31:
442:
501:, that have workers. Workers in these other bee lineages do not show significant morphological differences from queens, other than coloration or a smaller average body size, though they are often quite different in their behavior from queens, and may or may not lay eggs. See the respective articles for these lineages for details.
885:
254:
Wax bees build cells from wax, repair old cells, and store nectar and pollen brought in by other workers. Early in the worker's career, she exudes wax from the space between her abdominal segments. Four sets of wax glands, situated inside the last four ventral segments of the abdomen, produce wax for
108:
Honey bee workers maintain the hive temperature in the critical brood area where new bees are hatched and raised. Workers must maintain the hive's brood chamber within a range of 34–36 °C (93–97 °F). If the chamber becomes too hot, the workers collect water or diluted nectar and deposit it
317:
Worker bees have eight pairs of wax glands under their abdomen from which they can create honeycomb. By chewing the wax, she mixes in her saliva, which adjusts the malleability of the wax and enables her to create each individual honeycomb cell. This process is repeated thousands of times to create
292:
Worker bees collect nectar from flowers using their tubular mouth parts, and store it in their honey stomach. Enzymes proceed to break down the nectar into simple sugars. Back at the hive, the nectar is distributed to other worker bees who either distribute it to young bees or store it in honeycomb
461:
against mammals and birds typically leave the stinger embedded in the victim due to the structure of flesh and the stinger's barbs. In this case, the venom bulb stays with the stinger and continues to pump. The bee will die after losing its stinger, as the removal of the stinger and the venom bulb
426:
The workers perform different behavioral tasks in the colony that cause them to be exposed to different local environments. The worker gut microbial community composition is found to be associated with the behavioral tasks they perform, therefore also with the local environment they are exposed to
208:
Through the lifecycle of a worker bee, she will take on many different roles within the hive, depending on how old she is and how long she has been working in the hive. The exact number of days she spends at each task depends on the requirements of the hive, however there is an estimated number of
129:
for three days, followed by pollen and honey for about two more days until the cell is capped by worker bees. The larva spins itself into a cocoon and becomes an inactive pupa. During this 10-day stage, the bee begins to develop features such as eyes, wings, legs and other features that adult bees
120:
The life span of a worker bee fluctuates between the summer and winter months. In the summertime, worker bees typically only live two to six weeks compared to wintertime when workers can live up to 20 weeks. The reason for this difference lies in interior physiological processes that worker bees
121:
experience, and external factors, such as bees not leaving the relative safety of the hive during the colder winter months. Worker bees are exposed to a lot more risks during the summer months when they leave the hive to forage, and therefore have a shorter relative lifespan.
217:
Brood cells must be cleaned before the next use. Worker bees in the cleaning phase perform this cleaning. Cells are inspected by the queen and if unsatisfactory, they will not be used. If the cells are not clean, the worker bee must repeat the cleaning process.
326:
Pollen brought into the hive for feeding the brood is also stored. It must be packed firmly into comb cells and mixed with a small amount of honey so that it will not spoil. Unlike honey, which does not support bacterial life, stored pollen will become
353:
Geopropolis displays antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity and has been proven to be a source of antibiofilm agents. It also presents selectivity against human cancer cell lines at low concentrations compared to normal cells.
124:
Honey bees begin as an egg laid by the queen in the brood nest, located near the center of the hive. Worker eggs are laid in smaller cells compared to drone eggs, and will hatch after three days into a larva. Nurse bees feed it
1047:
Cunha, Marcos
Guilherme da; Franchin, Marcelo; Galvão, LíviaCâmaradeCarvalho; Ruiz, AnaLúciaTascaGóis de; Carvalho, João Ernesto de; Ikegaki, Masarahu; Alencar, Severino Matias de; Koo, Hyun; Rosalen, Pedro Luiz (2013-01-28).
343:, a resinous substance obtained from plants. When workers add enzymes to the propolis, the combination has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Propolis is placed at the entrance of hives to aid in ventilation.
390:. The number of guards varies from season to season and from species to species. Entrance size and daily traffic also play an integral role in the number of guard bees present. Guard bees of the species
130:
possess. After this 21 day developmental period, the adult bee will chew through its wax cap and cocoon and emerge into the hive as a fully grown bee, immediately beginning its roles in the hive.
418:, but in most species will produce only male (drone) offspring. Whether a larva becomes a worker or a queen depends on the kind of food it is given after the first three days of its larval form.
109:
around the hive, then fan the air with their wings to generate cooling by evaporation. If the chamber becomes too cold, worker bees can increase the temperature of their thoracic muscles using
414:, and thus never reproduce. Workers are nevertheless considered female for anatomical and genetic reasons. Genetically, a worker bee does not differ from a queen bee and can even become a
69:
bees, with bodies specialized for nectar and pollen collection. They perform different tasks around the hive progressively over their lifespans in a predictable order based on their age.
378:
When the hive is in danger of overheating, these bees will obtain water, usually from within a short distance from the hive and bring it back to spread on the backs of fanning bees.
362:
Dead bees and failed larvae must be removed from the hive to prevent disease and allow cells to be reused. They will be carried some distance from the hive by mortuary bees.
1420:
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61:
Worker bees are the caste of bee that perform most of the fundamental tasks of the hive, and they are by far the most numerous type of bee. They are much smaller than
1633:
1216:
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on the stinger will not catch on most animals besides mammals and birds, which means that such animals can be stung repeatedly by the same bee.
996:
Adriana, Pianaro (2007). "Chemical
Changes Associated with the Invasion of a Melipona scutellaris Colony by Melipona rufiventris Workers".
1371:
Julia C. Jones, C. Fruciano, F. Hildebrand, H. Al
Toufalilia, N.J. Balfour, P. Bork, P. Engel, F.L.W. Ratnieks, W.O.H. Hughes (Nov 2017).
1626:
226:
Nurse bees feed the worker larvae worker jelly, which is secreted from glands that produce royal jelly. On days 6–12, nurse bees feed
402:
are examples of eusocial bees that have been observed hovering at their nest entrances, providing more protection against intruders.
242:
Queen attendants take care of the queen by feeding and grooming her. After coming into contact with the queen, the attendants spread
2092:
370:
Worker bees fan the hive, cooling it with evaporated water. They direct airflow into the hive or out of the hive depending on need.
297:
is produced by being further dehydrated via fanning then sealed with a wax cap, which prevents absorption of moisture from the air.
624:
2145:
2150:
1703:
1180:
Segers, Francisca (17 January 2015). "Soldier production in a stingless bee depends on rearing location and nurse behavior".
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427:
and the environmental landscape is shown to affect the gut microbial community (gut microbiota composition) of honey bees.
1619:
573:
2087:
1217:"Comparative Study in Stingless Bees (Meliponini) Demonstrates that Nest Entrance Size Predicts Traffic and Defensivity"
740:
Prado, Alberto; Requier, Fabrice; Crauser, Didier; Le Conte, Yves; Bretagnolle, Vincent; Alaux, Cédric (November 2020).
2115:
1847:
860:
1308:
Julia C. Jones, C. Fruciano, J. Marchant, F. Hildebrand, S. Forslund, P. Bork, P. Engel, W. O. H. Hughes (May 2018).
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243:
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and carries out the majority of tasks needed for the functioning of the hive. While worker bees are present in all
2181:
2135:
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2046:
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1812:
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457:
The worker bee's stinger is a complex organ that allows a bee to defend itself and the hive from most mammals.
58:). Worker bees of this variety are responsible for approximately 80% of the world's crop pollination services.
80:
Pollen carried on their bodies may be transferred to another flower, where a small portion can rub off on the
246:(QMP) throughout the hive, which is a signal to the rest of the bees that the hive still has a viable queen.
2110:
1965:
1875:
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or water. Worker bees journey away from the hive around 10 times each day, with each trip lasting an hour.
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392:
113:, pressing their warmed muscles against caps or walls of brood cells. In the wintertime, worker bees can
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716:
910:
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Li, Zhiyong; Huang, Zachary Y.; Sharma, Dhruv B.; Xue, Yunbo; Wang, Zhi; Ren, Bingzhong (2016-02-16).
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Couvillon, M.J.; Wenseleers, T.; Imperatriz-Fonseca, L.; Nogueira-Neto, P.; Ratnieks, F.L.W. (2007).
1005:
753:
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2130:
2120:
2066:
1957:
1805:
1739:
1050:"Antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of stingless bee Melipona scutellaris geopropolis"
96:
in the stomach, and carried back to the hive, where it is stored in wax cells and evaporated into
2061:
1197:
1029:
651:"Drone and Worker Brood Microclimates Are Regulated Differentially in Honey Bees, Apis mellifera"
555:
264:
110:
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Guard bees will stand at the front of the hive entrance, defending it from any invaders such as
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Drones do not feed themselves when they are young; they are fed by workers and then when the
76:
on their back legs and carry it back to the hive where it is used as food for the developing
1917:
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bee species, the term is rarely used (outside of scientific literature) for bees other than
2013:
1969:
1724:
1132:
861:"Honeybees all have different jobs to accomplish—Here's how they decide who is doing what"
441:
328:
812:, Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2012,
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2018:
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114:
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1560:
1517:
926:
886:"How Bees Make Honey: Producing honey is a strenuous team effort for bees – CALS News"
2207:
2196:
1373:"Gut microbiota composition is associated with environmental landscape in honey bees"
1236:
486:
411:
272:
268:
117:
to generate body heat to keep the brood area warm as external temperature decreases.
73:
1201:
1033:
559:
2176:
1729:
346:
Some bees add excess mud to the mixture, making it geopropolis, such as in the bee
675:
410:
In most common bee species, worker bees are infertile due to enforced altruistic
1988:
1932:
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306:
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receive worker jelly for 1 to 3 days until they are started on a diet of honey.
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comb in the hive, which will be used for honey production and brood space.
518:
Breeze, T. D.; Bailey, A. P.; Balcombe, K. G.; Potts, S. G. (2011-08-01).
1927:
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810:
LiverTox: Clinical and
Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury
765:
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1953:
1907:
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446:
42:
is any female bee that lacks the reproductive capacity of the colony's
1388:
1310:"The gut microbiome is associated with behavioural task in honey bees"
1265:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1261:"The evolution of extreme altruism and inequality in insect societies"
1948:
93:
89:
81:
1436:"Functional anatomy of the worker honeybee stinger (Apis mellifera)"
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1912:
1518:"Evolution of sociality in a primitively eusocial lineage of bees"
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294:
97:
29:
387:
1615:
1973:
1600:
520:"Pollination services in the UK: How important are honeybees?"
742:"Honeybee lifespan: the critical role of pre-foraging stage"
574:"About Honey Bees | Types, races, and anatomy of honey bees"
1434:
Ramirez-Esquivel, Fiorella; Ravi, Sridhar (Jun 23, 2023).
578:
About Honey Bees | Types, races, and anatomy of honey bees
267:
and scout bees travel up to 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) to a
339:
The walls of the hive are covered with a thin coating of
598:"ENY-166/IN1102: The Social Organization of Honey Bees"
331:
without proper care. It has to be kept in honey cells.
309:
get older they feed themselves from the honey supply.
911:"The food of adult drone honeybees (Apis mellifera)"
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torn off its body and attached to a protecting dress
2159:
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2080:
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1941:
1890:
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230:, rich in vitamins, to the queen larva and drones.
837:"Stages Of Bee Growth – Honey Bee Research Centre"
462:damages or removes other internal organs as well.
182:Day 10 until emergence (Day 11 or 12 last moult)
1583:The Honey Files: A Bee's Life, A Teaching Guide
1522:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
92:is sucked up through the proboscis, mixed with
209:days each worker bee will spend at each task.
1627:
717:"Honey Bee Management Throughout the Seasons"
8:
1419:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1356:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1259:Ratnieks, F. L. W.; Helantera, H. (2009).
1054:BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
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1157:"The Role of the Worker Bee - PerfectBee"
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973:"The Role of the Worker Bee - PerfectBee"
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524:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
132:
1492:"Why do honeybees die when they sting?"
949:"The Secrets of Honeycomb - PerfectBee"
915:The British Journal of Animal Behaviour
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54:, particularly the European honey bee (
1412:
1349:
497:, native to all continents except for
619:
617:
7:
1182:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
25:
1718:Subspecies, Breeds and Phenotypes
1516:Danforth, Bryan N. (2002-01-08).
72:Worker bees gather pollen in the
1237:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01457.x
1224:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1112:AGrowTronics - IIoT For Growing
1704:Bee learning and communication
1:
927:10.1016/S0950-5601(57)80038-0
283:Worker activities in the hive
151:Average Developmental Period
1596:Organization of a bee colony
676:10.1371/journal.pone.0148740
627:. 2006-12-31. Archived from
238:Queen attendants (days 7-11)
1848:Apis mellifera sinisxinyuan
1108:"Worker Bees - An Overview"
998:Journal of Chemical Ecology
250:Wax production (days 13–18)
2224:
1460:10.1016/j.isci.2023.107103
909:Free, J. B. (1957-01-01).
746:Royal Society Open Science
602:Ask IFAS - Powered by EDIS
544:10.1016/j.agee.2011.03.020
434:
399:Schwarziana quadripunctata
259:Foraging bees (days 21–42)
244:queen mandibular pheromone
2182:Honeybee Discovery Center
2093:Diseases of the honey bee
1827:Apis mellifera scutellata
1645:types and characteristics
1326:10.1007/s00040-018-0624-9
1194:10.1007/s00265-015-1872-6
1018:10.1007/s10886-007-9274-5
2160:Museums and insectariums
2072:Colony collapse disorder
2047:Varroa sensitive hygiene
1834:Apis mellifera siciliana
1813:Apis mellifera monticola
1799:Apis mellifera pomonella
1785:Apis mellifera artemisia
1778:Apis mellifera adansonii
477:There are many types of
213:Cell cleaning (days 1–2)
34:Worker bees (with queen)
1966:Horizontal top-bar hive
1876:Apis mellifera unicolor
1855:Apis mellifera sossimai
1841:Apis mellifera simensis
1133:"Roles of a worker bee"
1067:10.1186/1472-6882-13-23
406:Genetic characteristics
153:(Days until emergence)
2033:Parasites and diseases
1869:Apis mellifera taurica
1862:Apis mellifera syriaca
1820:Apis mellifera remipes
1792:Apis mellifera litorea
1543:10.1073/pnas.012387999
1277:10.1098/rstb.2009.0129
1131:Alvéole (2021-09-09).
493:, and many species of
454:
393:Tetragonisca angustula
222:Nurse bees (days 3–12)
111:isometric contractions
35:
1377:Ecology and Evolution
444:
84:, resulting in cross
33:
2172:Bee Museum of Rhodes
2088:Topics in beekeeping
1694:Honey bee life cycle
1587:National Honey Board
349:Melipona scutellaris
204:Progression of tasks
187:(range: 18–22 days)
2167:Malacca Bee Gallery
2067:Deformed wing virus
1958:BS National Beehive
1806:Apis mellifera meda
1740:Carniolan honey bee
1534:2002PNAS...99..286D
1452:2023iSci...26j7103R
1010:2007JCEco..33..971P
766:10.1098/rsos.200998
758:2020RSOS....700998P
667:2016PLoSO..1148740L
536:2011AgEE..142..137B
255:comb construction.
197:nearly 100 mg
157:Start of Fertility
2062:American foulbrood
1161:www.perfectbee.com
977:www.perfectbee.com
953:www.perfectbee.com
890:news.cals.wisc.edu
455:
313:Honeycomb building
36:
27:Caste of honey bee
2190:
2189:
2052:Small hive beetle
2041:Varroa destructor
1765:Western honey bee
1760:Russian honey bee
1755:Maltese honey bee
1745:European dark bee
1668:Laying worker bee
1389:10.1002/ece3.3597
1271:(1533): 3169–79.
721:extension.psu.edu
625:"Bee Life Stages"
473:Other social bees
416:laying worker bee
201:
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1500:. Retrieved
1498:. 2014-10-01
1496:PBS NewsHour
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629:the original
605:. Retrieved
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176:up to Day 9
173:up to Day 3
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160:Body Length
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145:Cell capped
123:
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39:
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18:Worker (bee)
2136:New Zealand
2102:Beekeeping
1989:Honey super
1933:Royal jelly
1891:Cultivation
1750:Italian bee
1440:50 iScience
921:(1): 7–11.
491:orchid bees
483:bumble bees
449:of a black
335:Propolizing
228:royal jelly
127:royal jelly
86:pollination
2203:Beekeeping
2197:Categories
2024:Jenter kit
2009:Bee smoker
2004:Queen clip
1984:Hive frame
1898:Beekeeping
1689:Bee colony
1682:Life cycle
1663:Worker bee
1651:Bee castes
1502:2024-03-25
1166:2024-03-25
1142:2024-03-25
1117:2024-03-25
982:2024-03-25
958:2024-03-25
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871:2024-03-25
846:2024-03-08
823:2024-03-08
726:2024-03-06
635:2023-11-28
607:2024-03-25
583:2024-03-25
505:References
499:Antarctica
495:sweat bees
459:Bee stings
382:Guard bees
307:drone bees
104:Life cycle
52:honey bees
40:worker bee
2111:Australia
1999:Hive tool
1962:Flow Hive
1942:Equipment
1923:Honeycomb
1673:Drone bee
1658:Queen bee
1643:Honey bee
1552:0027-8424
1076:1472-6882
1060:(1): 23.
935:0950-5601
774:2054-5703
685:1932-6203
552:0167-8809
437:Bee sting
44:queen bee
1928:Propolis
1903:Apiology
1709:Swarming
1570:11782550
1478:37485367
1469:10359947
1407:29321884
1344:30100619
1295:19805425
1246:18021200
1202:18594915
1094:23356696
1034:32195400
1026:17404819
818:35593875
792:33391795
703:26882104
655:PLOS ONE
560:83628314
479:eusocial
451:honeybee
341:propolis
277:propolis
185:21 days
48:eusocial
2141:Ukraine
2126:Ireland
2116:Hungary
2057:Waxworm
1954:Beehive
1908:Beeswax
1530:Bibcode
1448:Bibcode
1398:5756847
1335:6061168
1286:2781879
1137:Alvéole
1085:3568042
1006:Bibcode
865:Animals
841:hbrc.ca
783:7735337
754:Bibcode
694:4755576
663:Bibcode
532:Bibcode
489:, some
447:stinger
431:Stinger
265:forager
94:enzymes
1949:Apiary
1589:, 2001
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329:rancid
232:Drones
179:Day 9
169:Worker
142:Larva
90:Nectar
82:pistil
78:brood.
63:drones
2131:Nepal
2121:India
2081:Lists
1913:Honey
1699:Brood
1446:(7).
1220:(PDF)
1198:S2CID
1030:S2CID
556:S2CID
467:barbs
388:wasps
295:honey
148:Pupa
136:Type
98:honey
67:queen
2208:Bees
1566:PMID
1548:ISSN
1474:PMID
1421:link
1403:PMID
1358:link
1340:PMID
1291:PMID
1242:PMID
1090:PMID
1072:ISSN
1022:PMID
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814:PMID
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770:ISSN
699:PMID
681:ISSN
548:ISSN
465:The
445:The
396:and
263:The
191:N/A
139:Egg
1974:Nuc
1601:FAO
1556:PMC
1538:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
