Women in firefighting - Knowledge (XXG)

1017: 169:. Queensland established a Women's Fire Auxiliary in October 1941. Their duties were to include "driving and trailing vehicles to fires, repairing hoses, operating chemical extinguishers, looking after canteens, and extinguishing incendiary bombs". The Forestry Department of Western Australia recruited an all-female fire crew in Sawyers Valley. Initially only employed on weekends, they became full-time. In addition to fire suppression they carried out fuel reduction burning, firebreak maintenance, fire spotting and upgrading bush phone lines. In 1942 the WA Fire Auxiliary, made of up men and women, gave a demonstration of their skills. In the same year (1942) the Board of Fire Commissioners of NSW established the Women's Fire Auxiliary. Women served as volunteer firefighters in urban and rural locations across Australia and New Zealand. In New South Wales, recruitment took place in Wagga Wagga, Newcastle Wollongong and Broken Hill. A uniform, including a helmet, dress uniform hat, operational overalls and dress uniform jacket was provided. The Australian War Memorial has photos of the NSWFB uniform. Dorothy Barrett, organiser and Chief of the NSW Women's Fire Auxiliary was photographed in 1946 in uniform No book has been written about the female chiefs of the Women's Fire Auxiliaries, though Trove has established a 1947 press cuttings book. Also in 1942, South Australia established a Women's Fire Auxiliary and recognition was given to the vital role women were to play in emergency response. 148:

Fire Brigade and their operational and dress uniforms was inspired by Captain Webb of the paid firefighting brigade in Armidale. Captain J.T.A. Webb became captain in 1898. He held this position until his death on 17 May 1924. He formed the first women's fire brigade in the early 1900s and also instructed the all-female brigade at the New England Girls School and the fire squad at The Armidale School in October 1923. Penrith Fire Museum has an archived collection on Captain Webb's career. Webb immigrated from England, and where he had seen the trained female fire responders that were common at all-female British boarding schools (see United Kingdom, below on this page). The Amazons was a one-off local initiative and the Webb children were recruited into both the male and female brigades. The model was not adopted elsewhere in Australia. However, the Dubbo Dispatch and Independent Bulletin of 1905 reported that the Dubbo Brigades had attended in Dubbo with 'upwards of 70 Brigades' from across NSW, and an 'exhibition of hose and ladder...and life-saving' had been performed by the Amazon Ladies Brigade

469: 81:) was recruited in 1976, while the first in New Zealand (Anne Barry) joined in 1981. Many fire departments required recruits to pass tough fitness tests, which became an unofficial barrier to women joining. This led to court cases in a number of countries. In 1979 communications centre worker Anne Barry applied to join the NZ Fire Service as a career firefighter but her application was rejected on the grounds of gender. In 1981 she won her two year battle with the Fire Service Commission and was allowed to apply to join the 1220:

harassment at some point in their fire service careers or volunteer time. Nearly 70% of the women in the survey said that they were experiencing ongoing harassment at the time of the study. Of the 339 women who indicated that they had complained about harassment, only a third (115 women) listed positive-only outcomes: investigating/taking care of the problem and disciplining the harasser. Twenty-six percent said that they were retaliated against for having reported the incident.

832: 1207:(the LA City Controller) stated in a report that Fire Chief Bamattre lowered physical requirements for female recruits and ordered that women be passed even if they failed their tests. However, many female firefighters reject any form of accommodation or special treatment, in part because they wish to prove themselves in the same way as their male counterparts, and in part because they fear it will make them a target for harassment. 207:(11%) were women. In 2011, this number had increased to 5,466 (14%). In 2015 a report by Women in Firefighting Australasia found that no fire agency had succeeded in improving the overall percentage about 5%. However, while overall total percentages had not been exceeded between 2006 and 2015, overall percentages across all fire services had improved. For example, the Northern Territory had improved from 0% to 2%. 6115: 17: 6163: 6151: 6139: 6127: 1016: 396:(GDR), women were extensively used both in support roles and as frontline firefighters. Women continued to take up all roles in the 1990s. The first recorded female firefighter in Berlin was Tanja Grunwald, in April 1994. Female professional firefighters now number about 1,000 (2.3%), with approximately 80,000 volunteers (10%). 1224:

because they fear negative consequences such as exclusion and the exacerbation of the harassment. Many female firefighters have reported avoiding feminine apparel such as high heels, dresses, and makeup when around their male coworkers, for fear of being hypersexualized and becoming the target of sexual assault or harassment.

315:. The terms "smoke-eaters" and "leather lungs" were used to describe firemen who had no need to come out for fresh air, and this success was attributed to male facial hair that was thought to act as a "watery sponge" that held fresh air. Since they lacked this facial hair, women were unable to earn these titles. 1138:

One major hurdle to entrance into firefighting for women was the lack of facilities. The immediate problem of sleeping quarters and bathing areas had to be solved before women could participate fully in firefighting as an occupation and as a culture. Communal showers and open bunk halls were designed

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noted that firefighters tend to form tight-knit communities which value "strength, courage, and loyalty" but can be "resistant to change". Even if women are socially accepted members of the fire service, it is on the basis of gendered assumptions that they will bring more balanced decision making and

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criticizing numerous practices which contributed to the extremely low recruitment of women and racial minorities in the fire service. In particular, the Commission highlighted the system of long day and night shifts, which likely discouraged women with children from applying, and the practice of only

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bases, a group of trained women firefighters from Gordonstoun attended. The performance and endurance of this group over seven days and nights of firefighting led the GRFB to agree to allow women to take on official front-line firefighting roles for the first time. The drought of the same year led to

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in 1948. In 1972, the school accepted girls as pupils for the first time and from 1975 women were accepted into the voluntary firefighting unit. They were not initially allowed to be official members of the GRFB, but could operate only within the school. The turning point took place in 1976, when the

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Currently, only 3% of firefighters in Canada are women. Many female firefighters have reported facing resistance when they try to move up in rank, feeling the need to be overqualified in order to compensate for their gender and to prove that they were hired based on merit and not simply an attempt at

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that a mandatory fitness test for those seeking to become firefighters in British Columbia unfairly discriminated against women. The test had been based on the physiology of male firefighters. The Court ruled that employers must show that any required workplace tests are necessary, and that there has

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A "boys' club" culture existed in many fire departments, as the majority of the firefighters were white males. The firefighters were held to strict standards and were fined (or could even be fired) for spitting on the floor, being late to meetings, and being drunk on or off duty. However, many of the

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As was the case in Britain, women's fire auxiliaries were established in World War II in most jurisdictions in Australia to fill vacancies created when male firefighters enlisted in the war. Tasmania was ordering uniforms for the Women's Fire Auxiliary in January 1940. On 20 August 1941, the Tasmania

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with the theme of "Firing Up Women". It was opened with a keynote address by the Sex Discrimination Commissioner Pru Goward. A second conference was held in 2006 and included New Zealand female firefighters. The theme was "Same but Different". The first timeline of women in firefighting was created.

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An American nationwide study found that the majority of female firefighters that experience sexual harassment do not report it to their superiors, in many instances because the supervisor was involved in or already knew about the behavior. When harassment was reported, no formal action was taken in

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this volunteer crew complimented the all-male paid firefighting crew, and was the first example in Australia of male and female crews doing routine fire drills together using the same equipment. Station Officer Minnie Webb was the first female Captain in Australia. The creation of the Amazon Ladies

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2001 – 28 April Rosemary Higgins becomes New Zealand’s first female 25yr Gold Star recipient. She joined the British Fire Service since 1959, and upon moving to New Zealand in 1975, she joined the Hamilton Fire Brigade in the Communications Centre. She was the only uniformed woman in Hamilton for

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New Zealand has a high proportion of female firefighters; in 2021, 6% of career firefighters and 20% of volunteer firefighters were female. The Women in Fire and Emergency New Zealand (WFENZ) represents women in the organisation and to national and international agencies. The organisation is also

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In 2006 Childs reported that less than 5% of any fire service in Australia was made up of full-time paid female firefighters, and also reported a web survey under the title "Not just fitting in". Ainsworth et al (2013) argued that in 2006 indicated that out of 33,659 volunteer firefighters, 3,798

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irregular shift work. In 2012, the International Association of Firefighters in the U.S. recommended that all fire departments create policies on pregnancy and/or maternity leave, but in a study in 2018 nearly a quarter of female firefighters reported that their departments had no such policies.

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Many Canadian female firefighters admit to experiencing some levels of systemic gendered violence such as sexual harassment and assault, which includes groping and being solicited for sexual services. Female firefighters who experience harassment have been found to be more hesitant to report it

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The percentage of career female firefighters remain at or below 5% of Australian fire services agencies, despite the history and activism noted above. Controversy remains acute. Allegations of sexism and bullying remain. There has also been a movement towards setting physical standards based on

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Studies have found that women working in male-dominated professions, such as firefighting, experience more sexual harassment that those working in traditional female professions. This increased rate of harassment is worsened further when women are in the minority, as they often are in the fire

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Although women in the fire service are generally more healthy and fit than their male coworkers as well as women in the wider population, they experience higher rates of miscarriage and preterm births. This may be linked to occupational hazards such as environmental toxins, heavy lifting, and

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In 2017, a study of female firefighters' occupational stress in the U.S. found that 40% of the women had engaged in binge drinking in the previous month, and 16.5% screened positive for problem drinking. According to the study, "problem drinkers were more than 2.5 times as likely to have been

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In the post-war era, women remained unable to join fire services as paid firefighters, though there was a growth of local women's auxiliaries across Australia. In the 21st century, these women would be seen as providing operational support and contributing to community fire safety, but in the

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In a survey conducted by Women in the Fire Service in 1995, 551 women in fire departments across the U.S. were asked about their experiences with sexual harassment and other forms of job discrimination. Eighty-eight percent of fire service women responding had experienced some form of sexual

1032:, said, "We will increase the proportion of women by 10% of the prefecture as there are many demands for recruiting firefighters regardless of gender". As of the end of October 2018, the number of firefighters in South Korea was 48,146. Of these, 3,610 women (7.5 percent) were women. 1084:

For much of the last century, firefighting was a male-dominated or exclusively male profession. As such, firefighters were commonly called "firemen", an informal title still used by some civilians today. The title "firefighter" has become the universally accepted terminology in

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2001 – May Nella Booth convened a group of career female firefighters in Auckland to discuss the possibility of setting up a support/network group. Many topics were discussed over the two days of the meeting, and one outcome was the formation of New Zealand Fire Service Women

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A vote was unanimously recorded to establish a women in firefighting association run by and for female firefighters, and out of this vote Women and Firefighting Australasia (WAFA) was born. In 2007 the first Board of WAFA was established with Susan Courtney as its president.

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for men only. Today, fire stations, as public entities, must either follow gender equity law or face judicial injunctions; thus, they are now designed to accommodate firefighters of both genders. However, some female firefighters still face issues related to their gender.

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In Canada, a lack of health coverage is often an issue for female firefighters in certain provinces. Although many cancers are covered as known occupational risks because of overexposure to fire, smoke, and toxic fumes, breast cancer is not yet covered nationwide.

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Prior to 2005 most research, including health, uniform and risk research assumed all cohorts were male, with Robyn Cooper's work in 1997 an exception. From 2005 onwards, some research has been done into roles and challenges for female firefighters in Australia.

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found that discouraging factors included the portrayal of firefighting in the media, a lack of information available to young girls and unrealistic ideas about the role. Other issues include shift patterns that are not suitable for mothers with young children.

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Unlike Britain, Australian jurisdictions did not establish voluntary female brigades during WWI, and despite great interest in the Amazons during 1901–1905, no other jurisdictions took up the idea. Captain Minnie Webb went on to become a nurse serving in WWI.

876:, many women entered the workforce to replace the men who were fighting overseas. This resulted in thousands of women working in traditionally male-dominated professions, for example, the military hired approximately 11,000 women by 1918 for clerical work. 1151:

Women were banned from working as firefighters in many countries at many times. For example, from 1945–1947 in Australia pre- war bans on single and married women being employed in certain industries including firefighting were reinstated as part of

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Nevertheless, the percentage of women recruited by fire departments has been low. In the UK, women make up 5% of firefighters which is less than the percentage for police officers (29%), paramedics (38%) and military personnel (10%). A report by the

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Since women have only begun to be widely hired or accepted as volunteer firefighters in the last 30–40 years, there have been many difficult adjustments for the fire service. In many places, the fire service is steeped in tradition and formalized,

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McWilliams, J., Poulin, C., & Gouliquer L. (2017). Symposium: New Rules, Same Results: Othering of volunteer and full-time female firefighters in Canada. 78th annual convention of the Canadian Psychological Association, Toronto, Ontario, June

322:, united to compete in sports and physical challenges relating to fire fighting. However, it would not be until over one hundred years later, during the feminist movements of the 1960s, that the absence of women in contact sports was questioned. 586:

1981 November 4th – Elizabeth England and Anne Barry completed the NZFS recruit course, with overall placings of 2nd and 3rd respectively, becoming New Zealand’s first female career firefighters, and the first female career firefighters in

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1988 – Nella Booth and Sheralee Rickaby were appointed as the fourth equal female firefighters. Booth was appointed to Petone Station, Wellington Fire Region and Rickaby was appointed to Upper Hutt, Wellington Fire Region, of the NZ Fire

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Poulin, C., Gouliquer, L., McWilliams, J., Young, P., Tucker, W., & Moore, A. (2016). Female firefighters in leadership roles: “Where is the man in charge?” Poster-presentation at the UNB Research Showcase, Fredericton, Canada, (30

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permitted women to join and a appointed Priya Ravichandran as a Divisional Fire Officer, making her one of the first female fire officers in the country, and the first one to win the Anna Medal for Bravery. In the same service

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1950-70s Many Women's Fire Auxiliaries were formed, such as the Morphett Vale and Districts EFS Ladies Auxiliary; and Burnside CFA SA Women who took a more active role learning basic firefighting and the operation of the radio

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1993 – July. Christine Hewson became the New Zealand Fire Service’s first female Chief Fire Officer (CFO) when she was appointed as Chief of the Lake Hawea Volunteer Fire Brigade. Christine had served in the Brigade since May

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A pan-Canadian study found that equipment, services and resources for female firefighters are often inadequate. Gear is often not made for women and offsite there is often no proper facilities for feminine hygiene needs.

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as a career firefighter. However, many fire departments required recruits to pass tough fitness tests, which became an unofficial barrier to women joining. This led to court cases in a number of countries. In 1982,

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1972 - Brunner VFB table a motion at the national UFBA conference to recognise female firefighters. The UFBA responds that it was "considered inappropriate that women should be fulfilling the traditional fireman's

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2014 – Charmaine Sellings, Rhonda Thorpe and Katrina Mullet, long time members of the all-female and all-First Nations firefighters of the Lake Tyers Brigades of the CFA Victoria, were awarded 10 year service

4347: 940:. Forcier was a Public Safety Officer, a combination of police officer and firefighter. The first woman to work solely as a paid firefighter (excluding forest firefighting) was Judith Livers, hired by the 2740: 571:

1979 - A modified motion to allow women to be recognised as firefighters from Brunner VFB is accepted by the UFBA, recognising the many women who were working as volunteer firefighters by this point.

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as a career firefighter and her application was rejected on the grounds of gender, but in 1981 she won her two year battle with the Fire Service Commission and was allowed to apply to join the

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2005 – Nella Booth (SO), Senior FF Megan Tate and (1 other female ff) attended the first Women in Firefighting Conference in Sydney as representatives of New Zealand Fire Service Women (NZFSW).

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training materials and is used by English speaking professionals and trained volunteers as both the basic rank and overall job title that is often paired with the addition of a firefighter's

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Over 100 years after the first paid male firefighter, Sandra Forcier became the first known paid female firefighter (excluding forest firefighting) in the United States, and began working in

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In 2009, as part of a recruitment drive, it was stated that there were 17,000 female fire service staff, though it is not clear how many of these were operational rather than support roles.

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Firefighting became more organized from the 18th century onwards, led with the rise of insurance companies and then with the rise of government fire services in the 19th century. In 1818,

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A 2015 study on women in the wildland firefighting profession in Australia found that 55% reported seeing gender discrimination of others, while 45% reported experiencing it themselves.

1986:"SYDNEY, NSW. 1946-07-11. MISS DOROTHY BARRETT, WHO WAS ORGANISER AND CHIEF OF THE WOMEN'S FIRE AUXILIARY, STANDING BESIDE A FIRE TRUCK AT FIRE BRIGADE HEADQUARTERS, CASTLEREAGH STREET" 687:, women's brigades carried out firefighting and rescue in the South of England. During the 1920s, women firefighting teams were employed by private fire brigades. At the beginning of 468: 2877:

Botelho-Urbanski, Jessica (August 10, 2016). "Rookie firefighters battle blazes and stereotypes: Mississauga's first female firefighter encouraging young recruits with Camp Ignite".

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diagnosed with a depressive disorder or to have symptoms of post-traumatic stress." Those with less than seven years of service were the most likely to report issues with drinking.

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The first paid fire company was in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1853, and was all men. Women remained volunteer for years after. In the 1910s, there were women's volunteer fire companies in

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post-war era they were often portrayed and respected as tea ladies and sandwich makers. The women who volunteered made an important contribution to fire preparedness and response.

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In 2018, two Saudi women became the first certified female firefighters in Saudi Arabia meeting the National Fire Protection Association’s Professional Qualifications Standards.

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In 2016, a Canadian male firefighter was charged with two counts of sexual assault and one count of assault with a weapon in connection with his harassment of a female coworker.

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2006 – Nella Booth (SO) joined the Steering Committee of the Australasian Women in Firefighting Conference, Sydney Australia, and gave the closing address of the conference.

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1979 – Fire communications centre worker, Anne Barry, applied to join the NZ Fire Service as a career firefighter and her application was rejected on the grounds of gender.

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Poulin, C., Gouliquer, L., & McWilliams, J. (2017). Othering of full-time and volunteer female firefighters in the Canadian Fire Services. Manuscript in preparation.

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A female fire brigade was formed in 1912, with an initial recruitment of 60 women. Women were admitted to volunteer fire brigades in 1978, and as professionals in 1993.

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Gerhardt, E. (2017). Women under fire: The negative treatment of female firefighters. (Unpublished honours thesis). University of New Brunswick: Fredericton, NB.

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Fire Department hired the first woman firefighter of that city, Devrim Özdemir. By the year 2007, the number of the city's firefighters who were female was six.

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service, because the majority group in such circumstances tends to view those in the minority as token representatives of their group rather than individuals.

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legislation, official obstacles to women were removed from the 1970s onwards. For example, in 1979 communications centre worker Anne Barry applied to join the

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had 58 women, representing less than 0.5% of the 10,000 active operational firefighters. That same year, Regina Wilson became the first woman president of the

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1994 – Kristen Appel appointed leader of an all-female firefighting team of NT Park Rangers in charge of Arltunga Historical Reserve East Macdonnell Ranges NT

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2015 - Rochelle Martine was appointed as the NZFS' first female career Senior Station Officer (SSO). Six other women now hold career Station Officer rank.

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1998 – Nella Booth was appointed as the first career firefighter Station Officer (SO, Fire Safety) of the NZ Fire Service, Central Fire Station, Auckland.

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1979 - A number of women compete for the first time in New Zealand at a provincial United Fire Brigades Waterways Competition – Tokomaru Bay, East Coast.

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has historically been a predominantly male profession throughout the world. However, since the 1970s, women have made inroads in both professional and

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LaFontaine, Edward; Tredeau, Leslie (1986). "The Frequency, Sources and Correlates of Sexual Harassment Among Women in Traditional Male Occupations".

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Lesmana, M., Poulin, C., & Gouliquer, L. (2015). The experience of female firefighters: Confronting Ageism and Sexism. Poster-presentation at the

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The first documented female firefighters in Norway joined the fire services during the 1980s. In 2011, 3.7% of the Norwegian firefighters were women.

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Lawton, Valerie (September 10, 1999). "Women win new deal on workplace standards; Top court rules that male fitness levels can't apply to females".

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1968 - Five women join the Brunner Volunteer Fire Brigade as operational crew; this is the first known instance of a mixed gender fire brigade. The

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1981 July 27th – Anne Barry won her 2yr battle with the Fire Service Commission and was allowed to apply to join the NZFS as a career fire fighter.

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2008 – September. Rochelle Martin was appointed as the NZFS' first female career operational firefighter to hold the rank of Station Officer (SO).

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1999 – Shameena Wells became the first Muslim woman in Australia to win first place at the NSWFB field day held at the NSW Fire Museum Penrith NSW

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Wong, E. Y.; Ray, R. M.; Gao, D.-L.; Wernli, K. J.; Li, W.; Fitzgibbons, E. D.; Camp, J. E.; Astrakianakis, G.; Heagerty, P. J. (2009-03-01).

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and was described by the press as Britain's first female firefighter. She was the first woman to be an operational firefighter in Britain.

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1945–1947 Pre-war bans on single and married women being employed in certain industries including firefighting, were reinstated as part of

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A study of the recruitment and selection of female firefighters in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: A comparative perspective

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In 2017, 5.2% of operational firefighters in the UK were women, an increase from 3.1% in 2007. There were 300 female firefighters in the

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Many ancient civilizations had a form of organized firefighting. One of the earliest recorded fire services was in Ancient Rome. The

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2000 – 5 female firefighters of the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service awarded a national Firefighting medal (names of women?)

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1989 – Christine Hewson became the New Zealand Fire Service’s first volunteer Station Officer of the Hawea Volunteer Fire Brigade.

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legislation, official obstacles to women were removed from the 1970s onwards. The first female firefighter in the United Kingdom (

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over its restrictive fitness test. She and 40 others then joined as its first female firefighters. A similar lawsuit led to the

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1987 – Adrienne Clarke became South Australia's first female professional firefighter with the Metropolitan Fire Service (SAMFS)

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over its restrictive fitness test. She and 40 others then joined as its first female firefighters. A similar lawsuit led to the

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currently performing a study to identify areas to improve progression for female staff. However, in 2019, a report found that

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started recruiting women for control and ambulance staff in the 1980s; however, the first firewoman was not hired until 1994.

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2002 – The first female Aviation Rescue and Firefighting graduates were deployed by Air Services Australia (names of 2 women?)

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in Punjab, joined the Rescue 1122 emergency services as a firefighter in 2010. This made her the first female firefighter in

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1999 – Allana Ranui was appointed New Zealand Fire Service’s first Maori female CFO, for the Murupara Volunteer Fire Brigade.

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Mulley Macdonald, Sherry (August 4, 2016). "Women in non-traditional roles – and loving it; Firefighting not just for men".

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on Speyside led the GRFB to seek volunteers from the local community to help fight the fire. Alongside personnel from local

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allowing those with firefighting experience to move into the higher ranks, which meant that control staff were ineligible.

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1999 – Alison Timms was appointed acting Chief Executive of the New Zealand Fire Service, holding the position until 2001.

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1981 – July Sapper Jan Graham of the Royal New Zealand Engineers becomes the NZ Army’s first full time female firefighter.

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The oldest fire department and fire insurance company as well as the longest-serving firefighters in Canada originated in

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1985 – Heather Barnes, Denise Butcher, Dawn Maynard and Allison Meenahan became the first female firefighters in the NSWFB

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had an all-women's fire brigade from 1878 until 1932. In 1887 it was reported that women employed in a cigar factory in

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Ainsworth, Susan; Batty, Alex; Burchielli, Rosaria (2014). "Women Constructing Masculinity in Voluntary Firefighting".

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There have been occasional charges of some departments lowering standards so that they could hire more women. In 2005,

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The first known female firefighter in the United States was in the early 1800s. She was an African American slave from

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1988 – The induction of the first professional female firefighters in the MFB took place in September (Names of women?)

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written by the Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1871–1912), Wednesday 8 February 1905, page 353.

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diversification. Female firefighters also report experiencing bullying, harassment, and sexual harassment on the job.

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in 1982. After winning the case, she and about 40 other women became the first female firefighters in the history of

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2005 – The WA Branch of the United Firefighters Union replaced the word 'firemen' with 'firefighter' on their website

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Clinton, Jane (20 August 2006). "I was Britain's first female firefighter ...but I gave it all up to become a nun".

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Gutek, Barbara A.; Morasch, Bruce (1982). "Sex Ratios, Sex-Role Spillover and Sexual Harassment of Women at Work".

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Blacker, S. D.; Rayson, M. P.; Wilkinson, D. M.; Carter, J. M.; Nevill, A. M.; Richmond, V. L. (1 October 2015).

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nearly 17 years. When she retired from the Communication Centre, she joined the Pauanui Volunteer Fire Brigade.

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has attended more than 400 incidents and in 2013 was awarded the President’s Fire Service Medal for Gallantry.

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2004 – Viviene Raffaele was awarded the Australasian Fire Service Medal for services to firefighting in the ACT

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2004 – Jennifer Filmer awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia for 30 years service to rural fire in Victoria

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Jay, Sarah M.; Paterson, Jessica L.; Aisbett, Brad; Ferguson, Sally A. (2018). "Browse journals by subject".

2271: 1192:) that fire departments could not use restrictive fitness tests unless they could justify the need for them. 639:

2015 – New Zealand Fire Service Women (NZFSW) was reformed as Women in Fire and Emergency New Zealand (WFENZ)

489:(TFD) – the second biggest fire department in the world – had 666 female firefighters, or 3.8% of the total. 101:) that fire departments could not use restrictive fitness tests unless they could justify the need for them. 6166: 5787: 5696: 4322: 1185: 866: 862: 330: 94: 6032: 5925: 5613: 5593: 5424: 5409: 5376: 4908: 2934:

Atkinson, Cathryn (November 8, 2007). "Woman earned deputy fire chief job on merit, Richmond mayor says".

1677: 1020:

Kim Da-yeon, the first female firefighter in South Korea to participate in The Strongest Firefighter Games

986:'s firefighters were women by 2020. As of 2018 3.1% of the department's firefighters were women. In 2022, 894:

to replace male firefighters who joined the military; and during part of the war, two fire departments in

692: 341:

Female-focused camps to train young women in firefighting skills have been created by fire departments in

124: 48: 35:

in multiple countries. In modern times, women have served in a variety of fire service roles including as

3648: 2164: 1624: 365:(Normandy) fire department in 1976. She became a full-time firefighter in 1994, and was retired in 2011. 287:

2008 – Michelle Young was appointed as the first female Station Officer with Queensland Fire & Rescue

6118: 5970: 5552: 5219: 4577: 2950:""Vaillante» : Françoise Mabille, première pompière de France, s'est «reconnue dans le personnage"" 2513: 1272: 1243: 696: 495:

In 2015, the TFD had 18,700 active firefighters. Only 1,200 (6.4% of the operational force) were women.

486: 436: 21: 1234:

Sexually harassed female firefighters are significantly more likely to report experiencing job stress.

139:

Excluding these indigenous precursors, the first all-female firefighting crew was recruited in 1901 in

3701: 2083: 2046: 6011: 5965: 5852: 5389: 5384: 5283: 5195: 4143: 2132: 2031: 1316: 1160: 987: 745: 728: 70: 4554: 3210: 2820:

Eine der ersten Feuerwehr-Frauen ist im Ruhestand! (one of the first women firefighters is retiring)

683:

had been formed into a fire brigade, and had effectively extinguished a fire at the factory. During

550:

1943 - Dargaville Volunteer Fire Brigade forms New Zealand's first all-female brigade, formed of 11

368:

In 2015, 3% of firefighters were women, with 6.4% of these women holding the title of fire officer.

5870: 5726: 5716: 5583: 5512: 5492: 962: 820: 813: 454: 266:

2001 – The first all-female and all-First Nations fire crew was established at Lake Tyers, Victoria

188: 171:

At the 2006 Women in Fire Fighting Conference, Childs curated a reproduction of historic uniforms.

106: 5179: 4968: 4861:"Dust and chemical exposures, and miscarriage risk among women textile workers in Shanghai, China" 1399: 831: 392:, especially as drivers. This continued until 1955 when they had all been replaced by men. In the 326:

firefighters would support each other by not reporting another member when they were intoxicated.

5910: 5895: 5568: 5419: 5356: 5263: 5153: 5044: 4841: 4644: 3263: 3237: 2334: 2291: 836: 793: 752: 703: 294:

2016 – Women made up 50% of the recruits graduating class of Fire and Rescue NSW (formerly NSWFB)

51:

had been managing and responding to wildfires for thousands of years, with women being involved.

5691: 1710:

the original images of the Amazon Ladies Fire Brigades (framed memorial photographic collection)

3341:

Shizue Tomoda (2002) Public emergency services: social dialogue in a changing environment(ILO)

1400:"British Columbia (Public Service Employee Relations Commission) v. BCGSEU – SCC Cases (Lexum)" 6075: 5935: 5930: 5532: 5507: 5477: 4890: 4833: 4825: 4784: 4693: 3878: 3828:

UK’s first woman firefighter hosts Royal fire safety day at famous Wormwood Scrubs Pony Centre

3765: 3740: 3342: 2698: 2663: 2621: 2456: 2326: 1806: 1541:

Turner, David (October 30, 2002). "Equality watchdog attacks fire service policies on women".

472:

A female firefighter in training, during opening of the first fire station for women in Iran,

194:

The first National Women in Firefighting Forum (thereafter known as WIFF) was held in 2005 at

166: 990:

became the first female, and the first openly gay, chief of the Los Angeles Fire Department.

5772: 5467: 5145: 5036: 5009: 4880: 4872: 4815: 4774: 4766: 4683: 4675: 4636: 2690: 2655: 2611: 2601: 2401: 2371: 2318: 2283: 2111: 851: 737: 457:

inducted five women firefighters, making them the first in the history of the organisation.

78: 4662:

Haddock, Christopher K.; Poston, Walker S. C.; Jahnke, Sara A.; Jitnarin, Nattinee (2017).

3899:"Britain's first female firefighter: 'There was no way I was going to be the weakest link'" 5875: 5767: 5736: 5721: 5517: 5399: 5344: 5278: 5258: 4804:"Risk factors for miscarriage from a prevention perspective: a nationwide follow-up study" 4208: 3903: 3722: 910: 732: 652: 346: 5200: 3095: 4802:

Feodor Nilsson, S; Andersen, PK; Strandberg-Larsen, K; Nybo Andersen, A-M (2014-02-19).

4233: 3046: 702:

In the modern era, some of the first women to participate in firefighting were based at

604:

1995 - Nicky Lafferty joined the NZFS career staff at Silverdale Fire Station, Auckland.

419:

As of 2003, there were 111 uniformed females, but only 8 were operational firefighters.

257:

1998 – Vicki Hunter, Sally Foote and Dawn Maynard first female Station Officers in NSWFB

131:

in the 60,000 years before the arrival of European settlers, with women being involved.

5955: 5905: 5807: 5731: 5656: 5608: 5578: 5497: 5429: 5205: 5094:"Toronto firefighter charged with sexual assault after allegations by female co-worker" 5013: 4885: 4860: 4779: 4755: 4688: 4663: 2616: 2590:"The Relationship between Physical Fitness and Simulated Firefighting Task Performance" 2589: 2571:"Sexual harassment, bullying, endemic for women in Country Fire Authority, says report" 2352: 2227:"Women Firefighters' Experiences in the Western Australian Volunteer Bush Fire Service" 1425:"Fire and rescue authorities: operational statistics bulletin for England 2015 to 2016" 1259: 1177: 1041: 1002: 998: 947: 933: 847: 648: 195: 86: 58:

was recorded as being the first female firefighter in the United States. As a slave in

55: 3613: 1045: 6183: 6095: 5945: 5812: 5686: 5661: 5646: 5603: 5542: 5157: 5048: 4648: 2588:

Nazari, Goris; MacDermid, Joy C.; Sinden, Kathryn E.; Overend, Tom J. (6 June 2018).

2295: 979: 955: 891: 855: 843: 773:

In 2002, the Equal Opportunities Commission submitted a seven-page submission to the

763: 557:

1964 - Nine women form the Ahipara Fire Party, the first post-war all-female brigade.

143:. It was formed in response to a fire at Cunningham House in the same town. Known as 59: 4845: 2771: 2338: 2205:"Australia's Women Volunteer Fire Fighters: A Literature Review and Research Agenda" 6001: 5986: 5885: 5676: 5641: 5527: 5502: 5487: 5462: 5457: 5434: 5361: 5288: 5268: 5242: 1295:"Burning questions: Ancient Aboriginal fire techniques helping farmers, scientists" 1103: 887: 707: 688: 498:

The first woman was appointed to the Kawasaki Fire Department rescue unit in 2016.

389: 223:

1941–1945 Women's Fire Auxiliaries were established across Australian jurisdictions

63: 28: 16: 4640: 3566: 2533:"Stop calling us 'firemen' because it's sexist, says chief of London Fire Brigade" 2322: 2287: 1656: 736:

a call for extra firefighters and prompted other brigades to allow women to join.

714:. The school's staff and pupils had participated in a volunteer unit of the local 3872: 2694: 1707: 6006: 5681: 5666: 5573: 5547: 5537: 5472: 5452: 5394: 5339: 5293: 5250: 2133:"Women in Fire Fighting (Australia) - an Archive: WIFF Conference Archives 2006" 1249: 1204: 1051:

In modern times, Sabiha Yalçın became the first female firefighter in Turkey in

968:

In 2002, approximately 2% of all firefighters were female in the United States.

873: 809: 782: 684: 385: 319: 312: 5149: 4055: 3811:

Whittaker, E. H. (5 October 1976). "'Fire girl' Mary just burning for action".

3060: 1966: 5915: 5701: 5671: 5651: 5588: 5558: 5522: 5366: 5273: 4770: 4679: 3785: 961:

Chief Rosemary Bliss was the first female head of a career fire department in

899: 880: 751:

In 1978, it was announced that women would be accepted into the fire service.

36: 4829: 3926: 3669: 2445:"Metropolitan Fire Brigade and union face off over female firefighter intake" 1999: 1985: 1557:"Indigenous fire management practices benefit Country and Traditional Owners" 1069:

Fire Department hired the first woman firefighter of that city, Fatma Doğan.

509:

Women firefighters have been serving in the Netherlands since at least 1939.

501:

All of these however are office staff and not engaged in actual firefighting

5940: 5920: 5900: 5890: 5880: 5762: 5706: 5636: 5631: 5482: 5066: 4876: 4820: 4803: 3983: 3689:

The Forest Republican., May 11, 1887, page 1, citing the London publication

3586: 3295: 3166: 2659: 2372:"Women in Fire Fighting (Australia) - an Archive: Not just fitting in, 2006" 2068: 2002:. State Records Authority of New South Wales. 6 June 2018 – via Trove. 1246:– American. Volunteer firefighter in San Francisco, in the 1920s and beyond. 1066: 854:

was made an honorary member of the Knickerbocker Engine Company, No. 5., in

767: 724: 680: 5208:

Tamiment Library & Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University

5136:

Rosell, E.; Miller, K. (1995). "Firefighting Women and Sexual Harassment".

4894: 4837: 4788: 4697: 2702: 2667: 2625: 2606: 2330: 1005:

became the first female commissioner of the New York City Fire Department.

898:

were all-female. In 1942, the first all-female forest firefighting crew in

4441: 4348:"Los Angeles Mayor Struggling to Expand the Number of Female Firefighters" 3321:

Megumi Yasu serves as poster girl for female firefighter recruitment drive

3028: 2897:"Female firefighters face bullying, sexual harassment, fifth estate finds" 2808:

Daily Mirror 9 July 1912 A New Occupation for Girls – Firewomen in Austria

2496:"Aspiring male firefighter alleges discrimination as more women recruited" 2165:"Crossing gender boundaries [Women firefighters and male nurses.]" 5996: 5991: 5832: 5404: 5303: 4477:"Dünyada Ve Türki̇yemi̇zde İlk Kadin İtfai̇yeci̇ Ve Kadin İtfai̇yeci̇ler" 4094: 3987: 3874:

Fire Woman: The Extraordinary Story of Britain's First Female Firefighter

3188: 1625:"Women in Fire Fighting (Australia) - an Archive: The Amazons c1901-1903" 1479:"Health & Care Professionals Council: Gender breakdown of paramedics" 1190:

British Columbia (Public Service Employee Relations Commission) v. BCGSEU

1073: 1059: 1052: 895: 711: 656: 460:

In 2013, the department inducted its second batch of women firefighters.

362: 335:

British Columbia (Public Service Employee Relations Commission) v. BCGSEU

128: 99:

British Columbia (Public Service Employee Relations Commission) v. BCGSEU

4144:"Marinwood Fire Department | The History of Volunteer Firefighting" 3137:"Harshini Kanhekar, India's first woman firefighter, makes Nagpur proud" 2641:"Physical employment standards for UK fire and rescue service personnel" 755:

became the country's first female wholetime firefighter when she joined

5040: 4299: 4095:"Love Island cliche 'puts off female firefighters', says brigade chief" 4070:

History making woman firefighter recognised in Queen’s birthday honours

2849:

The smoke-eaters: A history of firefighting in Nova Scotia c. 1750–1950

2405: 971:

Sarinya Srisakul was the first Asian-American woman to be hired by the

926: 427:

In 2002 Harshini Kanhekar became the first women firefighter of India.

381: 1520: 361:

Françoise Mabille was the first french woman to be a volunteer at the

5063:"International Association of Women in Fire & Emergency Services" 4533:"300 Plus Abbreviations & Acronyms Every Firefighter Should Know" 4296:"International Association of Women in Fire & Emergency Services" 3645:"International Association of Women in Fire & Emergency Services" 1456: 918: 879:

In 1936 Emma Vernell became the first official female firefighter in

377: 342: 4463:"İlk kadın itfaiyeci Tulumbacı Bahriye - Abdurrahman Kılıç - bianet" 590:

1985 – Julie Croswell was appointed as the third female firefighter.

388:

but ceased at the end of the war. Women were again recruited during

5196:

International Association of Women in Fire & Emergency Services

4377:"Kristin Crowley sworn in as LAFD's first openly-gay, female chief" 2681:"Employment Standards for Australian Urban Firefighters: Erratum". 1044:

was Tulumbacı Bahriye. She worked voluntarily in the fire brigade (

251:

1992 – Melanie Goehr first professional female firefighter in NTFRS

5563: 2735: 2733: 2071:. [Morphett Vale, S. Aust. : The Auxiliary – via Trove. 1015: 830: 719: 610:

1998–2008 Nella Booth was Chair of New Zealand Fire Service Women.

473: 467: 15: 4756:"Maternal and Child Health Among Female Firefighters in the U.S." 4121:

Fire and Rescue Service Equality and Diversity Strategy 2008–2018

3587:"Saudi Arabia gets its first certified Saudi female firefighters" 3437:"Fire and Emergency New Zealand staff bullied, harassed - report" 4955:

76th annual convention of the Canadian Psychological Association

3412:"Help #BreakTheBias this International Women's Day | The Portal" 3005:"Berliner Feuerwehr - Feuerwehr im vereinigten Berlin nach 1990" 2550:

McKenzie, Nick; Tomazin, Farrah; Baker, Richard (5 March 2018).

1342:

August 20, 2006, p 35 "I was Britain's first female firefighter"

1262:– American. First known female firefighter in the United States. 1256:, highest ranking operational female firefighter in the country. 1008:

As of 2016, 7% of firefighters in the United States were women.

950:

took legal action against a discriminating physical test of the

512:

In 2000, women accounted for 3.3% of professional firefighters.

5215: 5211: 4808:

BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology

3525:"Never back down: Pakistan's first female firefighter arrives" 1093:

certification level (e.g., "Firefighter-Paramedic Jane Doe").

349:, and have led to similar camps being established in the U.S. 4414:"Only 7% of firefighters are women. She wants to change that" 4278:"I was one of the first female firefighters in New York City" 4166:"The First Professional Fire Department in the United States" 2741:"Womens changing rights and freedoms in the post-WWII period" 2270:

Eriksen, Christine; Waitt, Gordon; Wilkinson, Carrie (2016).

1967:"Safety helmet : New South Wales Women's Fire Auxiliary" 1076:

Fire Department as the first women firefighters of the city.

4713:"Woman says breast cancer linked to 17 years as firefighter" 4395:"First-ever female commissioner to lead NYC fire department" 2552:"The report the firefighters' union did not want you to see" 4935:

Gouliquer, Lynn (2001). "Women and the Canadian military".

4664:"Alcohol Use and Problem Drinking among Women Firefighters" 4491:"İzmir İtfaiye Dairesi Başkanlığı İşte İzmir'in Amazonları" 4205:"Emma Vernell | Borough of Red Bank, New Jersey 07701" 2112:"Firing up Women | Australian Human Rights Commission" 4738:

Regroupement des Associations de Pompiers du Québec (RAPQ)

284:

2006 – First Australasian Women in Firefighting Conference

4625:"Gendered Dynamics of Wildland Firefighting in Australia" 4594:"Fire/EMS Merger: An Examination of Cultural Differences" 3927:"The woman who became Britain's first female firefighter" 2790:"Women half of NSW firefighting graduates for first time" 2772:"Federal Register of Legislation – Australian Government" 1734:"Key Note Address, Women in Firefighting Conference 2006" 1001:(an African-American firefighting association). In 2022, 2514:"Female firefighters' shocking claims of sexism at work" 2420:"Gender Balance Overview Australasian Firefighters 2015" 4731:"Maladies professionnelles présumées chez les pompiers" 3608: 3606: 3203:"Woman fire officer to get President's Gallantry Medal" 239:

1984 – The Australian Sex Discrimination Act was passed

220:

1901 – The Amazons was formed in Armidale NSW Australia

4039:"Kent appoints first female Chief Fire Officer – FIRE" 2032:"Recreated historic uniforms – women in fire fighting" 1361:"First woman firefighter tells of her blazing passion" 905:

In the 1960s, there were all-female fire companies in

318:

In the late 1800s, many fire halls, including ones in

4133:'Brigade needs more women', warns London’s fire chief 2477:"Female firefighters fired up about new gender quota" 2353:"AJEM Counting women in the Australian fire services" 2215:(2). Informit – RMIT Training PTY LTD. 1 August 2005. 2047:"Australasian Women in Fire Fighting Conference 2006" 1496:"UK armed forces biannual diversity statistics: 2017" 917:(BLM) firefighting crew fought fires in the wilds of 3846:

Sussex's first fire woman on her days in the brigade

3764:. London: Third Millennium Publishing. p. 148. 3739:. London: Third Millennium Publishing. p. 146. 3291:"Second batch of women firefighters begins training" 2259:(2). Informit – RMIT Training PTY LTD. 1 April 2013. 1450:"Police workforce, England and Wales, 31 March 2016" 800:. In 2016, Rebecca Bryant was appointed to lead the 6088: 6063: 6020: 5979: 5861: 5840: 5831: 5750: 5622: 5443: 5375: 5332: 5249: 4016:. London Fire Brigade. 5 March 2007. Archived from 3435:Woolf, Damian George and Amber-Leigh (2019-01-24). 2977:"THE WINSTON CHURCHILL MEMORIAL TRUST OF AUSTRALIA" 2237:(3). Informit – RMIT Training PTY LTD. 1 July 2010. 925:firefighting crew fought fires in 1971 and 1972 in 2683:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2569:McKenzie, Nick; Baker, Richard (16 October 2017). 2193:(2). Informit – RMIT Training PTY LTD. 1 May 2006. 4191:American women in world war one: They also served 3954:"Arsonist gets seven years for killing firewoman" 3713:Daily Mirror 24 Sep 1923, 26 May 1924, 6 Oct 1924 2171:(52). Informit – RMIT Training PTY LTD: 14. 1997. 4056:Staffordshire Fire and Rescue Service 24/06/2016 2183:"Counting Women in the Australian Fire Services" 1289: 1287: 792:In 2011, Ann Millington became the first female 564:(UFBA) refused to recognise the women's service. 161:Women's Fire Auxiliary were part of a parade (a 155: 4335:Mankind, Other Lazy Terms, Return to News Pages 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2720:"Post World War II: 1946–1970 – Striking Women" 2443:Schneiders, Nick Toscano, Ben (11 March 2016). 2069:"History of the Morphett Vale Ladies Auxiliary" 1113:nurturing qualities to a team of firefighters. 278:2005 – First Women in Firefighting Forum (WIFF) 5206:United Women Firefighters Collection (WAG.057) 4318: 4316: 3760:Hollis, Jill, ed. (2011). "The Fire Service". 3735:Hollis, Jill, ed. (2011). "The Fire Service". 3331:The women's fire brigade gives a demonstration 2253:The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 2231:The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 2187:The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 1536: 1534: 883:, after her husband died in the line of duty. 766:became the first female firefighter to die in 759:in the early 1980s, after a year of training. 5227: 4068:London Fire Brigade news release 11 June 2016 3836: 3834: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3191:. July 25, 2007 – via www.thehindu.com. 695:, rising to 7,000 women in what was then the 338:been some effort to accommodate individuals. 8: 5961:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel 5172:"Women firefighters are no longer a novelty" 3826:London Fire Brigade news release 26 Feb 2016 3112:"The (Em)Power List 2018: Harshini Kanhekar" 3076:"Sliter med å få kvinner inn i brannvesenet" 2461:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2000:"Women's Fire Auxiliary press cuttings book" 4969:"Women Firefighters: The Gender Boondoggle" 4131:London Fire Brigade news release 6 Feb 2017 3670:"1900 – Biography of Lillie Hitchcock-Coit" 3074:Andersen, Elise Rønnevig (April 25, 2015). 3061:"Nyheter | Landets første brannkvinne" 913:. During the summer of 1971, an all-female 890:, some women served as firefighters in the 165:) for Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 5837: 5793:International Association of Fire Fighters 5234: 5220: 5212: 3259:"Mumbai gets its first women firefighters" 2864:Out of bounds: Women, sport, and sexuality 2169:Refractory Girl: A Women's Studies Journal 1354: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1040:The first known female firefighter in the 4884: 4819: 4778: 4687: 4505:"Kadın itfaiyeci iş azmiyle örnek oluyor" 4298:. I-women.org. 1973-07-01. Archived from 4193:. Colorado: University Press of Colorado. 3233:"Soon, women firefighters to take charge" 3029:"Netzwerk Feuerwehrfrauen e.V. - English" 2615: 2605: 785:became the first woman to be awarded the 236:1977 – NSW Anti-Discrimination law passed 4583:"Burning issues for female firefighters" 3101:(masters thesis) University of Hong Kong 2425:. Women and Firefighting Australasia Inc 1678:43 digitized newspaper articles in TROVE 1374: 1372: 1370: 1335: 1333: 376:Volunteer female firefighters worked in 156:Women's fire auxiliaries in World War II 4865:Occupational and Environmental Medicine 3614:"Women Firefighters – fighthefire.info" 2714: 2712: 1283: 5131: 5129: 5118: 5116: 5087: 5085: 4995: 4993: 4967:Pelisek, Christine (23 January 2008). 4749: 4747: 4618: 4616: 4010:"Top woman for a top firefighting job" 3567:"Pakistan's first female fire fighter" 3505:"Rickaby and Booth.JPG - Google Drive" 3091: 3089: 2454: 1863:"Women's Fire Auxiliary (Wagga Wagga)" 1359:Wauchop, Jessica (21 September 2007). 1238:Additional notable female firefighters 775:Independent Review of the Fire Service 718:(GRFB) since the school's return from 442:In 2009, a proposal was mooted in the 4438:"소방청장 "女소방관 비율 10%까지 높인다"(종합) - 중앙일보" 2919: 2917: 2890: 2888: 2842: 2840: 2838: 1607:"What-Shall-We-Do-With-Our-Girls.pdf" 1394: 1392: 1390: 802:Staffordshire Fire and Rescue Service 7: 6126: 5951:Modular Airborne FireFighting System 2866:. Toronto: Canadian Scholar's Press. 2594:Rehabilitation Research and Practice 691:, 5000 women were recruited for the 85:as a career fire fighter. In 1982, 3871:Josephine Reynolds (6 April 2017). 2795:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 432:Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services 5599:Self-contained breathing apparatus 5299:Firefighter assist and search team 5014:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1982.tb01910.x 4230:"History of Women in Firefighting" 3952:Shaw, Terence (2 September 1997). 3289:K, Manikandan (November 8, 2013). 2832:Österreich Frauen in der Feuerwehr 2374:. Womeninfirefighting.blogspot.com 2209:Australian Journal on Volunteering 1732:Merilyn Childs (29 January 2012). 1252:– British. First woman to win the 982:vowed to make sure that 5% of the 414:Hong Kong Fire Services Department 127:developed techniques for managing 14: 4759:Maternal and Child Health Journal 4325:All-male image burns firefighters 3267:. January 3, 2012. Archived from 2082:Brient, Toni (22 December 2014). 1106:relationships. A 1998 article in 965:. She became fire chief in 1993. 6161: 6149: 6137: 6125: 6114: 6113: 5324:Fire department ranks by country 5092:Nasser, S. (November 30, 2016). 5065:. 14 August 2009. Archived from 4256:"On 9/11, Women Were Heroes Too" 4058:Fire Service Gets Glowing Report 3366:Fire & Emergency New Zealand 2895:Mayor, Lisa (November 6, 2015). 2539:– via www.telegraph.co.uk. 2114:. Humanrights.gov.au. 2005-05-13 1708:UNE Archives and Heritage Centre 823:, amounting to 7% of the total. 562:United Fire Brigades Association 528:Fire & Emergency New Zealand 444:Municipal Corporation Chandigarh 6162: 5798:International Firefighters' Day 5758:Candidate Physical Ability Test 5201:Women in the Fire Service, Inc. 4629:Society & Natural Resources 4412:Kavilanz, Parija (2016-06-07). 4254:Reynolds, Eileen (2016-09-09). 4207:. redbanknj.org. Archived from 4146:. Marinwoodfire.org. 1939-05-30 3485:"Booth_1989.JPG - Google Drive" 3231:Sandhu, Khushbu (Aug 6, 2009). 3141:Nagpur Today : Nagpur News 2531:Farmer, Ben (16 October 2017). 2394:Gender, Work & Organization 2276:Society & Natural Resources 1363:– via www.nzherald.co.nz. 757:Norfolk Fire and Rescue Service 211:evidence of what is necessary. 5309:Special operations firefighter 4323:Associated Press March 17,2002 3762:Gordonstoun An Enduring Vision 3737:Gordonstoun An Enduring Vision 3162:"Women-Power: Serving to save" 2494:Back, Alexandra (2017-04-21). 2045:Childs, Merilyn (2006-06-07). 1430:. Home Office. 27 October 2016 1: 5848:Wildfire emergency management 5415:Hazardous materials apparatus 4909:"Welcome to the IAFF Website" 4754:Jahnke, Sara A. (June 2018). 4641:10.1080/08941920.2016.1171938 4551:"Fire Department Terminology" 3647:. I-women.org. Archived from 2851:. Halifax: Nimbus Publishing. 2689:(12): e159. 1 December 2015. 2323:10.1080/07420528.2018.1466793 2288:10.1080/08941920.2016.1171938 1659:. Museums & Galleries NSW 1182:New York City Fire Department 1072:In 2021, 37 women joined the 995:New York City Fire Department 973:New York City Fire Department 952:New York City Fire Department 938:Winston-Salem Fire Department 921:. Furthermore, an all-female 552:Women's War Service Auxiliary 91:New York City Fire Department 3189:"Fire in leather goods firm" 2695:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000643 2272:"Browse journals by subject" 2067:Cronin, Glen (6 June 2018). 1188:ruling in 1999 (in the case 1165:equal employment opportunity 923:United States Forest Service 798:Kent Fire and Rescue Service 716:Grampian Region Fire Brigade 189:New South Wales Fire Brigade 97:ruling in 1999 (in the case 75:equal employment opportunity 5823:World Police and Fire Games 5778:Fire protection engineering 5138:Public Personnel Management 4957:, Ottawa, Canada, June 3–6. 4623:Eriksen, Christine (2015). 3984:"Dying in the line of duty" 2311:Chronobiology International 1680:about the Amazons 1902–1905 984:Los Angeles Fire Department 978:In 2013, Los Angeles Mayor 812:became Commissioner of the 185:Sex Discrimination Act 1984 6206: 6071:Glossary of wildfire terms 5803:List of firefighting films 5251:Personnel and organization 5150:10.1177/009102609502400306 4711:Pruss, V. (May 16, 2017). 4164:Prell, Adam (2016-04-05). 3543:"Women Who Defend Nations" 3465:portal.fireandemergency.nz 3416:portal.fireandemergency.nz 3392:portal.fireandemergency.nz 1984:McQuillan, Ernest Mervyn. 1639:"Armidale FireBrigade.pdf" 1254:Queen's Fire Service Medal 1180:won a lawsuit against the 942:Arlington County, Virginia 806:Queen's Fire Service Medal 787:Queen's Fire Service Medal 723:scale of a forest fire on 394:German Democratic Republic 135:Amazon Ladies Fire Brigade 89:won a lawsuit against the 33:volunteer fire departments 6109: 5783:Geography of firefighting 5314:Volunteer fire department 5176:International Women's Day 4771:10.1007/s10995-018-2468-3 4680:10.1016/j.whi.2017.07.003 4337:– 2011 Women's eNews Inc. 3725:Women in the Fire Service 3388:"Networking | The Portal" 3359:"2020/2021 Annual Report" 3009:www.berliner-feuerwehr.de 1877:"Newcastle Womens FA.pdf" 1801:Underwood, Roger (2017). 944:fire department in 1974. 915:Bureau of Land Management 183:After the passage of the 141:Armidale, New South Wales 6101:Template:Fire protection 5818:World Firefighters Games 5712:Gaseous fire suppression 5002:Journal of Social Issues 3792:. London. 24 August 1976 3529:www.pakistantoday.com.pk 2357:ajem.infoservices.com.au 1895:"Newcastle womens 1.pdf" 1845:"Board of Governors.pdf" 1720:article with photographs 1173:New Zealand Fire Service 1169:New Zealand Fire Service 1134:Facilities and equipment 1048:) from 1884 until 1892. 907:Kings County, California 742:East Sussex Fire Brigade 446:to allow women into the 83:New Zealand Fire Service 5788:History of firefighting 4877:10.1136/oem.2008.039065 4821:10.1111/1471-0528.12694 4352:www.fireengineering.com 3958:Telegraph Group Limited 2818:regionaut.meinbezirk.at 1931:"Wollongong Womens.pdf" 1805:. York Gum Publishing. 1231:the majority of cases. 1186:Supreme Court of Canada 867:Los Angeles, California 863:Silver Spring, Maryland 796:, taking charge of the 331:Supreme Court of Canada 95:Supreme Court of Canada 5926:Firefighting apparatus 5614:Thermal imaging camera 5594:Secure information box 5410:Firefighting apparatus 4014:www.london-fire.gov.uk 3461:"History | The Portal" 3207:The New Indian Express 3033:www.feuerwehrfrauen.de 2776:www.legislation.gov.au 2724:www.striking-women.org 1028:, the commissioner of 1021: 839: 835:A firefighter for the 693:Auxiliary Fire Service 677:Girton Ladies' College 477: 125:Aboriginal Australians 49:Aboriginal Australians 25: 6190:Women in firefighting 5971:Wildland water tender 5553:Hydraulic rescue tool 5319:Women in firefighting 4668:Women's Health Issues 4399:Temple Daily Telegram 4258:. New York University 3618:www.fightthefire.info 2660:10.1093/occmed/kqv122 2648:Occupational Medicine 2249:"Firey women program" 2084:"Backbone of brigade" 1273:Women in the military 1244:Lillie Hitchcock Coit 1019: 834: 697:National Fire Service 487:Tokyo Fire Department 471: 437:Meenakshi Vijayakumar 22:Meenakshi Vijayakumar 19: 6012:Wildland fire module 5966:Wildland fire engine 5853:Wildfire suppression 5390:Fire command vehicle 5385:Airport crash tender 5284:Retained firefighter 3704:Women's Fire Brigade 2862:Lenskyj, H. (1986). 2607:10.1155/2018/3234176 1161:second-wave feminism 1030:National Fire Agency 770:service in Britain. 746:retained firefighter 71:second-wave feminism 5871:Aerial firefighting 5727:Stop, drop and roll 5717:Multiple-alarm fire 5584:Portable water tank 5493:Fire proximity suit 3723:London Fire Brigade 3651:on October 14, 2014 3271:on December 5, 2013 2798:. 16 December 2016. 2147:"npws timeline.jpg" 1803:Women of the Forest 1766:"Tas Churchill.pdf" 1313:"IFD Black History" 1159:As a result of the 963:Tiburon, California 821:London Fire Brigade 814:London Fire Brigade 455:Mumbai Fire Brigade 179:Modern developments 107:London Fire Brigade 69:As a result of the 20:Indian firefighter 5911:Fire retardant gel 5896:Fire lookout tower 5569:New York roof hook 5420:Light and air unit 5357:Fire lookout tower 5264:Chief fire officer 5041:10.1007/BF00287982 4401:. 27 October 2022. 4189:Gavin, L. (2014). 3877:. Michael O'Mara. 3264:The Times of India 3238:The Indian Express 2952:. 2 February 2022. 2406:10.1111/gwao.12010 2100:. 1 November 2017. 1988:– via Trove. 1691:"Dubbo parade.pdf" 1022: 840: 837:Air National Guard 794:chief fire officer 753:Josephine Reynolds 744:on August 21 as a 704:Gordonstoun School 675:In Great Britain, 478: 476:, 4 November 2006. 26: 6177: 6176: 6084: 6083: 6076:List of wildfires 5936:Helicopter bucket 5931:Firefighting foam 5533:Hard suction hose 5478:Fire extinguisher 5468:Fire brigade keys 4814:(11): 1375–1385. 4635:(11): 1296–1310. 4383:. March 25, 2022. 4381:City News Service 3990:. 31 October 2002 3933:. 22 October 2017 3884:978-1-78243-700-0 3786:"Picture Gallery" 3771:978-1-906507-29-9 3746:978-1-906507-29-9 3368:. 6 December 2021 2518:honey.nine.com.au 2282:(11): 1296–1310. 1949:"Broken Hill.pdf" 1913:"Newcastle 2.pdf" 1812:978-0-9942271-2-6 1404:scc-csc.lexum.com 1211:Sexual harassment 1199:Sexual dimorphism 651:, who hails from 167:Winston Churchill 6197: 6165: 6164: 6153: 6152: 6141: 6140: 6129: 6128: 6117: 6116: 5838: 5773:Fire photography 5555:("Jaws of life") 5513:Fireman's switch 5236: 5229: 5222: 5213: 5184: 5183: 5178:. Archived from 5168: 5162: 5161: 5133: 5124: 5120: 5111: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5089: 5080: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5035:(7/8): 433–442. 5024: 5018: 5017: 4997: 4988: 4987: 4984:Chronicle Herald 4979: 4973: 4972: 4964: 4958: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4913: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4888: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4823: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4782: 4751: 4742: 4741: 4735: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4691: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4620: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4607: 4599:Fire Engineering 4590: 4584: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4559: 4553:. Archived from 4547: 4541: 4540: 4539:. July 24, 2006. 4529: 4523: 4522: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4440:. Archived from 4434: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4354:. Archived from 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4307: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4263: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4232:. 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Archived from 1309: 1303: 1302: 1301:. 18 April 2018. 1291: 1109:Fire Engineering 852:Lillie Hitchcock 738:Mary Joy Langdon 546: 545: 541: 485:As of 2003, the 79:Mary Joy Langdon 6205: 6204: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6150: 6138: 6105: 6080: 6059: 6016: 5975: 5876:Controlled burn 5863: 5857: 5827: 5768:Fire engine red 5746: 5737:Two-in, two-out 5692:Fireman's carry 5618: 5518:Flame retardant 5439: 5400:Fire motorcycle 5371: 5345:Fire department 5328: 5279:Station officer 5259:Battalion chief 5245: 5240: 5192: 5187: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5135: 5134: 5127: 5121: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5091: 5090: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5026: 5025: 5021: 4999: 4998: 4991: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4952: 4948: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4920: 4918: 4911: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4753: 4752: 4745: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4622: 4621: 4614: 4605: 4603: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4576: 4572: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4447: 4445: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4422: 4420: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4361: 4359: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4321: 4314: 4305: 4303: 4302:on May 31, 2008 4294: 4293: 4289: 4284:. July 6, 2017. 4276: 4274: 4270: 4261: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4239: 4237: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4214: 4212: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4174: 4172: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4149: 4147: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4104: 4102: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4023: 4021: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3904:TheGuardian.com 3897: 3896: 3892: 3885: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3839: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3675: 3673: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3654: 3652: 3643: 3642: 3625: 3612: 3611: 3604: 3595: 3593: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3551: 3549: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3531:. 10 July 2015. 3523: 3522: 3518: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3469: 3467: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3445: 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5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5906:Fire retardant 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5867: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5844: 5842: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5732:Structure fire 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5657:Door breaching 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5628: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5609:Smoke detector 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5508:Fireman's pole 5505: 5500: 5498:Fire retardant 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5449: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5430:Rescue vehicle 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5381: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5342: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 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January 2001 1386: 1366: 1344: 1340:Sunday Express 1329: 1304: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1260:Molly Williams 1257: 1247: 1239: 1236: 1212: 1209: 1200: 1197: 1178:Brenda Berkman 1154:demobilisation 1148: 1147:Discrimination 1145: 1135: 1132: 1118: 1115: 1098: 1095: 1081: 1078: 1042:Ottoman Empire 1037: 1034: 1013: 1010: 1003:Laura Kavanagh 999:Vulcan Society 948:Brenda Berkman 934:North Carolina 848:Molly Williams 828: 825: 672: 671:United Kingdom 669: 664: 661: 649:Shazia Parveen 645: 642: 641: 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 621: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 598: 595: 591: 588: 584: 581: 578: 575: 572: 569: 565: 558: 555: 535: 532: 522: 519: 517: 514: 506: 503: 482: 479: 465: 462: 424: 421: 409: 406: 401: 398: 373: 370: 358: 355: 308: 305: 300: 297: 296: 295: 292: 288: 285: 282: 279: 276: 273: 270: 267: 264: 261: 258: 255: 252: 249: 246: 243: 240: 237: 234: 230: 228:demobilisation 224: 221: 216: 213: 196:Sydney Airport 180: 177: 157: 154: 136: 133: 120: 117: 115: 112: 87:Brenda Berkman 56:Molly Williams 44: 41: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6202: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6170: 6169: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6096:Template:Fire 6094: 6093: 6091: 6087: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6038:United States 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5813:Saint Florian 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5751:Miscellaneous 5749: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5687:Fire triangle 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5647:Dead man zone 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5543:Heat detector 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5378: 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May 1, 2012 3169: 3168: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3067: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3048: 3042: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2986:on 2018-09-12 2982: 2978: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2937: 2930: 2927: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2873: 2870: 2865: 2858: 2855: 2850: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2785: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2767: 2764: 2753:on 2020-03-22 2749: 2742: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2642: 2635: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2543: 2538: 2537:The Telegraph 2534: 2527: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2490: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2464: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2439: 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1644: 1640: 1634: 1631: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1602: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1589:"NEGS FB.jpg" 1584: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1558: 1552: 1549: 1544: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1525:lfb.localhost 1522: 1516: 1513: 1501: 1497: 1491: 1488: 1480: 1474: 1471: 1458: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1426: 1420: 1417: 1405: 1401: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1319:on 2007-01-09 1318: 1314: 1308: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1163:movement and 1162: 1157: 1155: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1079: 1077: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1065:In 2013, the 1063: 1061: 1058:In 1999, the 1056: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1018: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 993:In 2015, the 991: 989: 985: 981: 980:Eric Garcetti 976: 974: 969: 966: 964: 959: 957: 956:New York City 953: 949: 945: 943: 939: 935: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 903: 902:was created. 901: 897: 893: 892:United States 889: 884: 882: 877: 875: 870: 868: 864: 859: 857: 856:San Francisco 853: 849: 845: 838: 833: 827:United States 826: 824: 822: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 790: 788: 784: 779: 776: 771: 769: 765: 764:Fleur Lombard 760: 758: 754: 749: 747: 743: 739: 734: 730: 729:Craigellachie 726: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 670: 668: 662: 660: 658: 654: 650: 643: 638: 635: 632: 629: 626: 622: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 599: 596: 592: 589: 585: 582: 579: 576: 573: 570: 566: 563: 559: 556: 553: 549: 548: 542: 533: 531: 529: 520: 515: 513: 510: 504: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 488: 480: 475: 470: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453:In 2012, the 451: 449: 448:fire services 445: 440: 438: 433: 430:In 2003, the 428: 422: 420: 417: 415: 407: 405: 399: 397: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 371: 369: 366: 364: 356: 354: 350: 348: 344: 339: 336: 332: 329:In 1999, the 327: 323: 321: 316: 314: 306: 304: 298: 293: 289: 286: 283: 280: 277: 274: 271: 268: 265: 262: 259: 256: 253: 250: 247: 244: 241: 238: 235: 231: 229: 225: 222: 219: 218: 214: 212: 208: 204: 200: 197: 192: 190: 186: 178: 176: 172: 168: 164: 153: 149: 146: 142: 134: 132: 130: 126: 118: 113: 111: 108: 102: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 73:movement and 72: 67: 65: 61: 60:New York City 57: 52: 50: 42: 40: 38: 34: 30: 23: 18: 6167: 6155: 6143: 6131: 6119: 6028:Ancient Rome 6002:Hotshot crew 5987:Fire lookout 5886:Fire flapper 5677:Fire control 5642:Chimney fire 5528:Halligan bar 5503:Fire shelter 5488:Fire hydrant 5463:Fire blanket 5458:Escape chair 5435:Water tender 5362:Fire station 5318: 5289:Fire marshal 5269:Fire captain 5243:Firefighting 5180:the original 5175: 5166: 5141: 5137: 5106: 5097: 5075: 5067:the original 5057: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5008:(4): 55–74. 5005: 5001: 4983: 4977: 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Retrieved 2900: 2879:Toronto Star 2878: 2872: 2863: 2857: 2848: 2825: 2813: 2804: 2793: 2784: 2775: 2766: 2755:. Retrieved 2748:the original 2723: 2686: 2682: 2676: 2654:(1): 38–45. 2651: 2647: 2634: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2574: 2564: 2555: 2545: 2536: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2499: 2489: 2480: 2471: 2448: 2438: 2427:. Retrieved 2414: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2376:. Retrieved 2365: 2356: 2347: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2279: 2275: 2265: 2256: 2252: 2243: 2234: 2230: 2221: 2212: 2208: 2199: 2190: 2186: 2177: 2168: 2159: 2150: 2141: 2127: 2116:. Retrieved 2106: 2092: 2077: 2062: 2051:. Retrieved 2040: 2026: 2017: 2008: 1994: 1979: 1970: 1961: 1952: 1943: 1934: 1925: 1916: 1907: 1898: 1889: 1880: 1871: 1857: 1848: 1839: 1830: 1821: 1802: 1796: 1787: 1778: 1769: 1760: 1751: 1742: 1727: 1715: 1703: 1694: 1685: 1672: 1661:. Retrieved 1651: 1642: 1633: 1619: 1610: 1601: 1592: 1583: 1574: 1565: 1551: 1542: 1524: 1515: 1504:. Retrieved 1499: 1490: 1473: 1461:. Retrieved 1444: 1432:. Retrieved 1419: 1408:. 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