.
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493:.
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47:)
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