1071:
1039:
1111:
30:
1095:
1083:
402:
1123:
1055:
38:
564:
305:, when extreme manpower shortages brought many female Israeli soldiers into land battles, women were historically prohibited by the Israeli government to go into battle, and instead served in a variety of technical and administrative support roles. Soon after the establishment of the IDF, a decree for the removal of women from frontline positions was brought into effect, and all female soldiers were accordingly pulled back into more secure areas. The cited rationale for this decision revolved around concerns over the high possibility of female Israeli soldiers being captured and subsequently
1154:
1139:
294:
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presence" in the "senior decision-making ranks" of the military. Additionally, it called for creating an effective and well-funded system to ensure proper working environments for both male and female soldiers, and for drafting a "gender code" that would lay down explicit rules for interaction between the two sexes: "There should be no jobs or units categorically closed to either women or men ... Service in all units, postings and missions would be joint, subject to the rules of appropriate integration."
879:. This is tantamount to issuing a call to women, at least those who view themselves as religious, not to serve in the IDF... I served in the IDF for a few years and I state the military cannot function without women unless we lengthen the service of males to 4.5 years. The price that we will pay by the call of the Chief Rabbinate council that females do not enlist is not that of our daughters, but the daughters of these very same rabbis who don't serve." Rabbi
270:
74:. As the latter two communities are less populous, their women are not required to serve. Women from the Jewish majority are not exempted from the conscription laws, but serve for slightly shorter terms than male conscripts. All women who are exempted from the conscription laws may still enlist voluntarily. Jewish women who are called up for military service may apply for an
228:
2497:
161:
278:
707:. This legislation raised considerable controversy, and IDF officials feared that the exemption could be abused by any non-religious woman who did not wish to serve and thus further exacerbate the already strained personnel resources of the Israeli military. Women exempted on religious grounds were legally obliged to fulfill a period of
779:. It said the initial screening and assignment process should be unified so that men and women are part of the same system and receive their assignments based on the same criteria, including for acceptance into combat units; the panel proposed implementing this change gradually — over the course of a decade.
129:, they could serve as clerks, drivers, welfare workers, nurses, radio operators, flight controllers, ordnance personnel, and course instructors. As of 2011, around 88% of all IDF roles were open to female candidates. Concurrently, women were enlisted in 69% of all military positions available to them.
668:
in
October 2023. The female soldiers battled militants for nearly four hours as part of the broader effort to repel the incursion. By some accounts, they played a decisive part in the clashes, with estimates that the unit killed around 100 Hamas members. None of the female combat soldiers were killed
527:
women is 24 months, apart from specified roles that instead require a service length of 30 months. Women may be exempted from military service for reasons of religious conscience, marriage, pregnancy, or motherhood. A woman may receive an exemption on religious grounds under the following conditions:
989:, during which a band comprising two male and two female vocalists took to the stage to sing. The commander of the school expelled four of them after they said they would disobey orders again in similar situations. The IDF agreed to re-examine regulations on this issue, given the growing presence of
441:
is equal to the right of men." The amendment, drafted by female lawmakers, grants equal opportunities to women who are found to be physically and personally suitable for a job; the question of exactly who and what was "suitable" was left to the discretion of military leaders on a case-by-case basis.
755:
In 2007, 12 percent of all IDF jobs were completely closed to women. The report partially attributed this closure to the shorter length of service for conscripted women that reportedly served as a barrier to drafting women into the most important, in-demand jobs. The committee claimed that military
751:
The committee called for the annulment of the model that has been in place since the 1950s, under which a soldier's length of service and service options is largely determined by their gender. On this model, the report stated: "This is an archaic model that causes under-utilization of the resources
652:
Despite being officially classified as combat soldiers, women in combat roles are not explicitly deployed into combat situations. They are expected to respond in the event a combat situation does erupt, but are not deployed to areas where there is a high risk of combat. The three mixed-sex infantry
429:
openly opposed her campaign. Although Miller did not pass the examination, the ruling was a watershed and opened doors for
Israeli women in new military roles. Female legislators took advantage of the momentum to draft a bill that allowed women to volunteer for any position they could qualify for.
321:
took up positions as secretaries while the rest served primarily as instructors, nurses, clerks, and telephone operators. A few women flew transport missions in the 1950s; some women were accepted into flight training in the 1970s, but did not complete the program before it was closed to women.
949:
goes hand in hand with military accomplishment." Even when social attitudes were changing in the 1980s, the IDF was still inclined towards tolerance and a senior army official warned of not blowing the "topic out of all proportion." In 1993, it was reported that only 10 percent of around 1,000
763:
and curbing the common phenomenon of women falsely claiming exemptions on religious grounds. It also said the criteria for exemptions from service should be the same for both men and women. The panel recommended mandatory quotas for promoting women, with the goal of giving women a "significant
970:
as a "hothouse for exploitive sexual relationships" and a force whose fighting culture is based on "rampant licentiousness." While the IDF has since tried to curb sexual harassment, it remains a problem. In 2004, it was reported that 1 in 5 female
Israeli soldiers suffer sexual harassment.
261:, under which all female Israeli soldiers served, was responsible for taking care of their needs, training, and integration into different IDF units. The Women's Corps also sent young, qualified female soldiers to be teachers in Israel's then-developing areas and immigrant neighbourhoods.
683:
In 2000, the Women's Corps was dismantled so that female soldiers would be able to fall under the authority of individual units based on their jobs and not on their gender; they would likewise wear the insignia of their units instead of the insignia of the Women's Corps. The position of
693:
as "empowering women, the IDF and
Israeli society by promoting conditions that allow for the optimal use of the capabilities of women serving in the IDF; promoting equal opportunities for women during their military service; and assimilating women into military leadership positions."
365:
in
September 1969, thus becoming the first female military judge in the world. She stated in an interview: "I do not know if I want to be a military judge my whole life, but I am glad that I was appointed; it proves that the IDF leaves almost all doors open for its female soldiers."
702:
In 2020, 55% of eligible women were drafted into the IDF. Of those granted an exemption, 35-36% were exempted for religious reasons. A law passed in 1978 made exemptions for women on religious grounds automatic upon the signing of a simple declaration attesting to the observance of
465:, received her wings in 2001. By 2006, the first female pilots and navigators graduated from the IAF training course and several hundred women entered combat units, primarily in support roles such as intelligence gatherers, instructors, social workers, medics, and engineers. The
199:
paramilitary forces. The
Haganah stated in its law that its lines were open to "Every Jewish male or female, who is prepared and trained to fulfill the obligation of national defense." Most female recruits served as medics, communications specialists, and weaponeers. During
1070:
2459:
669:
during the engagement, which has been characterized as a validation of their abilities. The unit's performance in real-world combat against Hamas is also seen as proof that women can execute infantry missions effectively when given the requisite training.
688:
was created in 2001. Female officers who hold the position are in charge of ensuring more opportunities and a suitable environment for female soldiers as well as outlets for the enhancement of their skills. The mission of the advisor is described by the
1038:
554:
Women who arrive in Israel at age 17 and over are generally exempt from military service, but may serve on a voluntary basis. Additionally, women are generally not called up for reserve duty if they are married or if they are beyond the age of 24.
1094:
2260:
1110:
1153:
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authorities saw the reality from a joint education and spiritual perspective, this view led them to their halakhic conclusion… The problem with IDF service is the general atmosphere that does not allow for a life without pitfalls.”
950:
annually reported cases of sexual harassment are investigated. Reports of sexual harassment against women in the
Israeli military reached an average of one case per day in 1999 — an increase on the 280 complaints received in 1997.
136:, the IDF stated that fewer than 4% of their female soldiers were enlisted in combat positions, such as infantry and helicopter/fighter pilots, and that they were instead concentrated in a variety of "combat-support" positions.
327:
The army is the supreme symbol of duty and as long as women are not equal to men in performing this duty, they have not yet obtained true equality. If the daughters of Israel are absent from the army, then the character of the
1054:
1023:, the young women were the first ever female tank crews in the West to engage in active combat, lasting for 17 hours. Having received an order to move out from the border with Egypt, they moved north near the border with the
1082:
961:
and harassment. Another case involved the promotion of
General Nir Galili, who was accused of grooming a young female recruit for sexual relations. This issue has led to the description of the Israeli military by the
2451:
377:, roles for women beyond technical and secretarial support only started to open up in the late 1970s and early 1980s due to manpower shortages. Since then, a few women have earned ranks higher than colonel. In 1986,
756:
job postings are "to a large extent" determined by gender rather than an individual soldier's talents and abilities, and that the length of service "should depend solely on the job, rather than on one's gender."
1122:
2480:
2150:
746:
The IDF, as a leading organization in
Israeli society, designates the service of men and women to a fulfilling and respectful service based upon equal opportunities in the service of IDF and the State of
847:
stated: "I believe that all girls should do either IDF service or national service. With that, the attack on the rabbis for their traditional position is an unacceptable attack on the respect due them."
191:(IDF); the rate of women who were enlisted in combat organizations stood at 20 percent. In the years leading up to the establishment of the IDF, military service for women existed in the lines of the
1192:
856:
also voiced his support for the chief rabbis' injunction against observant women enlisting in the IDF. In 2003, Piron stated: “I don’t know of any rabbis that would allow to serve in the army. The
85:
According to
Israeli military statistics, 535 female soldiers had been killed while serving between the years of 1962 and 2016. The IDF's regulated integration of women is rooted in the days of the
731:(IDF) in the next decade, with the objective of increasing equal opportunities for female service members. The committee, headed by Yehuda Segev, submitted its report to Stern in September 2007.
2093:
473:
was the first female Israeli combat soldier to be killed in an active warzone after the passing of the amendment. In November 2007, the IAF appointed its first female deputy squadron commander.
1015:
terrorists on October 7, 2023, continuously for 17 hours straight. 20-year-old tankers Hagar, Hila, Tal Sara, Michal, Karni, Ophir and Tamar fought against hundreds of terrorists equipped with
2234:
2207:
498:
on a military base. In the same year, the Israeli military announced that it would, for the first time in Israel's history, allow a transgender woman to serve in the army as a female soldier.
29:
621:
Caracal Battalion, in which women comprise 70 percent of the troop strength. There are two other mixed-sex infantry battalions: the Lions of Jordan Battalion and the Bardelas Battalion. The
211:, a battalion was established in which women filled positions in security, weapons transport, and manned anti-aircraft posts. During the winter of 1948, women joined the combat ranks of the
219:
with their weapons concealed inside their clothes. The Palmach arm (thirty percent of which were women) trained nine female platoon commanders, and numerous other female squad commanders.
767:
The report proposed opening all jobs to women aside from a handful that would be determined by a special committee, whose decisions would require the approval of the Chief of Staff, the
985:
In September 2011, because of a religious ban on men hearing women sing, nine religiously observant cadets in the IDF officers course walked out of an evening seminar on the legacy of
2422:
2256:
386:
1798:
History was made on Wednesday when the Israel Defense Forces appointed Major Oshrat Bacher as Israel's first female combat battalion commander, Israeli daily Ma'ariv reports.
2501:
317:
being subjected to sexual abuse was infinitely greater for female soldiers than it was for male soldiers, and therefore unacceptable. A majority of women serving in the IDF
401:
1138:
929:, expressed his willingness to relax regulations to meet the demands of ultra-Orthodox rabbis. Regulations regarding gender equality had already been relaxed so that
143:, women soldiers took a vital role in the defence operations fighting Hamas. For the first time in Israeli history, many women soldiers were abducted by Hamas to the
2146:
2397:
1129:
126:
2286:
434:
105:
98:
953:
In 1998–1999, 54 officers were expelled from the IDF on charges of sexual misconduct while others faced demotion or imprisonment. In one high-profile case,
685:
678:
258:
1904:
491:
1468:
2089:
147:. Later, during the phase of the ground fighting in the Gaza Strip, female fighters and medical women entered the Gaza Strip as part of the operation.
37:
2059:
75:
1002:
313:. While the consensus was that it was fair and equitable to demand equal sacrifice and service from women, it was argued that the risk of Israeli
2124:
1202:
494:. In 2012, Merav Buchris became the first female ammunitions officer in the IAF. In 2013, in a first, a female IDF soldier was called up to the
2522:
2517:
1996:
772:
2414:
469:
marked the first time since 1948 that female soldiers were active in field operations alongside male soldiers. Airborne helicopter engineer
630:
2527:
442:
Following the amendment, a modest amount of women began to enlist in combat support and light combat roles in a few areas, including the
2230:
2203:
1776:
1636:
926:
752:... of half of Israeli society, and closes off many opportunities, both during service and for integrating into society after service."
739:
180:
2317:
1546:
2180:
1225:
381:, then-head of the Women's Corps, became the first female brigadier-general. In July 2018, female IDF captain Or Naʽaman ordered a
1455:
563:
1679:
711:
doing social or educational work assigned to them. In practice, however, women performed such service only on a voluntary basis.
600:
1446:"Statistics: Women’s Service in the IDF for 2010, 25 Aug 2010". Israel Defense Forces. 25 August 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
843:
has opposed this position and consequently campaigned for the removal of Lau and Yosef from the Chief Rabbinate. On the issue,
2481:Четыре израильские танкистки — первые женщины в мировой истории, сражавшиеся в танковом бою на протяжении 17 часов подряд
254:
began for all childless Israeli women who were born between 1920 and 1930, regardless of whether they were single or married.
505:
was appointed as Israel's first female combat-battalion commander; the first female combat doctor was appointed to the elite
2022:
963:
1595:
1879:
1832:
768:
1296:
592:
900:
665:
576:
2394:
1379:
1728:
1542:
1061:
884:
657:, and female soldiers are barred from joining the frontline combat brigades that are deployed in the event of war.
90:
2147:"Lapid: Fire Chief Rabbis over objection to religious women's service in the army | JPost | Israel News"
1400:
596:
536:, she is prevented from doing military service and has proven this to the satisfaction of the exemption committee.
310:
302:
240:
1322:
829:
374:
986:
1016:
443:
293:
54:
is one of only a few countries where military service is compulsory for all able-bodied female citizens. Under
945:, Stuart A. Cohen has argued that prior to the 1990s, there had existed a general consensus in the IDF that "
797:
418:
306:
1416:
1159:
Lieutenant colonel Yarden Shukrun, commander of Shahar Battalion in the Rescue and Training Brigade of the
1197:
760:
341:
318:
251:
55:
637:. Women are allowed to serve as tank crews in the Border Defense Array, composed of units that guard the
101:
by which men and women became fully equalized — although separately — in the Israeli military apparatus.
1020:
946:
895:
rabbis issued a ruling in Jewish law stating that women are allowed to serve in the IDF; however, rabbi
805:
793:
728:
724:
690:
588:
487:
438:
188:
71:
59:
2282:
1750:
257:
Women served in many positions, including as nurses, signal operators, drivers, clerks, and cooks. The
2116:
1617:
918:
451:
425:(IAF) after she was rejected on gender grounds. During this time, former president and IAF commander
414:
907:
women are provided with the option of alternative national service instead of enlisting in the IDF.
1854:
653:
battalions and female-crewed tanks are deployed to border patrol duties and security duties in the
286:
184:
1810:
1781:
1488:
1160:
634:
173:
94:
2351:
1145:
1101:
1045:
1008:
954:
892:
661:
638:
604:
447:
422:
352:
140:
42:
1974:
1955:
1567:
437:
with regards to military service states that "The right of women to serve in any role in the
2309:
1932:
1659:
1519:
922:
868:
said: "A week ago the Chief Rabbis announced that a female serving in the IDF results in an
849:
704:
584:
568:
466:
337:
247:
2354:. "A Cultural Climate in the IDF That Legitimises Sexual Harassment of Women Soldiers", in
2401:
2390:
1352:
844:
626:
567:
Israeli medic Anastasia Bagdalov, awarded a military commendation for her role during the
382:
314:
115:
67:
2257:"The Yeshiva World Stern Joins Lapid in Condemning the Chief Rabbis " " Frum Jewish News"
2176:
2452:"All-woman Israeli Tank Crews Killed 50 Terrorists Over 17 Hours of Combat on October 7"
1469:"IDF sees surge in female conscripts seeking combat roles since start of war with Hamas"
269:
1786:
1664:
958:
911:
873:
833:
735:
618:
462:
370:
169:
1323:"Israeli Woman Who Broke Barriers Downed by Hezbollah Rocket as 2006 Combat Volunteer"
933:
could be assured that men would not receive physical exams from female medical staff.
2511:
1183:, first female Arab Christian soldier to serve in an Israeli military combat position
1180:
1174:
967:
899:
claimed that Beit Hillel did not have the authority to make such a ruling. Under the
896:
880:
825:
654:
611:
506:
502:
495:
477:
470:
458:
390:
204:, approximately 4,000 women volunteered for service in the British assisting forces.
133:
1261:
1177:, first female Bedouin Arab soldier to serve in an Israeli military combat position
904:
865:
817:
720:
708:
524:
426:
201:
79:
63:
2090:"Rabbinical association says permissible in Jewish law for women to serve in IDF"
373:, women were needed in field roles. According to Rina Bar-Tal, then-chair of the
888:
809:
801:
580:
406:
378:
17:
1705:
450:
became a full-fledged mixed-sex infantry battalion. Many women also joined the
183:
in 1948, women served in combat roles within the Jewish paramilitary groups of
1024:
853:
840:
622:
358:
250:
officially set up the IDF as the military force of Israel. On 18 August 1948,
144:
2356:
What Makes Women Sick?: Maternity, Modesty, and Militarism in Israeli Society
1928:
1997:"Israeli commander says her unit of mostly women killed 100 Hamas militants"
1905:"'Just do your job': Trainer of IDF paramedics on life-saving improvisation"
1515:
1186:
821:
216:
160:
629:, also drafts women as combat soldiers. Women are also allowed to join the
587:
until the age of 38. Each year, 1,500 female soldiers are drafted into the
501:
In 2014, there were several more firsts for women in the Israeli military:
486:
in the Israeli military upon her promotion to the role of commander of the
227:
2496:
2283:"Rabbi Riskin on Women's Enlistment: It's a Mitzvah - Jewish World - News"
2177:"Israeli ministers spar over women serving in army - National Israel News"
603:'s decision to withdraw women from frontline combat until 2000, when the
348:
208:
192:
33:
Female Israeli infantry instructors preparing for a combat exercise, 2010
361:, a lawyer, was appointed as the judge of the Israeli military court in
2064:
1437:"Women of the IDF". IDF Spokesperson's Unit. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
876:
857:
776:
759:
The report advised making it harder for women to get an exemption from
547:
540:
533:
511:
232:
212:
196:
2380:
Stuart A. Cohen Israel and Its Army: From Cohesion to Confusion pg. 68
1811:"IDF welcomes first female combat doctor in elite counterterror unit"
1076:
Female combat soldier during the IDF Combat Fitness Competition, 2010
980:
869:
646:
329:
165:
86:
51:
1833:"IDF To Allow Female Kosher Supervisors To Work on Military Bases –"
277:
78:. Those who claim such an exemption will typically be redirected to
1189:, Israeli model and actress who served in the Israel Defense Forces
2060:"IDF freezes implementation of report calling for gender equality"
1777:"First Lady: IDF Appoints First Female Combat Battalion Commander"
1637:"Israel Air Force appoints first female deputy squadron commander"
1012:
813:
642:
562:
400:
362:
292:
282:
276:
268:
159:
36:
28:
832:
were opposed to religious women serving in the military, as was
515:
supervisors were allowed to work in kitchens on military bases.
482:
236:
2231:"Education minister backs rabbis' ban on Orthodox women in IDF"
2204:"Education minister backs rabbis' ban on Orthodox women in IDF"
595:; incidents involving the abuse of female soldiers' corpses by
1226:"Statistics: Women's Service in the IDF for 2010, 25 Aug 2010"
1193:
Sexual orientation and gender identity in the Israeli military
421:
to rule in favour of her taking pilot training exams with the
76:
exemption on humanitarian, religious, or certain legal grounds
1956:"IDF chief: I don't foresee women serving at army's vanguard"
1598:. The Jewish news weekly of Northern California. 2 June 2006
816:, ardently opposed women serving in the IDF, and advocated
633:, and to serve as search-and-rescue personnel in the IDF's
591:(IDF). Women were employed in full combat roles during the
579:
requires that all conscripted female combat soldiers serve
393:, which earned her a military certificate of appreciation.
369:
Due to a rapidly growing need for ground forces during the
887:
has supported women's enlistment in the IDF. In 2014, the
446:, infantry units, and various armored divisions. By 2000,
2415:"IDF: Soldiers cannot skip ceremonies with women singing"
727:, appointed a committee to define women's service in the
734:
In September 2008, the 100-page report was presented to
532:
She has declared that for reasons of conscience, or a
2310:"IDF offers haredim 'women-free' recruitment centers"
666:
Hamas militants infiltrated the border area near Gaza
614:
as the first female commander of a combat battalion.
571:, when she treated multiple wounded passengers (2012)
187:
that would later become the central component of the
62:(IDF) may draft recruits from three communities: the
1729:"Female soldier called up to Torah on military base"
1680:"Israeli Army Celebrates First Female Major General"
1088:
Tank combat instructors after a military drill, 2013
109:
1929:"More female officers in more positions in the IDF"
1299:. Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 8 March 2009
1116:
Female Israeli field intelligence combat unit, 2011
89:, when Jewish women served in the ranks of various
2369:Gender, War, and Militarism: Feminist Perspectives
1975:"First female tank combat soldiers to be deployed"
1027:. They are reported to have killed 50 terrorists.
2023:"FADC debates religious women exemption from IDF"
804:, issued a ruling that forbade women joining the
1706:"The Israeli Air Force : First Time Around"
1543:"SPOTLIGHT ON ISRAEL: The Israel Defense Forces"
1401:CHEN: Women's Corps of the Israel Defense Forces
742:, who voiced support for the committee's vision:
617:The most notable combat option for women is the
2340:Israel and Its Army: From Cohesion to Confusion
1260:Feldinger, Lauren Gelfond (21 September 2008).
1144:Lieutenant colonel Or Ben Yehuda, commander of
943:Israel and Its Army: From Cohesion to Confusion
325:
273:Female Israeli military officer graduates, 1950
1568:"Women's Service in the Israel Defense Forces"
523:The mandated military service requirement for
297:Female Israeli soldiers in training, 1953–1954
1596:"First woman pilot in Israeli Air Force dies"
1060:Infantry instructor during field training in
97:. In 1999–2000, an amendment was made to the
82:, the alternative means of national service.
8:
2502:Female soldiers of the Israel Defense Forces
1923:
1921:
686:Gender Affairs Advisor to the Chief of Staff
104:Until 2001, female conscripts served in the
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
1770:
1768:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
679:Gender Affair Advisor to the Chief of Staff
490:; she was the second woman to serve on the
2395:Military Orders that Contradict Jewish Law
2170:
2168:
1990:
1988:
1885:. Israeli Ministry of Immigrant Absorption
1618:"50 Most Influential Jews: 49. OR NA'AMAN"
1347:
1345:
1343:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
2285:. Israel National News. 21 January 2014.
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1007:Seven Israeli tank crew members from the
413:Civilian pilot and aeronautical engineer
405:First female Israeli ordnance officer of
387:shoot down a Syrian drone and fighter jet
2259:. Theyeshivaworld.com. 16 January 2014.
2084:
2082:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1411:
1409:
1380:"60 Years of Women's Service in the IDF"
1003:All-woman Israeli tank crew fight (2023)
997:All-woman Israeli tank crew fight (2023)
351:, the first female pilot trained by the
235:giving a handling demonstration for the
226:
1874:
1872:
1590:
1588:
1516:"The Beginning, Women in the Early IDF"
1228:. Israel Defense Forces. 25 August 2010
1220:
1218:
1214:
1034:
1660:"IDF names first female major general"
1316:
1314:
664:was involved in intense fighting when
2462:from the original on 26 November 2023
2425:from the original on 27 December 2011
2289:from the original on 22 February 2014
2263:from the original on 25 February 2014
2153:from the original on 22 February 2014
1785:. Brooklyn, New York, United States:
1727:Newman, Marissa (30 September 2013).
1355:. Israel Defense Forces. 7 March 2011
773:Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee
7:
1973:Yehoshua, Yossi (26 November 2017).
631:Combat Intelligence Collection Corps
281:Female Israeli militia guard in the
125:). After a five-week-long period in
2308:Nachshoni, Kobi (31 October 2014).
2229:Newman, Marissa (13 January 2014).
2202:Newman, Marissa (13 January 2014).
1857:(in Hebrew). Israeli Defense Forces
141:October 7 surprise attack on Israel
119:
2237:from the original on 19 March 2014
2210:from the original on 19 March 2014
2096:from the original on 28 March 2018
1635:Yuval Azoulay (28 November 2007).
1547:Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1203:Women in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war
981:Tzniut § Female singing voice
435:Women's Equal Rights Law of Israel
99:Women's Equal Rights Law of Israel
25:
2183:from the original on 9 March 2014
2175:Lis, Jonathan (13 January 2014).
2021:Jeremy Bob, Yonah (4 July 2021).
1995:Ankel, Sophia (25 October 2023).
1775:Ben-Zvi, Gidon (2 January 2014).
1541:Dr. Netanel Lorch (31 May 1997).
1297:"Integration of women in the IDF"
583:for 2 years and 4 months, and in
2495:
2413:Amos Harel (14 September 2011).
2320:from the original on 7 July 2017
2127:from the original on 29 May 2016
2058:Harel, Amos (30 November 2011).
1686:. IDF Spokesperson. 23 June 2011
1658:Greenberg, Hanan (26 May 2011).
1152:
1137:
1121:
1109:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1053:
1037:
1128:Female Israeli soldiers during
1954:Eichner, Itamar (2 May 2018).
1880:"Military Service 2nd Edition"
1813:. Israel Hayom. 9 January 2014
1708:. Iaf.org.il. 27 February 2012
1487:Ben-Ari, Bar (1 August 2007).
215:and traveled from Tel Aviv to
181:formal establishment of Israel
1:
2523:Women in 21st-century warfare
2518:Women in the Israeli military
1835:. Forward.com. 9 January 2014
1753:. AWiderBridge. 7 August 2013
1104:during a field exercise, 2012
715:Segev committee report (2007)
433:In 2000, an amendment to the
818:alternative national service
705:orthodox religious practices
417:successfully petitioned the
355:, earned her wings in 1951.
2367:Laura Sjoberg, Sandra Via.
1321:Cohen, Gili (10 May 2016).
1044:Infantry instructor of the
901:Israeli Defense Service Law
610:In 2014, the IDF appointed
577:Israeli Defense Service Law
307:raped or sexually assaulted
110:
2544:
2149:. JPost. 5 February 2013.
1855:"Service Length for Women"
1000:
993:soldiers in combat units.
978:
761:mandatory military service
676:
1017:Rocket-propelled grenades
830:Chief Rabbinate of Israel
457:The first female Israeli
120:
56:Israeli conscription laws
1751:"Transgender in the IDF"
1458:The Atlantic, 7 Aug 2014
864:In response, politician
480:became the first female
41:Female graduates of the
2233:. The Times of Israel.
2206:. The Times of Israel.
1684:IDF Spokesperson's Blog
1491:. Israel Defense Forces
1382:. Israel Defense Forces
921:" recruitment centres.
798:Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel
723:, the then-head of the
593:1947–1949 Palestine War
546:She does not travel on
383:Patriot missile battery
223:Arab-Israeli War (1948)
174:1947–1949 Palestine War
95:1947–1949 Palestine War
2528:Women in war 1945–1999
1572:Jewish Women's Archive
1456:Gaza: It's a Man's War
1403:Jewish Women's Archive
1198:Conscription in Israel
1100:Female soldier of the
749:
673:Gender Affairs Advisor
572:
539:She keeps the laws of
496:Torah during a service
410:
375:Israel Women's Network
342:Israeli Prime Minister
334:
298:
290:
274:
252:mandatory conscription
243:
231:Female officer of the
176:
91:Zionist paramilitaries
46:
34:
1731:. The Times of Israel
820:instead. As of 2014,
808:(IDF). In the 1980s,
806:Israel Defense Forces
794:Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog
744:
729:Israel Defense Forces
589:Israel Defense Forces
566:
534:religious way of life
419:Israeli Supreme Court
404:
371:1973 Arab–Israeli War
303:1948 Arab–Israeli War
296:
285:during the period of
280:
272:
241:1948 Arab–Israeli War
230:
189:Israel Defense Forces
163:
60:Israel Defense Forces
40:
32:
2504:at Wikimedia Commons
2358:, UPNE, 2000. pg. 92
1264:. The Jerusalem Post
917:men "women-free and
788:Religious objections
725:Manpower Directorate
543:at home and outside.
519:Service requirements
488:Manpower Directorate
207:During the 1940s in
164:Jewish women of the
1624:. 9 September 2018.
1019:. According to the
987:Operation Cast Lead
975:Singing controversy
709:alternative service
332:will be distorted.
311:hostile Arab forces
287:reprisal operations
45:flight course, 2011
2400:2018-01-30 at the
2117:"Women in the IDF"
1935:. 30 November 2011
1782:Algemeiner Journal
1489:"A Woman of Valor"
1353:"Women in the IDF"
1262:"Skirting history"
1161:Home Front Command
955:Yitzchak Mordechai
893:national-religious
698:Service exemptions
635:Home Front Command
575:Clause 16A of the
573:
569:2011 Sinai attacks
411:
299:
291:
275:
244:
177:
47:
35:
2500:Media related to
2352:Susan Starr Sered
2338:Stuart A. Cohen.
1931:(Press release).
1146:Caracal Battalion
1102:Caracal Battalion
1046:Caracal Battalion
1009:Caracal battalion
964:American feminist
957:was charged with
937:Sexual harassment
639:borders of Israel
605:Caracal Battalion
476:On 23 June 2011,
423:Israeli Air Force
353:Israeli Air Force
265:Post-independence
185:British Palestine
43:Israeli Air Force
16:(Redirected from
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691:Israeli military
467:2006 Lebanon War
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338:David Ben-Gurion
315:prisoners of war
248:David Ben-Gurion
246:On 26 May 1948,
156:Pre-independence
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891:association of
845:Naftali Bennett
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601:Israeli cabinet
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444:Artillery Corps
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397:Gender equality
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301:Apart from the
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168:in training at
158:
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139:During Hamas's
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2490:External links
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2373:
2371:(2010). pg. 87
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2115:Kahane, Meir.
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2078:
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2027:Jerusalem Post
2013:
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1787:Simon Jacobson
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1697:
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1665:Yediot Ahronot
1650:
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1622:Jerusalem Post
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1522:. 7 March 2011
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1001:Main article:
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979:Main article:
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959:sexual assault
947:sexual prowess
938:
935:
927:Chief of Staff
834:Shmuel Eliyahu
812:, a far-right
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740:Chief of Staff
736:Gabi Ashkenazi
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677:Main article:
674:
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925:, former IDF
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660:In 2023, the
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478:Orna Barbivai
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2464:. Retrieved
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2427:. Retrieved
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2339:
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2322:. Retrieved
2313:
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2291:. Retrieved
2277:
2265:. Retrieved
2251:
2239:. Retrieved
2224:
2212:. Retrieved
2197:
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