243:, Texas filed a lawsuit with two other Klan members against the head of the WKKK, Robbie Gill Comer, and her husband, claiming that they took funds from the WKKK and used them for personal use. Upon looking into the financial records of the WKKK, the court found that they had squandered almost $ 70,000 in funds for unnecessary renovations of the WKKK headquarters as well as for personal use. Women began to drop out of the WKKK and form other organizations of their own due to problems within the Klan, competing leadership, and financial corruption. Women were also concerned about the male Klan's increasing participation in acts of violence, and this caused them to leave the Klan.
22:
183:. Many members were related to Klansmen. Some women joined the WKKK against the wishes of their husbands who felt it out of their partners' "wifely duty" and a rebellious attempt to increase her political power. Women also joined in an effort to preserve their white Protestant rights as they felt violated by the intrusion of immigrant and African-American voters. The WKKK hired "lecturers, organizers, and recruiters to establish new local chapters" where the KKK was especially successful. Some advertisements appealed to women by asking for their help in restoring America.
223:
a series of lectures and speeches. They held boycotts against anti-Klan store owners. Klanswomen engaged in a number of rites of passage like Klan wedding services, christening ceremonies, and funeral services. Women of the Klan also worked to reform public schools, doing so by distributing Bibles in schools, working to have
Catholic teachers fired, and running for positions on school board seats. In an effort to influence politics, Klanswomen would lobby voters and distribute negative reports on non-Klan member candidates.
114:
costumes and others let the men borrow their own clothes to serve as a disguise. One of the stated purposes of the Klan in the first wave was that "females, friends, widows, and their households shall ever be special objects of our regard and protection", which only referred to white women. Black and low-class white women, and white women judged as promiscuous were often the victims of rape and assault because
Klansmen deemed them to be "lacking in virtue".
138:, and anti-black. Although they were not as violent as their male counterparts, the KKK, they sometimes resorted to violent tactics. Similar to the original Klan, the Women of the Ku Klux Klan published their own creed, or "Kreed", in 1927 that outlined the goals and beliefs of the organization. By the end of the decade, the Klan collapsed rapidly as a result of economic depression, internal battles, and financial scandals.
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stated, “the women’s organization will be on par with that of the men. We plan that all women who join us shall have equal rights with that of the men.” However, she also mentioned that “the women’s division...will not be in any sense a dependent auxiliary of the Ku Klux Klan. It will be a separate organization...bound to the parent organization.”
236:, and Pennsylvania. Many men disagreed with allowing women into the Klan during the 1920s, because they felt it went against the beliefs of the Klan. Klansmen also disliked the ridicule they received from non-Klan members for allowing women to have a voice in politics and for bringing them outside the home, where they believed women belonged.
126:, Arkansas. The Women of the Ku Klux Klan eventually became independent of the Ku Klux Klan. After gaining independence, membership of WKKK was approx 125,000. Within four months, the WKKK claimed membership had doubled to 250,000 and by November 1923 thirty-six states had chapters of Women of the Ku Klux Klan. Like the Klan, they were
246:
Conflict arose during the modern wave regarding gender equity, because the Klan adheres to rules of "moral conservatism", such as its disbelief in divorce and its insistence that male authority should exist in politics as well as in the home. Many women in the modern Klan do not want their daughters
145:
Mary
Elizabeth Tyler was an Atlanta public-relations professional who, along with Edward Young Clarke, founded the Southern Publicity Association. Their organization helped to turn the initially second Ku Klux Klan into a mass-membership organization with a broader social agenda. Elizabeth Tyler once
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Dissimilar from the KKK, Klanswomen typically worked to strengthen the organisation, "led political assaults on non-Klan businesses", and worked to strengthen the base of the Klan. They organized rallies, festivals, and day-long ritual carnivals that involved parading through town, crossburning, and
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Many women joined the WKKK because they believed that it was their duty to protect their country from threats posed to it by minorities, which they believed included
African Americans and immigrants. These women not only wanted to conform to the traditional familial roles of wives, mothers, sisters,
141:
During the 1920s, the women helped the Ku Klux Klan expand their efforts throughout the country. The WKKK functioned separately from the KKK but it would join them in parades, social functions, and occasional meetings. To qualify for membership, one had to be a native-born, white
Protestant woman.
194:
To promote their beliefs, the women used pamphlets with information about the WKKK which served as recruiting tools. Currently these pamphlets are used as research tools to see into the minds of the Klan's women since there is very little information about those involved due to security concerns
113:
The first wave of the WKKK began in the mid-1860s, co-founded by Rosie
Chappell, it lasted ten years. Although women were not participating members, they were often used as a symbol of racial and sexual supremacy and were protected by the men of the KKK. Some women assisted with sewing Klan
170:
The fourth and "modern" wave emerged in the late 1980s. With women participating as full members of the Klan, they could serve as leaders and come from a range of social and economic classes. The modern wave has been primarily fueled by economic, racial, and religious motives.
48:
but functioned as a separate branch of the national organization with their own actions and ideas. While most women focused on the moral, civic, and educational agendas of the Klan, they also had considerable involvement in issues of
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During the second wave, men and women had similar agendas but often faced conflicts regarding distribution of dues. A few situations regarding financial mismanagement and illegal practices were brought to court in
Arkansas,
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Today women are recruited to a much lesser extent than what once existed. Men hold the highest power, strongly limiting the rights of contemporary women in politics and propaganda.
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Women played a minor role during the third wave, which occurred during the late 1960s and early 1970s. KKK members consisted largely of men living in the rural
512:. She gave a fiery message on the topic of race and social equality.... She expressed hope that the Klan would do its part in keeping the blood of America pure
122:
The second wave began in the early 1920s. In 1923, the Women of the Ku Klux Klan was formed as an auxiliary group of the Ku Klux Klan with its capitol in
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movement. Some men were also looking for a way to get their wives involved in the movement and they pushed for the formation of a Women's Ku Klux Klan.
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women over age 18 were allowed to join the Klan. Women of the Klan differed from
Klansmen primarily in their political agenda to incorporate
69:. The women of the WKKK fought for educational and social reforms like other Progressive reformers but with extreme racism and intolerance.
900:
592:
Blee, Kathleen (2002). "The
Gendered Organization of Hate: Women in the U.S. Ku Klux Klan". In Bacchetta, P. & Margaret Power (ed.).
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The
Assembly Hall was filled in the evening, with about 100 klanswomen and a few klansmen in robes. The first speaker of the evening was
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Women of the Ku Klux Klan Collection (MUM00484), Archives and Special Collections, J.D. Williams Library, The University of Mississippi.
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Feldman, Glen (2003). "Keepers of the Hearth: Women, the Klan, and Traditional Family Values". In Clayton, B. & John Salmond (ed.).
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Particularly prominent in the 1920s, the WKKK existed in every state, but their strongest chapters were in
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Block Sharon, Alexander Ruth & Notrton, Mary Beth (Eds.), Major Problems in American Women's History
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Blee, Kathleen. Women of the Ku Klux Klan. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1991. pg 29
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162:. Women no longer played a prominent role as they were integrated into the Ku Klux Klan.
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who had little formal education or money. Much of their violence was aimed at
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During the wave of the 1920s, activism was strongest due to the efforts of
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During the second wave of the WKKK, conflict arose when Alice B. Cloud of
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The WKKK drew its members from both rural and urban areas of the country.
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to be a part of it, because they feel that women are not well respected.
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An invisible empire of her own: The women of the Ku Klux Klan (1923–30)
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Hill, Jackie (2008). "Progressive Values in the Women's Ku Klux Klan".
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Blee, Kathleen (1991). "Women in the 1920s' Ku Klux Klan Movement".
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350:. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1991. pg 27-28
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Klanswomen gather on August 31, 1929 in front of Assembly Hall,
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44:, held to many of the same political and social ideas of the
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619:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. pp.
456:(5th ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 331–341.
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492:Lawrence, L. S. (October 1929). White, Alma (ed.).
187:and daughters, but they also wanted to assist the
435:"Progressive Values in the Women 's Ku Klux Klan"
386:Knights in White Satin: Women of the Ku Klux Klan
25:Jane Snyder attending KKK event, 8 September 1925
1153:Women's organizations based in the United States
312:. University of California Press. p. 107.
640:"The Sexualization of Reconstruction Politics"
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596:. New York: Routledge. pp. 101–114.
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494:"Patriotic Day at Zarephath Camp-Meeting"
1030:University of Georgia desegregation riot
886:Original Ku Klux Klan of the Confederacy
963:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers
921:Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
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256:
332:
7:
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901:National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
647:Journal of the History of Sexuality
615:Lives Full of Struggle and Triumph
410:. Emory University. Archived from
404:"Women of the Ku Klux Klan (WKKK)"
14:
906:White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
865:Black Legion (political movement)
738:Members in United States politics
214:, for "Patriotic Day" during the
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1111:
477:Selzer, Abigail Deborah (2009).
953:Assassination of George Ashburn
1060:Macedonia Baptist Church arson
638:Hodes, Martha (January 1993).
536:University of California Press
42:Ladies of the Invisible Empire
1:
227:Conflict amongst Klan members
16:Branch of the US Ku Klux Klan
870:Association of Georgia Klans
408:The Encyclopedia of Arkansas
481:. Thesis Purdue University.
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1148:Ku Klux Klan organizations
958:San Francisco riot of 1877
528:Blee, Kathleen M. (1991).
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916:Imperial Klans of America
847:Women of the Ku Klux Klan
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576:2027/spo.0499697.0017.106
347:Women of the Ku Klux Klan
308:Blee, Kathleen M (1991).
30:Women of the Ku Klux Klan
1004:La Paloma nightclub raid
896:United Klans of America
452:Blee, Kathleen (2014).
384:Kerbawy, Kelli (2007).
218:'s annual Camp Meeting.
1040:Murder of Frank Morris
1009:Murder of Maceo Snipes
439:digitalcommons.iwu.edu
388:. Marshall University.
219:
88:. White, native-born,
26:
1098:The Birth of a Nation
1045:Murder of Lemuel Penn
1035:Birmingham bus attack
999:Murder of Oneal Moore
813:Inglewood, California
723:Titles and vocabulary
504:Pillar of Fire Church
433:Hill, Jackie (2008).
278:Constructing the Past
216:Pillar of Fire Church
212:Zarephath, New Jersey
209:
24:
1025:Battle of Hayes Pond
414:on December 11, 2018
38:Women's Ku Klux Klan
1055:Fort Chaffee crisis
1050:Greensboro massacre
989:Tulsa race massacre
911:Silver Dollar Group
765:(1946/1950–present)
668:on December 6, 2014
402:McGehee, Margaret.
335:, pp. 409–410.
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195:within the group.
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803:Southern Illinois
630:978-0-8130-2675-6
531:Women of the Klan
310:Women of the Klan
189:white supremacist
160:African Americans
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672:February 15,
670:. Retrieved
663:the original
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773:By location
759:(1915–1944)
757:Second Klan
753:(1865–1872)
728:Recruitment
175:Recruitment
166:Modern wave
128:anti-Jewish
124:Little Rock
118:Second wave
98:nationalism
1142:Categories
891:U.S. Klans
788:New Jersey
763:Third Klan
751:First Klan
333:Hodes 1993
251:References
202:Activities
150:Third wave
109:First wave
90:Protestant
59:ethnicity
1117:Category
1018:3rd Klan
977:2nd Klan
941:1st Klan
879:3rd Klan
858:2nd Klan
234:Michigan
86:Arkansas
67:religion
1127:Commons
1073:Related
793:Georgia
733:Leaders
659:3704014
585:3178170
104:History
82:Indiana
934:Crimes
820:Canada
808:Oregon
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623:–180.
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241:Dallas
94:racism
84:, and
65:, and
63:gender
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783:Maine
666:(PDF)
655:JSTOR
643:(PDF)
581:JSTOR
156:South
55:class
674:2013
625:ISBN
598:ISBN
540:ISBN
458:ISBN
420:2015
314:ISBN
284:(1).
74:Ohio
51:race
34:WKKK
621:150
571:hdl
563:doi
46:KKK
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
