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from their convents immediately, nuns were in practice often allowed to stay in the former convent buildings on an allowance for life, provided that they did not accept any new members. This was likely due to the consideration that it was more difficult for women to support themselves if they were evicted in the male-dominated society of the time. Another factor was that nuns often came from the nobility prior to becoming nuns and thus they were related to influential people. One example of this was the
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promoted. The ideal of Bible study for commoners improved women's literacy and education, and many women became known for their interest and involvement in public debate during the
Reformation. In parallel, however, their voices were often suppressed because of the edict of the Bible that women were to be silent. The abolition of the female convents resulted in the role of
417:
442:
When commoners were encouraged to Bible study and interpret God's word during the
Reformation, women also became engaged in the public debate. However, women's preaching or publishing material stood in direct opposition to the words ascribed to St. Paul (1 Timothy 2: 11â15) which ordered women not to
403:
Women tried to become involved in the
Reformation all throughout Europe. Because the Reformation advocated study of the Bible, this was controversial, and women's voices in the Reformation were mostly suppressed, with their writings destroyed because of the edict in the Bible for women to be silent.
206:
The marriage of nuns still remained controversial in the eyes of the public, however. While these marriages were officially encouraged by the reformers, they were nevertheless in practice seen as controversial by the public, who were raised to believe in the sanctity in the celibacy of priests, monks
215:
In parallel to the abolition of the nunneries, a new informal position for women within the church was created in the form of the pastor's wife. In many cases, the priests married their housekeepers, with whom they had already been living with before priests were allowed to marry. An example of this
94:
mandated the education of girls along with the boys. Bible studies had different effects on the position of women, depending on which scripture was studied, and how it was interpreted. In some cases, it benefitted women, when they found passages suggesting women were equal to men in the presence of
86:
The
Reformation promoted literacy and the study of the Bible in vernacular language in order to study how society should look like in the eyes of God. Commoners and not only clergy were now encouraged to study the Bible, which in turn encouraged literacy. Literacy and Bible study were, to a varying
554:
The convents were closed and banned from accepting any new members, while the existing members were allowed to leave and marry or return to their families if they wished. In practice, there was often some difference in how the convents for men and women were treated. While monks were often evicted
550:
One of the biggest changes in women's roles during the reformation was the closure of the convents for women, which had until then provided an alternative role for women to that of a wife and mother. The biblical ideal of women as seen by the reformers was that of a wife and a mother, and the nuns
361:
During the
Reformation, when women's role became a topic of discussion in context to the ongoing Bible studies, women's political power, as well as women's proper Biblical place in other areas, became a subject of debate. Female rule and women's role in politics was itself controversial for some
1257:
The monastery is mentioned for the first time in 1197. It belongs to the group of so-called LĂŒneklöstern (monasteries of LĂŒne), which became
Lutheran convents following the Protestant Reformation. It is currently one of several Lutheran convents maintained by the Monastic Chamber of Hanover
64:
was deeply influenced by Bible study, as the
Reformation promoted literacy and Bible study in order to study God's will in what a society should look like. This influenced women's lives in both positive and negative ways, depending on what scripture and passages of the Bible were studied and
123:
The
Reformation abolished the celibacy for priests, monks and nuns and promoted marriage as the ideal state for both men and women. While men still had the opportunity to become clergymen, women could no longer become nuns, and marriage came to be seen as the only proper role for a woman.
482:
Most of the evidence of works or writings that are written by women are from their letters or through the testimonials of the women who were being questioned about their faith. It is important to note that these testimonials, based on the women of the
Reformation, were written by men.
407:
Despite this, many female
Protestant reformers are known, and some male reformers are known to have been less opposed to women participating in the public debate. Reformer John Calvin was known for contacting several noblewomen to ascertain their opinions on certain religious topics.
227:
The marriages of priests set the standard of a new role in society, which was that of the pastor's wife. The position of a pastor's wife was a new women's role in society, in which the pastor's wife was expected to engage in the welfare of the members of her husband's parish.
551:
were encouraged to leave the convents and marry. In areas where convents were closed, this eliminated the option of a full-time religious role for Protestant women. While men still had the option of becoming a clergyman, the ideal role for a woman was now only that of a wife.
267:
Despite the ideal of the domestic housewife promoted by the Reformation, women continued to fill different roles depending on their class, and while the role of nun was abolished, noblewomen continued to manage large estates and merchant women continued to manage businesses.
98:
The women's ideal promoted during the Reformation was the women were to be silent and obedient wives and mothers, devoted to household tasks and childcare. The purpose of women's education was the development of an accepted concept of marriage and training in
34:, wife of Luther, the founder of the Reformation. As a former nun and pioneering Vicar's wife as well as the perhaps most famous woman of the Reformation, she can be seen as a symbol of the changing role of women in the Protestant Reformation.
231:
The new phenomenon caused problems because the pastor did not own his vicarage and his widow was thus left without means to support herself after his death. In Germany and the Nordic countries, this problem resulted in the phenomenon called
466:
The sole alternative role for women which had existed outside of marriage, to join a convent, was no longer available in Reformed Protestant areas, although some convents voluntarily participated in the Reformation. For example, following
315:, who was the representative of the Emperor and de facto ruler of ZĂŒrich, played an important part for the successful introduction of the Reformation in ZĂŒrich and consequently the spread of Zwingli's Protestanism in Europe.
1258:(Klosterkammer Hannover), an institution of the former Kingdom of Hanover founded by its Prince-Regent, later King George IV of the United Kingdom, in 1818, in order to manage and preserve the estates of Lutheran convents.
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and nuns. Katharina von Bora was thus by some considered to be a horrible role model for women who, like herself, had married priests, as well as for former nuns who had left their convents, despite the official doctrine.
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himself taught that "the wife should stay at home and look after the affairs of the household as one who has been deprived of the ability of administering those affairs that are outside and concern the state..."
244:
The Bible study and literacy promoted during the Reformation did have an effect on women's position, as secular women becoming publicly known as writers and authors, which had been uncommon before. The Calvinist
146:
A new phenomenon during the Reformation was the abolition of the female convents and the marriage of former nuns. When the nunneries were closed, nuns were formally allowed to return to their families or marry.
198:
in 1575. There were cases in which former nuns married former monks, such as when the Swedish nun Ingeborg Ă
kesdotter married the former monk Hans Klasson KökkemÀster, who became a Lutheran priest after the
2478:
127:
The Biblical role of a wife was regarded to be that of a companion to her husband, but she was always his subordinate. Obedience was demanded by husbands, and wives were restricted in their actions.
891:
Blaisdell, Charmarie, 'Religion, Gender, and Class: Nuns and Authority in Early Modern France', in Michael Wolfe (ed.), Changing Identities in Early Modern France (London, 1997), pp. 147â168.
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and her nuns were allowed to reside in the closed convent for life; in Norway, where Bakke Abbey was officially closed in 1537 but the nuns remained until at least 1561; in Finland, where
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convinced him it would be a good idea to marry her. Due to her moderately wealthy background and a household license to brew and sell beer, she was able to support Luther financially.
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380:. While Knox believed that gynarchy was contrary to the natural order of things, Calvin and Heinrich believed it was acceptable for women to be rulers when the situation demanded.
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and other nuns, Ursula (in 1528) published 69 articles justifying their reasons to leave their convent. Although her writings reached Martin Luther, they were listed on the
1742:
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131:
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was able to converse fluently in Greek and Latin, and lectured as a teen on Cicero and Calvin's works. Her writings were published posthumously and also placed on the
869:
For a contemporary discussion of biblical references on this topic, see Hargraves Home and Health post, "Does the Bible teach that women are subordinate?". Website:
1068:
Grijp, Louis and Jolderma, Hermina (editors and translators), "Elisabeth's Manly Courage: Testimonials and Songs of Martyred Anabaptist Women in the Low Countries,"
785:, three women martyred for Protestantism in 1556, one woman was pregnant and gave birth while being burned, the child was rescued but then ordered to be burned, too
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Aside from women rulers, powerful women acted as patrons of and used their influence to benefit the Reformation even when they were not themselves rulers. Queen
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The situation was more complicated when it came to women's participation in the Reformation on leader positions and on higher levels, such as in theology.
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There were examples of female rulers who benefitted and even introduced the reformation in their realms during their time in power. One such example was
2792:
1896:
704:
978:
Anna taskomakare, www.skbl.se/sv/artikel/AnnaTaskomakare, Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon (article by Gabriela Bjarne Larsson), retrieved 2021-01-14.
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326:, was not only an indirect cause of the English Reformation due to the king's wish to marry her despite being denied an annulment from his first wife
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riots in Amsterdam in 1566; this corresponded to women participating also on the opposite side, as defenders of Catholic chapels and icons, such as
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were forced to leave the city with the introduction of the Reformation; as well as in The Netherlands, when the Reformation took place during the
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It was thus uncommon for nuns to be aggressively evicted from their convents, but it did occur. Such events took place in Geneva, where the nun
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1007:, (1968) Queen of Navarre, Jeanne d'Albret: 1528â1572. Cambridge Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-74150-1.
2000:
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1299:(1968) Queen of Navarre, Jeanne d'Albret: 1528â1572. Cambridge Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-74150-1.
1227:
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Women are known to have actively participated in the Reformation on a lower level as participators in iconoclastic riots, such as famously
220:, with whom he had two sons: he and other Swedish priests were commanded to marry their housekeeper-mistresses after the introduction of
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Despite the Biblical ideal of the silent woman, women did participate in the public debate during the Reformation as writers, such as
372:. At the time, both Scotland and England were governed by female leaders. While in Europe, Knox discussed this issue of gynarchy with
987:
Ernst-August Nebig: Elisabeth Herzogin von Calenberg. Regentin, Reformatorin, Schriftstellerin, MatrixMedia Verlag, Göttingen, 2006,
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1037:
Lindberg, Carter. "Legacies of the Reformation," in The European Reformation Sourcebook. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2000. p. 261.
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secured the economical support and pension of her nuns after the introduction of the Reformation in 1560,; in Iceland, were Abbess
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Some businesswomen benefitted from the secularisation of clerical property during the Reformation, as did their male counterparts.
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Den svenska kyrkoordningen 1571 jÀmte studier kring tillkomst, innehÄll och anvÀndning published by Sven Kjöllerström, Lund 1971.
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Consequently, marriage was idealized, and the role of women within marriage was studied within the context of Bible studies.
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Kurtz, Johann Heinrich (2005). History of the Christian Church from the Reformation to the Present V. Kessinger Publishing.
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during the Huguenot wars in France, and as such played a major role in Protestantism during the Reformation. The support
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teach or preach, so that all women who published felt it necessary to justify their actions. The only exception was the
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279:, who successfully traded copper and iron, also benefitted of the Reformation's secularisation of clerical property.
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In some cases, the reformation resulted in males committing bigamy, as polygamy for men was tolerated in the Bible.
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lived on state allowances as well as managing a school for girls. The case was similar in Scotland, were prioress
526:. She published a series of pedagogical writings for elementary-age teaching and also wrote poetry. Lutheran poet
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186:, who was forced to become a nun by her family against her own will, ran away from the convent to the Protestant
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The same pattern can be observed in almost every country during the reformating regarding the nuns. In England,
291:, who introduced the Reformation in Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen during her tenure as regent in 1540â1545, and
275:(d. 1552) was a noblewoman landowner who retracted donations her ancestors had made to the church. The merchant
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were forced to evacuate the nuns and flee from the abbey, which was vandalized and destroyed by iconoclasts.
578:, abbess of Wilton Abbey, were both given allowances along with their nuns, and in Sweden, the former nuns of
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1538:
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567:, from which the last nuns emigrated in 1595, about half a century after the introduction of reformation.
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degree, encouraged for women as well, for them to be a biblical influence for children and their husband.
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Schooling for girls and literacy for women consequently and gradually became more common. For example, the
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Tegenborg Falkdalen, Karin, Margareta Regina: vid Gustav Vasas sida : , Setterblad, Stockholm, 2016
509:
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was the marriage between the Catholic priest Curatus Petrus (Per Joensson) and his housekeeper-mistress
163:
103:. Women were taught how to look after children, care for their homes, make clothing for her family, and
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renounced her considerable rights as Princess Abbess to introduce the reformation in her territories.
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she played a role in cultivating developed into the Protestant Church of England that exists today.
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was closed in 1536 but the nuns remained until 1551, after which the Abbey was transformed in to a
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327:
200:
1028:
André Gounelle, « Zwingli, l'autre pÚre de la Réforme » , sur le site du journal Réforme
295:, who also supported the reformation in her domain during her regency. Another example was queen
95:
God. In other cases, it did the opposite, when misogynic passages of the Bible were emphasised.
27:
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Irene Gysel, « Katharina von Zimmern, FlĂŒchtling â Ăbtissin â Ehefrau â Witwe » , sur
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42:
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1968:
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House of Benedictine Nuns â Abbey of Wilton, British History Online, retrieved 6 April 2010
1080:
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46:
436:. These examples of enthusiasm were generally praised by their contemporary sympathisers.
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330:: she also directly acted as a patron of Protestantism in England at the time. In France,
300:
236:, in which the newly appointed pastor was expected to marry the widow of his predecessor.
1161:
The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women (Hardcover) by Elizabeth L. Ewan, Sue Innes
767:(1521â1546), tortured in the Tower of London and martyred in Smithfield for Protestantism
498:
was a friend of Martin Luther and the first female Reformation-era hymn writer. In 1590,
857:
38:
17:
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Sydenham, Laura (1959). Shaftesbury and its Abbey. Lingfield, Surrey: The Oakwood Press
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https://www.hargraveshomeandhearth.com/does-the-bible-teach-that-women-are-subordinate/
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100:
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was closed in 1527 but the nuns remained for fifty years after; and in Denmark, where
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Marijke Carasso-Cook, Korsendr, Angel. , I: Online Dictionary of NederlÀnderna. URL:
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in Sweden, where female convents existed for decades after the reformation such as
416:
723:
Many women were martyred or imprisoned for Protestantism during the Reformation.
715:
546:
Signature of Abbess Elizabeth Zouche on the deed of surrender of her Abbey in 1539
119:
Katharina von Bora played a role in shaping social ethics during the Reformation.
2899:
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2647:
2642:
2506:
2421:
2315:
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2005:
1619:
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812:
779:(d. 1556), martyred while pregnant for Protestantism, together with Agnes George
770:
658:
622:
560:
425:
392:
373:
319:
1195:
Kees Kuiken, Hanssens, Louise, in: Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland. URL:
138:. Philip I had committed bigamy by the approval of the reformer Martin Luther.
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edited by C. Arnold Snyder, Linda A. Huebert Hecht, 1996, Google Books preview
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764:
444:
429:
254:
246:
299:, who introduced the Reformation in Navarre. She also became a leader of the
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3150:
3145:
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2904:
2632:
2622:
2325:
2311:
2035:
1125:
Lennart JörÀlv: Reliker och mirakel. Den heliga Birgitta och Vadstena (2003)
677:
579:
369:
249:
was a translator and poet, who published the first English sonnet sequence.
171:
1720:
935:
Karin Tegenborg Falkdalen: Kyrkomiljö pĂ„ Jamtli (2007) Ăstersund (Swedish)
911:
856:
See multiple Bible verses on the women's obedience at Open Bible Website:
3118:
2997:
2637:
2330:
2076:
2066:
2020:
2015:
2010:
1705:
900:
Gadd, Pia: Frillor, fruar och herrar â en okĂ€nd kvinnohistoria Falun 2009
691:. Three exclusively female Lutheran orders for women open today are the
612:
Lutheran house of secular canonesses for the use of unmarried noblewomen
3155:
3085:
2745:
2709:
719:
Woodcut of the burning of Anne Askew, for heresy, at Smithfield in 1546
365:
The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women
2171:
2091:
1958:
1197:
http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Hanssens
1048:
http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Korsendr
669:
626:
471:'s choice to defy her Catholic husband and smuggle Lutheran books to
70:
50:
1103:"'The Holy Feminine', Journal of Religion, Culture, and Public Life"
1082:
Encyclopedia of women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England
1017:
2719:
1291:
Profiles of Anabaptist Women: Sixteenth-Century Reforming Pioneers
714:
688:
611:
541:
415:
387:
349:
289:
Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen
114:
37:
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66:
1724:
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became the first woman ever to have her writings listed on the
1059:
Wiesner, Merry E., "The Reformation of the Women," pp. 148â149
946:"Catherine Parr | Biography, Death, & Facts | Britannica"
648:
Martin Luther had not planned to get married, but former nun
1225:
http://www.covenanter.org/JCalvin/titussermons/srmtts11.htm
1172:"'Jussie, Jeanne de', Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse"
1332:. Vol. 2. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing.
1078:
Anne R. Larsen; Diana Robin; Carole Levin, eds. (2007).
803:(d. 1558), testified for and martyred for Protestantism
3337:
Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America
447:
religion, where women could preach in church. Because
858:
https://www.openbible.info/topics/womans_obedience%7C
334:
was famous for her protection of protestants, as was
1219:
Calvin, John. "A Sermon of M. Iohn Caluine upon the
257:, became the first English woman to publish a book (
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1989:
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Western Civilization: A History of European Society
791:(1534â1556), blind woman martyred for Protestantism
1079:
773:(d. 1550), English Anabaptist martyr in Smithfield
882:Signum svenska kulturhistoria: RenÀssansen (2005)
661:agreed that "the woman's place is in the home."
451:was a woman, Parliament decided to make her the
73:becoming the only remaining ideal for a woman.
530:was exiled from her home in Austria during the
1736:
1362:
8:
395:throws her slipper at a crucifix. Print by
150:The most famous example was the former nun
76:
2813:
1743:
1729:
1721:
1386:
1369:
1355:
1347:
1152:FornvÀnnen: Frith Hall: Skokloster (1909).
910:StÄlberg, Wilhelmina; Berg, P. G. (1864).
687:These protestant convents became known as
453:Supreme Governor of the Church of England
340:Isabella of Navarre, Viscountess of Rohan
134:exposed the secret bigamy of her brother
707:is mixed, it is almost entirely female.
680:) adopted the Lutheran Christian faith.
563:, where the last nuns died in 1582, and
26:
3161:Fostering of early experimental science
1309:. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books.
831:
705:CommunitÀt Christusbruderschaft Selbitz
362:Protestant reformers, most famously in
3265:Fundamentalist â Modernist controversy
912:"17 (Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor)"
428:, who participated in the part in the
797:(d. 1557), martyred for Protestantism
457:Supreme Head of the Church of England
7:
158:. Other examples were former abbess
1247:. Medieval Histories. 8 August 2014
77:Women's role during the Reformation
574:, abbess of Shaftesbury Abbey and
25:
528:Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg
1390:Theological writers and scholars
1221:Epistle of Saint Paul, to Titus.
1018:http://frauen-und-reformation.de
1003:See biography of Jeanne III, by
847:See Ephesians 5:22 in the Bible.
461:Elizabethan Religious Settlement
283:Women Rulers and the Reformation
190:, and married to the Protestant
92:Swedish Church Ordinance of 1571
45:is the only woman's name on the
3418:16th century in women's history
1101:Allen, Charlotte (1999-12-01).
621:documented how the nuns of the
3124:Separation of church and state
2793:Formal and material principles
2778:Separation of church and state
1674:Significant for another reason
1579:Marietje Jan de Gortersdochter
1503:Anna II, Abbess of Quedlinburg
701:Evangelical Sisterhood of Mary
682:Anna II, Abbess of Quedlinburg
1:
2788:Hymnody of continental Europe
1939:Apostles in the New Testament
504:Geistliche Psalmen und Lieder
264:under her own name in 1545.
1645:Anna RadziwiĆĆĂłwna Kiszczyna
1630:Anna Maria of the Palatinate
332:Margaret of Valois-AngoulĂȘme
240:Public and professional role
188:Electorate of the Palatinate
2236:Eastern Orthodox opposition
524:Index Librorum Prohibitorum
477:Index Librorum Prohibitorum
154:, who married the reformer
3434:
2253:Art patronage of Julius II
1303:Lehman, Godfrey D (1997).
873:| accessed 18 August 2023.
739:(â 1538), MĂŒnster, Germany
557:suppression of monasteries
3345:
2756:CalvinistâArminian debate
1758:
1385:
1326:Hause, Steven C. (2005).
1209:Lectures on Genesis 3:11.
1086:. ABC-CLIO, Inc. p.
693:CommunitÀt Casteller Ring
631:Dutch War of Independence
502:published the psalm-book
3245:Christian existentialism
1660:Elisabeth of Brandenburg
1432:Elisabeth of Brandenburg
1427:Catherine Vasa of Sweden
1379:women in the Reformation
1377:16th-century Protestant
860:accessed 18 August 2023.
469:Catherine of Mecklenburg
18:Women in the Reformation
1752:History of Christianity
1686:Anna Pehrsönernas moder
1640:Inger Ottesdotter RĂžmer
1539:Wendelmoet Claesdochter
731:Wendelmoet Claesdochter
664:Some convents (such as
218:Anna Pehrsönernas moder
3413:Christianity and women
3408:Protestant Reformation
3313:Fourth Great Awakening
3200:Second Great Awakening
2439:Fall of Constantinople
2231:Development of primacy
1493:Birgitta Botolfsdotter
726:Some of them include:
720:
547:
449:Elizabeth I of England
421:
400:
358:
354:The Reformation queen
346:Politics and patronage
260:Prayers or Meditations
176:Birgitta Botolfsdotter
120:
61:Protestant Reformation
54:
35:
3308:Reformed epistemology
3250:Third Great Awakening
3220:Seventh-day Adventist
3141:First Great Awakening
3014:Book of Common Prayer
2808:Protestant work ethic
2351:Independent Catholics
2302:Monastery dissolution
1655:Marguerite de Navarre
1594:Elisabeth Wandscherer
1478:Katharina von Zimmern
1468:Ursula of Munsterberg
821:(â 1570), Netherlands
815:(â 1568), Netherlands
745:(â 1539), Netherlands
733:(â 1527), Netherlands
718:
545:
510:Olimpia Fulvia Morata
473:Ursula of Munsterberg
419:
391:
384:Ecclesiastical status
356:Jeanne III of Navarre
353:
324:Henry VIII of England
309:Katharina von Zimmern
297:Jeanne III of Navarre
222:Reformation in Sweden
164:Katharina von Zimmern
118:
41:
30:
3131:Edicts of toleration
2940:Three Forms of Unity
2705:Bohemian Reformation
2278:Catholic Reformation
2135:Roman state religion
1954:Council of Jerusalem
1665:Barbara von Wertheim
1544:Anneke Esaiasdochter
1473:Charlotte of Bourbon
743:Anneke Esaiasdochter
307:was given by Abbess
293:Barbara von Wertheim
253:, the sixth wife of
210:
184:Charlotte of Bourbon
174:, and former abbess
160:Charlotte of Bourbon
3303:Liberation theology
3210:Jehovah's Witnesses
3043:Radical Reformation
2771:Resistance theories
2658:Christian mysticism
2653:Early Scholasticism
2365:Ecclesial community
2263:Counter-Reformation
2128:Constantinian shift
1512:Reformation martyrs
1397:Argula von Grumbach
1297:Nancy Lyman Roelker
1005:Nancy Lyman Roelker
600:ReynistaĂ°arklaustur
596:Solveig RafnsdĂłttir
532:Counter-Reformation
488:Argula von Grumbach
479:from 1596 to 1900.
434:Engel Korsendochter
420:Argula von Grumbach
328:Catherine of Aragon
201:Swedish Reformation
3377:Oriental Orthodoxy
3020:King James Version
2832:Ninety-five Theses
2628:Apostolic Brethren
2402:Church of the East
2397:Oriental Orthodoxy
2243:Crusading movement
1763:Early Christianity
1625:Elisabeth of Hesse
1604:Katarzyna Weiglowa
1524:MarĂa de BohĂłrquez
1463:Katharina von Bora
1442:Elisabeth Cruciger
1417:Elizabeth Melville
1230:2020-10-03 at the
950:www.britannica.com
807:MarĂa de BohĂłrquez
749:Katarzyna Weiglowa
721:
650:Katharina von Bora
548:
500:Christine of Hesse
496:Elisabeth Cruciger
422:
401:
378:Heinrich Bullinger
359:
234:widow conservation
192:William the Silent
152:Katharina von Bora
132:Elisabeth of Hesse
121:
55:
36:
32:Katharina von Bora
3395:
3394:
3372:Eastern Orthodoxy
3240:Finnish Awakening
3195:Holiness movement
3136:Congregationalism
3095:
3094:
2955:Metrical psalters
2392:Eastern Orthodoxy
2336:Neo-Scholasticism
2043:Canon development
1944:Jewish Christians
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1574:Ursula van Beckum
1412:Magdalena Heymair
1339:978-0-534-62122-3
1316:978-1-57392-144-2
1245:"Kloster Ebstorf"
759:Ursula van Beckum
697:Daughters of Mary
668:near the town of
538:Convents and nuns
520:Magdalena Heymair
211:The pastor's wife
168:FraumĂŒnster Abbey
16:(Redirected from
3425:
2814:
2201:Non-Chalcedonian
2182:Constantinople I
1974:General epistles
1969:Pauline epistles
1949:Paul the Apostle
1927:Great Commission
1745:
1738:
1731:
1722:
1696:Catherine Tishem
1691:Catharina Herman
1681:Amalia of Cleves
1569:Maria van Beckum
1559:Guernsey Martyrs
1554:Elizabeth Pepper
1498:Elizabeth Zouche
1447:Catherine Tishem
1387:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1348:
1343:
1320:
1278:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1254:
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1241:
1235:
1217:
1211:
1207:Luther, Martin.
1205:
1199:
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883:
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874:
867:
861:
854:
848:
845:
839:
836:
783:Guernsey Martyrs
777:Elizabeth Pepper
755:Maria van Beckum
619:Jeanne de Jussie
572:Elizabeth Zouche
397:Reinier Vinkeles
301:French Huguenots
277:Anna Taskomakare
273:Anna Karlsdotter
196:Prince of Orange
162:, former abbess
142:Marriage of nuns
47:Reformation Wall
21:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3341:
3328:Christian right
3230:Oxford Movement
3205:Restorationists
3176:
3091:
3024:
2959:
2910:Presbyterianism
2881:
2861:Book of Concord
2812:
2736:
2734:
2726:
2493:
2383:
2376:
2212:
2111:
2103:
2062:Clement of Rome
1992:
1985:
1889:
1883:
1772:
1754:
1749:
1719:
1710:
1701:Idelette Calvin
1669:
1650:Renée of France
1635:Jeanne d'Albret
1608:
1549:Aefgen Listincx
1507:
1488:Cecily Bodenham
1451:
1381:
1375:
1340:
1325:
1317:
1302:
1287:
1285:Further reading
1282:
1281:
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1232:Wayback Machine
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837:
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828:
737:Aefgen Listincx
713:
674:Bursfelde Abbey
639:Louise Hanssens
584:Euphemia Leslie
576:Cecily Bodenham
540:
455:instead of the
414:
412:Women reformers
386:
348:
336:Renée of France
322:, wife of King
285:
242:
213:
144:
113:
101:domestic skills
84:
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23:
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15:
12:
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5:
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3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3325:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3293:Pentecostalism
3290:
3288:Jesus movement
3285:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
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3116:
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3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3079:Martyrs Mirror
3075:
3070:
3065:
3063:Martyrs' Synod
3060:
3055:
3053:Swiss Brethren
3050:
3045:
3040:
3034:
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3026:
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3023:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3005:
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2805:
2800:
2798:Law and Gospel
2795:
2790:
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2775:
2774:
2773:
2763:
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2529:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
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2491:
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2481:
2479:Ottoman Empire
2476:
2471:
2466:
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2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2429:
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2318:
2309:
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2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2222:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2208:Biblical canon
2205:
2204:
2203:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2119:
2117:
2109:Late antiquity
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2057:Church Fathers
2050:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
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1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
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1622:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
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1576:
1571:
1566:
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1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1483:Marie DentiĂšre
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1422:Katharina Zell
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1300:
1294:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1262:
1236:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:hls-dhs-dss.ch
1163:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1093:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1009:
996:
980:
971:
962:
937:
928:
902:
893:
884:
875:
862:
849:
840:
830:
829:
827:
824:
823:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
752:
746:
740:
734:
712:
709:
643:Ter Hage Abbey
604:NĂ„dendal Abbey
565:Vadstena Abbey
539:
536:
492:Marie Dentiere
413:
410:
385:
382:
347:
344:
284:
281:
251:Catherine Parr
241:
238:
212:
209:
180:Vadstena Abbey
143:
140:
112:
109:
83:
80:
78:
75:
57:The status of
43:Marie DentiĂšre
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3430:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:Protestantism
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
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3338:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3255:Azusa Revival
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3235:Laestadianism
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3172:Old Lutherans
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2956:
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2951:
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2946:
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2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
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2875:
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2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2838:Diet of Worms
2836:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
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1902:Life of Jesus
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1890:Apostolic Age
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1589:Anneke Ogiers
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1437:Emilia Lanier
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819:Anneke Ogiers
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671:
667:
666:Ebstorf Abbey
662:
660:
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654:Martin Luther
651:
646:
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635:Amalberga Vos
632:
628:
624:
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613:
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156:Martin Luther
153:
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128:
125:
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110:
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102:
96:
93:
88:
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74:
72:
68:
63:
62:
59:Women in the
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
29:
19:
3298:Charismatics
3281:
3260:Gospel music
3190:Camp meeting
3182:1789âpresent
3114:Missionaries
3084:
3077:
3068:Menno Simons
3012:
3008:Church music
2859:
2830:
2715:Conciliarism
2700:Papal Schism
2542:Scandinavian
2434:Great Schism
2412:Nestorianism
2384:Christianity
2316:priest holes
2197:Chalcedonian
2160:Christianity
2114:Great Church
1922:Resurrection
1564:Alice Benden
1529:Alice Driver
1328:
1305:
1265:
1256:
1249:. Retrieved
1239:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1191:
1180:. Retrieved
1175:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1110:. Retrieved
1107:First Things
1106:
1096:
1081:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1012:
999:
983:
974:
965:
954:. Retrieved
952:. 2024-06-26
949:
940:
931:
920:. Retrieved
918:(in Swedish)
916:runeberg.org
915:
905:
896:
887:
878:
865:
852:
843:
834:
801:Alice Driver
795:Alice Benden
725:
722:
686:
663:
647:
616:
608:Maribo Abbey
588:Elcho Priory
569:
553:
549:
518:
513:
508:
503:
485:
481:
465:
456:
452:
441:
438:
430:iconoclastic
423:
406:
402:
363:
360:
317:
286:
270:
266:
258:
243:
230:
226:
214:
205:
149:
145:
129:
126:
122:
97:
89:
85:
58:
56:
3387:Catholicism
3324:Protestants
3318:Evangelical
2993:39 Articles
2988:Elizabethan
2965:Anglicanism
2945:Westminster
2855:Melanchthon
2818:Lutheranism
2783:Nicodemites
2761:Arminianism
2732:Reformation
2673:Bonaventure
2648:Inquisition
2643:Waldensians
2593:Investiture
2571:Kievan Rus'
2527:Anglo-Saxon
2507:Pelagianism
2499:Middle Ages
2422:Iconodulism
2297:Thomas More
2218:Catholicism
2140:Monasticism
2123:Constantine
2048:Persecution
2006:Adoptionism
1991:Ante-Nicene
1934:Holy Spirit
1917:Crucifixion
1888:Origins and
1789:2nd and 3rd
1620:Anne Boleyn
1613:Benefactors
1584:Weyn Ockers
1534:Joan Bocher
1456:Former nuns
1306:We The Jury
1251:20 November
1178:(in French)
813:Weyn Ockers
771:Joan Bocher
703:. Although
659:John Calvin
633:; abbesses
625:convent in
623:Poor Clares
561:Vreta Abbey
426:Weyn Ockers
393:Weyn Ockers
374:John Calvin
320:Anne Boleyn
313:FraumĂŒnster
182:in Sweden.
107:livestock.
3402:Categories
3109:Revivalism
3030:Anabaptism
2978:Henry VIII
2803:Literature
2427:Iconoclasm
2407:Chrysostom
2360:Vatican II
2326:Jansenists
2312:Mass rocks
2248:Lateran IV
2167:Athanasius
2087:Tertullian
2031:Marcionism
2026:Gnosticism
1979:Revelation
1897:Background
1599:Joan Waste
1519:Anne Askew
1407:Anne Locke
1402:Anne Bacon
1182:2023-05-21
1112:2023-05-21
956:2024-08-17
922:2023-05-21
826:References
789:Joan Waste
765:Anne Askew
699:, and the
689:damenstift
445:Anabaptist
255:Henry VIII
247:Anne Locke
3275:Ecumenism
3225:Adventism
3215:Mormonism
3151:Millerism
3146:Methodism
3101:1640â1789
3003:Civil War
2950:Orthodoxy
2905:Huguenots
2887:Calvinism
2872:Eucharist
2867:Orthodoxy
2751:Eucharist
2683:Five Ways
2633:Dulcinian
2586:Pomerania
2512:Gregory I
2356:Vatican I
2346:Modernism
2331:Molinists
2321:Guadalupe
2192:Chalcedon
2187:Ephesus I
2177:Augustine
2053:Apostolic
2036:Montanism
2001:Diversity
1777:Centuries
678:Bursfelde
580:Sko Abbey
370:John Knox
82:Education
3367:Theology
3355:Missions
3350:Timeline
3322:Mainline
3270:Pacifism
3119:Baptists
3038:Theology
2998:Puritans
2973:Timeline
2915:Scotland
2843:Theology
2690:Wycliffe
2638:Crusades
2613:Bogomils
2566:Bulgaria
2522:Germanic
2474:Ethiopia
2372:Timeline
2150:Nicaea I
2145:Councils
2077:Irenaeus
2072:Ignatius
2067:Polycarp
2021:Donatism
2016:Docetism
2011:Arianism
1912:Ministry
1706:Rose Lok
1228:Archived
1223:Online:
809:(â 1559)
761:(â 1544)
751:(â 1539)
111:Marriage
3360:Martyrs
3156:Pietism
3086:Ausbund
3058:MĂŒntzer
2983:Cranmer
2930:Baptism
2895:Zwingli
2746:Erasmus
2695:Avignon
2678:Aquinas
2668:Francis
2663:Dominic
2623:Cathars
2618:Bosnian
2608:Bernard
2603:Abelard
2576:Moravia
2561:Bohemia
2547:Iceland
2469:Serbian
2449:Georgia
2444:Armenia
2382:Eastern
2283:Jesuits
1959:Gospels
1907:Baptism
711:Martyrs
305:Zwingli
3048:Grebel
2900:Calvin
2826:Luther
2720:Synods
2598:Anselm
2581:Poland
2537:Gothic
2532:Franks
2517:Celtic
2484:Russia
2464:Syriac
2454:Greece
2341:Teresa
2288:Xavier
2226:Papacy
2172:Jerome
2092:Origen
1993:period
1768:Spread
1336:
1313:
1273:
991:
695:, the
670:Uelzen
627:Geneva
459:. The
172:ZĂŒrich
136:Philip
71:mother
51:Geneva
3282:solae
3280:Five
3073:Smyth
2925:TULIP
2848:Bible
2556:Slavs
2459:Egypt
2417:Icons
2268:Trent
2258:Leo X
2155:Creed
592:Perth
514:Index
3332:left
3330:and
3320:and
3170:and
3168:Neo-
2935:Dort
2920:Knox
2766:Wars
2358:and
2314:and
2307:Wars
1964:Acts
1879:21st
1874:20th
1869:19th
1864:18th
1859:17th
1854:16th
1849:15th
1844:14th
1839:13th
1834:12th
1829:11th
1824:10th
1334:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1271:ISBN
1253:2017
989:ISBN
757:and
672:and
637:and
490:and
376:and
338:and
224:.
105:tend
69:and
67:wife
2877:Art
2735:and
2710:Hus
2273:Art
1819:9th
1814:8th
1809:7th
1804:6th
1799:5th
1794:4th
1784:1st
1088:269
676:in
641:of
614:.
598:of
590:at
586:of
368:by
311:of
203:.
178:of
170:in
166:of
49:in
3404::
2199:/
2055:/
1255:.
1174:.
1105:.
1050:.
948:.
914:.
534:.
516:.
506:.
494:.
342:.
194:,
2116:)
2112:(
1744:e
1737:t
1730:v
1370:e
1363:t
1356:v
1342:.
1319:.
1277:.
1234:.
1185:.
1115:.
1090:.
959:.
925:.
399:.
262:)
53:.
20:)
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