Women in Russia - Knowledge (XXG)

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families. During planting and harvest time, when help was needed in the fields, women worked with their husbands to plow, sow seeds, then collect and prepare the crops. Early in the eighteenth-century, the average age for peasant girls to marry was around twelve years old. At this time they were still learning what would be expected of them as wives and also needed their parent's consent to marry. “The requirement of the law code of 1649 that girls not marry before the age of fifteen was rarely observed.” Various permissions for marriage were required; widows and unmarried women living on government owned property had to obtain the permission of the village assembly before they could marry anyone. Young peasant women (like other Russian women) spent far more of their child-bearing years as married women than their counterparts in Western Europe did. Childbirth was dangerous for both mother and child in the eighteenth-century but if a peasant woman was able to, she could potentially give birth, on average, to seven children. In the harsh climate of the Russian steppe, and a life of labor from an early age, perhaps half of all children would live to adulthood. “The birth of her first child, preferably a son, established her position in her husband's household. As she continued to bear sons, her status further improved.” Russian peasant families needed help in the fields and to manage the household; not being able to hire anyone for these tasks, children were the only way to get the help they needed. Having a son ensured that the family name would continue as well as any property they might own, though as Petrine reforms came into effect, it began to be equally profitable to have a girl. However, women of any class could turn infrequently to the ecclesiastical courts to resolve their marital conflicts.

1787:, which was usually a separate building connected to the house by an outside passageway. The terem was used to isolate girls of marriageable age and was intended to keep them "pure" (sexually inexperienced). These girls were raised solely on the prospect of marrying to connect their own family to another aristocratic family. Many rural and urban lower classes houses had no space to separate young women so there was no designated terem to keep them isolated. Women of lower classes had to live and work with their brothers, fathers, and husbands as well as manage all household matters along with them. Marriage customs changed gradually with the new reforms instituted by Peter the Great; average marriageable age increased, especially in the cities among the wealthier tier of people closest to the tsar and in the public eye. “By the end of the eighteenth-century, brides in cities were usually fifteen to eighteen years old, and even in villages young marriages were becoming more and more rare.” Marriage laws were a significant aspect of the Petrine reforms, but had to be corrected or clarified by later tsars because of their frequent ambiguities. In 1753, a decree was issued to assure that noble families could secure their daughter's inheritance of land by making it a part of the dowry that she would have access to once she was married. The constant change in property rights was an important part of the Petrine reforms that women witnessed. Family as well as marriage disputes often went to the court system because of the confusion about the dowry, and the rights it was supposed to ensure, in the event of a father's death or in disputed divorces. For women, the right to own and sell property was a new experience that only came because of Russia's gradual westernization in the eighteenth century. 2479:

as silly props, rather than legislators who should be taken seriously by the public. The women of the Duma are frequently photographed putting on makeup on the floor of the legislature, as well as being kissed on the hand by their male counterparts, to name two examples of their gendered portrayal. Putin's regime has promoted women to be “stand ins” during times of crisis or change, “loyalists” and “showgirls” when the regime needs to showcase elections and representation, and “cleaners” when the appearance of corruption threatens the regime." Putin's choice to use female politicians as "cleaners" may reflect the regime's focus on image. Interestingly, political science research shows that female politicians are largely perceived to be less corrupt than their male counterparts (though there is no evidence that this perception reflects the reality of whether gender has any significant impact on a person's likelihood to engage in corrupt behavior).

1715: 2541:, promoted another bill against domestic violence. Ultimately, this effort was rejected as well, most notably by the Russian Orthodox Church, whose "Patriarchal Commission on the Family and Protection of Motherhood and Childhood" lobbied against the bill, labeling it "anti-family" and "reducing the rights and freedoms of people who have chosen a familial way of life and birth and the raising of children." The commission further claims that the bill "unjustly overburdens families and parents" and "introduces punishment for family life." Protesters want to keep government interference away from the home, however, a study by St. Petersburg State University finds that 90% of domestic violence cases take place within the home, and that 85-91% of victims of marital violence are women. 3582: 2545:

quarantine in order to escape their abusers until May 2020, when the government finally declared domestic violence an emergency in which breaking quarantine was acceptable. In March 2020, Putin signed a bill increasing the severity of punishments for breaking quarantine, which include fines up to US$ 640 (more for companies and public officials). If their actions caused others health issues or even death, those who break quarantine would receive a minimum of 5-7 extra years in prison and fines worth up to US$ 4,800. Meanwhile, under Russia's domestic violence legislation, only abuse that results in a victim's hospitalization is criminal; first-time offenders are punished with a fine worth merely US$ 88.

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Abortion became illegal, homosexuality was declared a crime, legal differences between legitimate and illegitimate children were restored, and divorce once again became difficult to attain. Women became the heroines of the home and made sacrifices for their husbands and were to create a positive life at home that would "increase productivity and improve quality of work". The 1940s continued the traditional ideology - the nuclear family was the driving force of the time. Women held the social responsibility of motherhood that could not be ignored.

2470:. The amount of women in Russian politics has increased; at the federal level, this is partially due to electoral victories by Women of Russia bloc in the Duma. The 1990s saw an increase in female legislators; another notable increase occurred during the 2007 elections, when every major political party increased its number of female candidates. While there has been an increase in the share of women in politics in Russia, this has not led to increased gender equality in Russian society overall. A 2016 study argues that women's 2374: 2124: 1750:

This law effectively ended the practice of excluding women from inheriting patrimonial estates. The Law of Single Inheritance was clarified in the decree of 1725. It sought to address the question of married daughter’ inheritance rights. The law mandated that if a man was survived by unmarried daughters, the eldest girl would inherit his estate, while the remaining sisters would divide his movable property. His married daughters would receive nothing, however, since they would have received dowries at the time they married.

182: 2554: 1814: 2387: 2501: 3606: 1621: 48: 1699: 1867:, which for the first time gave Russia's women reliable access to higher education. By the early 1900s Russia boasted more female doctors, lawyers, and teachers than almost any country in Europe—a fact noted with admiration by many foreign visitors. However, most educational benefits were reaped by urban women from the middle and upper classes. While literacy rates were slowly growing throughout the 2275:/receptionist), and advertisements for such positions in private-sector companies often specify physical attractiveness as a primary requirement (a condition that is illegal in governmental organizations). Russian law provides for as much as three years' imprisonment for sexual harassment, but the law is rarely enforced. Although the Fund for Protection from Sexual Harassment has blacklisted 300 1992:, who would be self-sacrificing and dedicated to the revolutionary cause, paved the way for the expectation of women to come. In 1925, with the number of divorces increasing, the Zhenotdel created the second family plan, proposing a common-law marriage for couples that were living together. However, a year later, the government passed a marriage law as a reaction to the 2524:. The move was widely seen as part of a state-sponsored turn to traditional values under Putin and shift away from liberal notions of individual and human rights. President Putin signed the bill into law in February 2017. The Guardian reported in February 2017 that "according to some estimates, one woman dies every 40 minutes from domestic abuse." 1826: 4451: 1796:

their husband's work, especially when their husbands were away from home on government service, as they were frequently and for long periods of time. The rights of married women from the nobility and merchantry to own and manage their own property offered them an opportunity to become involved in commercial and manufacturing ventures.

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twenty percent of respondents felt this way. The same study also concluded that the 2017 response against gender equality among the "high echelons of power" was stronger (38%), comparatively, than in 2016, when only 28% of respondents submitted these sentiments. Furthermore, only 33% of respondents would welcome a female president.

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the Women of Russia bloc chose to maintain its platform unchanged, emphasizing social issues such as the protection of children and women rather than entering into a coalition with other liberal parties. As a result, the party failed to reach the 5 percent threshold of votes required for proportional

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was made illegal in the Soviet Union. Labor laws also assisted women. Women were given equal rights in regard to insurance in case of illness, eight-week paid maternity-leave, and a minimum wage standard that was set for both men and women. Both sexes were also afforded paid holiday-leave. The Soviet

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To achieve this increase of women in the workforce, the new communist government issued the first Family Code in October 1918. This code separated marriage from the church, allowed a couple to choose a surname, gave illegitimate children the same rights as legitimate children, gave rights to maternal

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Merchant class women also enjoyed newly granted freedoms to own property and manage it; with this new right upper-class women gained more independence from their patriarchal restrictions. Wives of merchant class men had more independence than wives of the nobility or peasants because of the nature of

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In 1730 Anna Ivanova revoked the Law of Single Inheritance, as it had been a major point of contestation among the nobility since Peter first announced it in 1714. After 1731, property rights were expanded to include inheritance in land property. It also gave women greater power over the estates that

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The Soviet revolution attempted to alter many of the patriarchal aspects of family and gender relations by banning the practices of polygamy, and underage and forced marriages, and through setting up women's committees, 'zhensoviets,' which campaigned for women's emancipation and intervened in cases

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Lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic trapped many women at home with their abusers. Russia initially denied a spike in domestic violence, despite national domestic violence organizations reporting their inability to keep up with a steep increase in calls from victims. Women were fined for breaking

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responded extremely critically to this legislation, presenting recommendations to the Russian legislature to reverse course by increasing protections for victims of domestic violence. To substantiate this recommendation, Human Rights Watch cites an independent study which concludes Russian women are

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because female politicians in Russia are "boxed in by informal rules and by parallel institutions and posts, with virtually no opportunities to advocate for women's interests. Furthermore, female politicians are portrayed in Russian media in a very specific manner which further reveals their purpose

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According to reports, women generally are the first to be fired, and they face other forms of on-the-job discrimination as well. Struggling companies often fire women to avoid paying child-care benefits or granting maternity leave, as the law still requires. In 1995 women constituted an estimated 70

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system rose from 30,108 to 108,898. Women were not sent to hard-labor camps, but rather worked at camps that were textile- or sewing-factories, and were only forced to perform hard labor as a punishment. Women in the camps were often subjects of violence and/or sexual abuse. At the same time, "Thank

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Independent women's organizations, a form of activity suppressed in the Soviet era, formed in large numbers in the 1990s at the local, regional, and national levels. One such group is the Center for Gender Studies, a private research-institute. The center analyzes demographic and social problems of

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in the 1450s. The three major social classes present during these reforms experienced changes in varying degrees according to their proximity to the tsar and urban settings where reforms could be more strictly enforced. Large cities underwent the westernization process more rapidly and successfully

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saw women as a force of labor that had previously been untapped; he encouraged women to participate in the communist revolution. He stated: "Petty housework crushes, strangles, stultifies and degrades , chains her to the kitchen and to the nursery, and wastes her labor on barbarously unproductive,

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In pre-Petrine centuries the Russian tsars had never been concerned with educating their people, neither the wealthy nor the serfs. Education reforms were a large part of Petrine Westernization; however, it was not until Catherine II's reforms that education rights applied to both men and women of

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party drafted a bill against domestic violence; a petition in favor of codifying a stance against such abuse received 884,000 signatories nationwide. A 2012-2016 effort to craft a bill which allowed for victims of domestic violence to file restraining orders against their abusers, as well as fund

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Arguably the most important legal change that affected women's lives was the Law of Single Inheritance instituted by Peter the Great in 1714. The law was supposed to help the tax revenue for Russia by banning the allowance of noble families to divide their land and wealth among multiple children.

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of women and men is 66.1% and 76.2% respectively (age 15–64, as of 2018). Nevertheless, women often face discrimination in the labour market; and the law itself lists 100 occupations that are forbidden to women, as they are considered too dangerous to their health, especially reproductive health

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women in the 1990s predominated in economic sectors where pay is low, and they continued to receive less pay than men for comparable positions. In 1995 men in health care earned an average of 50 percent more than women in that field, and male engineers received an average of 40 percent more than

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There is significant modern public sentiment that opposes the presence of women in Russian politics. The findings of a 2017 independent research study reveal a culture "not ready" for female leaders. In 2017, one in three Russians "do not approve of women in the political sphere." In 2016, only

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A life among the peasant class was hard whether that peasant was male or female; each led lives filled with strenuous labor. They participated in work in the fields and in the making of handicrafts. Women were expected to do domestic work such as cooking, weaving clothes, and cleaning for their

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of this century allowed for more female participation in society, when before they were merely an afterthought as wives and mothers. “The change in women's place in Russian society can be illustrated no better than by the fact that five women ruled the empire, in their own names, for a total of

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three times as likely to encounter violence at the hands of a family member or loved one than a stranger. Furthermore, Human Rights Watch observed that only 3% of domestic violence cases in Russia go to trial, and notes that the 2017 decriminalization makes it even harder to prosecute abusers.

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In 1930 the Zhenotdel disbanded, as the government claimed that their work was completed. Women began to enter the Soviet workforce on a scale never seen before. However, in the mid-1930s there was a return to more traditional and conservative values in many areas of social and family policy.

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Women of eighteenth-century Russia were luckier than their European counterparts in some ways; in others, the life of a Russian woman was more difficult. The eighteenth-century was a time of social and legal changes that began to affect women in a way that they had never before experienced.

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supported women's rights both in public life (Article 35) and in family life (Article 53). The Constitution made clear the multiple roles of a woman: to educate herself, and to work for the benefit of society, as well as, to be a mother and raise the next generation of Soviet citizens.

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each class. Education for girls occurred mainly in the home because they were focused on learning about their duties as wife and mother rather than getting an education. “The provision of formal education for women began only in 1764 and 1765, when Catherine II established first the

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in 1919. The department produced propaganda encouraging more women to become a part of the urban population and of the communist revolutionary party. The 1920s saw changes in the urban centers of family policy, sexuality, and women's political activism. The creation of the

2423:. The Soviet system of filling legislative seats had generally allocated about one-third of the seats in republic-level legislatures and one-half of the seats in local soviets to women, but those proportions shrank drastically with the first multiparty elections of 1990. 2516:. This applies to first offenses which do not cause serious injury, decreasing from a maximum penalty of two years imprisonment to a maximum of fifteen days in police custody. It became an administrative offense, with the penalty for first offenses falling under the 2004:

wife, she was left unable to secure assistance. Men had no legal ties and as such, if a woman got pregnant, he would be able to leave, and not be legally responsible to assist the woman or child; this led to an increase in the number of homeless children. Because a

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is one of the most successful female gymnasts of all time. One of the most famous tennis players is Maria Sharapova who became the #1 Tennis players in the world at only the age of 18. Russian women are also internationally successful in many other sports, such as

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positions. In the later Soviet era, women's wages averaged 70 percent of men's; by 1995 the figure was 40 percent, according to the Moscow-based Center for Gender Studies. According to a 1996 report, 87 percent of employed urban Russians earning less than 100,000

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and the life of a woman from a lower-class rural family can be different from the life of a woman from an upper-middle-class urban family. Nevertheless, a common historical and political context provides a framework for speaking about women in Russia in general.

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were reported in 1994. In 1993 an estimated 14,000 women were murdered by their husbands or lovers, about twenty times the figure in the United States and several times the figure in Russia five years earlier. More than 300,000 other types of crimes, including

2146:, Tereshkova was only honorarily inducted into the Soviet Air Force, and thus she also became the first civilian to fly in space. During her three-day mission, she performed various tests on herself to collect data on the female body's reaction to spaceflight. 2009:

wife enjoyed no rights, the government sought to resolve this through the 1926 marriage law, granting registered and unregistered marriages equal rights and emphasized the obligations that came with marriage. The Bolsheviks also established "women's soviets"

1863:(1838-1898), they petitioned universities to educate women and wrote to prominent male figures to support their cause. This group also founded organizations to help unattached women become financially self-sufficient, and in 1878 they helped to establish the 2573:

is a popular sport; in the 1960s the Soviet Union rose to become a dominant power in figure skating, especially in pairs skating and ice dancing; and this continued even after the fall the USSR. Artistic Gymnastics are among Russia's most popular sports;

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government enacted these measures in order to produce a quality labor-force from both of the sexes. While the reality was that not all women were granted these rights, they established a pivot from the traditional systems of the Russian imperialist past.

2247:. Despite the proliferation of such groups and programs, in the mid-1990s most Russians (including many women) remained contemptuous of their efforts, which many regard as a kind of Western subversion of traditional (Soviet and even pre-Soviet) 2119:

The Soviet authorities repealed the ban on abortion in 1955 - after almost 20 years of prohibition, abortion became legal again. After Stalin's death in March 1953, the Soviet government revoked the 1936 laws and issued a new law on abortion.

2520:, these usually being fines or suspended sentences if the accused is a family member, which constitutes the vast majority of domestic violence cases. For second offense and beyond, it is considered a criminal offense, prosecuted under the 1658:

Women in Russia are not a monolithic group, because the country itself is very diverse: there are almost 200 national/ethnic groups in Russia (77.7% being Russians - as of 2010), and although most of the population is (at least nominally)

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than the outlying rural villages. Noblewomen, merchant class women, and peasant (serf) women each witnessed Petrine reforms differently. For the lower classes it was not until the end of the eighteenth-century (during the time of

2096:, women exemplified the motherland and patriotism. Many became widowed during the war, making them more likely to become impoverished. As men were called away to assist with the fighting, women stepped in - some took charge of 4559: 2406: 1931:, women's roles were complex. Women in Soviet Russia became a vital part of the mobilization into the work force, and this opening of women into sectors that were previously unattainable allowed opportunities for education, 2230:

training. Many local groups have emerged to engage in court actions on behalf of women, to set up rape and domestic-violence awareness programs (about a dozen of which were active in 1995), and to aid women in establishing

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shelters and "guarantee judicial and psychological help," was ultimately rejected. In 2019, a group of women's rights activists and female politicians, including Vice-Speaker of Russia's Federation Council

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guarantees equal rights to women and men. Under the Labour law, women have the right to paid maternity leave, paid parental leave, and unpaid parental leave, that can be extended until the child is 3.

2065:, a women's club dedicated to the unveiling of Muslim women, promoting female literacy, giving women opportunities for vocational training and employment, and organizing leisure and cultural events. 2686: 2517: 2311:, gaining only three seats in the single-seat portion of the elections. The party considered running a candidate in the 1996 presidential election but remained outside the crowded field. 2282:

Russian labor law lists 98 occupations that are forbidden to women, as they are considered too dangerous to female health, especially reproductive health (until 2019 the figure was 456).

3817:"Приказ Министерства труда и социальной защиты Российской Федерации от 18.07.2019 № 512н ∙ Официальное опубликование правовых актов ∙ Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации" 238: 1971:

entitlements, health and safety protections at work, and provided women with the right to a divorce on extended grounds. In 1920 the Soviet government legalized abortion. In 1922

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The first criminal law code in Soviet Russia differed from Tsarist law on rape: "although the Tsarist law explicitly excluded marital rape, the Soviet law code of 1922 did not."

3855: 2392:, has become a "traditional" women's position; in 1994 Ella Pamfilova was followed in that position by Lyudmila Bezlepkina, who headed the ministry until the end of President 1924:

guaranteed equality for women - "Women in the USSR are accorded equal rights with men in all spheres of economic, state, cultural, social, and political life." (Article 122).

5427: 2361:, to demand the release of Russian prisoners and to locate missing soldiers. The group, which claimed 10,000 members in 1995, also has lobbied against extending the term of 1886:

its primary goal, and under Shishkina-Iavein's leadership the women's suffrage movement gained a great deal of popular support, both in Russia and abroad. In March 1917 the

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ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725 and in that time brought about many changes to Russian culture, altering the Orthodox traditions that had been observed since the fall of the

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A smaller organization, the Russian Women's Party, ran as part of an unsuccessful coalition with several other splinter-parties in the 1995 elections. A few women, such as

1935:, and training. The responsibilities of the ideal industrial Soviet woman meant that she matched working quotas, never complained, and did everything for the betterment of 1736:'s reign) that they began to see any changes at all. When these reforms did begin to change women's lives legally, they also helped to expand their abilities socially. The 5044: 1583: 2532:

The 2017 decriminalization of domestic violence opposed over two decades of activism in favor of increased penalties for abusers. In 1993, upon the first State Duma, the

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from its inception in 1992 until 1999. Prior to the 1995 elections, women held about 10 percent of the seats in parliament: fifty-seven of 450 seats in the lower-house

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to engage in prostitution. Russian women are also lured abroad with sham promises of jobs such as dancers, models, waitresses or domestic helpers and end up caught in

2116:. The motto of the time became: "Soviet women gave all their strengthen to the motherland… no difficulties arising on the path to building peace could frighten them." 1963:

petty, nerve-racking, stultifying and crushing drudgery." Bolshevik doctrine aimed to free women economically from men, and this meant allowing women to enter the

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mission on 16 June 1963. Before her recruitment as a cosmonaut, Tereshkova was a textile-factory assembly-worker and an amateur skydiver. In order to become a

4832: 1936: 4405: 4924: 2104:. In 1942 women made up over half of the agricultural labor force. Soviet women not only assumed roles in industry and agriculture: 8,476 girls joined the 1643:

Akusha region of the north Caucasus, demonstrating the presence of early humans in Russia from a very early time. The direct ancestors of Russians are the

1085: 1714: 4884: 2341:, established themselves as influential political figures. Pamfilova has gained particular stature as an advocate on behalf of women and elderly people. 451: 289: 2613:

after the collapse of the USSR, led to increased socioeconomic problems, such as unemployment, insecurity and crime. This created a fertile ground for

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Women have occupied few positions of influence in the executive branch of Russia's national government. One post in the Government (cabinet), that of

1898:'s autocracy, granted Russia's women the right to vote and to hold political office. It was the first such reform enacted by a major political power. 623: 5809: 2671: 2666: 1915: 5346: 5251: 5166: 4693: 442: 1655:. Its fall in 1991 led, as in most of the former communist bloc countries of Eastern Europe, to an economic collapse and other social problems. 6050: 5467: 1576: 1510: 546: 299: 1847:

its courses, but the policy was revoked just four years later. In the 1860s in Saint Petersburg a feminist movement began to coalesce, led by

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Early Paleolithic cultural layers with tools of oldowan type was discovered in East Caucasus (Dagestan, Russia) by Kh. Amirkhanov (2006)

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has spread rapidly in recent years, with women from small towns and rural areas migrating (willing or unwillingly) to big cities such as

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Lindenmeyr, Adele. "“The First Woman in Russia”: Countess Sofia Panina and Women's Political Participation in the Revolutions of 1917."

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firms where sexual harassment is known to have taken place, demands for sex and even rape are still common on-the-job occurrences.

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is multicultural, the experiences of women in Russia vary significantly across ethnic, religious, and social lines. The life of an

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Women in Transition, The MONEE Project, CEE/CIS/Baltics, Regional Monitoring Report, no. 6. (Florence, Italy: UNICEF, 1999), 97

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Women in post-Soviet Russia lost most of the state benefits that they had enjoyed in the USSR. However, as in the Soviet era,

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In the eighteenth-century Petrine reforms and enlightenment ideas brought both welcome and unwelcome changes required of the

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Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council of 05.08.1954 on the decriminalization of abortion for pregnant women

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Russian Federation, the Russian Federation's National Report Prepared for the Fourth World Conference on Women. 1994:32.

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The ending of Soviet assurance of the right to work caused severe unemployment among both men and women. After the 1991

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Pushkareva, Natalia, and Maria Zolotukhina. "Women's and Gender Studies of the Russian Past: two contemporary trends."

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and to help youths resist the draft. The movement gained national prominence through its opposition to the 1994-2009

6219: 5961: 5794: 5576: 5557: 5457: 5447: 5442: 5034: 4914: 4489: 4215:""YA mogu tebya ubit', i nikto menya ne ostanovit": Problema domashnego nasiliya v Rossii i reaktsiya gosudarstva" 3345: 3232: 3001: 2475: 2471: 2382: 2319: 2113: 1875: 1515: 1105: 6450: 6013: 5993: 5966: 5722: 5482: 5241: 5120: 5049: 4929: 4481: 4466: 4413: 3612:

Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council of 11.23.1955 on the abolition of the prohibition of abortion

3583:Указ Президиума ВС СССР от 5.08.1954 об отмене уголовной ответственности беременных женщин за производство аборта 3471: 3304: 3176: 2993: 2412: 2338: 1871:, educational and other opportunities for peasant remained relatively few. Their main role was to have children. 1718:

A portrait of Catherine the Great, located inside the State Hermitage Museum which she founded in St. Petersburg.

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Constitution of the USSR. Moscow: Co-operative Pub. Society of Foreign Workers in the U.S.S.R., Chapter 10, 1936

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of Russia is 1.61 as of 2015, which, although below replacement rate of 2.1, is still higher than in the 1990s.

2298:. Subsequently, the party became active in a number of issues, including opposition to the military campaign in 2089:

had implemented, and articles in women's magazines would praise Stalin for the work that he had done for women.

181: 6445: 6414: 6306: 6301: 6102: 5527: 5366: 5336: 5201: 5115: 5024: 4987: 4541: 4502: 2801: 2681: 2236: 2150: 2123: 1859:(1835-1897), together known as the "triumvirate". Along with members of the Saint-Petersburg literati, such as 1345: 1039: 368: 333: 143: 2167:

their female colleagues. Despite being better educated than men on average, women remained in the minority in

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Chepalyga, A.L.; Amirkhanov, Kh.A.; Trubikhin, V.M.; Sadchikova, T.A.; Pirogov, A.N.; Taimazov, A.I. (2011).

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in order to feed themselves and their families. The most frequently-offered job in new businesses is that of

6266: 6033: 6008: 5844: 5693: 5653: 5356: 5301: 5186: 5054: 3634: 2521: 2040: 2020: 120: 6419: 5971: 5829: 5799: 5754: 5705: 5700: 5633: 5517: 5477: 5437: 5271: 5181: 5176: 4997: 4909: 4776: 4679: 2625: 2432: 2373: 2362: 2334: 2264: 1844: 1768: 1707: 698: 383: 373: 309: 6276: 4460: 4217:"Я могу тебя убить, и никто меня не остановит": Проблема домашнего насилия в России и реакция государства 3292:

From the Code of Laws concerning the civil Registration of Deaths, Births and Marriages, of oct. 17, 1918

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At the national level, the most notable manifestation of women's newfound political success has been the

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Women now have for generations worked outside the home; dual income families are the most common: the

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a month were women, and the percentage of women decreased consistently in the higher wage-categories.

6366: 6341: 6291: 6028: 5936: 5931: 5683: 5618: 5376: 5311: 5306: 5296: 5266: 5261: 5221: 4728: 4242: 3831:"OHCHR - Russia's list of banned jobs for women violated woman's rights, needs amending – UN experts" 3741:"OHCHR - Russia's list of banned jobs for women violated woman's rights, needs amending – UN experts" 2447: 2443:(until 2019 the figure was 456). Despite this, many Russian women have achieved success in business. 2397: 2350: 1950:

art glorified ordinary workers, and women were often not depicted in a traditionally feminine manner.

1932: 1420: 1415: 1360: 1310: 1295: 1180: 1070: 1020: 900: 461: 422: 257: 247: 233: 5012: 2553: 2057:

Some local women's organizations also existed. For example, a group of Azeri Bolshevik women in the

6336: 6296: 6256: 6159: 6023: 5779: 5729: 5648: 5552: 5386: 5331: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5231: 5191: 5156: 5098: 4943: 4805: 4138:"Media Responses to Domestic Violence: Discussing Volodina v. Russia and the Domestic Violence Law" 4009:"Fast-Tracked or Boxed In? Informal Politics, Gender, and Women's Representation in Putin's Russia" 3982: 3266: 2645: 1997: 1891: 1883: 1733: 1683: 1679: 1525: 1455: 1385: 1260: 1235: 1215: 1195: 1075: 950: 940: 817: 648: 570: 563: 558: 473: 378: 363: 323: 284: 94: 83: 1996:

marriages that were causing inequality for women. As a result of the policy implementation of the

5951: 5926: 5916: 5906: 5891: 5876: 5834: 5764: 5749: 5688: 5668: 5658: 5628: 5603: 5588: 5532: 5472: 5462: 5321: 5144: 5130: 5125: 5071: 5007: 4817: 4580: 4222: 4165: 4036: 3505: 3497: 3256: 3206: 3198: 2580: 2525: 1955: 1939:. These expectations came in addition to the standards demanded of women in the domestic sphere. 1540: 1435: 1395: 1265: 1160: 1125: 935: 925: 792: 628: 608: 585: 437: 417: 3791: 3766:"Chapter 2. Rights and Freedoms of Man And Citizen - The Constitution of the Russian Federation" 850: 777: 196: 17: 3349: 2736: 2357:. Numerous protests have been organized, and representatives have gone to the Chechen capital, 2263:, many women who had previously worked as engineers, scientists and teachers, had to resort to 6404: 6346: 6321: 6179: 6069: 5821: 5789: 5784: 5769: 5744: 5593: 5542: 5492: 5422: 5400: 5245: 5029: 4965: 4955: 4919: 4822: 4788: 4766: 4711: 4545: 4196: 4157: 4028: 3667: 3638: 3436: 3353: 3316: 3270: 3236: 3116: 3112: 3099: 3005: 2614: 2575: 2557: 2463: 2210: 2189: 2168: 2138:, having been selected from more than four-hundred applicants and five finalists to pilot the 2062: 1967:. The number of women who entered the workforce rose from 423,200 in 1923 to 885,000 in 1930. 1947: 1942: 1864: 1856: 1660: 1631:

Archaeological evidence suggests that the present day territory of Russia was inhabited since

1600: 1460: 1430: 1355: 1335: 1320: 1275: 1240: 1205: 1140: 1080: 1015: 995: 990: 860: 845: 772: 762: 750: 660: 653: 633: 517: 432: 388: 318: 228: 53: 2884: 6376: 6326: 6239: 6234: 6224: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6184: 6169: 6164: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6018: 5956: 5911: 5854: 5759: 5678: 5643: 5452: 5103: 5002: 4810: 4533: 4149: 4020: 3489: 3432: 3337: 3224: 3190: 2564: 2031: 2011: 1852: 1818: 1813: 1780: 1764: 1728: 1545: 1530: 1520: 1500: 1470: 1405: 1380: 1305: 1285: 1280: 1225: 1145: 1110: 1095: 1060: 1045: 1025: 970: 955: 945: 930: 915: 910: 905: 855: 832: 675: 670: 456: 427: 404: 267: 4299: 3939: 2829: 6409: 6371: 6361: 6316: 6311: 6261: 6229: 6214: 6189: 6125: 6078: 6038: 5941: 5881: 5871: 5859: 5623: 5017: 4992: 4771: 4617:

The Palgrave Handbook of Women and Gender in Twentieth-Century Russia and the Soviet Union

4440: 4358: 4304: 3476: 3181: 2618: 2610: 2538: 2533: 2439: 2291: 2240: 2223: 1860: 1848: 1836: 1829: 1724: 1668: 1495: 1485: 1475: 1450: 1440: 1350: 1330: 1270: 1210: 1190: 1175: 1130: 1120: 1100: 1035: 985: 980: 965: 920: 865: 720: 680: 353: 108: 2624:

Women and children who live in poverty are at most risk of becoming trafficking victims.

4631:

The women's liberation movement in Russia: feminism, nihilism, and bolshevism, 1860-1930

6356: 6281: 6251: 5976: 5849: 5110: 5076: 4800: 4753: 4434: 2633: 2570: 2349:

The Soldiers' Mothers Movement formed in 1989 to expose human-rights violations in the

2315: 2244: 2243:

skills with a view to enabling women to compete more successfully in Russia's emerging

1989: 1959: 1868: 1784: 1675: 1648: 1620: 1607:

woman can be dramatically different from the life of women of minority groups like the

1599:

have a rich and varied history during numerous regimes throughout the centuries. Since

1550: 1465: 1445: 1425: 1400: 1365: 1325: 1300: 1290: 1230: 1200: 1185: 1155: 1150: 1135: 1115: 1065: 1010: 1005: 960: 882: 715: 665: 575: 524: 468: 70: 2512:

In January 2017, the lower house of the Russian legislature decriminalized first time

6439: 6083: 5988: 5497: 5236: 4827: 4534: 4455: 4247: 4169: 4040: 3509: 3338: 3210: 2706: 2641: 2467: 2393: 2248: 2227: 2209:(the lower house of the Federal Assembly, Russia's parliament) drafted a law against 2202: 2086: 2069: 1644: 1555: 1340: 1315: 1250: 1220: 1170: 1165: 1090: 1030: 1000: 875: 710: 580: 541: 529: 507: 489: 304: 57: 34: 30: 2239:, which focuses on job-training programs, career counseling, and the development of 47: 5864: 4849: 4839: 3453: 3287: 1972: 1928: 1698: 1652: 840: 328: 4214: 4153: 2076:

that plagued the country. From 1934 to 1940 the number of women imprisoned in the

4326: 3698:"Russia Opens 350 Banned Professions to Women, Stripping Soviet-Era Restrictions" 3426: 3260: 2462:'s monthly ranking of influential Russian politicians, the highest-ranking being 1651:. For most of the 20th century, the history of Russia is essentially that of the 5059: 4866: 4743: 4567: 4137: 3765: 3422: 3138:

Equality & revolution : Women's rights in the Russian Empire, 1905-1917

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against women increased at all levels of society in the 1990s. More than 13,000

2109: 787: 757: 534: 1783:

and aristocratic families. Daughters in well-to-do families were raised in the

5088: 4748: 4738: 4536:

A Woman's Kingdom: Noblewomen and the Control of Property in Russia, 1700-1861

4062: 4024: 3615: 3591: 2714: 2592: 2584: 2504: 2416: 2308: 1878:(1875-1947), the first female gynecologist in Russia, became president of the 1825: 1632: 870: 812: 807: 4269:"Issledovaniye: okolo 75% postradavshikh ot nasiliya v sem'ye - zhenshchiny" 4200: 4161: 4032: 4733: 4499:

Russian Women, 1698-1917: Experience and Expression: An Anthology of Sources

4054: 3663: 3540: 3312: 3108: 2505:

Her husband cut off her hands, now she wants tougher laws -CBC News National

2272: 2226:

feminist groups. A traveling group called Feminist Alternative offers women

2143: 1984: 1964: 2474:

in Russian politics will not align with an ability for them to demonstrate

3978:"Putin's Russia promotes both women and misogyny in politics. Wait, what?" 2396:'s first term in mid-1996. Tat'yana Paramanova was acting chairman of the 4331: 2299: 2193: 2180:

percent of Russia's unemployed, and as much as 90 percent in some areas.

2163: 2139: 2135: 2105: 1640: 1608: 1604: 272: 4108: 3856:"Russia, Philippines have most female business leaders, Japan ranks low" 3259:, ed. (1949). "The Original Family Law of the Russian Soviet Republic". 5093: 4136:

Nelaeva, Galina; Andreeva, Anna; Drozhashchikh, Nataliia (2020-12-14).

3859: 3501: 3202: 3105:

Women in the face of change: the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and China

2358: 2232: 2134:(Russian: Валентина Владимировна Терешкова; born 6 March 1937) was the 2101: 2097: 1636: 827: 782: 4274:[Study: About 75% of victims of domestic violence are women]. 4184: 2707:"Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%) - Data" 4702: 4268: 3431:. Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures. Vol. 2. Leiden: 3307:; Posadskaya-Vanderbeck, Anastasia; Hoisington, Sona Stephan (1997). 2629: 2588: 2569:

Russia has a long history of successful female skaters and gymnasts.

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party, which won 11 percent of the vote and twenty-five seats in the

2276: 343: 3428:

Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: Family, Law and Politics

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In 1999, there were only four (at most) women named as part of the

6094: 4671: 3607:Указ Президиума ВС СССР от 23.11.1955 об отмене запрещения абортов 2552: 2372: 2173: 2122: 2077: 1941: 1824: 1812: 1713: 1664: 1619: 277: 215: 5211:

Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine

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Women in Russian History: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Century

4486:

Women in Russian History: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Century

4454:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4271:Исследование: около 75% пострадавших от насилия в семье - женщины 4603:

A History of Women in Russia: From Earliest Times to the Present

3140:. Series in Russian and East European studies. Pittsburgh, Pa.: 3103:. In Rai, Shirin; Pilkington, Hilary; Phizacklea, Annie (eds.). 2637: 2206: 2197: 1703: 112: 6098: 4675: 4109:"Rossiyane stali khuzhe otnosit'sya k zhenshchinam v politike" 2400:

for one year before Yeltsin replaced her in November 1995, and

4327:"Coronavirus: Russia includes jail terms to enforce crackdown" 3886: 2609:

As in other former communist countries, the fall of the state

4354:"Vladimir Putin Eases Penalties for Domestic Abuse in Russia" 3914:"Russian Demographics: The Perfect Storm - YaleGlobal Online" 1754:

had been willed to them, or received in their wedding dowry.

4666:

A Revolution of Their Own: Voices of Women in Soviet History

4189:

Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization

3309:

A Revolution of Their Own: Voices of Women in Soviet History

3179:(16 December 1987). "Women in Russia and the Soviet Union". 2419:

and nine of 178 seats in the upper house of parliament, the

2852: 2850: 4610:

Women at the Gates: Gender and Industry in Stalin's Russia

4300:"The Women Combatting Russia's Domestic Violence Epidemic" 3229:

Women at the Gates: Gender and Industry in Stalin's Russia

2205:, were committed against women in 1994; in 1996 the State 2687:

Gender roles in post-communist Central and Eastern Europe

1767:

for girls of the nobility in St. Petersburg and then the

3405: 3403: 3375: 3373: 1835:

By the mid-nineteenth century, West European notions of

29:"Russian women" redirects here. Not to be confused with 2454:

Contemporary situation for female politicians in Russia

2092:

During the Soviet Union's participation (1941-1945) in

4650:

Pushkareva, Natalia. "My Women's History, My Memory."

4243:"Inside the fight over Russia's domestic violence law" 4185:"The Decriminalization of Domestic Violence in Russia" 3660:

Rural Women in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia

3552: 3550: 3390: 3388: 3367:

Marital rape was explicitly included in the 1960 code.

240:

Gender representation on corporate boards of directors

4652:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

3100:"Feminism and Bolshevism: two worlds, two ideologies" 2045: 2025: 1958:

of 1917 established legal equality of women and men.

4624:

Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography

4111:Россияне стали хуже относиться к женщинам в политике 6395: 6132: 5820: 5575: 5399: 5143: 4942: 4877: 4719: 4710: 2493: 157: 149: 142: 134: 126: 119: 103: 92: 82: 69: 64: 4114:[Russians treat women in politics worse]. 3882:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 3098: 2830:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 3614:] (in Russian). 23 November 1955 – via 3474:(1987). "Women in Russia and the Soviet Union". 2896: 2880: 463:Science, technology, engineering and mathematics 4527:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave. 3629:Racioppi, Linda; O'Sullivan, Katherine (1997). 2652:, and has taken steps to curb this phenomenon. 1979:To oversee this code and women's freedoms, the 1702:Young women offer berries to visitors to their 3717:"Russian women equal, but only on the surface" 3590:] (in Russian). 5 August 1954 – via 3265:. International Library of Sociology. London: 1839:were starting to take hold in Russia. In 1859 6110: 4687: 3792:"Статья 255. Отпуска по беременности и родам" 2648:situations. However, Russia has ratified the 2222:women and acts as a link between Russian and 1577: 8: 3107:. Translated by Pilkington, Hilary. London: 3072: 3060: 3048: 1983:set up a specialist women's department, the 40: 4406:"Svetlana Khorkina Bio, Stats, and Results" 2072:(1927-1953), women also fell victim to the 1663:, other religions are present too, such as 6117: 6103: 6095: 5581: 5405: 5149: 4948: 4716: 4694: 4680: 4672: 3024: 2968: 2956: 2944: 2932: 2920: 2856: 1584: 1570: 166: 46: 3658:Mukhina, Irina; Denisova, Liubov (2013). 2081:you literature" arose as a result of the 2667:Women in the Russian and Soviet military 2235:. Another prominent organization is the 1981:All-Russian Communist Party (bolsheviks) 1916:Women in the Russian and Soviet military 1697: 1674:Famous women in Russian history include 5347:Collective Security Treaty Organization 4577:Women and Gender in 18th-Century Russia 3631:Women's Activism in Contemporary Russia 3568: 3522: 3409: 3379: 3084: 3036: 2868: 2698: 174: 4512:Women and Ideology in the Soviet Union 4294: 4292: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4002: 4000: 3696:Nikerichev, Andrei (August 16, 2019). 2490: 2487:Decriminalization of domestic violence 2000:(NEP) of 1921–1928, if a man left his 39: 4905:Judicial system of the Russian Empire 3340:Russian women in politics and society 2980: 2908: 2672:Women's reproductive health in Russia 7: 6044:Unified Sports Classification System 3556: 3394: 3163: 2762:"Human Development Report 2021/2022" 2304:1995 national parliamentary election 2296:1993 national parliamentary election 2059:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic 1841:Saint Petersburg Imperial University 736:Gender representation in video games 4532:Lamarche-Marrese, Michelle (2002). 4007:Johnson, Janet Elise (2016-09-01). 2787:"The Global Gender Gap Report 2020" 1639:flint tools were discovered in the 5342:Commonwealth of Independent States 4664:Engel, Barbara Alpern et al. eds. 3425:; Naǧmābādī, Afsāna, eds. (2003). 2050:) to cater for and support women. 25: 3938:Nadezhda, Ilina (March 6, 1999). 2737:"LFS by sex and age - indicators" 2377:Women in the Russian Armed forces 2132:Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova 1880:Russian League for Women's Rights 1771:for the daughters of commoners.” 4449: 4410:Olympics at Sports-Reference.com 3269:(published 2013). p. 33ff. 2499: 2333:chief Lyudmila Vartazarova, and 2324:Russian Socialist Workers' Party 253:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 180: 18:Women in the former Soviet Union 3715:Darmaros, Marina (2011-07-27). 2662:Women in the Russian Revolution 2344: 2188:Sociological surveys show that 1946:Female worker on a 1930 stamp. 1908:Women in the Russian Revolution 3142:University of Pittsburgh Press 1688:Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova 1: 5252:Political abuse of psychiatry 4154:10.1080/10758216.2020.1851141 3976:Johnson, Janet Elise (2016). 2383:Minister of Social Protection 2216: 5897:Traditions and superstitions 4516:University of Michigan Press 2677:Soviet women in World War II 2127:Valentina Tereshkova in 1969 1912:Soviet women in World War II 1902:Soviet era: feminist reforms 1882:. The League made universal 1635:times: 1.5-million-year-old 704:Portrayal in American comics 295:Heads of state or government 5563:Water supply and sanitation 3721:Russia Beyond The Headlines 3486:University of Chicago Press 2767:. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS 2605:Human trafficking in Russia 2302:that began in 1994. In the 2136:first woman to fly in space 2046: 2026: 1927:During the 70 years of the 1821:school for girls, 1913-1914 1791:Women in the merchant class 6467: 4490:Cambridge University Press 4142:Problems of Post-Communism 4118:(in Russian). 3 March 2017 4060:[Ladies in Duma]. 3459:of violence against women. 3346:Greenwood Publishing Group 3233:Cambridge University Press 3097:Malysheva, Marina (1992). 3002:Cambridge University Press 2998:Women in Russia, 1700-2000 2602: 2562: 2476:substantive representation 2472:descriptive representation 2363:mandatory military service 2345:Soldiers' Mothers Movement 2320:Republican Party of Russia 2307:representation in the new 1905: 1876:Poliksena Shishkina-Iavein 1706:home, 1909. Photograph by 28: 6063: 5584: 5408: 5152: 4951: 4601:Clements, Barbara Evans. 4594:Clements, Barbara Evans. 4467:Federal Research Division 4226:(in Russian). 2018-10-25. 4025:10.1017/S1537592716001109 3790:РФ, ТК (17 August 2014). 3537:Azeri women in transition 2498: 2413:Federal Migration Service 2035: 2015: 45: 5337:Prime Minister of Russia 4542:Cornell University Press 4503:Indiana University Press 4270: 4216: 4183:Semukhina, Olga (2020). 4110: 4066:(in Russian). 2016-03-08 4056: 4013:Perspectives on Politics 2682:Gender pay gap in Russia 2151:1977 Soviet Constitution 1922:Constitution of the USSR 1667:(approximately 6% - see 5775:Social entrepreneurship 5664:Forced public apologies 5599:Anti-American sentiment 4575:Rosslyn, Wendy (2003). 4525:Women in the Stalin Era 3635:Temple University Press 2650:UN Trafficking Protocol 2431:Article 19 of the 1993 2286:Political participation 2237:Women's Union of Russia 290:Conservatives in the US 263:Explorers and travelers 144:Global Gender Gap Index 121:Gender Inequality Index 6175:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5523:Social security system 5506:Science and technology 5172:Classified information 4998:Central Russian Upland 4645:Women's History Review 4523:Ilič, Melanie (2001). 4510:Buckley, Mary (1989). 3262:The Family in the USSR 3136:Ruthchild, R. (2010). 2626:Prostitution in Russia 2560: 2433:Constitution of Russia 2427:Contemporary situation 2411:served as head of the 2378: 2335:Valeriya Novodvorskaya 2128: 1951: 1888:Provisional Government 1832: 1822: 1800:Women in the peasantry 1769:Novodevichii Institute 1719: 1711: 1708:Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky 1628: 593:In Shakespeare's works 5984:Russian tsars regalia 5317:Intelligence agencies 5040:Great Russian Regions 4784:Expansion (1500-1800) 4654:20.3 (2019): 577–582. 4497:Bisha, Robin (2002). 4482:Alpern-Engel, Barbara 3472:Alpern-Engel, Barbara 3305:Alpern-Engel, Barbara 3177:Alpern-Engel, Barbara 2994:Alpern-Engel, Barbara 2897:Lamarche-Marrese 2002 2881:Lamarche-Marrese 2002 2563:Further information: 2556: 2376: 2217:Women's organizations 2126: 1945: 1828: 1816: 1775:Women in the nobility 1717: 1701: 1625:Natalya Gorbanevskaya 1623: 349:Nobel Prize laureates 104:Women in labour force 6051:World Heritage sites 5428:Droughts and famines 4981:Environmental issues 4729:Proto-Indo-Europeans 4626:9.1 (2016): 158-181. 3940:"Zhenshchina Rossii" 3336:Rule, Wilma (1996). 3267:Taylor & Francis 2448:total fertility rate 2398:Russian Central Bank 2369:Government officials 1933:personal development 1641:Afghanistan-Dagestan 1506:United Arab Emirates 443:in the United States 258:Economic development 248:Diversity (politics) 234:Female entrepreneurs 6396:States with limited 5902:Forms of addressing 5511:Academy of Sciences 5468:Financial districts 5332:President of Russia 5257:Political divisions 5217:Freedom of assembly 5099:West Siberian Plain 4845:Great Patriotic War 4806:February Revolution 4647:27.1 (2018): 71–87. 4615:Ilic, Melanie, ed. 4560:Pushkareva, Natalia 4501:. Bloomington, IN: 4471:(Data as of 1996.) 3983:The Washington Post 3947:Nezavisimaya gazeta 3918:Yaleglobal.yale.edu 3257:Schlesinger, Rudolf 2911:, pp. 162–163. 2646:forced prostitution 2518:Administrative Code 2460:Nezavisimaya gazeta 2114:Great Patriotic War 2061:founded (1920) the 1998:New Economic Policy 1758:Education for women 1734:Catherine the Great 1684:Catherine the Great 1680:Elizabeth of Russia 1491:Trinidad and Tobago 726:Speculative fiction 619:Theological figures 564:Feminist philosophy 364:Reproductive rights 170:Part of a series on 95:secondary education 93:Women over 25 with 84:Women in parliament 74: (per 100,000) 42: 5952:Russian given name 5538:Telecommunications 5488:Petroleum industry 5352:State of emergency 5197:Far-right politics 5162:Capital punishment 5008:Meshchera Lowlands 4862:Russian Federation 4818:October Revolution 4608:Goldman, Wendy Z. 4581:Ashgate Publishing 4579:. Burlington, VT: 4439:2017-08-25 at the 4223:Human Rights Watch 3666:. pp. 80–82. 3637:. pp. 31–33. 3535:Heyat, F. (2002). 3087:, p. 228–229. 2711:data.worldbank.org 2561: 2526:Human Rights Watch 2466:, the daughter of 2421:Federation Council 2379: 2129: 1990:"new soviet woman" 1956:Russian Revolution 1952: 1833: 1823: 1720: 1712: 1694:Eighteenth century 1661:Christian Orthodox 1629: 1056:Dominican Republic 823:Mixed martial arts 793:Fastpitch softball 374:Violence and abuse 359:Positions of power 71:Maternal mortality 65:General Statistics 56:(to the left) and 6433: 6432: 6092: 6091: 6059: 6058: 5639:Domestic violence 5571: 5570: 5493:Russian oligarchs 5418:Aircraft industry 5395: 5394: 5372:Mass surveillance 5362:Search and rescue 5327:Political parties 5207:Foreign relations 5139: 5138: 4938: 4937: 4930:Historical cities 4789:Tsardom of Russia 4629:Stites, Richard. 4619:(Springer, 2017). 4385:Travelchannel.com 4362:. 8 February 2017 3543:. pp. 89–94. 3488:: 781–796 (788). 3359:978-0-313-29363-4 3231:. Cambridge, UK: 3225:Goldman, Wendy Z. 3073:Alpern-Engel 2004 3061:Alpern-Engel 2004 3049:Alpern-Engel 2004 2808:on 6 January 2016 2615:human trafficking 2599:Human trafficking 2576:Svetlana Khorkina 2558:Julia Lipnitskaia 2514:domestic violence 2510: 2509: 2464:Tatyana Dyachenko 2211:domestic violence 2190:sexual harassment 2169:senior management 2112:to assist in the 2063:Ali Bayramov Club 2044: 2024: 1948:Socialist realist 1865:Bestuzhev Courses 1857:Mariia Trubnikova 1855:(1835-1895), and 1843:allowed women to 1594: 1593: 798:Football / soccer 721:Fictional pirates 513:Art history field 389:Exchange of women 165: 164: 54:Bella Akhmadulina 16:(Redirected from 6458: 6451:Women by country 6133:Sovereign states 6119: 6112: 6105: 6096: 6072: 6019:Russian language 5962:National symbols 5582: 5501: 5458:Fishing industry 5448:Economic regions 5443:Defence industry 5406: 5150: 5104:Russian Far East 5003:Northwest Russia 4961:Cities and towns 4949: 4811:Russian Republic 4717: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4673: 4584: 4571: 4555: 4539: 4528: 4519: 4506: 4493: 4470: 4453: 4452: 4443: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4416:on 17 April 2020 4412:. Archived from 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4381:"Russian Sports" 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4296: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4239: 4228: 4227: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4004: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3944: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3894:on June 13, 2007 3890:. 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Archived from 2797: 2791: 2790: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2766: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2703: 2565:Sports in Russia 2503: 2502: 2491: 2410: 2391: 2355:wars in Chechnya 2339:Democratic Union 2337:, leader of the 2332: 2261:fall of the USSR 2102:collective farms 2083:personality cult 2049: 2039: 2037: 2029: 2019: 2017: 1884:women's suffrage 1853:Nadezhda Stasova 1819:Smolny Institute 1781:Russian nobility 1765:Smolny Institute 1741:seventy years.” 1729:Byzantine Empire 1627:in Moscow, 2005. 1586: 1579: 1572: 1256:Marshall Islands 833:Paralympic Games 464: 241: 206: 184: 175:Women in society 167: 75: 50: 43: 21: 6466: 6465: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6446:Women in Russia 6436: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6415:Northern Cyprus 6397: 6391: 6307:North Macedonia 6128: 6126:Women in Europe 6123: 6093: 6088: 6075: 6068: 6055: 6014:Public holidays 6009:Political jokes 5994:Personification 5947:Names of Russia 5816: 5735:Life expectancy 5567: 5499: 5391: 5242:Law enforcement 5135: 5121:Protected areas 5018:Smolensk Upland 5013:Oka–Don Lowland 4993:European Russia 4934: 4873: 4759:Mongol invasion 4706: 4700: 4661: 4659:Primary sources 4640: 4596:Bolshevik Women 4591: 4589:Further reading 4574: 4558: 4552: 4531: 4522: 4509: 4496: 4480: 4477: 4462:Country Studies 4459: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4441:Wayback Machine 4433: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4365: 4363: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4338: 4336: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4311: 4309: 4298: 4297: 4290: 4281: 4279: 4272: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4253: 4251: 4241: 4240: 4231: 4218: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4121: 4119: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4093: 4091: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4069: 4067: 4058: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4006: 4005: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3912: 3911: 3907: 3897: 3895: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3770:Constitution.ru 3764: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3725: 3723: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3548: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3435:. p. 140. 3421: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3401: 3393: 3386: 3378: 3371: 3360: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3025:Pushkareva 1997 3023: 3019: 3012: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2969:Pushkareva 1997 2967: 2963: 2957:Pushkareva 1997 2955: 2951: 2945:Pushkareva 1997 2943: 2939: 2933:Pushkareva 1997 2931: 2927: 2921:Pushkareva 1997 2919: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2857:Pushkareva 1997 2855: 2848: 2838: 2836: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2811: 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of 191 109:employment rate 73: 60: 41:Women in Russia 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6464: 6462: 6454: 6453: 6448: 6438: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6401: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6382:United Kingdom 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6195:Czech Republic 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6114: 6107: 6099: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6074: 6073: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5826: 5824: 5818: 5817: 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5101: 5096: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5052: 5047: 5045:Highest points 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4990: 4988:Extreme points 4985: 4984: 4983: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4820: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4803: 4801:Russian Empire 4798: 4797: 4796: 4786: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4725: 4723: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: articles 4701: 4699: 4698: 4691: 4684: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4648: 4639: 4638:Historiography 4636: 4635: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4599: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4585: 4572: 4566:. Armonk, NY: 4556: 4550: 4529: 4520: 4507: 4494: 4476: 4473: 4445: 4444: 4427: 4397: 4372: 4345: 4318: 4308:. 3 March 2021 4288: 4260: 4229: 4206: 4175: 4148:(3): 256–269. 4128: 4100: 4076: 4055:"Damy v Dume" 4046: 4019:(3): 643–659. 3996: 3968: 3959: 3930: 3905: 3873: 3862:. 8 March 2016 3847: 3822: 3808: 3782: 3757: 3732: 3707: 3688: 3679: 3673:978-0415838115 3672: 3650: 3644:978-1566395205 3643: 3621: 3597: 3573: 3571:, p. 121. 3561: 3559:, p. 133. 3546: 3527: 3525:, p. 117. 3515: 3494:10.1086/494366 3463: 3441: 3414: 3399: 3397:, p. 138. 3384: 3369: 3358: 3328: 3321: 3315:. p. 71. 3296: 3275: 3248: 3242:978-0521785532 3241: 3235:. p. 12. 3216: 3195:10.1086/494366 3189:(4): 781–796. 3168: 3156: 3147: 3128: 3121: 3089: 3077: 3065: 3053: 3041: 3039:, p. 229. 3029: 3027:, p. 156. 3017: 3011:978-0521003186 3010: 3004:. p. 50. 2985: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2947:, p. 157. 2937: 2925: 2913: 2901: 2889: 2873: 2871:, p. 228. 2861: 2859:, p. 153. 2846: 2821: 2792: 2778: 2753: 2741:stats.oecd.org 2727: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2657: 2654: 2634:St. Petersburg 2603:Main article: 2600: 2597: 2571:Figure skating 2550: 2547: 2508: 2507: 2496: 2495: 2488: 2485: 2455: 2452: 2428: 2425: 2370: 2367: 2346: 2343: 2316:Ella Pamfilova 2287: 2284: 2256: 2253: 2245:market economy 2218: 2215: 2185: 2182: 2159: 2156: 1903: 1900: 1869:Russian Empire 1810: 1807: 1801: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1776: 1773: 1759: 1756: 1746: 1743: 1695: 1692: 1676:Anna of Russia 1649:Finnic peoples 1617: 1614: 1605:ethnic Russian 1592: 1591: 1589: 1588: 1581: 1574: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1511:United Kingdom 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 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Cambridge: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4457: 4456:public domain 4442: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4373: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4322: 4319: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4277: 4273: 4264: 4261: 4250: 4249: 4248:openDemocracy 4244: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4210: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4129: 4117: 4113: 4104: 4101: 4090: 4089:www.unodc.org 4086: 4080: 4077: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4050: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3972: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3948: 3941: 3934: 3931: 3919: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3893: 3889: 3888: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3783: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3675: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3654: 3651: 3646: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3601: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3444: 3442:9789004128187 3438: 3434: 3430: 3429: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3412:, p. 40. 3411: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3382:, p. 35. 3381: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3341: 3332: 3329: 3324: 3322:9780813333663 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3278: 3276:9781136280788 3272: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3244: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3129: 3124: 3122:0-415-07540-8 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3075:, p. 55. 3074: 3069: 3066: 3063:, p. 53. 3062: 3057: 3054: 3051:, p. 52. 3050: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3018: 3013: 3007: 3003: 3000:. Cambridge: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2974: 2971:, p. 97. 2970: 2965: 2962: 2959:, p. 95. 2958: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2926: 2923:, p. 89. 2922: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2807: 2803: 2796: 2793: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2742: 2738: 2731: 2728: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2642:Yekaterinburg 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2617:, especially 2616: 2612: 2606: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2566: 2559: 2555: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2522:Criminal Code 2519: 2515: 2506: 2497: 2492: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468:Boris Yeltsin 2465: 2461: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2444: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2394:Boris Yeltsin 2389: 2384: 2375: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2249:social values 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2228:assertiveness 2225: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2203:spousal abuse 2199: 2195: 2191: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2070:Stalinist era 2066: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2033: 2028: 2022: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1938: 1937:Soviet Russia 1934: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1851:(1837-1912), 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1815: 1808: 1806: 1799: 1797: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1745:Legal changes 1744: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1716: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645:Eastern Slavs 1642: 1638: 1634: 1626: 1622: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1516:United States 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 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829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 755: 752: 747: 746: 737: 734: 733: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 711:Film industry 709: 705: 702: 701: 700: 697: 696: 690: 689: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 641: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 616: 610: 607: 606: 602: 601: 594: 591: 587: 584: 582: 579: 578: 577: 574: 572: 571:Photographers 569: 565: 562: 561: 560: 557: 553: 550: 549: 548: 545: 543: 540: 536: 533: 532: 531: 528: 526: 523: 519: 516: 515: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 500: 493: 491: 488: 487: 483: 482: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 460: 458: 455: 453: 452:Organizations 450: 444: 441: 440: 439: 436: 435: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 415: 408: 406: 403: 402: 398: 397: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 379:Voting rights 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 311: 308: 307: 306: 305:Queen regnant 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 287: 286: 283: 279: 276: 275: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 242: 237: 235: 232: 231: 230: 227: 225: 222: 221: 217: 214: 213: 210: 209: 204: 198: 195: 194: 188: 187: 183: 179: 178: 173: 169: 168: 160: 156: 152: 148: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 96: 91: 87: 85: 81: 77: 72: 68: 63: 59: 58:Anna Netrebko 55: 49: 44: 36: 35:Russian Women 32: 31:Russian Woman 27: 19: 6425:Transnistria 6387:Vatican City 6331: 5972:Coat of arms 5932:Martial arts 5840:Army culture 5830:Architecture 5804: 5800:Witch trials 5755:Prostitution 5701:Human rights 5634:Demographics 5548:Trade unions 5518:Shipbuilding 5478:Homelessness 5438:Central Bank 5433:Car industry 5272:Conservatism 5182:Constitution 5177:Conscription 4850:Eastern Bloc 4840:Soviet Union 4833:Russian SFSR 4763:Feudal Rus' 4665: 4651: 4644: 4630: 4623: 4616: 4609: 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New York: 4535: 4524: 4511: 4498: 4485: 4475:Bibliography 4461: 4448: 4430: 4418:. Retrieved 4414:the original 4409: 4400: 4388:. Retrieved 4384: 4375: 4364:. Retrieved 4357: 4348: 4337:. Retrieved 4335:. 2020-03-31 4330: 4321: 4310:. Retrieved 4303: 4280:. Retrieved 4278:(in Russian) 4275: 4263: 4252:. Retrieved 4246: 4221: 4209: 4195:(1): 15–45. 4192: 4188: 4178: 4145: 4141: 4131: 4120:. Retrieved 4115: 4103: 4092:. Retrieved 4088: 4079: 4068:. Retrieved 4061: 4049: 4016: 4012: 3989:December 17, 3987:. Retrieved 3981: 3971: 3962: 3950:. Retrieved 3946: 3933: 3921:. Retrieved 3917: 3908: 3896:. Retrieved 3892:the original 3885: 3876: 3864:. Retrieved 3850: 3838:. Retrieved 3834: 3825: 3811: 3799:. Retrieved 3795: 3785: 3773:. Retrieved 3769: 3760: 3748:. Retrieved 3744: 3735: 3724:. Retrieved 3720: 3710: 3701: 3691: 3682: 3659: 3653: 3630: 3624: 3611: 3605: 3600: 3587: 3581: 3576: 3569:Buckley 1989 3564: 3536: 3530: 3523:Buckley 1989 3518: 3481: 3475: 3466: 3457: 3454:Google Books 3452:– via 3446:. Retrieved 3427: 3423:Joseph, Suad 3417: 3410:Buckley 1989 3380:Buckley 1989 3363: 3339: 3331: 3308: 3299: 3291: 3288:Google Books 3286:– via 3280:. Retrieved 3261: 3251: 3228: 3219: 3186: 3180: 3171: 3166:, p. 2. 3159: 3150: 3137: 3131: 3104: 3092: 3085:Rosslyn 2003 3080: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3037:Rosslyn 2003 3032: 3020: 2997: 2988: 2976: 2964: 2952: 2940: 2928: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2876: 2869:Rosslyn 2003 2864: 2837:. Retrieved 2833: 2824: 2816: 2810:. Retrieved 2806:the original 2795: 2781: 2769:. Retrieved 2756: 2744:. Retrieved 2740: 2730: 2718:. Retrieved 2710: 2701: 2623: 2608: 2568: 2543: 2531: 2511: 2481: 2459: 2457: 2445: 2437: 2430: 2380: 2351:armed forces 2348: 2313: 2289: 2281: 2268: 2265:prostitution 2258: 2220: 2187: 2178: 2161: 2148: 2130: 2118: 2094:World War II 2091: 2067: 2056: 2052: 2030:- singular: 2006: 2001: 1993: 1978: 1973:marital rape 1969: 1953: 1926: 1919: 1890:, which had 1873: 1834: 1817:A lesson at 1809:1850 to 1917 1803: 1794: 1778: 1761: 1752: 1748: 1721: 1673: 1657: 1653:Soviet Union 1630: 1596: 1595: 1536:Vatican City 1481:Turkmenistan 1411:South Africa 1391:Sierra Leone 1376:Saudi Arabia 1370: 841:Roller derby 639:Christianity 624:Baháʼí Faith 503:Architecture 203:legal rights 153:0.706 (2020) 130:0.203 (2021) 111:, data from 99:93.5% (2010) 26: 6398:recognition 6367:Switzerland 6302:Netherlands 6024:tea culture 5877:Fairy tales 5740:Open access 5713:Immigration 5674:Gun control 5413:Agriculture 5382:Term limits 5292:Martial law 5287:Nationalism 5282:Irredentism 5277:Imperialism 5060:Caspian Sea 4976:Environment 4971:Earthquakes 4867:Union State 4855:Dissolution 4754:Kievan Rus' 4744:Early Slavs 4568:M.E. Sharpe 4420:16 December 4390:16 December 4116:Interfax.ru 4057:Дамы в Думе 3952:December 8, 3923:16 December 3898:16 December 3866:16 December 3840:16 December 3801:16 December 3775:16 December 3750:16 December 2839:16 December 2771:22 November 2746:16 December 2720:16 December 2405: [ 2386: [ 2327: [ 2269:sekretarsha 2110:Soviet Navy 2098:state farms 2068:During the 2027:zhensoviety 1896:Nicholas II 1633:prehistoric 1421:South Sudan 1416:South Korea 1361:Puerto Rico 1346:Philippines 1311:North Korea 1296:New Zealand 1181:Ivory Coast 1071:El Salvador 901:Afghanistan 758:Auto racing 731:Video games 644:Catholicism 423:Engineering 300:Legislators 6440:Categories 6337:San Marino 6297:Montenegro 6277:Luxembourg 6257:Kazakhstan 6160:Azerbaijan 6029:Television 6004:Philosophy 5937:Mass media 5927:Literature 5922:Inventions 5684:Healthcare 5619:Corruption 5609:Censorship 5500:(currency) 5377:Separatism 5322:Opposition 5307:Neo-Nazism 5297:Monarchism 5267:Liberalism 5262:Propaganda 5222:Government 5089:North Asia 4890:Journalism 4749:East Slavs 4739:Sarmatians 4366:2021-11-13 4339:2021-11-13 4312:2021-11-13 4282:2021-12-17 4254:2021-12-17 4122:2021-12-17 4094:2021-12-18 4070:2021-12-18 4063:Kommersant 3796:Trudkod.ru 3726:2017-02-28 3616:Wikisource 3592:Wikisource 3539:. London: 3348:. p. 3111:. p. 2981:Bisha 2002 2909:Bisha 2002 2883:, p. 2812:2013-12-18 2715:World Bank 2693:References 2593:volleyball 2585:basketball 2417:State Duma 2309:State Duma 2255:Employment 2233:businesses 2100:and large 2047:zhensoviet 1929:Soviet era 1526:Uzbekistan 1456:Tajikistan 1386:Seychelles 1261:Mauritania 1236:Madagascar 1216:Kyrgyzstan 1196:Kazakhstan 1076:East Timor 951:Bangladesh 941:Azerbaijan 894:By country 881:See also: 871:Volleyball 813:Ice hockey 808:Gymnastics 768:Basketball 559:Philosophy 547:Literature 494:Humanities 474:Telegraphy 409:Technology 324:Journalism 285:Government 88:16% (2017) 6272:Lithuania 5887:Festivals 5780:Sociology 5730:Languages 5649:Education 5553:Transport 5387:Terrorism 5232:Judiciary 5226:Apparatus 5192:Elections 5157:Anarchism 5131:Far North 5082:Volcanoes 5067:Mountains 4944:Geography 4823:Civil war 4734:Scythians 4201:1940-4603 4170:230541817 4162:1075-8216 4041:151710186 4033:1537-5927 3835:Ohchr.org 3745:Ohchr.org 3664:Routledge 3557:Ilič 2001 3541:Routledge 3510:144091323 3448:5 January 3395:Ilič 2001 3313:Routledge 3282:5 January 3211:144091323 3164:Ilič 2001 3109:Routledge 2581:athletics 2273:secretary 2144:cosmonaut 2041:romanized 2021:romanized 2016:женсоветы 1985:Zhenotdel 1965:workforce 1556:Kurdistan 1541:Venezuela 1436:Sri Lanka 1396:Singapore 1266:Mauritius 1161:Indonesia 1126:Guatemala 936:Australia 926:Argentina 649:Mormonism 586:Punk rock 542:Fine arts 438:dentistry 418:Computing 384:Workforce 268:Education 78:34 (2010) 52:The poet 6405:Abkhazia 6352:Slovenia 6347:Slovakia 6322:Portugal 6180:Bulgaria 6079:Category 5957:Nobility 5917:Internet 5912:Heraldry 5907:Graffiti 5892:Folklore 5835:Armorial 5765:Religion 5750:Polygamy 5689:HIV/AIDS 5669:Funerals 5659:Feminism 5629:Deafness 5614:Citizens 5604:Cannabis 5589:Abortion 5533:Taxation 5473:Gambling 5463:Forestry 5312:Military 5145:Politics 5126:Wildlife 5072:Caucasus 5035:Glaciers 4915:Military 4900:Internet 4878:By topic 4772:Vladimir 4767:Novgorod 4721:Timeline 4562:(1997). 4484:(2004). 4437:Archived 4332:BBC News 3227:(2002). 2996:(2003). 2656:See also 2300:Chechnya 2194:violence 2140:Vostok 6 2106:Red Army 2036:женсовет 2007:de facto 2002:de facto 1994:de facto 1894:Emperor 1892:replaced 1874:In 1910 1837:equality 1647:and the 1609:Bashkirs 1461:Thailand 1431:Suriname 1356:Portugal 1336:Paraguay 1321:Pakistan 1276:Mongolia 1246:Maldives 1241:Malaysia 1206:Kiribati 1141:Honduras 1081:Ethiopia 1051:DR Congo 1016:Colombia 996:Cambodia 991:Bulgaria 856:Swimming 818:Lacrosse 763:Baseball 661:Hinduism 654:Opus Dei 634:Buddhism 609:Religion 433:Medicine 339:Military 273:Feminism 229:Business 6377:Ukraine 6327:Romania 6287:Moldova 6245:Ireland 6240:Iceland 6235:Hungary 6225:Germany 6220:Georgia 6210:Finland 6205:Estonia 6200:Denmark 6185:Croatia 6170:Belgium 6165:Belarus 6155:Austria 6150:Armenia 6145:Andorra 6140:Albania 6070:Outline 5882:Fashion 5872:Fashion 5860:Cuisine 5822:Culture 5810:in army 5795:Wedding 5790:Suicide 5785:Smoking 5770:Slavery 5745:Orphans 5718:Illegal 5594:Alcohol 5577:Society 5543:Tourism 5423:Banking 5401:Economy 5246:Prisons 5094:Siberia 5050:Islands 5030:Geology 4966:Climate 4956:Borders 4920:Outline 4895:Judaism 4885:Economy 4712:History 4633:(1978). 4612:(2002). 3860:Reuters 3502:3174213 3203:3174213 2834:Cia.gov 2359:Groznyy 2318:of the 2224:Western 2164:Russian 2108:or the 2043:: 2032:Russian 2023:: 2012:Russian 1637:Oldowan 1616:History 1546:Vietnam 1531:Vanuatu 1521:Uruguay 1501:Ukraine 1471:Tunisia 1406:Somalia 1381:Senegal 1306:Nigeria 1286:Myanmar 1281:Morocco 1226:Lebanon 1146:Iceland 1111:Germany 1106:Georgia 1096:Finland 1061:Ecuador 1046:Denmark 1026:Croatia 1021:Comoros 971:Bolivia 956:Belgium 946:Bahrain 931:Armenia 916:Andorra 911:Algeria 906:Albania 851:Surfing 828:Netball 788:Cycling 783:Curling 778:Cricket 676:Sikhism 671:Judaism 457:Science 428:Geology 405:Science 191:Society 6410:Kosovo 6372:Turkey 6362:Sweden 6342:Serbia 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