Women in Syria - Knowledge (XXG)

1962: 1933:, in the Syrian Arab Republic, the labor force participation rate among females is 14.1%, and among males its 63.6% as of 2023. This being said, they play an important role in the public sector when it comes to health and education roles. Furthermore, vulnerable employment for females has improved since 1991, according to the World Bank. Workers in vulnerable employment are reportedly less likely to engage in formal working arrangements, and are more susceptible to the consequences of economic shock. Amongst women, vulnerable employment is 8.3%, and 40.4% amongst men as of 2022. For women, this average is lower than the Middle East and North Africa. 2091:, like rape, forced marriages, trafficking, body inspections and forced sexual slavery. Yazidi women and girls were sold at slave markets to ISIL fighters and their families and forced to work as sex slaves, subjected to daily torture, beating and rape. There were also cases of forced marriage between fighters and Yazidi girls, who would also become sex slaves. While a few women were able to escape their kidnappers and reunite with their families, numerous others remain missing, leaving their families uncertain about their fate and whether they are still alive. ISIS's operations of mass kidnapping and 2204:(battering at least once weekly) was found in 3.3% of married women, with no regular abused reported by non-married women. The prevalence of physical abuse amongst country residents was 44.3% compared to 18.8% amongst city residents. In most cases (87.4%) the abuse was inflicted by the husband, and in 9.5% of cases, the abuse was inflicted by more than one person. Correlates of physical abuse were women's education, religion, age, marital status, economic status, mental distress, smoking and residence. 153: 26: 5614: 5624: 1846:, for example, women protested for change and in spite of arrests continued to take action, despite being socially oppresed by their male counterparts. During the height of the conflict period, women’s rights and liberties became increasingly difficult to protect, and it became a goal of peace negotiations to establish a legal framework that would contribute to the protection of the rights of women. 6048: 2360:. Some scholars denounce the classification of some female work as "feminist", arguing instead that these works have been essentialised as such following later movements from other parts of the world. This considered, the path women took to achieve a voice in the realm of artistic production and distribution was undeniably a symbol of female power. 1574:'s population. According to World Bank data from 2021, there are around 10.6 million women in Syria. However, Syrian women and girls still experience challenges, especially since the outbreak of the civil war in 2011. They suffer from discrimination, lack of access to suitable healthcare and challenges precipitated by wartime violence. 5210: 2086:

During their occupation of the areas inhabited by the Yezidis, Yezidi men were executed on the spot and thousands of women and girls were captured and kidnapped and detained in ISIL holding sites in Syria. Some of these girls were just 6 years old. They were forced to live in abhorrent conditions and

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Child marriage can influence physical and mental health badly. Physical damage can be related to child bearing specially for women under 18 years old and the possibility for not being able to give birth later in life, and in extreme cases it can lead to death. Psychological factors can be defined as

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The conflict in Syria has led to an increase in child marriages. The harsh living conditions, the insecurity, and the fear of rape, have led families to force their daughters into early marriages. As a result of early marriage, many girls in Syria are forbidden from completing their studies because

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in women in the Syrian community, both within the country and in refugee populations, have resulted in correspondence to violence and health insecurity that they faced. War and displacement act as significant catalysts for PTSD, as well as the crimes committed against women such as rape, torture and

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stated in 2022 that 7.3 million women and girls need life-saving sexual and reproductive health care due to hostile circumstances, drought, economic collapse, and displacement. An example is maternal care, because the number of women that die during pregnancy and childbirth is on the rise and higher

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of Syrian women as 76 years, in comparison to 69 years for men. This number has increased significantly since the mid 2010s. The number of women that survive to the age of 65 has also increased: from 73% in 2014 to 84% in 2020. The adolescent fertility rate has decreased since 2015. 39 in every 1000

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Female photography and sculpting was also considered an important social event following the exhibitions of the 1950s and 60s. Artist Leila Nseir, who graduated from the Faculty of Fine Arts in Cairo in 1963 said to interviewer Monzer Masri that she "refused the labels a 'male artist' and a 'female

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norms. These norms include the assertion that men, as heads of the family unit, have an ownership over the women in their households. This ownership translates into the monopoly men have over material and social resources, and the subsequent responsibility they have over financial security. This is

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manifested through these rapes, in that Yazidi women and men cannot marry someone who does no belong to their group, and the child resulting from any Yezidi union must have two Yazidi parents. Women who bore children as a result of rape and sex-slavery could not easily integrate those children into

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The history of Syrian art is peppered with feminist influences and female voices, starting as early as the late 17th century during which the work of Armenian artists in Aleppo like Hilda Kassis Ajamian, Maral Haira Bidian and Anahid Shahinian went on to contribute to the artistic movements in the

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Since 2019 until November 2022, there have been over 14 reported deaths in areas controlled by the Syrian government under this banner of honor. Although the article on 'honour crimes' has been abolished, there are still articles granting men mitigating circumstances such as 'honour motives' under

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are underpinned by comprehensive public awareness campaigns. In every town and village, a women's house is established. These are community centers run by women, providing services to survivors of domestic violence, sexual assault and other forms of harm. These services include counseling, family

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The civil laws of Syria are valid in Rojava, as far as they do not conflict with the Constitution of Rojava. One notable example for amendment is personal status law, in Syria still Sharia-based, where Rojava introduced civil law and proclaims absolute equality of women under the law and a ban on

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Women are not conscripted in the military, but may serve voluntarily. The female militias of Syria are trained to fight for the Syrian president, Bashar al-Assad. A video was found dating back to the 1980s with female soldiers showing their pride and protectiveness toward Assad's father. "Because

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In 2017, Women made up 30% of the judicial corps in Syria, which is an increase of almost double from before the revolution, in which only 15% of the judicial corps were women. Because of the conflict, and a subsequent loss of male figures to the conflict, women have, in some cases, stepped into

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Many of these overlapped with the Assad regimes agenda to combat dissent against the regime, and to institutionalise conformity. They provided a legal cover for the exploitation of private citizen property, and made it incredibly difficult for widows, divorcées or wives and family members of the

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A study covering the low-income women in Aleppo, an area where domestic abuse is more likely due to the tribal nature of the area, shows that physical abuse (battering at least 3 times in the last year) was found in 23% of the investigated women in 2003, 26% amongst married women. Regular abuse

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offers the figures that 13% of Syrian girls are married before the age of 18, and 2% are married before their 15th birthday. Furthermore, the most recent available data shows that child marriage was most prevelant in Daraa (where 26% of women aged 20-49 were married before the age of 18), rural

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Between 1970 and the late 1990s, the number of girls in the education system dramatically increased due to the Ba’ath Parties initiative to combat illiteracy. The change was evident in primary schools, high schools and universities. Nevertheless there are still ninety five women to every one

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Following the French occupation in 1946, Syria gained independence after two decades of revolutions and independence movements, in which women played an important role. After the institution of the Ba’ath party in the 1963, universal socio-political policies were adopted which saw significant

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The Dabka has long been tied to the political visions of Syrian state. It is a highly stylized dance practiced throughout Syria and areas of Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine. Whilst its provenance is difficult to trace, many associate it with pre-Islamic village life circular line dancing.

2143:. Usually these killings or punishments are committed by male family members. It is believed that they have the authority to reinstall the family's honor. Reports have revealed that women in Syria who come from low-income households are more likely to be exposed to honor killings. 1944:

is often used as tool of political and social repression, geared to intimidate and manipulate communities. There are cases of forced recruitment into militias, kidnapping, rape, torture, forced detention and the denial of fair trials that put women at great risk of exploitation.

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expected to be returned by the woman in the form of fidelity and domestic service. The principle of honor in a woman can extend beyond her sexual behaviour to loud speech, extroverted or outgoing behaviour, appearing in public places and even single or divorced family status.

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The CFR Women’s Power Index states that since 1946, there have been 0 female heads of state, and that Syria’s political parity score is ranked as 177th in the world. The current president of Syria is a male. There are also two vice presidents (including female vice president

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Damascus (25%) and Quneitra (23%). Girls not Brides also states that in 2020, a Patterned Women Committee official, under the Sara Organization for Combatting Violence against Women found that in al-Hasaka province there were 36 reported cases of child marriage in 2020.

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era of women were afforded greater personal liberties prior to the rise of the Akkid Empire in the areas of northern Syria. It was in the years following this that the status of women evolved into a more subordinated class against their male counterparts.

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police force of the Rojava cantons are women, and joining the Asayish is described in international media as a huge act of personal and societal liberation from an extremely patriarchical background, for ethnic Kurdish and ethnic Arab women alike.

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The myth is that villagers would prepare for weddings by making mud bricks for the roofs of new households, and the process by which this was achieved was through dozens of people tramping on the soil and thick mid, accompanied by sung poetry, a

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Furthermore, discriminatory legal practices that existed before the conflict have been exacerbated. Access to housing and property has become even more complex, especially for those widowed or whose husbands have been kidapped or gone missing.

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When discussing the acquisition and signification of citizenship in Syria, the obtaining of Syrian citizenship did not automatically enable women to gain full access to every right, one of the most notable ones being within the realm of family

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women are rarely involved in the armed side of the revolution, they are much less likely to get stopped, searched, or hassled at government checkpoints. This has proved crucial in distributing humanitarian aid throughout Syria."

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Should a female family member betray such tenants, a retaliation like honor killing is sometimes seen to take place. These killings can take shape in different forms including murder, severe psychological and physical abuse and

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During the years of conflict, insecurity and the economic collapse significantly increased the vulnerability of women and girls. In addition, many girls were left without schooling or access to healthcare services. In 2015, the

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related to family law. One of the most impactful developments in personal and family law in regards to the inheritance of wealth and land as a Syrian woman manifested in the set of decrees and laws issued between 2012 and 2018:

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take place in Syria in situations where women are deemed to have brought shame to the family, affecting the family's 'reputation' in the community. Some estimates suggest that more than 200 honor killings occur every year in

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Women have not overtly engaged with direct governmental contact and influence, but instead interact more with the informal negotiation process through non-governmental organisations and intergovernmental institutions.

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imprisonment. Women are particularly vulnerable to the psychological consequences of war and can often find themselves deprioritized and undersupported, especially when there is limited healthcare access and funding.

2063:. This often occurred within their own homes or in detention, alongside other forms of assault such as torture, abduction and at times even murder. This was frequently carried out in the presence of a male relative. 1676:

The movement continued into the years up to the Syrian coup d'état in 1963. Regimes like Assad's, Jadid's and Bashar's sought to either ban or contain the feminist movements, which arguably slowed their progression.

4708: 265: 2380:. Artist Yafa Diab said she had been painting birds, roses and nature until the outbreak of the war, after which she began to paint the concerns of the conflict, as did many other artists. Her painting, the 2457: 2325:, protesters appealed to the cultural identity of the people with anti-war ballads from contemporary artists. An important part of this dance was maintained in the sense of unity and joy that it provided. 1813:, 46.8% of girls and 39.8% of boys complete lower secondary school in the Syrian Arab Republic as of 2022. The gap in completion rate is larger than the gap of the Middle East and North Africa aggregate. 1664:

The Syrian feminist movement essentially began towards the end of the 1800s, during the time period in which modern Lebanon and Syria were occupied by the Ottoman Empire. It was during the time of Arabic

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and other violations of their rights. The OCHR reported in June of 2023 that female headed households are twice as likely to report a complete inability to meet basic needs in comparison to male-headed

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Charles, Lorraine; Kate Denman (October 2012). ""Every knot has someone to undo it." Using the Capabilities Approach as a lens to view the status of women leading up to the Arab Spring in Syria".

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All administrative organs in Rojava are required to have male and female co-chairs, and forty percent of the members of any governing body in Rojava must be female. An estimated 25 percent of the

5222: 2238:(PYD). Kurdish women have several armed and non-armed organizations in Rojava, and enhancing women's rights is a major focus of the political and societal agenda. Kurdish female fighters in the 2034: 3292:"The disempowerment of the judiciary in Syria since the March revolution of 2011 and the emergence of off-bench resistance to authoritarian rule: What role for women judges and prosecutors?" 3251:"The disempowerment of the judiciary in Syria since the March revolution of 2011 and the emergence of off-bench resistance to authoritarian rule: What role for women judges and prosecutors?" 1987:

regulations saw staff and patients alike being mistreated and underfuned, and women reported about severe financial limitations and acute concerns about financial and supply insecurity.

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mediation, legal support, and coordinating safe houses for women and children. Classes on economic independence and social empowerment programs are also held at women's houses.

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founded Noor al-Fayha (Light of Damascus), the city's first women's organization, alongside an affiliated publication of the same name. She was made an honorary general of the

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artist'." There was an uptick in women empowering themselves through art and visual mediums, and redefining the traditional definition of femininity within public discourse.

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Despite the improvement of these numbers, there is still a high need for action to lessen the suffering of women and girls as a result of the ongoing crisis in Syria. The

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states that all Syrian citizens are equal. However, family law has judicial primacy in defining women's personal status. In certain cases, family law can invalidate

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The PYD's political agenda of "trying to break the honor-based religious and tribal rules that confine women" is controversial in conservative quarters of society.

4953: 4363:"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Related Disorders among Female Yazidi Refugees following Islamic State of Iraq and Syria Attacks—A Case Series and Mini-Review" 4029: 2254:, and their achievements have attracted international attention as a rare example of strong female achievement in a region in which women are heavily repressed. 2972: 1977:

in Syria than in neighboring countries. It is reported that an estimated 450,000 women do not have access to sexual and reproductive healthcare as of June 2024.

1021: 4630: 6665: 1906:, which was assembled in 2019 by the Syria Envoy of the United Nations, Syrian women account for around 30%. Several renowned Syrian women, such as academic 1684:(GUSW), a coalition of women's welfare societies, educational associations, and voluntary councils intended to achieve equal opportunity for women in Syria. 6316: 5579: 1878: 1056: 5134: 4924: 2942: 1853:

was passed, and became a turning point for the issue of Women, Peace and Security. Adopted after the Security Council issued a presidential statement on

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is being allowed and promoted, a significant move towards a secular open society and intermarriage between people of different religious backgrounds.

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VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN TIMES OF CONFLICT : A textual analysis of media representations of Yazidi women during ISIS conflict in Iraq and Syria

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girls between the ages of 15 and 20 gave birth in 2020. This was lower than previous years and lower than the average rate in the same income group.

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was far more developed. After reaching the fifth year of the conflict, an estimated 50% of all school-age children were no longer attending school.

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These killings are carried out as a means of restoring the family's honor. The concept of these honor killings is deeply rooted in traditional and

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in the 1870s called for the liberation of women in public forums like newspapers, as well as contributing to journals with her articles and poems.

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At the beginning of the 1980s, the number of Syrian female artists increased, many of which emigrated or moved abroad, especially following the

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Survey: Discrimination against Women in Syrian Society (I/II). Awareness of Women Rights and Freedoms, The Day After Association, August 2017

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improvements in the country’s development indices like health and education, but also in public sanitation, water, energy and infrastructure.

6426: 6304: 4285: 4030:"Post-traumatic stress disorder burden among female Syrian war refugees is associated with dysmenorrhea severity but not with the analgesics" 3648: 3017: 674: 233: 3403: 6526: 5589: 5253: 4302:"The Prosecution at national level of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) committed by the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)" 2046: 1696: 706: 4320: 3638: 1823:

The literacy rate for women is 74.2 percent and 91 percent for men. The rate of females over 25 with secondary education is 29.0 percent.

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Survey: Discrimination Against Women in Syrian Society (II/II): Perception of Domestic Violence, The Day After Association, August 2017

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since 2006), a prime minister and a cabinet. As of 2012, in the national parliament men held 88% of the seats while women held 12%. The

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A noteably high number of Yezidi refugees also reportedly suffer from PTSD, with a higher porportion of these sufferers being women.

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on the blank walls within their communities, using them as a way to communicate messages or images since before the outbreak of the

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Data from the World Bank offers the figures that 39 of every 1,000 girls ages 15-19 gave birth in the Syrian Arab Republic in 2021.

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became an example of the revolutionary stories of war, loss and perserverance that began to be displayed all across the province.

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people. The Yezidi community, a religious minority group, has faced brutality and persecution at the hands of the extremist group

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on the 15th of August 1947, including works from Catherine Massarra, Ramzia Zanbarki and Muti'a Shura, who displayed oil works.

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drum. The transformation of this dance into a political agent took place during the mass demonstrations of 2011-12, against the

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in March, it was acknowledged that there was a strong relationship between gender equality and peace building enterprises. A

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from a gendered persepctive. When depicted on stage dancing she became a symbol of joy and prosperity, fostering an idea of

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difficulties in interacting with the husband or not having enough awareness about marriage life and its responsibilities.

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gathered evidence of systematic sexual assault of women and girls by combatants in Syria, and this was escalated by the

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took power in Syria, and pledged full equality between women and men as well as full workforce participation for women.

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In 1989 the Syrian government passed a law requiring factories and public institutions to provide on-site childcare.

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While Syria has developed some fairly secular features during independence in the second half of the 20th century,

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1920s. Women's visual enterprises appeared more accutely in the 1940s, with the first installation exhibition in

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are active participants in social, economic and political factions of Syrian society. They constitute 49.9% of

1316: 1010: 339: 304: 114: 5135:"An Introduction to Feminism in Contemporary Syrian Art: The Self and the Body - Features - Atassi Foundation" 4932: 2950: 2321:, in which people were similarly energized by the music and dance. Through musical and visual elements of the 1842:

Historically, there are cases of women contributing to societal and political change within Syria. During the

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and applied by Sharia Courts. Syria has a dual legal system which includes both secular and religious courts.

3773: 3049: 2485: 6743: 6241: 6231: 6092: 6077: 5977: 5931: 91: 6118: 6113: 6027: 5782: 5698: 5553: 4198:"Syrian Women and the Refugee Crisis: Surviving the Conflict, Building Peace, and Taking New Gender Roles" 2701: 1941: 1899:, between 2003 and 2008, and she has been described as the Syrian government's face to the outside world. 669: 354: 344: 280: 4606:"The Urgent Need for A Comprehensive Legal Framework to Combat Violence against Women and Girls in Syria" 6635: 6557: 6457: 6299: 6282: 6209: 6087: 5985: 5827: 5646: 5498: 5463: 5418: 3634: 1861:

also recommended implementing greater measures in including women in the process of peace negotiations.

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within the Syrian homeland as a symbol of the union between modernity and tradition, new life and old.

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was introduced, while underage marriage was outlawed as well. For the first time in Syrian history,

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Maziak, Wasim; Asfar, Taghrid (April 2003). "Physical Abuse in Low-Income Women in Aleppo, Syria".

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In Syria, women were first allowed to vote and received universal suffrage in 1953. In the 1950s,

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are between the groom and the bride's father, and Syrian law does not recognize the concept of

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After the outbreak of civil war, some Syrian women have joined all-female brigade units in the

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positions of authority. As of February 2021, the third and most recent cohort studying at the

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Network for investigation and prosecution of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes

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The importance of women here is identified in what the woman represents within the nation of

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hundred men. The dropout rate for women is much higher than for men. Prior to the conflict,

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Women's International League for Peace & Freedom. "The Human Rights of Women in Syria."

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resulted in an estimated 7000 women being victimized and over 3000 women are still missing.

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when a girl is married she is only expected to be a good wife and a good mother as well.

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has been recognized as the dominant form of violence experienced by women and girls in

2042: 2029: 2017: 1910:, Sabah Hallak of the Syrian Women's League, the law professor Amal Yazji or the judge 1907: 1870: 1521: 1436: 1396: 1371: 1336: 1296: 1271: 1261: 1201: 1171: 1156: 1126: 1121: 1106: 1086: 1036: 981: 976: 931: 853: 686: 636: 546: 495: 439: 49: 5186: 5005:"Gender and justice in an emerging nation: My impressions of Rojava, Syrian Kurdistan" 4897: 6737: 6655: 6265: 6148: 6143: 6128: 5966: 5943: 5911: 5876: 5812: 5754: 5724: 5617: 5438: 5403: 5358: 5353: 5262: 4502:"The Modern Face of Honor Killing: Factors, Legal Issues, and Policy Recommendations" 4482: 4444:"Female Honor Killing: The Role of Low Socio-Economic Status and Rapid Modernization" 4421: 4262: 3946:"Situation for women and girls in Syria worse than ever before as conflict grinds on" 3219: 3172: 3125: 2549: 2495: 2453: 2427: 2413: 2221: 2167: 2080: 1858: 1595: 1526: 1311: 1286: 1221: 1191: 1141: 1136: 1061: 1001: 971: 846: 681: 551: 512: 500: 478: 460: 275: 4776: 1618:

from a feminist perspective, published a book condemning the practice of veiling or

6477: 6138: 5949: 3694:"Syrian Constitutional Committee a 'sign of hope': UN envoy tells Security Council" 2513: 2507: 2501: 2489: 2469: 2443: 2391: 2318: 2251: 2230:, the Kurdish populated area in Northern Syria has gained de facto autonomy as the 2052: 1966: 1911: 1720: 811: 299: 31: 4246: 2651: 4301: 4149:"Loss of Access to Education Puts Well-being of Syrian Girls at Risk - Our World" 3562: 3203: 3156: 3109: 6644: 6416: 6399: 5842: 5802: 5734: 5729: 5627: 3612: 2543: 2519: 1978: 1843: 1599: 1583: 758: 728: 505: 5071:"Syrian women liberated from Isis are joining the police to protect their city" 4790: 3987: 3693: 3187: 3140: 3093: 5777: 5739: 4849: 4815: 4752: 4028:

Gammoh, Omar; Durand, Hannah; Abu-Shaikh, Hanan; Alsous, Mervat (2023-07-01).

3764: 3515: 2431: 2140: 2131: 1930: 1850: 1810: 1731: 841: 783: 778: 35: 5111: 4760: 4550: 4467: 4459: 4388: 4379: 4254: 4055: 3996: 3849: 3782: 3335: 3317: 3276: 3211: 3164: 3117: 2158:. Men can also become victims of honor killings, but this is less prevelant. 1594:

developed in Syria, made up largely of upper-class, educated women. In 1919,

6123: 5832: 4501: 2217: 4768: 4566: 4406: 4014: 3798: 3383:"Attacks on Education Worsening Globally, Study Shows | Human Rights Watch" 2594: 4871: 4214: 4046: 1680:

In 1967, Syrian women formed a quasi-governmental organization called the

5772: 5762: 5026:"Revolution in Rojava transformed the perception of women in the society" 2346: 2263: 2147: 2099: 2013: 243: 5099: 4518: 3790: 3748: 3719:"Names of the members of the Small Body of the Constitutional Committee" 2146:

Usually the victims of these honor killings include women who engage in

1730:

Syrian family law thus has a large impact on the legal rights of women.

6577: 4816:"The Fight Against ISIS in Syria And Iraq December 2014 by Itai Anghel" 4558: 4534: 4361:

Gerdau, Inga; Kizilhan, Jan Ilhan; Noll-Hussong, Michael (2017-12-13).

2247: 2076: 798: 753: 5163:"For Idlib's women artists, art the 'gentlest and most powerful' tool" 2552:

is an ex-guerilla and co-chairwoman of the executive committee of the

1965:

Two Syrian women wait to collect a prescription at a health clinic in

1839:, but was not elected. By 1971, women held four out of the 173 seats. 6179: 6133: 5807: 5792: 2919:"Women in the Arab Armed Forces | The Arab Institute for Women | LAU" 2553: 2421: 2309: 2273:

The legal efforts to reduce cases of underage marriage, polygamy and

2231: 2213: 1712: 314: 4925:"Syrian Kurds tackle conscription, underage marriages and polygamy" 4535:"The Biological Roots of Heat-of-Passion Crimes and Honor Killings" 1929:

However, women's involvement in the workforce is low; according to

6047: 5797: 5669: 4122:"Syria's decade of conflict takes massive toll on women and girls" 4095:"Syria's decade of conflict takes massive toll on women and girls" 2973:"Female ISIS morality police units terrified and terrorized Mosul" 2373: 2329: 2322: 2171: 2124: 2056: 2009: 1902:

Of the civil society representatives among the 150 members of the

1742: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1571: 248: 186: 5638: 4483:"Honor Killings and the Construction of Gender in Arab Societies" 3461: 3459: 5787: 5231: 1653: 5642: 5235: 4661:"Number of Syrian child brides triples since start of conflict" 1914:, sit on the committee's influential 'Small' or Drafting Body. 1699:, taking on roles such as snipers, frontline units, or police. 4872:"Kurdish female fighters named 'most inspiring women' of 2014" 3897: 3433:. Thousand Oaks, California: Pine Forge Press. pp. 48–49. 2676: 1626:

requires women to be treated equally with men. In 1930, the

4954:"Syria Kurds challenging traditions, promote civil marriage" 4280:(in Dutch) (2nd ed.). Belgium: Uitgeverij Jurgen Maas. 4231:"Sexual violence, identity and gender: ISIS and the Yezidis" 2390:

The global language of art, as female artist Al-Hamedh told

1995:

Following the outbreak of acute conflict in Syria, cases of

1780:

kidnapped to claim ownership over property and inheritance.

4321:"Yazidi women survivors of ISIL crimes yet to find justice" 2729:. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. p. 100. 4979:"Syrian Kurds give women equal rights, snubbing jihadists" 4791:"Female Kurdish fighters battling ISIS win Israeli hearts" 3329: 3327: 2943:"Women. Life. Freedom. Female fighters of Kurdistan - CNN" 2394:, became "a weapon and a tool used to express emotion." 2234:, with the leading political actor being the progressive 1582:

There is an agreement amongst scholars that the earlier,

4842:"Fact 2015 (Uvda) – Israel's leading investigative show" 4437: 4435: 3237: 2996:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 13 1614:, one of the first people to critically reinterpret the 3892: 3890: 3489:

Moore, Catherine; Talarico, Tarsila (January 1, 2015).

2537:, poet, writer and pioneer of female rights during the 3406:. United Nations Development Programme. Archived from 3338:(Report). International Peace Institute. pp. 4–7. 2894:"A look at Syria's long history of feminist movements" 2581:"Syrian Arab Republic - World Bank Gender Data Portal" 1983:

In addition to low access to healthcare services, the

211:

Gender representation on corporate boards of directors

3813:"Socioeconomic roots and impact on the Syrian crisis" 3609:"250 New Parliament Members Take Constitutional Oath" 4709:"Early/Child Marriage in Syrian Refugee Communities" 4071:"2.12.1. Violence against women and girls: overview" 2434:

of Syria and the wife of the current President Assad

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Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

4143: 4141: 2888: 2886: 2528:, Bashar al-Assad's political adviser and previous 128: 120: 113: 105: 97: 90: 82: 71: 61: 48: 43: 3969:Mourtada, Rima; Melnikas, Andrea J. (2023-09-06). 3537:Moore, Catherine; Talarico, Tarsila (2015-01-01). 3514:Moore, Catherine; Talarico, Tarsila (2015-01-01). 3466:Moore, Catherine; Talarico, Tarsila (2015-01-01). 3018:"Islamic Family Law: Syria (Syrian Arab Republic)" 2814:Tohidi, ed. by Herbert L. Bodman, Nayereh (1998). 2809: 2807: 2805: 2777: 4898:"Kurdish 'Angelina Jolie' devalued by media hype" 3774:20.500.11820/7a62dc7c-5a34-48a5-b332-6a9508135806 3640:Dreams and Shadows: the Future of the Middle East 2817:Women in muslim societies: diversity within unity 2784:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 1887:President Assad's political and media adviser is 4582:"Syria: 185 Cases of "Honor Killing" since 2019" 3431:Women, Politics, and Power: A Global Perspective 434:Science, technology, engineering and mathematics 2873:"Syria: Extremists Restricting Women's Rights" 2368:Syrian female artists in Syria's northwestern 1884:, the first woman to have held that position. 1793:was mostly women, with 28 out of 49 trainees. 5654: 5247: 3871:"How Syrian Women Are Fueling the Resistance" 3188:"Gender, family law and citizenship in Syria" 3141:"Gender, family law and citizenship in Syria" 3094:"Gender, family law and citizenship in Syria" 2012:, namely in conflict zones, have been facing 2008:Since the conflict erupted in 2011, women in 1548: 8: 4116: 4114: 3747:Alsaba, Khuloud; Kapilashrami, Anuj (2016). 3742: 3740: 3738: 2595:"Women in Parliaments: World Classification" 2448:The Astana Platform of the Syrian opposition 18: 4919: 4917: 6545: 6445: 6202: 6065: 6061: 5686: 5661: 5647: 5639: 5254: 5240: 5232: 3012: 3010: 2988: 2986: 2780:Women in the Middle East: past and present 1644:The year 2011 marked the beginning of the 1555: 1541: 137: 24: 4517: 4396: 4378: 4213: 4045: 4004: 3986: 3772: 3307: 3266: 2857:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3539:"Inclusion to Exclusion: Women in Syria" 3516:"Inclusion to Exclusion: Women in Syria" 3491:"Inclusion to Exclusion: Women in Syria" 3468:"Inclusion to Exclusion: Women in Syria" 3075:Journal of International Women's Studies 2546:, theater, television, and film actress. 2516:, opposition activist and schoolteacher. 2504:, best-selling Arabic-language novelist. 2075:has had a devastating impact on Syria's 1960: 1859:2002 report on Women, Peace and Security 6357:Popular Front for Change and Liberation 3836:Sly, Liz; Ramadan, Ahmed (2013-01-25). 2820:. Boulder (Colo.): L. Rienner. p. 2572: 2440:, Vice President of Syria (since 2006). 2004:Impact of the conflict on Syria's women 1991:Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in women 145: 4956:. ARA News. 2016-02-20. Archived from 4034:Electronic Journal of General Medicine 3309:10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1245 3268:10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1245 2847: 2837: 2420:(PYD), the leading political party in 2166:. In addition to this, Syrian law and 2067:Impact of the conflict on Yezidi women 1953:In 2020, the World Bank estimated the 17: 6365:Political status of the Golan Heights 5156: 5154: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5093: 5091: 4678: 4676: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 2727:Women's history in global perspective 2554:Federation of Northern Syria – Rojava 2232:Federation of Northern Syria - Rojava 2208:Federation of Northern Syria - Rojava 2174:as a "measure of crime seriousness." 1997:Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 7: 4235:Conflict, Security & Development 3589:. United Nations Statistics Division 2627:"Human Development Report 2021/2022" 1918:Role in the economy and the military 1791:Higher Institute of Judicial Studies 1697:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 1660:Feminist and female rights movements 1610:. In 1928, Lebanese-Syrian feminist 1590:In the 20th century, a movement for 707:Gender representation in video games 5187:"Gulf states back Syria opposition" 4741:Health Care for Women International 4666:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2753:. PBS. 19 July 2012. Archived from 2562:, human rights lawyer and activist. 2242:(YPJ) played a key role during the 2049:and other terrorist organizations. 1849:In October of 2000, the passage of 4931:. 15 November 2016. Archived from 4848:. 22 December 2014. Archived from 4442:Dayan, Hava (September 15, 2019). 4422:"Honour crime fear of Syria women" 4173:"Conflict-related Sexual Violence" 3838:"The all-female militias of Syria" 3404:"Table 4: Gender Inequality Index" 14: 5051:Tax, Meredith (14 October 2016). 4448:Journal of Interpersonal Violence 6046: 5622: 5613: 5612: 4420:Sinjab, Lina (12 October 2007). 3290:Cardinal, Monique (2023-06-01). 3249:Cardinal, Monique (2023-06-01). 224:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 151: 4820:The Israeli Network via YouTube 3869:Christia, Fotini (2013-03-07). 3551:(2): 217 – via Emory Law. 3503:(2): 217 – via Emory Law. 2652:"Global Gender Gap Report 2021" 1904:Syrian Constitutional Committee 1606:, and in 1922, she founded the 5580:British Indian Ocean Territory 4539:Politics and the Life Sciences 4533:Goldstein, Matthew A. (2002). 4506:Berkeley Undergraduate Journal 4075:EUROPEAN ASYLUM SUPPORT OFFICE 3950:United Nations Population Fund 3544:Emory International Law Review 3520:Emory International Law Review 3496:Emory International Law Review 3472:Emory International Law Review 3039:"MENA Gender Equality Profile" 2725:Smith, Bonnie G., ed. (2005). 2702:"Women in Ancient Mesopotamia" 2472:, opposition activist and poet 1974:United Nations Population Fund 1891:. Shaaban served as the first 1630:was hosted in Damascus by the 1628:First Eastern Women's Congress 1: 5003:Owen, Margaret (2014-02-11). 4586:Syrians for Truth and Justice 4481:Abu-Odeh, Lama (2010-01-01). 4247:10.1080/14678802.2020.1820163 3926:World Bank Gender Data Portal 3363:World Bank Gender Data Portal 3336:Education in Syria and Jordan 3334:Christophersen, Mona (2015). 3186:Maktabi, Rania (2010-10-01). 3139:Maktabi, Rania (2010-10-01). 3092:Maktabi, Rania (2010-10-01). 2297: 2164:Article 192 of the penal code 2087:subjected to severe forms of 1877:was previously led by female 1682:General Union of Syrian Women 1632:Syrian-Lebanese Women's Union 6505:Energy and mineral resources 6305:Supreme Constitutional Court 5098:Silverstein, Shayna (2012). 4580:communication (2022-11-25). 3567:Council on Foreign Relations 3204:10.1080/13621025.2010.506714 3157:10.1080/13621025.2010.506714 3110:10.1080/13621025.2010.506714 2923:The Arab Institute for Women 2751:"Syrian Women Making Change" 2466:, literary critic and writer 2416:is the co-chairwoman of the 675:Portrayal in American comics 266:Heads of state or government 6527:Water supply and sanitation 6427:Weapons of mass destruction 6330:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 4714:. July 2014. Archived from 4500:Vitoshka, Diana Y. (2010). 4278:De vrouwen van het kalifaat 4229:Kaya, Zeynep (2020-09-02). 3753:Reproductive Health Matters 3446:"A History of Syrian Women" 2632:. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS 2340:Women in artistic movements 1809:According to data from the 1703:Legal rights and engagement 6765: 6422:Chief of the General Staff 6350:National Progressive Front 6022:independent First Republic 4470:– via Sage Journals. 4454:(19–20): NP10393–NP10410. 3988:10.1186/s12905-023-02613-8 2706:World History Encyclopedia 2211: 2059:since the outbreak of the 1741:In 2002, Syria signed the 6700: 6548: 6448: 6205: 6068: 6064: 6044: 5689: 5608: 5161:Wanli, Ali (2023-10-31). 4896:Gol, Jiyar (2016-09-12). 4753:10.1080/07399330390191689 3765:10.1016/j.rhm.2016.05.002 2776:Keddie, Nikki R. (2007). 2488:is the prime minister of 2480:Syrian Democratic Council 2408:People's Council of Syria 2178:Forced and child marriage 1855:International Women’s Day 23: 5329:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 5139:www.atassifoundation.com 4460:10.1177/0886260519872984 4380:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00282 4276:Neurink, Judith (2015). 3296:Oñati Socio-Legal Series 3255:Oñati Socio-Legal Series 2478:is co-chairwoman of the 2456:, Vice President of the 2293:Women in art and culture 2240:Women's Protection Units 1804:Syria’s education system 34:in 1926. Phothograph by 5932:Principality of Antioch 5590:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5100:"Syria's Radical Dabka" 4367:Frontiers in Psychiatry 4344:Mansour, Garni (2020). 3429:Pamela, Paxton (2007). 2530:Minister of Expatriates 1893:Minister of Expatriates 261:Conservatives in the US 234:Explorers and travelers 115:Global Gender Gap Index 92:Gender Inequality Index 6473:International rankings 6119:Anti-Lebanon Mountains 5783:Middle Assyrian Empire 4069:tsekoio (2020-08-28). 3922:"Syrian Arab Republic" 3898:"World Bank Open Data" 3669:www.thecommentator.com 3587:"Syrian Arab Republic" 3359:"Syrian Arab Republic" 2677:"World Bank Open Data" 2657:. World Economic Forum 2613:"World Bank Open Data" 2418:Democratic Union Party 2364:Street murals in Idlib 2236:Democratic Union Party 1969: 1948: 1942:violence against women 1711:law is still based on 1693:Democratic Union Party 1602:after fighting in the 564:In Shakespeare's works 6278:Government ministries 5828:Neo-Babylonian Empire 4215:10.3390/socsci6030110 3563:"Women's Power Index" 3238:http://www.wilpf.org/ 2458:opposition government 2383:Eye of the Revolution 2358:Hama Massacre of 1982 2298:Syria's Radical Dabka 2212:Further information: 2003: 1967:Lebanons Bekaa Valley 1964: 1940:However, the case of 320:Nobel Prize laureates 83:Women in labour force 6590:(2011–present) 6486:Securities Exchange 6237:Council of Ministers 5992:Haj Fadel Government 5504:United Arab Emirates 5193:. November 13, 2012. 4960:on February 22, 2016 4935:on November 16, 2016 4196:Asaf, Yumna (2017). 3902:World Bank Open Data 2681:World Bank Open Data 2313:reed instrument and 2047:Islamic State (ISIL) 1897:Syrian Arab Republic 1477:United Arab Emirates 414:in the United States 229:Economic development 219:Diversity (politics) 205:Female entrepreneurs 6266:Golan Heights claim 5823:Neo-Assyrian Empire 5818:Syro-Hittite states 5708:Prehistorical Syria 5531:limited recognition 4852:on 24 November 2016 4846:The Israeli Network 4519:10.5070/B3222007673 4319:Bajec, Alessandra. 4047:10.29333/ejgm/13089 3842:The Washington Post 3450:The Washington Post 3410:on 11 November 2014 3192:Citizenship Studies 3145:Citizenship Studies 3098:Citizenship Studies 2979:. 20 November 2016. 2879:. January 13, 2014. 2510:is a musical artist 2404:Hadiya Khalaf Abbas 2372:have been creating 2110:Crime against women 2098:Another assault on 2022:forced displacement 1882:Hadiya Khalaf Abbas 1608:Syrian Red Crescent 1604:Battle of Maysaloun 1462:Trinidad and Tobago 697:Speculative fiction 590:Theological figures 535:Feminist philosophy 335:Reproductive rights 141:Part of a series on 74:secondary education 72:Women over 25 with 63:Women in parliament 53: (per 100,000) 20: 6517:Telecommunications 6510:Petroleum industry 6014:Mandatory Republic 5960:Early modern Syria 5715:Levantine corridor 5225:2018-05-05 at the 5213:2018-06-02 at the 5104:Middle East Report 5053:"The Rojava Model" 4822:. 22 December 2014 3975:BMC Women's Health 2953:on 28 January 2019 2877:Human Rights Watch 2850:has generic name ( 1970: 1818:Human Rights Watch 1736:constitutional law 1717:Marriage contracts 1612:Nazira Zain al-Din 1027:Dominican Republic 794:Mixed martial arts 764:Fastpitch softball 345:Violence and abuse 330:Positions of power 50:Maternal mortality 44:General Statistics 6731: 6730: 6696: 6695: 6535: 6534: 6435: 6434: 6324:Political parties 6261:Foreign relations 6192: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6042: 6041: 6002:Syrian Federation 5937:County of Tripoli 5892:Ikhshidid dynasty 5745:Yarmukian culture 5636: 5635: 5573:other territories 5077:. 13 October 2016 5032:on 29 August 2016 4325:www.aljazeera.com 4308:: 5–6. July 2017. 4287:978-94-919-2114-8 3650:978-1-59420-111-0 3643:. Penguin Group. 2526:Bouthaina Shaaban 2406:, Speaker of the 2378:civil war in 2011 2199:Domestic violence 2103:their community. 2093:human trafficking 2026:domestic violence 1985:Covid-19 pandemic 1889:Bouthaina Shaaban 1875:Syrian Parliament 1816:According to the 1565: 1564: 769:Football / soccer 692:Fictional pirates 484:Art history field 360:Exchange of women 136: 135: 36:Lewis Wickes Hine 6756: 6716: 6709: 6591: 6546: 6489: 6488:(stock exchange) 6481: 6446: 6359: 6352: 6343: 6341:regional command 6332: 6203: 6175:Fertile Crescent 6066: 6062: 6050: 5927:County of Edessa 5907:Mirdasid dynasty 5902:Hamdanid dynasty 5881: 5848:Palmyrene Empire 5833:Achaemenid Syria 5720:Natufian culture 5687: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5640: 5626: 5616: 5615: 5585:Christmas Island 5271:Sovereign states 5256: 5249: 5242: 5233: 5195: 5194: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5158: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5131: 5116: 5115: 5095: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5082: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5028:. 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Archived from 4627: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4592: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4439: 4430: 4429: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4400: 4382: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4153:ourworld.unu.edu 4145: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4118: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4105: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4049: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4008: 3990: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3956: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3894: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3823: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3776: 3744: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3680: 3671:. Archived from 3661: 3655: 3654: 3635:Wright, Robin B. 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3573: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3463: 3454: 3453: 3444:Moubayed, Sami. 3441: 3435: 3434: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3390: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3355: 3340: 3339: 3331: 3322: 3321: 3311: 3302:(3): 1163–1197. 3287: 3281: 3280: 3270: 3261:(3): 1163–1197. 3246: 3240: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3060: 3054: 3048:. Archived from 3043: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3025: 3014: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2990: 2981: 2980: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2949:. Archived from 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2929: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2905: 2890: 2881: 2880: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2855: 2849: 2845: 2843: 2835: 2811: 2800: 2799: 2783: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2712: 2700:Mark, Joshua J. 2697: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2687: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2656: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2631: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2577: 2464:Samar Al Dayyoub 2246:and in rescuing 2228:Syrian Civil War 2188:Girls not Brides 1833:Thuraya Al-Hafez 1767:Decree Number 19 1761:Decree Number 63 1755:Decree Number 66 1689:Syrian Arab Army 1646:Syrian Civil War 1557: 1550: 1543: 1227:Marshall Islands 804:Paralympic Games 435: 212: 177: 155: 146:Women in society 138: 132:152nd out of 156 109:119th out of 191 54: 30:Syrian woman on 28: 21: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6719: 6712: 6705: 6692: 6617: 6603:Public holidays 6589: 6531: 6493: 6487: 6479: 6431: 6386: 6355: 6348: 6335: 6328: 6184: 6153: 6102: 6051: 6038: 6028:Second Republic 5972: 5955: 5922:Crusader states 5887:Tulunid dynasty 5880:(Bilad al-Sham) 5879: 5877:Caliphal Syria 5871:Muslim conquest 5857: 5853:Byzantine Syria 5768:Akkadian Empire 5749: 5703: 5676: 5667: 5637: 5632: 5604: 5572: 5563: 5544:Northern Cyprus 5530: 5523: 5265: 5260: 5227:Wayback Machine 5215:Wayback Machine 5204: 5199: 5198: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5171: 5169: 5160: 5159: 5152: 5143: 5141: 5133: 5132: 5119: 5097: 5096: 5089: 5080: 5078: 5075:The Independent 5069: 5068: 5064: 5057:Foreign Affairs 5050: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5033: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5009: 5007: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4987: 4985: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4963: 4961: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4938: 4936: 4923: 4922: 4915: 4906: 4904: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4825: 4823: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4799: 4797: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4724: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4707: 4706: 4702: 4693: 4691: 4682: 4681: 4674: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4644: 4642: 4641:on 1 April 2015 4629: 4628: 4624: 4615: 4613: 4610:www.efi-ife.org 4604: 4603: 4599: 4590: 4588: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4441: 4440: 4433: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4329: 4327: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4288: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4202:Social Sciences 4195: 4194: 4190: 4181: 4179: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4157: 4155: 4147: 4146: 4139: 4130: 4128: 4120: 4119: 4112: 4103: 4101: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4079: 4077: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4027: 4026: 4022: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3954: 3952: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3930: 3928: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3906: 3904: 3896: 3895: 3888: 3879: 3877: 3875:Foreign Affairs 3868: 3867: 3863: 3854: 3852: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3821: 3819: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3746: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3725: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3703: 3701: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3678: 3676: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3571: 3569: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3465: 3464: 3457: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3388: 3386: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3367: 3365: 3357: 3356: 3343: 3333: 3332: 3325: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3231: 3227: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3023: 3021: 3020:. Law.emory.edu 3016: 3015: 3008: 2999: 2997: 2992: 2991: 2984: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2927: 2925: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2903: 2901: 2892: 2891: 2884: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2856: 2846: 2836: 2832: 2813: 2812: 2803: 2796: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2757:on 26 July 2012 2749: 2748: 2744: 2737: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2710: 2708: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2685: 2683: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2599:archive.ipu.org 2593: 2592: 2588: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2560:Razan Zaitouneh 2535:Maryana Marrash 2446:, President of 2400: 2366: 2342: 2300: 2295: 2260:forced marriage 2244:Siege of Kobani 2224: 2210: 2201: 2180: 2117: 2112: 2073:Syrian conflict 2069: 2006: 1993: 1955:life expectancy 1951: 1920: 1829: 1799: 1786: 1709:personal status 1705: 1671:Maryana Marrash 1662: 1650:Jabhat al-Nusra 1622:, arguing that 1580: 1561: 1532: 1531: 867: 857: 856: 849: 837:Track and field 724: 714: 713: 665: 664:Popular culture 657: 656: 585: 584: 569: 568: 523:Science fiction 469: 468: 450: 449: 433: 384: 383: 365: 364: 340:Venture capital 305:Law enforcement 210: 195:Animal advocacy 191: 171: 168:Women's history 163: 52: 39: 12: 11: 5: 6762: 6760: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6744:Women in Syria 6736: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6718: 6717: 6710: 6702: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6668: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6638: 6633: 6627: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6585: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6501: 6499: 6498:Infrastructure 6495: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6483: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6402: 6396: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6375:Syria (region) 6367: 6362: 6361: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6345: 6344: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6280: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6268: 6258: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6249: 6242:Prime Minister 6234: 6232:Vice President 6229: 6228: 6227: 6217: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6170:Southern Syria 6167: 6165:Syria (region) 6161: 6159: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6069: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6011: 6008:State of Syria 6005: 5997:French Mandate 5994: 5989: 5982: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5919: 5917:Saljuqid Syria 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5897:Zangid dynasty 5894: 5889: 5884: 5874: 5867: 5865: 5863:Medieval Syria 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5838:Seleucid Syria 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5759: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5699:Years in Syria 5696: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5643: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5620: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5576: 5574: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5535: 5533: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5275: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5263:Women in Asia 5261: 5259: 5258: 5251: 5244: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5217: 5203: 5202:External links 5200: 5197: 5196: 5178: 5150: 5117: 5106:(263): 33–37. 5087: 5062: 5043: 5017: 4995: 4970: 4945: 4913: 4888: 4863: 4833: 4807: 4782: 4747:(4): 313–326. 4731: 4700: 4672: 4652: 4622: 4597: 4572: 4525: 4492: 4473: 4431: 4412: 4353: 4336: 4311: 4293: 4286: 4268: 4241:(5): 631–652. 4221: 4188: 4164: 4137: 4110: 4086: 4061: 4020: 3961: 3937: 3913: 3886: 3861: 3828: 3804: 3734: 3710: 3685: 3656: 3649: 3626: 3600: 3578: 3554: 3529: 3506: 3481: 3455: 3436: 3421: 3395: 3374: 3341: 3323: 3282: 3241: 3225: 3178: 3131: 3084: 3065: 3046:www.unicef.org 3030: 3006: 2982: 2964: 2934: 2910: 2882: 2864: 2830: 2801: 2794: 2768: 2742: 2735: 2717: 2692: 2668: 2643: 2618: 2604: 2586: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2557: 2547: 2541: 2532: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2483: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2451: 2441: 2438:Najah al-Attar 2435: 2425: 2411: 2399: 2396: 2370:Idlib province 2365: 2362: 2341: 2338: 2334:national unity 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2275:honor killings 2268:civil marriage 2209: 2206: 2200: 2197: 2179: 2176: 2170:deal with the 2156:sexual assault 2152:premarital sex 2120:Honor killings 2116: 2115:Honor killings 2113: 2111: 2108: 2068: 2065: 2043:United Nations 2030:child marriage 2018:sexual assault 2005: 2002: 1992: 1989: 1950: 1949:Women's health 1947: 1919: 1916: 1908:Bassma Kodmani 1871:Najah al-Attar 1828: 1825: 1798: 1795: 1785: 1782: 1777: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1704: 1701: 1661: 1658: 1592:women's rights 1579: 1576: 1568:Women in Syria 1563: 1562: 1560: 1559: 1552: 1545: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1482:United Kingdom 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 868: 863: 862: 859: 858: 854:List of sports 851: 850: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 725: 720: 719: 716: 715: 712: 711: 710: 709: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 678: 677: 666: 663: 662: 659: 658: 655: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 628: 627: 622: 617: 607: 602: 597: 592: 586: 583: 582: 576: 575: 574: 571: 570: 567: 566: 561: 560: 559: 554: 544: 539: 538: 537: 527: 526: 525: 515: 510: 509: 508: 506:"Chick flicks" 498: 493: 492: 491: 489:Women's cinema 481: 476: 470: 467: 466: 463: 457: 456: 455: 452: 451: 448: 447: 442: 437: 430: 425: 420: 419: 418: 417: 416: 401: 396: 391: 385: 382: 381: 378: 372: 371: 370: 367: 366: 363: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 286: 285: 284: 283: 273: 268: 263: 253: 252: 251: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 215: 214: 207: 197: 190: 189: 183: 182: 179: 178: 164: 161: 160: 157: 156: 148: 147: 143: 142: 134: 133: 130: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 111: 110: 107: 103: 102: 99: 95: 94: 88: 87: 84: 80: 79: 76: 69: 68: 65: 59: 58: 55: 46: 45: 41: 40: 29: 19:Women in Syria 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6761: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6711: 6708: 6704: 6703: 6699: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6482: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6383: 6380: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6342: 6338: 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Syria 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5875: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5813:Aram-Damascus 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5755:Ancient Syria 5752: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5725:Halaf culture 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5664: 5659: 5657: 5652: 5650: 5645: 5644: 5641: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5619: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5570: 5566: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5554:South Ossetia 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 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SCR 1325 1847: 1845: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1783: 1781: 1774: 1773:Law Number 10 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1637:In 1963, the 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596:Naziq al-Abid 1593: 1588: 1585: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1539: 1538: 1536: 1535: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1487:United States 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1057:FS Micronesia 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 869: 866: 861: 860: 855: 848: 847:Winter sports 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 726: 723: 718: 717: 708: 705: 704: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 682:Film industry 680: 676: 673: 672: 671: 668: 667: 661: 660: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 612: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 587: 581: 578: 577: 573: 572: 565: 562: 558: 555: 553: 550: 549: 548: 545: 543: 542:Photographers 540: 536: 533: 532: 531: 528: 524: 521: 520: 519: 516: 514: 511: 507: 504: 503: 502: 499: 497: 494: 490: 487: 486: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 471: 464: 462: 459: 458: 454: 453: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 431: 429: 426: 424: 423:Organizations 421: 415: 412: 411: 410: 407: 406: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 386: 379: 377: 374: 373: 369: 368: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 350:Voting rights 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 282: 279: 278: 277: 276:Queen regnant 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 258: 257: 254: 250: 247: 246: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 213: 208: 206: 203: 202: 201: 198: 196: 193: 192: 188: 185: 184: 181: 180: 175: 169: 166: 165: 159: 158: 154: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 131: 127: 123: 119: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 75: 70: 66: 64: 60: 56: 51: 47: 42: 37: 33: 27: 22: 16: 6636:Coat of arms 6595: 6558:Demographics 6458:Central Bank 6339: / 6300:High council 6283:Human rights 6210:Constitution 6088:Governorates 5986:Arab kingdom 5978:Modern Syria 5950:Mamluk Syria 5878: 5569:Dependencies 5499:Turkmenistan 5478: 5464:Saudi Arabia 5190: 5181: 5170:. 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