401:), but archaeologists constituted the largest group of respondents. The survey confirmed that sexual harassment and assault were "systemic" problems at field sites, with 64% of respondents reporting that they had personally experienced harassment and 20% that they had personally experienced sexual assault. Women, who made up the majority of the respondents (77.5%), were significantly more likely to have experienced both and were also more likely to report that such experiences were occurred "regularly" or "frequently". The targets were almost always students or early career researchers, and the perpetrators were most likely to be more senior members of the research team, although harassment and assault from peers and members of local communities were also relatively common. The experiences reported ranged from "inadvertent alienating behavior" to unwanted sexual advances, sexual assault and
71:, led many women to choose roles outside of academia, seeking positions in museums or in cultural preservation associations. In Europe, women often entered the discipline as research partners with their husbands or to learn about the cultures when their spouses were posted to Colonial outposts or missionary fields. From the mid-1850s women's higher education facilities began offering separate courses for women and in the 1870s several European countries opened university curricula to women. Though women were accepted into the study of archaeology, they were rarely considered equals and often were not admitted to prestigious societies, or allowed to complete training in the field. Swedish archaeologist
649:
613:
622:
48:
640:
631:
658:
63:, women in Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States were rarely engaged in professional archaeology (though at this time, archaeology was not so much a profession as the practice of wealthy individuals, with workers paid to undertake the digging). Participation by women in the field was discouraged, both by men and societal pressure, as the occupation
258:
342:. A 2016 study found a similar pattern in Australian universities. Whilst 41% of academic archaeologists were women, there was an imbalance in female representation in research fellowships (67%) compared to higher-ranked lecturing posts (31%). This study identified a "two-tiered" glass ceiling: women were less likely to obtain permanent
20:
297:
Critically analyzing the role of women in archaeology from the professionalisation of the discipline in the 19th century to the present day is a crucial task to undertake. Although there are some publications on the subject, it can be said that in general we know little about it, and that the absence
268:
The formal conservation of archaeological objects in
Western museum environments from the 1880s onwards was dominated by male scientists and technicians. However, conservation of objects in the field and in educational settings was predominantly performed by women, often the wives and relatives of
38:
more generally. In the nineteenth century women were discouraged from pursuing interests in archaeology, however throughout the twentieth century participation and recognition of expertise increased. However women in archaeology face discrimination based on their gender and many face harassment in
283:
The objects treated at the Lodge formed the basis of the
Institute of Archaeology collections, including the Petrie Palestine collection. These collections were instrumental in establishing the Institute of Archaeology as an internationally significant centre of archaeological study.
409:
or reporting procedures in place. The authors of the SAFE survey emphasised the significant negative impacts that such experiences of have on victims' job satisfaction, performance, career progression, and physical and mental health.
181:
topics even after relocating to the United States; Lanier
Simmons, who wanted to study Maya culture, ended up researching closer to home because of family obligations; and Harriet Boyd focused on domestic objects and utensils. Greek
1423:"ArqueĂłlogas Project - 'Retrieving Memory: Women's Pathways in the History of Spanish Archaeology (19th and 20th Centuries)'/ Recuperando la memoria: recorridos femeninos en la historia de la arqueologĂa española (siglos XIX y XX)"
248:
and working-class women to participate in archaeological work; however, class- and race-based definitions of femininity curtailed broad participation by white women, who tended to focus on participating in amateur organizations.
172:
To carve out their own niches, women typically focused on research close to where they lived or from their native cultures, or undertook studies researching household items typically ignored by men. For example,
58:
As a professional field of study, archaeology was initially established as an academic discipline in the nineteenth century and typically developed from people engaged in the study of antiquities. Prior to the
346:
positions, and those that did also found it more difficult to advance to senior ranks. In 1994, around 15% of the archaeologists working in the top 30 academic institutions for the field were women.
269:
male archaeologists. Similarly to female archaeologists, these expert contributions to archaeological practice were omitted from official publications and records of archaeological work undertaken.
232:
who had made distinguished contributions to the field, were omitted from compilations of experts working in the field. If women were mentioned at all, their roles were trivialized. During the
276:
at St John's Lodge, Regents Park, from 1937 to 1959. When the
Institute of Archaeology moved to Gordon Square in 1959, a conservation teaching programme was established by
1309:
Nikolaidou, Marianna; Kokkinidou, Dimitra (1998). "Greek Women in
Archaeology: An Untold Story". In Diaz-Andreu Garcia, Margarita; Sørensen, Marie Louise Stig (eds.).
1126:
322:. However, the proportion of women amongst permanent academic staff has never been more than 31%. Women are progressively further under-represented in each
67:
the accepted view of women as homemakers and nurturers. Even after they began to enter the field, the reluctance of male colleagues to accept them in
1795:
156:, the majority of women working in the archaeology were employed in museums. Noted women archaeological curators or museum directors include Dane
1156:
353:
was the first woman to hold a chair (in any subject) at either the
University of Cambridge or the University of Oxford, having been appointed
1714:
1689:
1662:
1635:
1610:
1585:
1499:
1052:
1019:
323:
1397:
137:
1318:
349:
On the other hand, it was within academic archaeology that women first broke the glass ceiling at a number of
British universities.
1491:
1790:
354:
165:
298:
of women in the histories of archaeology should lead us to reflect urgently on the way disciplinary chronicles are written.
1785:
237:
1577:
648:
362:
315:
311:
273:
1134:
318:, noted that 60–70% of the institute's undergraduate and postgraduate students were women, as were the majority of its
1681:
466:
1654:
149:
133:
99:
1706:
594:
68:
129:, who assisted her husband by compiling reports and raising money, were the pioneers of women archaeologists.
381:
In 2014, the Survey
Academic Field Experiences (SAFE) surveyed nearly 700 scientists on their experiences of
1724:
Smith, Claire; Burke, Heather (2016). "Glass
Ceilings, Glass Parasols and Australian Academic Archaeology".
1602:
552:
425:
319:
217:
1012:
The
Conservation Practices for Archaeological Ceramics of Sir Flinders Petrie and Others between 1880-1930
536:
335:
141:
31:
485:
462:
612:
1522:
676:
575:
490:
370:
206:
191:
169:
157:
542:
481:
443:
225:
210:
88:
54:(1863–1963) was the first woman to be appointed as a lecturer in archaeology in the United Kingdom.
1193:
1751:
1472:
1464:
1404:. New Orleans, Louisiana: Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities at Turners' Hall. Archived from
1107:
681:
477:
103:
84:
1405:
1710:
1685:
1673:
1658:
1646:
1631:
1606:
1581:
1558:
1540:
1495:
1456:
1439:
1324:
1314:
1015:
992:
598:
531:
502:
382:
213:
studied Viking costumes and jewelry. Pottery and art were also topics on which women focused.
1700:
1741:
1733:
1621:
1571:
1548:
1530:
1485:
1448:
1099:
984:
671:
458:
196:
80:
76:
35:
621:
590:
581:
557:
523:
511:
452:
419:
406:
358:
331:
183:
174:
145:
107:
51:
437:
1598:
A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaeology. Nationalism, Colonialism and the Past
1526:
264:(1907–1990) established the conservation department at the UCL Institute of Archaeology.
1553:
1510:
1509:
Clancy, Kathryn B. H.; Nelson, Robin G.; Rutherford, Julienne N.; Hinde, Katie (2014).
565:
496:
447:
431:
394:
390:
386:
366:
350:
245:
241:
187:
178:
161:
122:
114:
47:
1779:
1755:
1511:"Survey of Academic Field Experiences (SAFE): Trainees Report Harassment and Assault"
1111:
585:
506:
307:
126:
118:
106:
to undertake excavation projects. More typically, women such as German archaeologist
60:
1476:
1737:
527:
517:
343:
221:
202:
111:
93:
64:
988:
639:
1596:
1535:
1090:
Smith, Pamela Jane (1996). "Dorothy Garrod, first woman Professor at Cambridge".
569:
561:
548:
471:
393:. The survey was aimed at field researchers across a range of disciplines (e.g.
153:
125:, who traveled and wrote about excavations during their travels; and women like
272:
The expertise of early female conservators was then applied and refined at the
1452:
1103:
630:
277:
261:
229:
72:
1544:
1460:
1328:
996:
975:
Pye, Elizabeth; Brommelle, Norman (January 1977). "A Tribute to Ione Gedye".
1627:
1367:
657:
440:(Born 1933), Brazil, Pre-Historic Archeology Of South American civilizations
398:
339:
1562:
593:(1921–1994), Lithuania/United States, Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures of
327:
233:
257:
110:, who worked as a museum curator and academic; writers such as British
1746:
1468:
493:(1906–1972), United States, Iraq and indigenous peoples of New Jersey
917:
915:
827:
825:
823:
1702:
Looking Beneath the Surface: The Story of Archaeology in New Jersey
890:
888:
19:
1311:
Excavating women : a history of women in European archaeology
810:
808:
256:
46:
18:
79:, but more typical were the hard-fought battles of women such as
1437:
Claassen, Cheryl (2000). "Homophobia and Women Archaeologists".
1422:
402:
1217:
1215:
1213:
946:
944:
942:
539:(1909–1985), Russia/United States, Guatemalan and Mexican Maya
152:, began to join the ranks of university staff. By the time of
23:
Archaeological Dig at the Ontario Student Classics Conference.
1770:
1623:
Excavating Women: A History of Women in European Archaeology
1620:
DĂaz-Andreu, Margarita; Sørensen, Marie Louise Stig (1998).
132:
At the turn of the twentieth century, British women such as
455:(1888–1971), United States, indigenous peoples of Louisiana
280:
who continued to teach at the institute from 1937 to 1975.
373:, having been appointed Professor of Archaeology in 1971.
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
244:
in Alabama, Georgia and North Carolina, which allowed
551:(1909–1994), United States, Costa Rican and Honduran
365:, University of London, during the Second World War.
578:(1847–1921), United States, Egyptology and Near East
474:(1912-1994), United Kingdom, prehistoric settlements
434:(1879–1957), United Kingdom, archaeological textiles
422:(1909–2003), United States, Near Eastern Archaeology
1674:"Caroline Dormon: Louisiana's Cultural Conservator"
933:
921:
894:
879:
867:
855:
843:
831:
814:
799:
787:
775:
716:
1570:Cohen, Getzel M.; Joukowsky, Martha Sharp (2006).
405:. Few respondents found that there were adequate
1573:Breaking Ground: Pioneering Women Archaeologists
1676:. In Allured, Janet; Gentry, Judith F. (eds.).
514:(1863–1963), India/United Kingdom, Egyptologist
75:was one exception, as was French archaeologist
1221:
950:
728:
1180:
8:
1651:Past and Promise: Lives of New Jersey Women
1051:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHamilton2014 (
704:
369:was the first woman to hold a chair at the
1157:"Six Groundbreaking Female Archaeologists"
1065:
499:(1897–1994), Greece, Classical Archaeology
1745:
1552:
1534:
428:(1888–1985), United Kingdom, Egyptologist
1353:
1341:
1296:
1284:
1257:
1233:
1077:
1046:
962:
906:
763:
740:
545:(1889–1986), United States, Egyptologist
306:Statistics show that women experience a
1657:for the Women's Project of New Jersey.
1313:. London: Routledge. pp. 235–265.
1034:
697:
608:
1678:Louisiana Women: Their Lives and Times
526:(1899–1932), United Kingdom, Honduran
209:focused on clothing, while Norwegian
7:
216:Prior to the 1970s, even women like
16:Aspect of the history of archaeology
1245:
138:Archaeological Institute of America
520:(1871–1957), Ireland, Egyptologist
293:History of women in the discipline
14:
205:became experts on textiles; Dane
1492:University of Pennsylvania Press
1274:. 30 September 1994. p. 19.
656:
647:
638:
629:
620:
611:
1796:Women in science and technology
1626:. Abingdon-on-Thames, England:
1595:DĂaz-Andreu, Magrarita (2007).
1125:Addicott, Ruth (11 July 2011).
934:DĂaz-Andreu & Sørensen 1998
922:DĂaz-Andreu & Sørensen 1998
895:DĂaz-Andreu & Sørensen 1998
880:DĂaz-Andreu & Sørensen 1998
868:DĂaz-Andreu & Sørensen 1998
856:DĂaz-Andreu & Sørensen 1998
844:DĂaz-Andreu & Sørensen 1998
832:DĂaz-Andreu & Sørensen 1998
815:DĂaz-Andreu & Sørensen 1998
800:DĂaz-Andreu & Sørensen 1998
788:DĂaz-Andreu & Sørensen 1998
776:DĂaz-Andreu & Sørensen 1998
717:DĂaz-Andreu & Sørensen 1998
355:Disney Professor of Archaeology
1738:10.1080/03122417.2006.11681826
1490:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:
1:
1705:. New Brunswick, New Jersey:
1649:. In Burstyn, Joan N. (ed.).
989:10.1080/01400096.1977.9635631
377:Sexual harassment and assault
238:Works Progress Administration
1645:Ferguson, Eileen B. (1997).
1578:University of Michigan Press
1536:10.1371/journal.pone.0102172
1194:"Linda Braidwood, 1909-2003"
560:(1921—1975), United States,
505:(1903–1970), United States,
480:(1871–1945), United States,
461:(1877–1943), United States,
446:(1906–2004), United States,
414:Notable women archaeologists
316:UCL Institute of Archaeology
1682:University of Georgia Press
1647:"Dorothy Cross (1906-1972)"
1398:"Germantown Utopian Colony"
1396:Agan, John (23 July 2013).
467:Mediterranean civilizations
361:was acting director of the
253:Archaeological conservation
1812:
1672:Lee, Dayna Bowker (2009).
1222:Cohen & Joukowsky 2006
951:Cohen & Joukowsky 2006
729:Cohen & Joukowsky 2006
1699:Mounier, R. Alan (2003).
1655:Syracuse University Press
1484:Claassen, Cheryl (1994).
1453:10.1080/00438240050131162
1104:10.1017/S0003598X00066230
326:at the institute: 38% of
310:in academic archaeology.
240:sponsored excavations at
170:Ursicina MartĂnez Gallego
166:ConcepciĂłn Blanco MĂnguez
150:University College London
1707:Rutgers University Press
1010:Odegaard, Nancy (2016).
363:Institute of Archaeology
320:postdoctoral researchers
274:Institute of Archaeology
121:, and French Persianist
1603:Oxford University Press
1576:. Ann Arbor, Michigan:
448:Native Alaskan cultures
426:Gertrude Caton-Thompson
218:Gertrude Caton-Thompson
1791:History of archaeology
1726:Australian Archaeology
1653:. Syracuse, New York:
1066:Smith & Burke 2016
537:Tatiana Proskouriakoff
486:Mediterranean cultures
357:at Cambridge in 1939.
314:, the director of the
265:
142:British School at Rome
134:Eugénie Sellers Strong
100:Eugénie Sellers Strong
55:
32:history of archaeology
24:
1198:www-news.uchicago.edu
472:Cecily Margaret Guido
260:
50:
22:
1786:Women archaeologists
1684:. pp. 253–269.
1487:Women in Archaeology
677:Feminist archaeology
576:Sara Yorke Stevenson
491:Dorothy Cross Jensen
371:University of Durham
207:Elisabeth Munksgaard
136:, who taught at the
30:is an aspect of the
28:Women in archaeology
1680:. Athens, Georgia:
1527:2014PLoSO...9j2172C
1127:"Digging detective"
543:Elizabeth Riefstahl
444:Frederica de Laguna
330:are female, 41% of
288:Contemporary issues
226:Elizabeth Riefstahl
211:Charlotte Blindheim
1299:, p. 261-626.
1181:Clancy et al. 2014
682:Gender archaeology
584:(b. 1929), China,
478:Harriet Boyd Hawes
338:, and just 11% of
266:
148:, who lectured at
104:Blanche E. Wheeler
85:Harriet Boyd Hawes
56:
25:
1716:978-0-8135-3146-5
1691:978-0-8203-2946-8
1664:978-0-8156-0418-1
1637:978-1-134-72776-6
1612:978-0-19-921717-5
1587:978-0-472-03174-0
1501:978-0-8122-1509-0
1440:World Archaeology
1368:"Zheng Zhenxiang"
1356:, pp. 5, 27.
1344:, pp. 5, 26.
1287:, pp. 5, 44.
1260:, pp. 5, 47.
1236:, pp. 5, 12.
1131:The Northern Echo
1021:978-83-64419-80-5
882:, pp. 15–16.
870:, pp. 13–14.
846:, pp. 12–13.
599:Kurgan hypothesis
532:Pre-Columbian era
503:Mary Butler Lewis
383:sexual harassment
34:and the topic of
1803:
1759:
1749:
1720:
1695:
1668:
1641:
1616:
1591:
1566:
1556:
1538:
1505:
1480:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1366:McGuire, Kelly.
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1270:"Peggy Guido ".
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1161:English Heritage
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1137:on 31 March 2014
1133:. Archived from
1122:
1116:
1115:
1098:(283): 131–136.
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1007:
1001:
1000:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
937:
931:
925:
919:
910:
904:
898:
892:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
818:
812:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
767:
761:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
705:DĂaz-Andreu 2007
702:
672:Women in science
660:
651:
642:
633:
624:
615:
459:Edith Hall Dohan
407:codes of conduct
332:senior lecturers
200:
179:Eastern European
117:and Persianist
97:
77:Madeleine Colani
36:women in science
1811:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1762:
1723:
1717:
1698:
1692:
1671:
1665:
1644:
1638:
1619:
1613:
1594:
1588:
1569:
1508:
1502:
1483:
1436:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1411:
1409:
1408:on 16 June 2018
1395:
1391:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1321:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1009:
1008:
1004:
977:The Conservator
974:
973:
969:
961:
957:
949:
940:
932:
928:
920:
913:
905:
901:
893:
886:
878:
874:
866:
862:
854:
850:
842:
838:
830:
821:
813:
806:
798:
794:
786:
782:
774:
770:
762:
747:
739:
735:
727:
723:
715:
711:
703:
699:
695:
690:
668:
661:
652:
643:
634:
625:
616:
607:
591:Marija Gimbutas
582:Zheng Zhenxiang
558:Marian E. White
524:Dorothy Popenoe
512:Margaret Murray
453:Caroline Dormon
420:Linda Braidwood
416:
395:anthropologists
379:
359:Kathleen Kenyon
304:
295:
290:
255:
194:
192:Felipa Niño Mas
184:Anna Apostolaki
175:Marija Gimbutas
146:Margaret Murray
108:Johanna Mestorf
91:
52:Margaret Murray
45:
39:the workplace.
17:
12:
11:
5:
1809:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1765:External links
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1592:
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1521:(7): e102172.
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1447:(2): 173–179.
1434:
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1402:Know Louisiana
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1248:, p. 263.
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566:Neutral Nation
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497:Semni Karouzou
494:
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450:
441:
435:
432:Grace Crowfoot
429:
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387:sexual assault
378:
375:
367:Rosemary Cramp
351:Dorothy Garrod
303:
300:
294:
291:
289:
286:
254:
251:
246:women of color
228:, pioneers in
188:Margrethe Hald
164:and Spaniards
162:Semni Karouzou
158:Maria Mogensen
123:Jean Dieulafoy
115:Amelia Edwards
44:
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1372:Trowelblazers
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1320:0-415-15760-9
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903:
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1410:. Retrieved
1406:the original
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1375:. Retrieved
1371:
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1135:the original
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438:Niède Guidon
380:
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344:tenure-track
312:Sue Hamilton
305:
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222:Hilda Petrie
215:
203:Agnes Geijer
131:
112:Egyptologist
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1166:15 February
1035:ArqueĂłlogAs
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562:Erie people
549:Doris Stone
242:mound sites
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190:, Spaniard
177:focused on
154:World War I
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1780:Categories
1747:2328/14576
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1203:2019-11-14
983:(1): 3–4.
688:References
595:Old Europe
553:prehistory
399:biologists
340:professors
278:Ione Gedye
262:Ione Gedye
230:Egyptology
201:and Swede
81:Edith Hall
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693:Citations
391:fieldwork
334:, 17% of
328:lecturers
69:fieldwork
1563:25028932
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1428:27 March
1246:Lee 2009
1141:31 March
666:See also
463:Etruscan
234:New Deal
160:, Greek
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1412:16 June
605:Gallery
389:during
336:readers
186:, Dane
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1711:ISBN
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1559:PMID
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1457:ISSN
1430:2021
1414:2018
1379:2022
1325:OCLC
1315:ISBN
1168:2021
1143:2014
1053:help
1016:ISBN
993:ISSN
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484:and
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