43:
1042:
limited to elementary literacy. To ensure girls had access to education, there was a minimum marriageable age instituted (for both boys and girls) and child marriage was banned. Marriage against the will of the bride was outlawed, as brides were to sign their marriage contracts according to their choice. Other reforms in marriage laws included decisions on polygamy and divorce. In 1905, polygamy was permitted, with the condition of the "maintenance of the first wife" and later that was changed to only be allowed for specific reasons. In 1962,
872:
985:
since the 18th century have instituted reforms in the status and treatment of women in the community. Aga Khan III, the 48th Nizari
Ismaili Imam, was active in this movement. He came into his role at an early age, due to his father’s early death, so his mother, Lady Ali Shah, played a role during his
1067:
The Imam Aga Khan IV takes a different approach to addressing the issue of women’s rights than his grandfather. While Imam Aga Khan III instituted direct legal and religious laws, the Aga Khan IV focuses on communal development in educational and social affairs. His style addresses his followers and
1050:
community. Women were allowed to divorce their husbands, and for a husband to divorce his wife, he was required to stand before a council which ultimately decided whether the divorce was granted or denied. Aga Khan III took efforts to eliminate and mitigate the stigma around divorces and divorced
1041:
In effect, marriage would no longer be imposed on women due to economic necessity. The Aga Khan III realized that education was at the forefront of this reform and encouraged parents who only had enough money to send one child to school to send their daughters. This advocacy for education was not
1106:
norms. The laws of the countries in which
Ismaili women reside also impact the implementation of reforms. Sharia law, common in most Sunni majority countries, is often in contrast to the Ismaili reforms and so residents of these countries must adhere to the country’s rules and regulations. The
994:
ruled from 1885 to 1957 and the current 49th Imam, his grandson, Imam Aga Khan IV commenced his rule in 1957. A majority of Aga Khan III’s efforts sought to reform
Islamic marriage contract laws, which have contributed to improving the status of women within the Nizari Ismaili community.
1011:
I do not want
Ismaili women dependent on anyone—their parents, husbands, or anyone except God…I have no doubt that the whole spirit and teaching of my ancestor the Holy Prophet encouraged the evolution of all legitimate freedom and legitimate equality before men and
1036:
I am trying to guide our young women’s lives into entirely new channels. I want to see them able to earn their livings in trades and professions, so that they are not economically dependent on marriage, nor a burden on their fathers and
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Aga Khan III believed economic independence was key to achieving this equality and freedom. By becoming educated and earning their own livelihood, women would no longer be seen as a burden on their parents or spouses. He proclaimed:
1080:
A discrepancy exists between the rights offered to women through these reforms and the actual realization of the practice of those rights. Cultural norms and views continue to guide many members of the community who criticize the
1097:
remain the same, every generation, every century, every period must have a new and different interpretation of the past, otherwise Islam will die and will not survive the competition of some healthy less rigid
1054:
In prayer spaces, Ismaili men and women stand side by side (in other Muslim prayer settings, the men stand in front of the women) and are not separated by any physical barrier, as is the case in most Muslim
1072:, is engaged with working on policies relating to the development of women. In 1997, she hosted the first ever International Conference of Ismaili Women in Toronto.
957:, respectively. His hereditary connection to the Prophet offers him the authority to serve as the spiritual (and non-spiritual) guide of the community. The
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issues, others observe a relatively progressive environment within their sects, which is also dependent on the laws in the countries practicing this sect.
42:
1107:
situation of
Ismaili women depends on factors including their government and its laws, economic ability, resource availability, and global conditions.
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Additional barriers to practice of reforms include the fact that the councils implementing the forms are often majority male who may still adhere to
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message was to promote the idea that women were free and independent. In a message to his followers in 1926, he proclaimed that:
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893:
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1059:. Ismaili women are also permitted to lead the congregations (consisting of both men and women) in prayer.
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early years. The influence of women during his rule continued in his later years with his wife
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encourages them to take initiative in achieving the desired results. His daughter, Princess
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112:
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Forging the Ideal
Educated Girl: The Production of Desirable Subjects in Muslim South Asia
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He encouraged women to participate in social and political affairs and criticized
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is a sect within Islam that reveres a living Imam, who is a direct descendant of
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is the head of the
Ismaili community and plays a role in interpreting the
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129:
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Women in Islam: Reflections on
Historical and Contemporary Research
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117:
102:
57:
26:
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1241:. California: University of California Press. pp. 23–59.
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667:
1089:. The Aga Khan responded to this critique by claiming that:
999:
Reforms (on marriage, divorce, segregation and education)
1266:. New York, NY: I.B. Tauris & Co. pp. 247–264.
1192:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law School. pp. 285–295.
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as well as gender segregation, including the acts of
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8:
1028:(restraint on women from leaving the home).
901:
887:
15:
1130:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1024:(masking of oneself from the public) and
969:, the esoteric meanings of the religion.
965:with a special ability to understand the
1229:
1227:
1183:
1181:
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973:Reforms accepted by Nizari Ismaili Imams
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1163:
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1157:
1155:
1153:
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1147:
1116:
18:
953:, the son-in-law and daughter of the
7:
786:ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Ḥāfiz li-Dīn Allāh
14:
1264:A Modern History of the Ismailis
870:
762:ʿAlī al-Ẓāhir li-iʿzāz Dīn Allāh
41:
703:Muhammad ibn Ismāʿīl ash-Shākir
781:Manṣūr al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām’il-Lāh
772:Nizār al-Muṣṭafā li-Dīn’il-Lāh
1:
1190:The Islamic Marriage Contract
1124:Lovat, Terence (2012-06-12).
698:Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar al-Mubārak
757:Manṣūr al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh
747:Maʿad al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh
732:ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī bi'l-Lāh
1214:"His Highness the Aga Khan"
767:Maʿad al-Mustanṣir bi'l-Lāh
1315:
776:Aḥmad al-Mustāʿlī bi'l-Lāh
480:Hassan Ala Zikrihi's Salam
1085:as being influenced from
510:Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai
1046:was outlawed within the
1093:While the words of the
752:Nizār al-ʿAzīz biʾllāh,
405:ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani
1100:
1039:
1014:
1262:Kassam, Zayn (2011).
1091:
1034:
1009:
790:Abu'l-Qāsim al-Tayyib
465:Queen Arwa al-Sulayhi
400:ibn Faraj ibn Ḥawshab
1063:Contemporary efforts
979:Nizari Ismaili Imams
938:Context of Ismailism
726:(ar-Raḍī ʿAbd Allāh)
586:Palace of Queen Arwa
420:Abu Tahir al-Jannabi
415:Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi
383:Nizari Ismaili state
1188:Asani, Ali (2008).
1076:Barriers to reforms
1005:Imam Aga Khan III’s
485:Rashid ad-Din Sinan
410:ibn Mansur al-Yaman
1237:, Shenila (2018).
1220:. 25 October 2007.
847:Mufaddal Saifuddin
718:(al-Taqī Muhammad)
642:House of Knowledge
532:Nizārī strongholds
263:Atba-i-Malak Bohra
1273:978-1-84511-717-7
1199:978-0-674-02821-0
1137:978-94-007-4219-2
917:sect are part of
911:
910:
838:Haatim Zakiyuddin
802:Incumbent leaders
637:Baghdad Manifesto
591:Queen Arwa Mosque
358:Fatimid Caliphate
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955:Prophet Muhammad
903:
896:
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877:Islam portal
875:
874:
873:
856:Taher Fakhruddin
821:Musta'li Ismaili
470:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa
378:Hamdanid dynasty
368:Sulayhid dynasty
45:
36:
30:
29:
16:
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1294:Islam and women
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828:Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs
809:Nizārī Ismā'īlī
803:
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710:(al-Wāfī Ahmad)
693:Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq
663:
652:
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574:Qalaat al-Madiq
505:Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs
373:Zurayid dynasty
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284:Sulaymani Bohra
219:
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32:
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20:
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1087:western values
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1070:Zahra Aga Khan
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1048:Nizari Ismaili
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997:
981:(known as the
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927:women's rights
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395:Hamdan Qarmat
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244:Dawoodi Bohra
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150:Reincarnation
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24:
17:
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1235:Khoja-Moolji
1217:
1208:
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1119:
1101:
1098:competitors.
1092:
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1053:
1040:
1035:
1030:
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1002:
992:Aga Khan III
976:
941:
912:
725:
717:
709:
708:ʿAbad Allāh
646:
601:Constitution
579:
578:
515:
514:
490:Pir Sadardin
450:al-Naysaburi
435:al-Sijistani
388:
387:
342:
341:
311:
301:
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274:
267:
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235:
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221:
1218:the.Ismaili
1104:patriarchal
852:Qutbi Bohra
834:Alavi Bohra
816:Aga Khan IV
294:Qutbi Bohra
289:Alavi Bohra
250:Progressive
1288:Categories
1111:References
988:Umm Habiba
919:Shia Islam
606:Delegation
562:Maymun-Diz
445:al-Shirazi
440:al-Kirmani
425:Qadi Numan
324:Qarmatians
213:Musta'lism
200:Pilgrimage
140:Numerology
34:Isma'ilism
1299:Ismailism
983:Aga Khans
943:Ismailism
742:al-Manṣūr
683:al-Sajjad
616:Holy Du'a
495:Aga Khans
430:al-Nasafi
351:state of
349:Qarmatian
329:Assassins
63:Batiniyya
1044:polygamy
1037:brother.
923:subsects
737:al-Qāʾim
688:al-Baqir
542:Atashgah
334:Satpanth
319:Seveners
229:Musta'li
217:Nizarism
145:Theology
52:Concepts
23:a series
21:Part of
1083:reforms
1057:mosques
1051:women.
1018:veiling
990:. Imam
933:History
921:. Some
915:Ismaili
825:Taiyabi
724:Ḥusayn
661:leaders
633:Abbasid
567:Rudkhan
552:Lambsar
547:Gerdkuh
537:Alamut
527:Anjudan
516:Centers
460:Pamiris
353:Bahrayn
237:Tayyibi
195:Fasting
190:Charity
175:Walayah
73:Imamate
1270:
1245:
1196:
1134:
1026:zenana
1022:pardah
1012:women.
951:Fatima
716:Ahmad
678:Husayn
659:Early
626:Qiyama
611:Ginans
596:Nizārī
557:Masyaf
500:Khojas
389:People
363:Multan
343:States
313:Nizari
303:Hafizi
185:Prayer
180:Purity
155:Titles
130:Taqiya
68:Ta'wil
1095:Koran
967:batin
963:Quran
925:have
673:Hasan
647:Women
580:Other
522:Cairo
276:Vakil
269:Badar
118:Hujja
103:Daʿwa
83:Bātin
78:Ẓāhir
58:Quran
27:Islam
1268:ISBN
1243:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1132:ISBN
977:The
959:Imam
949:and
812:Imām
215:and
125:Satr
108:Dāʿī
98:ʿIlm
93:'Aql
947:Ali
668:Ali
135:Pīr
113:Bāb
88:Nūr
25:on
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1226:^
1216:.
1146:^
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845::
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830::
814::
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774:/
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1251:.
1202:.
1140:.
902:e
895:t
888:v
823:-
635:-
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