1060:
1028:
1100:
19:
1084:
1072:
391:
1112:
1044:
27:
553:
294:, when extreme manpower shortages brought many female Israeli soldiers into land battles, women were historically prohibited by the Israeli government to go into battle, and instead served in a variety of technical and administrative support roles. Soon after the establishment of the IDF, a decree for the removal of women from frontline positions was brought into effect, and all female soldiers were accordingly pulled back into more secure areas. The cited rationale for this decision revolved around concerns over the high possibility of female Israeli soldiers being captured and subsequently
1143:
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283:
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presence" in the "senior decision-making ranks" of the military. Additionally, it called for creating an effective and well-funded system to ensure proper working environments for both male and female soldiers, and for drafting a "gender code" that would lay down explicit rules for interaction between the two sexes: "There should be no jobs or units categorically closed to either women or men ... Service in all units, postings and missions would be joint, subject to the rules of appropriate integration."
868:. This is tantamount to issuing a call to women, at least those who view themselves as religious, not to serve in the IDF... I served in the IDF for a few years and I state the military cannot function without women unless we lengthen the service of males to 4.5 years. The price that we will pay by the call of the Chief Rabbinate council that females do not enlist is not that of our daughters, but the daughters of these very same rabbis who don't serve." Rabbi
259:
63:. As the latter two communities are less populous, their women are not required to serve. Women from the Jewish majority are not exempted from the conscription laws, but serve for slightly shorter terms than male conscripts. All women who are exempted from the conscription laws may still enlist voluntarily. Jewish women who are called up for military service may apply for an
217:
2486:
150:
267:
696:. This legislation raised considerable controversy, and IDF officials feared that the exemption could be abused by any non-religious woman who did not wish to serve and thus further exacerbate the already strained personnel resources of the Israeli military. Women exempted on religious grounds were legally obliged to fulfill a period of
768:. It said the initial screening and assignment process should be unified so that men and women are part of the same system and receive their assignments based on the same criteria, including for acceptance into combat units; the panel proposed implementing this change gradually — over the course of a decade.
118:, they could serve as clerks, drivers, welfare workers, nurses, radio operators, flight controllers, ordnance personnel, and course instructors. As of 2011, around 88% of all IDF roles were open to female candidates. Concurrently, women were enlisted in 69% of all military positions available to them.
657:
in
October 2023. The female soldiers battled militants for nearly four hours as part of the broader effort to repel the incursion. By some accounts, they played a decisive part in the clashes, with estimates that the unit killed around 100 Hamas members. None of the female combat soldiers were killed
516:
women is 24 months, apart from specified roles that instead require a service length of 30 months. Women may be exempted from military service for reasons of religious conscience, marriage, pregnancy, or motherhood. A woman may receive an exemption on religious grounds under the following conditions:
978:, during which a band comprising two male and two female vocalists took to the stage to sing. The commander of the school expelled four of them after they said they would disobey orders again in similar situations. The IDF agreed to re-examine regulations on this issue, given the growing presence of
430:
is equal to the right of men." The amendment, drafted by female lawmakers, grants equal opportunities to women who are found to be physically and personally suitable for a job; the question of exactly who and what was "suitable" was left to the discretion of military leaders on a case-by-case basis.
744:
In 2007, 12 percent of all IDF jobs were completely closed to women. The report partially attributed this closure to the shorter length of service for conscripted women that reportedly served as a barrier to drafting women into the most important, in-demand jobs. The committee claimed that military
740:
The committee called for the annulment of the model that has been in place since the 1950s, under which a soldier's length of service and service options is largely determined by their gender. On this model, the report stated: "This is an archaic model that causes under-utilization of the resources
641:
Despite being officially classified as combat soldiers, women in combat roles are not explicitly deployed into combat situations. They are expected to respond in the event a combat situation does erupt, but are not deployed to areas where there is a high risk of combat. The three mixed-sex infantry
418:
openly opposed her campaign. Although Miller did not pass the examination, the ruling was a watershed and opened doors for
Israeli women in new military roles. Female legislators took advantage of the momentum to draft a bill that allowed women to volunteer for any position they could qualify for.
310:
took up positions as secretaries while the rest served primarily as instructors, nurses, clerks, and telephone operators. A few women flew transport missions in the 1950s; some women were accepted into flight training in the 1970s, but did not complete the program before it was closed to women.
938:
goes hand in hand with military accomplishment." Even when social attitudes were changing in the 1980s, the IDF was still inclined towards tolerance and a senior army official warned of not blowing the "topic out of all proportion." In 1993, it was reported that only 10 percent of around 1,000
752:
and curbing the common phenomenon of women falsely claiming exemptions on religious grounds. It also said the criteria for exemptions from service should be the same for both men and women. The panel recommended mandatory quotas for promoting women, with the goal of giving women a "significant
959:
as a "hothouse for exploitive sexual relationships" and a force whose fighting culture is based on "rampant licentiousness." While the IDF has since tried to curb sexual harassment, it remains a problem. In 2004, it was reported that 1 in 5 female
Israeli soldiers suffer sexual harassment.
250:, under which all female Israeli soldiers served, was responsible for taking care of their needs, training, and integration into different IDF units. The Women's Corps also sent young, qualified female soldiers to be teachers in Israel's then-developing areas and immigrant neighbourhoods.
672:
In 2000, the Women's Corps was dismantled so that female soldiers would be able to fall under the authority of individual units based on their jobs and not on their gender; they would likewise wear the insignia of their units instead of the insignia of the Women's Corps. The position of
682:
as "empowering women, the IDF and
Israeli society by promoting conditions that allow for the optimal use of the capabilities of women serving in the IDF; promoting equal opportunities for women during their military service; and assimilating women into military leadership positions."
354:
in
September 1969, thus becoming the first female military judge in the world. She stated in an interview: "I do not know if I want to be a military judge my whole life, but I am glad that I was appointed; it proves that the IDF leaves almost all doors open for its female soldiers."
691:
In 2020, 55% of eligible women were drafted into the IDF. Of those granted an exemption, 35-36% were exempted for religious reasons. A law passed in 1978 made exemptions for women on religious grounds automatic upon the signing of a simple declaration attesting to the observance of
454:, received her wings in 2001. By 2006, the first female pilots and navigators graduated from the IAF training course and several hundred women entered combat units, primarily in support roles such as intelligence gatherers, instructors, social workers, medics, and engineers. The
188:
paramilitary forces. The
Haganah stated in its law that its lines were open to "Every Jewish male or female, who is prepared and trained to fulfill the obligation of national defense." Most female recruits served as medics, communications specialists, and weaponeers. During
1059:
2448:
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during the engagement, which has been characterized as a validation of their abilities. The unit's performance in real-world combat against Hamas is also seen as proof that women can execute infantry missions effectively when given the requisite training.
677:
was created in 2001. Female officers who hold the position are in charge of ensuring more opportunities and a suitable environment for female soldiers as well as outlets for the enhancement of their skills. The mission of the advisor is described by the
1027:
543:
Women who arrive in Israel at age 17 and over are generally exempt from military service, but may serve on a voluntary basis. Additionally, women are generally not called up for reserve duty if they are married or if they are beyond the age of 24.
1083:
2249:
1099:
1142:
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authorities saw the reality from a joint education and spiritual perspective, this view led them to their halakhic conclusion… The problem with IDF service is the general atmosphere that does not allow for a life without pitfalls.”
939:
annually reported cases of sexual harassment are investigated. Reports of sexual harassment against women in the
Israeli military reached an average of one case per day in 1999 — an increase on the 280 complaints received in 1997.
125:, the IDF stated that fewer than 4% of their female soldiers were enlisted in combat positions, such as infantry and helicopter/fighter pilots, and that they were instead concentrated in a variety of "combat-support" positions.
316:
The army is the supreme symbol of duty and as long as women are not equal to men in performing this duty, they have not yet obtained true equality. If the daughters of Israel are absent from the army, then the character of the
1043:
1012:, the young women were the first ever female tank crews in the West to engage in active combat, lasting for 17 hours. Having received an order to move out from the border with Egypt, they moved north near the border with the
1071:
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and harassment. Another case involved the promotion of
General Nir Galili, who was accused of grooming a young female recruit for sexual relations. This issue has led to the description of the Israeli military by the
2440:
366:, roles for women beyond technical and secretarial support only started to open up in the late 1970s and early 1980s due to manpower shortages. Since then, a few women have earned ranks higher than colonel. In 1986,
745:
job postings are "to a large extent" determined by gender rather than an individual soldier's talents and abilities, and that the length of service "should depend solely on the job, rather than on one's gender."
1111:
2469:
2139:
735:
The IDF, as a leading organization in
Israeli society, designates the service of men and women to a fulfilling and respectful service based upon equal opportunities in the service of IDF and the State of
836:
stated: "I believe that all girls should do either IDF service or national service. With that, the attack on the rabbis for their traditional position is an unacceptable attack on the respect due them."
180:(IDF); the rate of women who were enlisted in combat organizations stood at 20 percent. In the years leading up to the establishment of the IDF, military service for women existed in the lines of the
1181:
845:
also voiced his support for the chief rabbis' injunction against observant women enlisting in the IDF. In 2003, Piron stated: “I don’t know of any rabbis that would allow to serve in the army. The
74:
According to
Israeli military statistics, 535 female soldiers had been killed while serving between the years of 1962 and 2016. The IDF's regulated integration of women is rooted in the days of the
720:(IDF) in the next decade, with the objective of increasing equal opportunities for female service members. The committee, headed by Yehuda Segev, submitted its report to Stern in September 2007.
2082:
462:
was the first female Israeli combat soldier to be killed in an active warzone after the passing of the amendment. In November 2007, the IAF appointed its first female deputy squadron commander.
1004:
terrorists on October 7, 2023, continuously for 17 hours straight. 20-year-old tankers Hagar, Hila, Tal Sara, Michal, Karni, Ophir and Tamar fought against hundreds of terrorists equipped with
2223:
2196:
487:
on a military base. In the same year, the Israeli military announced that it would, for the first time in Israel's history, allow a transgender woman to serve in the army as a female soldier.
18:
610:
Caracal Battalion, in which women comprise 70 percent of the troop strength. There are two other mixed-sex infantry battalions: the Lions of Jordan Battalion and the Bardelas Battalion. The
200:, a battalion was established in which women filled positions in security, weapons transport, and manned anti-aircraft posts. During the winter of 1948, women joined the combat ranks of the
208:
with their weapons concealed inside their clothes. The Palmach arm (thirty percent of which were women) trained nine female platoon commanders, and numerous other female squad commanders.
756:
The report proposed opening all jobs to women aside from a handful that would be determined by a special committee, whose decisions would require the approval of the Chief of Staff, the
974:
In September 2011, because of a religious ban on men hearing women sing, nine religiously observant cadets in the IDF officers course walked out of an evening seminar on the legacy of
2411:
2245:
375:
1787:
History was made on Wednesday when the Israel Defense Forces appointed Major Oshrat Bacher as Israel's first female combat battalion commander, Israeli daily Ma'ariv reports.
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306:
being subjected to sexual abuse was infinitely greater for female soldiers than it was for male soldiers, and therefore unacceptable. A majority of women serving in the IDF
390:
1127:
918:, expressed his willingness to relax regulations to meet the demands of ultra-Orthodox rabbis. Regulations regarding gender equality had already been relaxed so that
132:, women soldiers took a vital role in the defence operations fighting Hamas. For the first time in Israeli history, many women soldiers were abducted by Hamas to the
2135:
2386:
1118:
115:
2275:
423:
94:
87:
942:
In 1998–1999, 54 officers were expelled from the IDF on charges of sexual misconduct while others faced demotion or imprisonment. In one high-profile case,
674:
667:
247:
1893:
480:
1457:
2078:
136:. Later, during the phase of the ground fighting in the Gaza Strip, female fighters and medical women entered the Gaza Strip as part of the operation.
26:
2048:
64:
991:
302:. While the consensus was that it was fair and equitable to demand equal sacrifice and service from women, it was argued that the risk of Israeli
2113:
1191:
483:. In 2012, Merav Buchris became the first female ammunitions officer in the IAF. In 2013, in a first, a female IDF soldier was called up to the
2511:
2506:
1985:
761:
2403:
458:
marked the first time since 1948 that female soldiers were active in field operations alongside male soldiers. Airborne helicopter engineer
619:
2516:
431:
Following the amendment, a modest amount of women began to enlist in combat support and light combat roles in a few areas, including the
2219:
2192:
1765:
1625:
915:
741:... of half of Israeli society, and closes off many opportunities, both during service and for integrating into society after service."
728:
169:
2306:
1535:
2169:
1214:
370:, then-head of the Women's Corps, became the first female brigadier-general. In July 2018, female IDF captain Or Naʽaman ordered a
1444:
552:
1668:
700:
doing social or educational work assigned to them. In practice, however, women performed such service only on a voluntary basis.
589:
1435:"Statistics: Women’s Service in the IDF for 2010, 25 Aug 2010". Israel Defense Forces. 25 August 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
832:
has opposed this position and consequently campaigned for the removal of Lau and Yosef from the Chief Rabbinate. On the issue,
2470:Четыре израильские танкистки — первые женщины в мировой истории, сражавшиеся в танковом бою на протяжении 17 часов подряд
243:
began for all childless Israeli women who were born between 1920 and 1930, regardless of whether they were single or married.
494:
was appointed as Israel's first female combat-battalion commander; the first female combat doctor was appointed to the elite
2011:
952:
1821:
1584:
1868:
757:
1285:
581:
889:
654:
565:
2383:
1368:
1717:
1531:
1050:
873:
646:, and female soldiers are barred from joining the frontline combat brigades that are deployed in the event of war.
79:
2136:"Lapid: Fire Chief Rabbis over objection to religious women's service in the army | JPost | Israel News"
1389:
585:
525:, she is prevented from doing military service and has proven this to the satisfaction of the exemption committee.
299:
291:
229:
1311:
818:
363:
975:
1005:
432:
282:
43:
is one of only a few countries where military service is compulsory for all able-bodied female citizens. Under
934:, Stuart A. Cohen has argued that prior to the 1990s, there had existed a general consensus in the IDF that "
786:
407:
295:
1405:
1148:
Lieutenant colonel Yarden Shukrun, commander of Shahar Battalion in the Rescue and Training Brigade of the
1186:
749:
330:
307:
240:
44:
626:. Women are allowed to serve as tank crews in the Border Defense Array, composed of units that guard the
90:
by which men and women became fully equalized — although separately — in the Israeli military apparatus.
1009:
935:
884:
rabbis issued a ruling in Jewish law stating that women are allowed to serve in the IDF; however, rabbi
794:
782:
717:
713:
679:
577:
476:
427:
177:
60:
48:
2271:
1739:
246:
Women served in many positions, including as nurses, signal operators, drivers, clerks, and cooks. The
2105:
1606:
907:
440:
414:(IAF) after she was rejected on gender grounds. During this time, former president and IAF commander
403:
896:
women are provided with the option of alternative national service instead of enlisting in the IDF.
1843:
642:
battalions and female-crewed tanks are deployed to border patrol duties and security duties in the
275:
173:
1799:
1770:
1477:
1149:
623:
162:
83:
2340:
1134:
1090:
1034:
997:
943:
881:
650:
627:
593:
436:
411:
341:
129:
31:
1963:
1944:
1556:
426:
with regards to military service states that "The right of women to serve in any role in the
2298:
1921:
1648:
1508:
911:
857:
said: "A week ago the Chief Rabbis announced that a female serving in the IDF results in an
838:
693:
573:
557:
455:
326:
236:
2343:. "A Cultural Climate in the IDF That Legitimises Sexual Harassment of Women Soldiers", in
2390:
2379:
1341:
833:
615:
556:
Israeli medic Anastasia Bagdalov, awarded a military commendation for her role during the
371:
303:
104:
56:
2246:"The Yeshiva World Stern Joins Lapid in Condemning the Chief Rabbis " " Frum Jewish News"
2165:
2441:"All-woman Israeli Tank Crews Killed 50 Terrorists Over 17 Hours of Combat on October 7"
1458:"IDF sees surge in female conscripts seeking combat roles since start of war with Hamas"
258:
1775:
1653:
947:
900:
862:
822:
724:
607:
451:
359:
158:
1312:"Israeli Woman Who Broke Barriers Downed by Hezbollah Rocket as 2006 Combat Volunteer"
922:
could be assured that men would not receive physical exams from female medical staff.
2500:
1172:, first female Arab Christian soldier to serve in an Israeli military combat position
1169:
1163:
956:
888:
claimed that Beit Hillel did not have the authority to make such a ruling. Under the
885:
869:
814:
643:
600:
495:
491:
484:
466:
459:
447:
379:
193:, approximately 4,000 women volunteered for service in the British assisting forces.
122:
1250:
1166:, first female Bedouin Arab soldier to serve in an Israeli military combat position
893:
854:
806:
709:
697:
513:
415:
190:
68:
52:
2079:"Rabbinical association says permissible in Jewish law for women to serve in IDF"
362:, women were needed in field roles. According to Rina Bar-Tal, then-chair of the
877:
798:
790:
569:
395:
367:
1694:
439:
became a full-fledged mixed-sex infantry battalion. Many women also joined the
172:
in 1948, women served in combat roles within the Jewish paramilitary groups of
1013:
842:
829:
611:
347:
239:
officially set up the IDF as the military force of Israel. On 18 August 1948,
133:
2345:
What Makes Women Sick?: Maternity, Modesty, and Militarism in Israeli Society
1917:
1986:"Israeli commander says her unit of mostly women killed 100 Hamas militants"
1894:"'Just do your job': Trainer of IDF paramedics on life-saving improvisation"
1504:
1175:
810:
205:
149:
618:, also drafts women as combat soldiers. Women are also allowed to join the
576:
until the age of 38. Each year, 1,500 female soldiers are drafted into the
490:
In 2014, there were several more firsts for women in the Israeli military:
475:
in the Israeli military upon her promotion to the role of commander of the
216:
2485:
2272:"Rabbi Riskin on Women's Enlistment: It's a Mitzvah - Jewish World - News"
2166:"Israeli ministers spar over women serving in army - National Israel News"
592:'s decision to withdraw women from frontline combat until 2000, when the
337:
197:
181:
22:
Female Israeli infantry instructors preparing for a combat exercise, 2010
350:, a lawyer, was appointed as the judge of the Israeli military court in
2053:
1426:"Women of the IDF". IDF Spokesperson's Unit. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
865:
846:
765:
748:
The report advised making it harder for women to get an exemption from
536:
529:
522:
500:
221:
201:
185:
2369:
Stuart A. Cohen Israel and Its Army: From Cohesion to Confusion pg. 68
1800:"IDF welcomes first female combat doctor in elite counterterror unit"
1065:
Female combat soldier during the IDF Combat Fitness Competition, 2010
969:
858:
635:
318:
154:
75:
40:
1822:"IDF To Allow Female Kosher Supervisors To Work on Military Bases –"
266:
67:. Those who claim such an exemption will typically be redirected to
1178:, Israeli model and actress who served in the Israel Defense Forces
2049:"IDF freezes implementation of report calling for gender equality"
1766:"First Lady: IDF Appoints First Female Combat Battalion Commander"
1626:"Israel Air Force appoints first female deputy squadron commander"
1001:
802:
631:
551:
389:
351:
281:
271:
265:
257:
148:
25:
17:
821:
were opposed to religious women serving in the military, as was
504:
supervisors were allowed to work in kitchens on military bases.
471:
225:
2220:"Education minister backs rabbis' ban on Orthodox women in IDF"
2193:"Education minister backs rabbis' ban on Orthodox women in IDF"
584:; incidents involving the abuse of female soldiers' corpses by
1215:"Statistics: Women's Service in the IDF for 2010, 25 Aug 2010"
1182:
Sexual orientation and gender identity in the Israeli military
410:
to rule in favour of her taking pilot training exams with the
65:
exemption on humanitarian, religious, or certain legal grounds
1945:"IDF chief: I don't foresee women serving at army's vanguard"
1587:. The Jewish news weekly of Northern California. 2 June 2006
805:, ardently opposed women serving in the IDF, and advocated
622:, and to serve as search-and-rescue personnel in the IDF's
580:(IDF). Women were employed in full combat roles during the
568:
requires that all conscripted female combat soldiers serve
382:, which earned her a military certificate of appreciation.
358:
Due to a rapidly growing need for ground forces during the
876:
has supported women's enlistment in the IDF. In 2014, the
435:, infantry units, and various armored divisions. By 2000,
2404:"IDF: Soldiers cannot skip ceremonies with women singing"
716:, appointed a committee to define women's service in the
723:
In September 2008, the 100-page report was presented to
521:
She has declared that for reasons of conscience, or a
2299:"IDF offers haredim 'women-free' recruitment centers"
655:
Hamas militants infiltrated the border area near Gaza
603:
as the first female commander of a combat battalion.
560:, when she treated multiple wounded passengers (2012)
176:
that would later become the central component of the
51:(IDF) may draft recruits from three communities: the
1718:"Female soldier called up to Torah on military base"
1669:"Israeli Army Celebrates First Female Major General"
1077:
Tank combat instructors after a military drill, 2013
98:
1918:"More female officers in more positions in the IDF"
1288:. Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 8 March 2009
1105:
Female Israeli field intelligence combat unit, 2011
78:, when Jewish women served in the ranks of various
2358:Gender, War, and Militarism: Feminist Perspectives
1964:"First female tank combat soldiers to be deployed"
1016:. They are reported to have killed 50 terrorists.
2012:"FADC debates religious women exemption from IDF"
793:, issued a ruling that forbade women joining the
1695:"The Israeli Air Force : First Time Around"
1532:"SPOTLIGHT ON ISRAEL: The Israel Defense Forces"
1390:CHEN: Women's Corps of the Israel Defense Forces
731:, who voiced support for the committee's vision:
606:The most notable combat option for women is the
2329:Israel and Its Army: From Cohesion to Confusion
1249:Feldinger, Lauren Gelfond (21 September 2008).
1133:Lieutenant colonel Or Ben Yehuda, commander of
932:Israel and Its Army: From Cohesion to Confusion
314:
262:Female Israeli military officer graduates, 1950
1557:"Women's Service in the Israel Defense Forces"
512:The mandated military service requirement for
286:Female Israeli soldiers in training, 1953–1954
1585:"First woman pilot in Israeli Air Force dies"
1049:Infantry instructor during field training in
86:. In 1999–2000, an amendment was made to the
71:, the alternative means of national service.
8:
2491:Female soldiers of the Israel Defense Forces
1912:
1910:
675:Gender Affairs Advisor to the Chief of Staff
93:Until 2001, female conscripts served in the
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
1759:
1757:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
668:Gender Affair Advisor to the Chief of Staff
479:; she was the second woman to serve on the
2384:Military Orders that Contradict Jewish Law
2159:
2157:
1979:
1977:
1874:. Israeli Ministry of Immigrant Absorption
1607:"50 Most Influential Jews: 49. OR NA'AMAN"
1336:
1334:
1332:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
2274:. Israel National News. 21 January 2014.
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1363:
1361:
1359:
996:Seven Israeli tank crew members from the
402:Civilian pilot and aeronautical engineer
394:First female Israeli ordnance officer of
376:shoot down a Syrian drone and fighter jet
2248:. Theyeshivaworld.com. 16 January 2014.
2073:
2071:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1400:
1398:
1369:"60 Years of Women's Service in the IDF"
992:All-woman Israeli tank crew fight (2023)
986:All-woman Israeli tank crew fight (2023)
340:, the first female pilot trained by the
224:giving a handling demonstration for the
215:
1863:
1861:
1579:
1577:
1505:"The Beginning, Women in the Early IDF"
1217:. Israel Defense Forces. 25 August 2010
1209:
1207:
1203:
1023:
1649:"IDF names first female major general"
1305:
1303:
653:was involved in intense fighting when
2451:from the original on 26 November 2023
2414:from the original on 27 December 2011
2278:from the original on 22 February 2014
2252:from the original on 25 February 2014
2142:from the original on 22 February 2014
1774:. Brooklyn, New York, United States:
1716:Newman, Marissa (30 September 2013).
1344:. Israel Defense Forces. 7 March 2011
762:Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee
7:
1962:Yehoshua, Yossi (26 November 2017).
620:Combat Intelligence Collection Corps
270:Female Israeli militia guard in the
114:). After a five-week-long period in
2297:Nachshoni, Kobi (31 October 2014).
2218:Newman, Marissa (13 January 2014).
2191:Newman, Marissa (13 January 2014).
1846:(in Hebrew). Israeli Defense Forces
130:October 7 surprise attack on Israel
108:
2226:from the original on 19 March 2014
2199:from the original on 19 March 2014
2085:from the original on 28 March 2018
1624:Yuval Azoulay (28 November 2007).
1536:Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1192:Women in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war
970:Tzniut § Female singing voice
424:Women's Equal Rights Law of Israel
88:Women's Equal Rights Law of Israel
14:
2172:from the original on 9 March 2014
2164:Lis, Jonathan (13 January 2014).
2010:Jeremy Bob, Yonah (4 July 2021).
1984:Ankel, Sophia (25 October 2023).
1764:Ben-Zvi, Gidon (2 January 2014).
1530:Dr. Netanel Lorch (31 May 1997).
1286:"Integration of women in the IDF"
572:for 2 years and 4 months, and in
2484:
2402:Amos Harel (14 September 2011).
2309:from the original on 7 July 2017
2116:from the original on 29 May 2016
2047:Harel, Amos (30 November 2011).
1675:. IDF Spokesperson. 23 June 2011
1647:Greenberg, Hanan (26 May 2011).
1141:
1126:
1110:
1098:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1042:
1026:
1117:Female Israeli soldiers during
1943:Eichner, Itamar (2 May 2018).
1869:"Military Service 2nd Edition"
1802:. Israel Hayom. 9 January 2014
1697:. Iaf.org.il. 27 February 2012
1476:Ben-Ari, Bar (1 August 2007).
204:and traveled from Tel Aviv to
170:formal establishment of Israel
1:
2512:Women in 21st-century warfare
2507:Women in the Israeli military
1824:. Forward.com. 9 January 2014
1742:. AWiderBridge. 7 August 2013
1093:during a field exercise, 2012
704:Segev committee report (2007)
422:In 2000, an amendment to the
807:alternative national service
694:orthodox religious practices
406:successfully petitioned the
344:, earned her wings in 1951.
2356:Laura Sjoberg, Sandra Via.
1310:Cohen, Gili (10 May 2016).
1033:Infantry instructor of the
890:Israeli Defense Service Law
599:In 2014, the IDF appointed
566:Israeli Defense Service Law
296:raped or sexually assaulted
99:
2535:
2138:. JPost. 5 February 2013.
1844:"Service Length for Women"
989:
982:soldiers in combat units.
967:
750:mandatory military service
665:
1006:Rocket-propelled grenades
819:Chief Rabbinate of Israel
446:The first female Israeli
109:
45:Israeli conscription laws
1740:"Transgender in the IDF"
1447:The Atlantic, 7 Aug 2014
853:In response, politician
469:became the first female
30:Female graduates of the
2222:. The Times of Israel.
2195:. The Times of Israel.
1673:IDF Spokesperson's Blog
1480:. Israel Defense Forces
1371:. Israel Defense Forces
910:" recruitment centres.
787:Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel
712:, the then-head of the
582:1947–1949 Palestine War
535:She does not travel on
372:Patriot missile battery
212:Arab-Israeli War (1948)
163:1947–1949 Palestine War
84:1947–1949 Palestine War
2517:Women in war 1945–1999
1561:Jewish Women's Archive
1445:Gaza: It's a Man's War
1392:Jewish Women's Archive
1187:Conscription in Israel
1089:Female soldier of the
738:
662:Gender Affairs Advisor
561:
528:She keeps the laws of
485:Torah during a service
399:
364:Israel Women's Network
331:Israeli Prime Minister
323:
287:
279:
263:
241:mandatory conscription
232:
220:Female officer of the
165:
80:Zionist paramilitaries
35:
23:
1720:. The Times of Israel
809:instead. As of 2014,
797:(IDF). In the 1980s,
795:Israel Defense Forces
783:Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog
733:
718:Israel Defense Forces
578:Israel Defense Forces
555:
523:religious way of life
408:Israeli Supreme Court
393:
360:1973 Arab–Israeli War
292:1948 Arab–Israeli War
285:
274:during the period of
269:
261:
230:1948 Arab–Israeli War
219:
178:Israel Defense Forces
152:
49:Israel Defense Forces
29:
21:
2493:at Wikimedia Commons
2347:, UPNE, 2000. pg. 92
1253:. The Jerusalem Post
906:men "women-free and
777:Religious objections
714:Manpower Directorate
532:at home and outside.
508:Service requirements
477:Manpower Directorate
196:During the 1940s in
153:Jewish women of the
1613:. 9 September 2018.
1008:. According to the
976:Operation Cast Lead
964:Singing controversy
698:alternative service
321:will be distorted.
300:hostile Arab forces
276:reprisal operations
34:flight course, 2011
2389:2018-01-30 at the
2106:"Women in the IDF"
1924:. 30 November 2011
1771:Algemeiner Journal
1478:"A Woman of Valor"
1342:"Women in the IDF"
1251:"Skirting history"
1150:Home Front Command
944:Yitzchak Mordechai
882:national-religious
687:Service exemptions
624:Home Front Command
564:Clause 16A of the
562:
558:2011 Sinai attacks
400:
288:
280:
264:
233:
166:
36:
24:
2489:Media related to
2341:Susan Starr Sered
2327:Stuart A. Cohen.
1920:(Press release).
1135:Caracal Battalion
1091:Caracal Battalion
1035:Caracal Battalion
998:Caracal battalion
953:American feminist
946:was charged with
926:Sexual harassment
628:borders of Israel
594:Caracal Battalion
465:On 23 June 2011,
412:Israeli Air Force
342:Israeli Air Force
254:Post-independence
174:British Palestine
32:Israeli Air Force
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1408:. Lcweb2.loc.gov
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758:Defense Minister
680:Israeli military
456:2006 Lebanon War
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327:David Ben-Gurion
304:prisoners of war
237:David Ben-Gurion
235:On 26 May 1948,
145:Pre-independence
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2391:Wayback Machine
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1038:
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1000:fought against
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899:The IDF offers
880:association of
834:Naftali Bennett
779:
774:
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590:Israeli cabinet
550:
510:
433:Artillery Corps
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386:Gender equality
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290:Apart from the
256:
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157:in training at
147:
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128:During Hamas's
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2479:External links
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2362:
2360:(2010). pg. 87
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2104:Kahane, Meir.
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2067:
2028:
2016:Jerusalem Post
2002:
1973:
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1935:
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1776:Simon Jacobson
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1654:Yediot Ahronot
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1616:
1611:Jerusalem Post
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1511:. 7 March 2011
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990:Main article:
987:
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968:Main article:
965:
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948:sexual assault
936:sexual prowess
927:
924:
916:Chief of Staff
823:Shmuel Eliyahu
801:, a far-right
778:
775:
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729:Chief of Staff
725:Gabi Ashkenazi
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666:Main article:
663:
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608:light-infantry
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514:Jewish-Israeli
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452:Roni Zuckerman
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159:Mishmar HaEmek
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1628:. Haaretz.com
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914:, former IDF
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649:In 2023, the
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492:Oshrat Bacher
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481:General Staff
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467:Orna Barbivai
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460:Keren Tendler
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448:fighter pilot
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123:2014 Gaza War
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100:Chayil Nashim
96:
95:Women's Corps
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2453:. Retrieved
2444:
2416:. Retrieved
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2328:
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2311:. Retrieved
2302:
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2280:. Retrieved
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2254:. Retrieved
2240:
2228:. Retrieved
2213:
2201:. Retrieved
2186:
2174:. Retrieved
2144:. Retrieved
2130:
2118:. Retrieved
2109:
2099:
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