550:
from non-aligned bodies. There were also meetings of the WPC Assembly, its highest governing body. The congresses and assemblies issued statements, appeals and resolutions that called for world peace in general terms and condemned US weapons policy, invasions and military actions. The US Department of State described the congresses as follows: "The majority of participants in the assemblies are Soviet and East
European communist party members, representatives of foreign communist parties, and representatives of other Soviet-backed international fronts. Token noncommunist participation serves to lend an element of credibility. Discussion usually is confined to the inequities of Western socioeconomic systems and attacks on the military and foreign policies of the United States and other imperialist, fascist nations. Resolutions advocating policies favored by the U.S.S.R. and other communist nations are passed by acclamation, not by vote. In most cases, delegates do not see the texts until they are published in the communist media. Attempts by noncommunist delegates to discuss Soviet actions (such as the
531:
188:, a senior Soviet official, praising the Partisans for Peace and resolving that, "The Communist and Workers' Parties must utilize all means of struggle to secure a stable and lasting peace, subordinating their entire activity to this" and that "Particular attention should be devoted to drawing into the peace movement trade unions, women's, youth, cooperative, sport, cultural, education, religious and other organizations, and also scientists, writers, journalists, cultural workers, parliamentary and other political and public leaders who act in defense of peace and against war."
142:
838:, the WPC issued a statement rationalizing it. In 1979 the World Peace Council explained the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan as an act of solidarity in the face of Chinese and US aggression against Afghanistan." Rob Prince, a former secretary of the WPC, suggested that it simply failed to connect with the western peace movement because it used most of its funds on international travel and lavish conferences. It had poor intelligence on Western peace groups, and, even though its HQ was in Helsinki, had no contact with Finnish peace organizations.
1336:
1323:
1375:
1362:
1401:
1414:
1310:
683:
organizations to spread the Soviet point of view, alternately wooing and attacking them, either for their pacifism or their refusal to support the Soviet Union. Until the early 1960s there was limited co-operation between such groups and the WPC, but they gradually dissociated themselves as they discovered it was impossible to criticize the Soviet Union at WPC conferences.
1427:
1388:
1349:
40:
834:, said that the WPC "always had difficulty in securing cooperation from West European and North American peace organisations because of its obvious affiliation with Socialist countries and the foreign policy of the Soviet Union. Especially difficult to digest, was that instead of criticising the Soviet Union's unilaterally resumed atmospheric
208:
372:
905:, its current finances derive exclusively from Membership Fees and contributions/donations by members and friends, based on the rules and regulations adopted in 2008, during the 19th Assembly of the WPC held in Caracas/Venezuela. The executive committee and Assemblies receive financial reports on income and expenses.
1443:
Under its current rules, WPC members are national and international organizations that agree with its main principles and any of its objectives and pay membership fees. Other organizations may join at the discretion of the executive committee or become associate members. Distinguished individuals may
826:
and raised the issue of democracy and civil liberties in the
Communist states, only for Assembly to respond by loudly applauding a delegate who said that "the so-called dissident issue was not a matter for the international peace movement, but something that had been injected into it artificially by
813:
bear equal responsibility for the arms race and international tension. Zhukov denounced the West Berlin
Working Group for a Nuclear-Free Europe, organizers of a May 1983 European disarmament conference in Berlin, for allegedly siding with NATO, attempting to split the peace movement, and distracting
686:
From the late 1940s to the late 1950s the WPC, with its large budget and high-profile conferences, dominated the peace movement, to the extent that the movement became identified with the
Communist cause. The formation of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament in Britain in 1957 sparked a rapid growth
580:
at a meeting of the
Permanent Committee of the World Peace Congress, calling for the absolute prohibition of nuclear weapons. The campaign won popular support, collecting, it is said, 560 million signatures in Europe, most from socialist countries, including 10 million in France (including
522:, 4 July 1969): 'There were a number who decided to vote against the general resolution for three reasons (a) it was platitudinous (b) it was one sided and (c) in protest against restrictions on minorities and the press within the assembly. This proved impossible in the end for no vote was taken.'"
516:
world assembly in East Berlin in June 1969 was widely criticized by various participants for its lack of spontaneity and carefully orchestrated Soviet supervision. As the
British General Secretary of the International Confederation for Disarmament and Peace and a delegate to the 1969 assembly wrote (
260:
The World
Congress of Partisans for Peace in Paris (20 April 1949) repeated the Cominform line that the world was divided between "a non-aggressive Soviet group and a war-minded imperialistic group, headed by the United States government". It established a World Committee of Partisans for Peace, led
181:
was divided between "peace-loving" progressive forces led by the Soviet Union and "warmongering" capitalist countries led by the United States, declaring that peace "should now become the pivot of the entire activity of the
Communist Parties", and most western Communist parties followed this policy.
846:
By the mid-1980s the Soviet Peace
Committee "concluded that the WPC was a politically expendable and spent force", although it continued to provide funds until 1991. As the Soviet Peace Committee was the conduit for Soviet direction of the WPC, this judgement represented a downgrading of the WPC by
180:
A new permanent organization emerged from the April 1949 conclave, the World
Committee of Partisans for Peace. At a Second World Congress held in Warsaw in November 1950, this group adopted the new name World Peace Council (WPC). The origins of the WPC lay in the Cominform's doctrine that the world
515:
occasioned unprecedented dissent from Soviet policy within the WPC. It brought about such a crisis in the Secretariat that in September that year only one delegate supported the invasion. However, the Soviet Union soon reasserted control, and according to the US State Department, "The WPC's eighth
468:
in 1956, the WPC convened a conference in Helsinki in December 1956. Although there were reportedly "serious differences" regarding the Hungarian situation within both the WPC and national peace movements, the conference passed a unanimous resolution blaming the Hungarian government for the Soviet
549:
Until the late 1980s, the World Peace Council's principal activity was the organization of large international congresses, nearly all of which had over 2,000 delegates representing most of the countries of the world. Most of the delegates came from pro-Communist organizations, with some observers
329:
In 1950, the World Congress of the Supporters of Peace adopted a permanent constitution for the World Peace Council, which replaced the Committee of Partisans for Peace. The opening congress of the WPC condemned the atom-bomb and the American involvement in the Korean War. The WPC was used by the
933:
The WPC currently states its goals as: Actions against imperialist wars and occupation of sovereign countries and nations; prohibition of all weapons of mass destruction; abolition of foreign military bases; universal disarmament under effective international control; elimination of all forms of
726:
As the non-aligned peace movement "was constantly under threat of being tarnished by association with avowedly pro-Soviet groups", many individuals and organizations "studiously avoided contact with Communists and fellow-travellers." Some western delegates walked out of the Wroclaw conference of
554:) are dismissed as interference in internal affairs or anti-Soviet propaganda. Dissent among delegates often is suppressed and never acknowledged in final resolutions or communiques. All assemblies praise the U.S.S.R. and other progressive societies and endorse Soviet foreign policy positions."
235:
The Congress elected a permanent International Committee of Intellectuals in Defence of Peace (also known as the International Committee of Intellectuals for Peace and the International Liaison Committee of Intellectuals for Peace) with headquarters in Paris. It called for the establishment of
682:
The WPC has been described as caught in contradictions as "it sought to become a broad world movement while being instrumentalized increasingly to serve foreign policy in the Soviet Union and nominally socialist countries." From the 1950s until the late 1980s it tried to use non-aligned peace
772:
rejected WPC appeals for co-operation. A final break occurred during the WPC's 1962 World Congress for Peace and Disarmament in Moscow. The WPC had invited non-aligned peace groups, who were permitted to criticize Soviet nuclear testing, but when western activists including the British
231:
had been invited to send an address, but when the organisers found that it advocated world government and that his representative refused to change it, they substituted another document by Einstein without his consent, leaving Einstein feeling that he had been badly used.
879:. In 1957 it was banned by the Austrian government. It was invited to Prague but did not move there, had no official HQ but continued to operate in Vienna under cover of the International Institute for Peace. In 1968 it re-assumed its name and moved to Helsinki,
194:, a historian of the post-war peace movement, argues that the Soviet Union devoted great efforts to the promotion of the WPC in the early post-war years because it feared an American attack and American superiority of arms at a time when the US possessed the
747:, criticised the WPC-affiliated British Peace Committee for what they saw as its "unquestioning hero-worship" of the Soviet Union. In 1950, several Swedish peace organizations warned their supporters against signing the WPC's Stockholm Appeal. In 1953, the
954:, essential for the establishment of peace; non-interference in the internal affairs of nations; peaceful co-existence between states with different political systems; negotiations instead of use of force in the settlement of differences between nations.
77:
and propped up by the Soviet Union. Throughout the Cold War, WPC engaged in propaganda efforts on behalf of the Soviet Union, whereby it criticized the United States and its allies while defending the Soviet Union's involvement in numerous conflicts.
504:, to take a softer line with non-aligned peace groups in order to secure their co-operation. In particular, Bernal believed that the WPC's influence with these groups was jeopardized by China's insistence that the WPC give unequivocal support to
759:
condemned it for its failure to respond to Soviet H-bomb tests. In Sweden, Aktionsgruppen Mot Svensk Atombomb discouraged its members from participating in Communist-led peace committees. The WPC attempted to co-opt the eminent peace campaigner
723:, one of the leaders of the Pugwash movement, said that although a few participants in Pugwash conferences from the Soviet Union "were obviously sent to push the party line ... the majority were genuine scientists and behaved as such".
2555:
350:
denounced the Congress as a "bogus forum of peace with the real aim of sabotaging national defence" and said there would be a "reasonable limit" on foreign delegates. Among those excluded by the government were Frédéric Joliot-Curie,
781:
against Soviet weapons and the Communist system, their banners were confiscated and they were threatened with deportation. As a result of this confrontation, 40 non-aligned organizations decided to form a new international body, the
227:, chaired the meeting in the hope of bridging Cold War divisions, but later wrote that "there was no discussion in the ordinary sense of the word." Speakers delivered lengthy condemnation of the West and praises of the Soviet Union.
2084:
176:
in April 1949, a meeting designated the World Congress of Partisans for Peace (Congrès Mondial des Partisans de la Paix). Some 2,000 delegates from 75 countries were in attendance at this foundation gathering in the French capital.
981:(ILO), and other UN specialized agencies, special committees and departments. It is said to have successfully influenced their agendas, the terms of discussion and the orientations of their resolutions. It also cooperates with the
198:
but the Soviet Union had not yet developed it. This was in opposition to the theory that America had no plans to attack anyone, and the purpose of the WPC was to disarm the US and the NATO alliance for a future Soviet attack.
2441:
345:
peace movement. It was originally scheduled for Sheffield but the British authorities, who wished to undermine the WPC, refused visas to many delegates and the Congress was forced to move to Warsaw. British Prime Minister
814:
the peaceloving public from the main source of the deadly threat posed against the peoples of Europe-the plans for stationing a new generation of nuclear missiles in Europe in 1983." In 1983, the British peace campaigner
469:
invasion, citing "the faults of an internal regime as well as their exploitation by foreign propagandists". The resolution also called for the withdrawal of Soviet troops and the restoration of Hungarian sovereignty.
827:
anti-communists." The Hungarian student peace group, Dialogue, also tried to attend the 1983 Assembly but were met with tear gas, arrests, and deportation to Hungary; the following year the authorities banned it.
859:, the WPC lost most of its support, income and staff and dwindled to a small core group. Its international conferences now attract only a tenth of the delegates that its Soviet-backed conferences could attract (
585:), and 155 million signatures in the Soviet Union – the entire adult population. Several non-aligned peace groups who had distanced themselves from the WPC advised their supporters not to sign the Appeal.
308:
and his passport confiscated for years. The Congress was disrupted by the French authorities who refused visas to so many delegates that a simultaneous Congress was held in Prague." Robeson's performance of
966:
3343:
2213:
168:
This gathering established a permanent organisation called the International Liaison Committee of Intellectuals for Peace—a group which joined with another international Communist organisation, the
901:
The WPC was receiving financial contributions from friendly countries and from the Soviet Peace Committee during its history until 1991. After the year 2000 and the shifting of the Head office to
687:
in the unaligned peace movement and its detachment from the WPC. However, the public and some Western leaders still tended to regard all peace activists as Communists. For example, US President
3247:
2548:
691:
said that the big peace demonstrations in Europe in 1981 were "all sponsored by a thing called the World Peace Council, which is bought and paid for by the Soviet Union", and Soviet defector
618:
In accordance with the Comniform's 1950 resolution to draw into the peace movement trade unions, women's and youth organisations, scientists, writers and journalists, etc., several Communist
4472:
3660:
Review of the Scientific and Cultural Conference for World Peace Arranged by the National Council of the Arts, Sciences and Professions and Held in New York City on March 25, 26 and 27, 1949
748:
708:
497:
3505:
280:, heard no spontaneous contributions or free discussions, only prepared speeches, and described the atmosphere there as "agitated", "aggressive" and "warlike". A speech given at Paris by
4521:
2437:
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between East and West. It declared that, "The victories of peace and détente have created a new international climate, new hopes, new confidence, new optimism among the peoples."
4531:
3924:
2054:
783:
4506:
3436:
851:, the Soviet Peace Committee developed bilateral international contacts "in which the WPC not only played no role, but was a liability." Gorbachev never even met WPC President
2499:
4360:
484:. At first, Communists denounced the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament for "splitting the peace movement" but they were compelled to join it when they saw how popular it was.
158:
383:, although it tended not to present itself as an organ of Soviet foreign policy, but rather as the expression of the aspirations of the "peace loving peoples of the world".
4446:
3036:
2069:
974:
970:
249:
237:
3156:
1538:
477:
712:
700:
641:
631:
3677:
1558:
1543:
671:
169:
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claimed that the WPC was a Soviet front for propaganda which CIA covertly tried to neutralize and to prevent the WPC from organizing outside the Communist bloc.
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1139:
1035:
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4553:
2208:
1911:
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to the Vietnam War was widespread in the mid-1960s and most of the anti-war activity had nothing to do with the WPC, which decided, under the leadership of
1742:
1029:
707:
was one of the organizers of a large 1982 peace protest in New York City, but said that the KGB had not manipulated the American movement "significantly."
472:
The WPC led the international peace movement in the decade after the Second World War, but its failure to speak out against the Soviet suppression of the
4673:
4511:
530:
4516:
4328:
646:
216:
4477:
4442:
3242:
2630:
1747:
1156:
held on 20 April 1949 Paris & Prague established a World Committee of Partisans for Peace, which is considered the founding Congress of the WPC
822:, attended the World Peace Council's World Assembly for Peace and Life Against Nuclear War in Prague at the suggestion of the Czech dissident group
2699:
4619:
4548:
2918:
1147:
3206:
2524:
461:. In 1955, another WPC meeting in Vienna launched an "Appeal against the Preparations for Nuclear War", with grandiose claims about its success.
3498:
3309:
4678:
4668:
4594:
4146:
4060:
3654:
3016:
2415:
2049:
896:
661:
512:
4247:
3814:
3081:
2323:
1461:
2782:
Wernicke, Günther, "The World Peace Council and the Antiwar Movement in East Germany", in Daum, A. W., L. C. Gardner and W. Mausbach (eds),
2307:
4599:
4452:
4404:
793:, the Soviet Union adopted a harder line with non-aligned groups, apparently because their failure to prevent the deployment of Cruise and
656:
105:. The organization's propagandizing for the USSR led to the decline of its influence over the peace movement in non-Communist countries.
1658:
1508:
1041:
2348:
2304:
100 years of Peace Making: A History of the International Peace Bureau and other international peace movement organisations and networks
1987:
1523:
1059:
4629:
4609:
4195:
4091:
3737:
3375:
2802:
1826:
3433:
1956:
4457:
4121:
3779:
3474:
2886:
2496:
1794:
1784:
1082:
978:
802:
774:
636:
3453:
1894:
1528:
1518:
1456:
1946:
1900:
1689:
1076:
4536:
4526:
4141:
801:, returning to the rhetoric of the mid-1950s, wrote to several hundred non-communist peace groups in Western Europe accusing the
666:
481:
3033:
2383:
1533:
1515:
a federation of a number of organizations in the CIS). Its member organizations, at the time of its founding in 1992, included:
3909:
3904:
3153:
1153:
856:
651:
356:
1906:
1789:
4484:
3824:
3774:
2265:
2034:
1941:
1607:
2874:
1799:
3267:
3181:
2594:
1936:
1779:
4624:
4499:
3645:
1694:
1663:
914:
716:
314:
2017:
4663:
4230:
4151:
4131:
3914:
3834:
3819:
3784:
3560:
1931:
1872:
1774:
1466:
1088:
1053:
819:
570:
379:
The WPC was directed by the International Department of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party through the
4574:
4398:
4116:
3799:
1982:
1972:
1592:
951:
756:
337:
It followed the Cominform line, recommending the creation of national peace committees in every country, and rejected
310:
236:
national branches and national meetings along the same lines as the World Congress. In accordance with this policy, a
98:
3408:
1768:
1314:
1283:
435:
262:
109:
2352:
1867:
1627:
1498:
1047:
141:
4642:
4489:
4467:
4166:
4126:
3844:
3764:
3395:
1852:
1804:
1674:
1418:
1100:
831:
626:
465:
3624:
4541:
4494:
4462:
4156:
4101:
2935:
2257:
1847:
1809:
1119:
1113:
835:
751:
stated that it had "no association with the World Peace Council". In 1956, a year in which the WPC condemned the
2000:
1951:
1857:
1684:
1573:
1548:
363:. The number of delegates at Sheffield was reduced from an anticipated 2,000 to 500, half of whom were British.
4417:
4350:
4220:
4200:
4183:
3839:
3534:
2005:
1967:
1962:
1926:
1842:
1753:
1737:
1710:
1602:
798:
375:
1951 Soviet stamp marking the 3rd All-Union Conference of Peace Champions, signing a World Peace Council appeal
1921:
1882:
1877:
1862:
1837:
1758:
1722:
1493:
1483:
764:, much to his annoyance, and in 1957 he refused the award of the WPC's International Peace Prize. In Britain,
4086:
2549:"United States Department of State, The World Peace Council's "Peace Assemblies", Foreign Affairs Note, 1983"
1732:
1700:
1642:
1578:
1563:
1503:
1488:
1471:
4410:
4096:
3899:
3829:
2039:
1916:
1619:
1553:
728:
473:
453:'s strategy of peaceful coexistence, resulting in a more broad-based conference. Among those attending were
321:(The Dove) was chosen as the emblem for the Congress and was subsequently adopted as the symbol of the WPC.
1831:
1814:
1763:
1405:
1071:
4387:
4381:
4210:
4111:
3794:
3730:
2627:
2022:
1727:
1705:
1653:
1637:
1632:
1597:
1512:
1094:
380:
2693:
1679:
1392:
1013:
551:
480:
marginalised it, and in the 1960s it was eclipsed by the newer, non-aligned peace organizations like the
4355:
4205:
3970:
2913:
986:
790:
558:
245:
90:
17:
1668:
1366:
149:
on 1 July 1952 showing Picasso's dove above the stage, banner reading "Germany must be a land of Peace"
3580:
3201:
2672:
2519:
1065:
731:
warned against active collaboration with Communists. In the same year, several members of the British
4225:
4136:
3304:
3108:
2059:
1647:
962:
342:
31:
871:
The WPC first set up its offices in Paris, but was accused by the French government of engaging in "
4584:
4558:
4298:
4283:
4278:
4268:
4235:
4025:
4020:
3958:
2615:
1327:
360:
191:
2531:, Speech by Liao Cheng-Chin at the Stockholm session of the World Peace Council, 16 December 1961.
863:), although it still issues statements couched in similar terms to those of its historic appeals.
449:, Berlin, Helsinki and Stockholm. The January 1952 World Congress of People in Vienna represented
4344:
4318:
4273:
4106:
4065:
3985:
3671:
3586:
2958:
E. P. Thompson, "Resurgence in Europe and the rôle of END", in J. Minnion and P. Bolsover (eds),
2407:
2302:
2064:
1977:
732:
704:
518:
431:
386:
In its early days the WPC attracted numerous "political and intellectual superstars", including
2976:
Breyman, Steve (1997). "Were the 1980s' Anti-Nuclear Weapons Movements New Social Movements?".
2945:: The Fetters of Bipolarity and Some Attempts to Break Them in the Fifties and Early Sixties",
695:
claimed that they were co-ordinated at the WPC's 1980 World Parliament of Peoples for Peace in
270:
4604:
3990:
3769:
3746:
3723:
3371:
3227:
3077:
2963:
2882:
2483:
2467:
2261:
2130:
848:
692:
619:
492:
Throughout much of the 1960s and early 1970s, the WPC campaigned against the US's role in the
439:
330:
Soviet Union to promote baseless claims that the United States used biological weapons in the
297:
3658:
3367:
3361:
3141:
3125:
3071:
2178:
1447:
As of March 2014, the WPC lists the following organizations among its "members and friends".
4614:
4338:
4293:
4171:
3965:
3948:
3884:
3864:
3859:
3804:
3632:
2985:
2728:
2673:"World Peace Council Collected Records (CDG-B Finland), Swarthmore College Peace Collection"
2354:
Report on the Communist "peace" offensive. A campaign to disarm and defeat the United States
2190:
2120:
1379:
1122:, some of which, it has been said, were awarded to politicians who funded the organization.
1006:
768:
advised local groups in 1958 not to participate in a forthcoming WPC conference. In the US,
761:
577:
454:
423:
415:
387:
266:
2796:
3874:
3564:
3440:
3347:
3313:
3271:
3251:
3210:
3185:
3160:
3040:
2942:
2922:
2878:
2806:
2703:
2634:
2598:
2528:
2503:
2387:
2311:
2217:
2044:
1431:
999:
939:
794:
740:
269:. Most of the Executive were Communists. One delegate to the Congress, the Swedish artist
228:
3594:
265:, a Nobel Prize-winning physicist, High Commissioner for Atomic Energy and member of the
2400:"Barbara J. Beeching, "Paul Robeson and the Black Press:The 1950 Passport Controversy",
300:
should not and would not fight for the United States in any prospective war against the
4589:
4423:
4242:
4005:
3975:
3879:
3869:
3854:
3809:
3750:
3614:
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2748:
2616:"Catholic Church, Italian Catholics and Peace Movements: the Cold War Years, 1947–1962"
2074:
1353:
1340:
1322:
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852:
815:
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was said to have had "overlapping membership and similar policies" to the WPC. and the
582:
562:
542:
534:
458:
419:
352:
347:
293:
185:
102:
3640:
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but not the Russian suppression of the 1956 Hungarian uprising, the German section of
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4308:
4288:
4215:
4190:
3995:
3705:
2651:
2380:
982:
736:
688:
557:
The WPC was involved in demonstrations and protests especially in areas bordering US
505:
450:
399:
241:
220:
3609:
3073:
Bertrand Russell on Nuclear War, Peace, and Language: critical and historical essays
317:
was its earliest formal use as the country's national anthem. Picasso's lithograph,
4323:
4161:
4015:
3953:
3919:
3889:
2250:
One World or None: A History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement Through 1953
1539:
Public Association Council for Peace and Conciliation of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1374:
922:
872:
769:
501:
427:
411:
403:
391:
305:
301:
281:
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2765:
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146:
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86:
82:
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3715:
1143:
823:
778:
719:
were said to have been used by Soviet delegates to promote Soviet propaganda.
595:
In the 1980s it campaigned against the deployment of U.S. missiles in Europe.
589:
331:
2156:
Milorad Popov, "The World Council of Peace," in Witold S. Sworakowski (ed.),
2134:
4303:
3789:
3649:. No. 64. Melbourne: Council for the National Interest. pp. 52–63.
2989:
2852:, 6 and 19 Feb. 1980, 96th Cong., 2d sess., 1963. Washington, DC: GPO, 1980.
2194:
2085:
World union for peace and fundamental human rights and the rights of peoples
1544:
Public Association Council for Peace and Conciliation of the Kyrgyz Republic
1277:
1187:
195:
154:
74:
2798:
Ideas of Peace and Concordance in Soviet Political Propaganda (1950 – 1985)
1569:
Republican Public Association Peace Committee of the Republic of Tajikistan
588:
In June 1975 the WPC launched a second Stockholm Appeal during a period of
275:
211:
Session of the World Congress of Intellectuals for Peace in Wrocław in 1948
54: Affiliates of the International Federation for Peace and Conciliation
39:
3412:
3058:
The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell (Volume 28): Man's Peril, 1954–55
2179:"The Dove Flies East: Whitehall, Warsaw and the 1950 World Peace Congress"
2108:
1036:
Brazilian Center for Solidarity with the People and the Struggle for Peace
4392:
4045:
2125:
2109:"The Soviet "Struggle for Peace," the United Nations, and the Korean War"
1211:
1199:
1181:
338:
285:
113:
2411:
2399:
1912:
Brazilian Center for Solidarity with the Peoples and Struggle for Peace
1335:
1271:
880:
162:
117:
3567:, Moscow: International Federation for Peace and Conciliation, p. 345.
2936:"The Communist-Led World Peace Council and the Western Peace Movements
2438:"Picasso's poster for the Congrès Mondiale des Partisans pour la Paix"
1444:
become honorary members at the discretion of the executive committee.
875:" activities and was expelled in 1952. It moved to Prague and then to
855:
and excluded him from many Moscow international forums. Following the
4313:
4263:
4010:
3940:
3530:
1413:
1361:
1309:
1265:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1175:
1169:
1163:
947:
943:
902:
884:
876:
446:
224:
125:
121:
207:
2717:"Russell and the Communist-Aligned Peace Movement in the Mid-1950s"
565:. It campaigned against US-led military operations, especially the
4050:
1559:
Public Association "Аlliance for Peace of the Republic of Moldova"
1426:
1387:
1348:
1289:
1241:
1229:
1159:
797:
missiles. In December 1982, the Soviet Peace Committee President,
696:
529:
371:
370:
206:
173:
81:
The organization had the stated goals of advocating for universal
3683:
3655:
Committee on Un-American Activities, US House of Representatives
1400:
967:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
806:
3719:
3002:
Vladimir Bukovsky, "The Peace Movements and the Soviet Union",
2381:"'Madness is Becoming More Widespread.' Peace and disarmament".
3706:
Film of the World Congress of Partisans for Peace, Paris, 1949
3224:
Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War
1748:
Association for the Defense of Peace, Solidarity and Democracy
918:
765:
1130:
The highest WPC body, the Assembly, meets every three years.
1016:, Greek Committee for International Détente and Peace (EEDYE)
1009:, Greek Committee for International Détente and Peace (EEDYE)
261:
by a twelve-person Executive Bureau and chaired by Professor
2656:
Steel & Silk: Men & Women Who Shaped Syria 1900–2000
2210:
The Defence of Peace and the Struggle Against the Warmongers
1148:
International Committee of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace
749:
International Liaison Committee of Organizations for Peace
709:
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
296:—was widely quoted in the American press for stating that
108:
Its first president was the French physicist and activist
73:) is an international organization created in 1949 by the
60: Countries with both national affiliates and the IFPC
2823:
883:, where it remained until 1999. In 2000 it re-located to
3698:
2848:
U.S. Congress. House. Select Committee on Intelligence,
2464:
Britain, America, and anti-communist propaganda, 1945–53
3434:
Vietnam Times reporting by Thanh Luan - Nhung Nguyen Lu
2314:, Pax förlag, International Peace Bureau, January 1991.
1462:
Cuban Movement for Peace and Sovereignty of the Peoples
3610:"Following the money trail at the World Peace Council"
3265:"Following the Money Trail at the World Peace Council"
3154:"Oxford Conference of Non-aligned Peace Organizations"
2160:
Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1973; pg. 488.
1356:(General Secretary in 1966–1977; President in 1977–90)
1002:, All India Peace and Solidarity Organisation (AIPSO)
3411:. World Peace Council. 7 January 2008. Archived from
3340:
Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949–50
3226:, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1999.
2915:
Effect of Invasion of Czechoslovakia on Soviet Fronts
2055:
International Confederation for Disarmament and Peace
784:
International Confederation for Disarmament and Peace
3392:
The Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and the Third World
4567:
4432:
4361:
Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)
4256:
4079:
3933:
3757:
3629:(Speech). World Peace Council meeting. East Berlin.
3179:"The Independent Peace Movements in Eastern Europe"
1659:
Greek Committee for International Detente and Peace
1509:
International Federation for Peace and Conciliation
1042:
Greek Committee for International Détente and Peace
950:and other forms of discrimination; respect for the
921:to counter the propaganda of the emerging WPC, and
3925:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
3582:World Peace Council Collected Records, 1949 – 1996
3409:"Information letter about the World Peace Council"
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2070:National Council of Arts, Sciences and Professions
1524:National Peace Committee of Republic of Azerbaijan
975:United Nations Industrial Development Organization
971:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
313:" in Prague for the delegation from the incipient
250:National Council of Arts, Sciences and Professions
238:Cultural and Scientific Conference for World Peace
1060:Cuban Institute for the Friendship of the Peoples
2721:Russell: The Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
1827:Angolan League for the Friendship of the Peoples
952:right of peoples to sovereignty and independence
713:Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
701:House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
1957:Comite Nacional de Defensa de Solidaridad y Paz
1025:The members of the Secretariat of the WPC are:
805:of "fueling the cold war by claiming that both
789:From about 1982, following the proclamation of
642:International Association of Democratic Lawyers
632:International Federation of Resistance Fighters
3641:"Australia's Dr Jim Cairns and the Soviet KGB"
2786:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
2497:"Soviet peace charade is less than convincing"
1795:Peace and Solidarity Organisation of Sri Lanka
1785:Palestinian Committee for Peace and Solidarity
1083:Palestinian Committee for Peace and Solidarity
860:
541:), President of the World Peace Council, with
478:the resumption of Soviet nuclear tests in 1961
172:to convene a second international conclave in
4376:Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces
3731:
3254:, The View from the Left Bank, 1 August 2011.
2949:, Vol. 23, No. 3, July 1998, pp. 265–311(47).
2667:
2665:
1895:Movimento por la Paz, Soberania y Solidaridad
1529:Public Association Belarusian Peace Committee
1519:Armenian Committee for Peace and Conciliation
1457:Chinese Association for Peace and Disarmament
1140:The World Congress of Intellectuals for Peace
153:In August 1948 through the initiative of the
8:
3120:"Moscow Peace Congress: Criticism Allowed",
2818:
2816:
2814:
1947:Movimento Mexicano por la Paz y el Desarollo
1901:Caribbean Movement for Peace and Integration
1690:Portuguese Council for Peace and Cooperation
1077:Portuguese Council for Peace and Cooperation
917:was founded in 1950 with the support of the
304:; following his return, he was subsequently
2850:Soviet Covert Action: The Forgery Offensive
2778:
2776:
1743:All India Peace and Solidarity Organisation
1030:All India Peace and Solidarity Organization
909:Allegations of CIA measures against the WPC
672:Women's International Democratic Federation
170:Women's International Democratic Federation
3738:
3724:
3716:
3676:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3454:"World Peace Council 22nd Assembly Report"
3237:
3235:
3076:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 35.
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2183:Australian Journal of Politics and History
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
1534:Peace Committee of the Republic of Georgia
4329:Global Day of Action on Military Spending
3173:
3171:
3169:
3056:Russell, Bertrand, and A. G. Bone (ed.),
2770:, Workers Liberty, WL Publications, 1993.
2732:
2480:Soviet Foreign Policy in a Changing World
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2124:
1154:The World Congress of Partisans for Peace
647:International Organization of Journalists
217:World Congress of Intellectuals for Peace
184:In 1950, Cominform adopted the report of
159:World Congress of Intellectuals for Peace
3493:
3491:
3286:
3284:
3203:Egy eljárás genezise: a Dialógus Pécsett
3045:The 1998 Bertrand Russell Peace Lectures
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2297:
2295:
2293:
1907:Comite Boliviano por la Paz, Tupaj Amaru
1790:Philippines Peace and Solidarity Council
786:, which was not to have Soviet members.
699:. The FBI reported to the United States
140:
38:
18:World Congress of the Partisans of Peace
3711:Pathe News film of 1962 Moscow Congress
3366:. Farrar Straus & Giroux. pp.
2402:The Journal of African American History
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2158:World Communism: A Handbook, 1918–1965.
2096:
1942:Ecuador Peace and Independence Movement
1608:Mongolia Union for Peace and Friendship
989:, and other inter-governmental bodies.
678:Relations with non-aligned peace groups
576:On 18 March 1950, the WPC launched its
43:Membership in the World Peace Council:
4061:Soviet influence on the peace movement
3669:
3618:. Vol. 8, no. 6. p. 20.
3608:Prince, Rob (November–December 1992).
3603:. Vol. 8, no. 3. p. 16.
3294:, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1964
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2784:America, The Vietnam War and the World
2404:, Vol. 87 (Summer, 2002), pp. 339–354"
2050:Soviet influence on the peace movement
1800:Sri Lanka Peace and Solidarity Council
897:Soviet influence on the peace movement
662:World Federation of Scientific Workers
569:, although it did not condemn similar
513:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
445:In the 1950s, congresses were held in
27:International disarmament organization
4248:World March for Peace and Nonviolence
3537:from the original on 18 November 2019
2639:A History of the World in 100 Objects
1937:Dominican Union Journalists for Peace
1780:Pakistan Peace and Solidarity Council
1664:Ireland Peace and Neutrality Alliance
7:
4405:Third Party Non-violent Intervention
3557:Peace at Home and All Over the World
2871:Foreign Policies of the Soviet Union
2561:from the original on 10 October 2016
2478:Laird, R. F., and Erik P. Hoffmann.
2418:from the original on 21 October 2016
2102:
2100:
1695:Belgrade Forum for a World of Equals
842:After the demise of the Soviet Union
830:Rainer Santi, in his history of the
657:World Federation of Democratic Youth
561:in Western Europe believed to house
3587:Swarthmore College Peace Collection
2349:Committee on Un-American Activities
2018:International Action for Liberation
1988:Comite de Solidaridad Internacional
961:and co-operates primarily with the
957:The WPC is a registered NGO at the
4630:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir
4527:Anti-war protests in Russia (2014)
3815:Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp
3511:from the original on 15 April 2012
3034:"Russell and the Pugwash Movement"
2628:"Congress For Peace - Vienna 1952"
2260:, 1993. Paperback edition, 1995.
1932:Costa Rican National Peace Council
1873:Sudan Peace and Solidarity Council
1834:(Democratic Republic of the Congo)
1775:Nepal Peace and Solidarity Council
1467:Lao Peace and Solidarity Committee
1089:Nepal Peace and Solidarity Council
1054:Sudan Peace and Solidarity Council
847:the Soviet Communist Party. Under
25:
4674:Organizations established in 1949
4122:International Day of Non-Violence
3780:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions
3595:"The ghost ship of Lonnrotinkatu"
3138:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
3122:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2592:"The Ghost Ship of Lönnrotinkatu"
2444:from the original on 1 March 2017
1146:on 6 August 1948 established the
979:International Labour Organization
803:Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation
637:International Institute for Peace
545:, East German head of state, 1981
219:met in Wroclaw on 6 August 1948.
4532:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
3639:Ballantyne, John (Autumn 2005).
2366:Gerald Horne, Mary Young (eds),
1983:Uruguay Grupo Historia y Memoria
1973:Movimento Salvadoreno por la Paz
1593:Bulgarian National Peace Council
1425:
1412:
1399:
1386:
1373:
1360:
1347:
1334:
1321:
1308:
857:1991 breakup of the Soviet Union
667:World Federation of Trade Unions
622:supported the WPC, for example:
482:Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
120:from 1968 to 1999, and since in
3905:Social Democratic Party (Japan)
3292:Communist Propaganda Techniques
3152:Donald Keys and Homer A. Jack,
2368:W.E.B. Du Bois: An Encyclopedia
1769:Korean National Peace Committee
652:International Union of Students
3825:List of pacifist organisations
3443:Accessed on 15th December 2022
3350:, Central Intelligence Agency.
3306:Moscow and the Peace Offensive
3017:"The KGB: Eyes of the Kremlin"
2035:List of anti-war organizations
1868:South African Peace Initiative
1628:Croatia Anti-Fascist Committee
1499:Ukraine Anti-Fascist Committee
1048:South African Peace Initiative
203:Wroclaw 1948 and New York 1949
1:
4679:Communist front organizations
4669:Organizations based in Athens
3593:Prince, Rob (May–June 1992).
3363:Inside the Company: CIA Diary
2521:The Way to Defend World Peace
2254:The Struggle Against the Bomb
1853:Peace Committee of Madagascar
1805:Syrian National Peace Council
1675:Peace Committee of Luxembourg
1419:Maria do Socorro Gomes Coelho
1101:Syrian National Peace Council
915:Congress for Cultural Freedom
4231:World Peace Bell Association
4132:Dialogue Among Civilizations
3835:New Socialist Party of Japan
3820:Iraq War resisters in Canada
3785:Coalition of Women for Peace
3244:The Last of the WPC Mohicans
820:European Nuclear Disarmament
598:It published two magazines,
155:Communist Information Bureau
4399:The whole world is watching
4167:Peace & Love (festival)
4117:Imagine Piano Peace Project
2755:. Sydney. 12 December 1956.
2734:10.15173/russell.v21i1.1994
2113:Journal of Cold War Studies
2107:Dobrenko, Vladimir (2024).
1848:Peace Council of Mozambique
1810:Timor-Leste Conselho da Paz
757:War Resisters International
311:The March of the Volunteers
99:weapons of mass destruction
4695:
4522:2011 intervention in Libya
4142:List of places named Peace
4127:International Day of Peace
3845:Peace and conflict studies
3765:Anti-nuclear organizations
3396:Cambridge University Press
2695:The People Do Not Want War
2482:, New York: Aldine, 1986.
2001:Australian Peace Committee
1952:Comite de Paz de Nicaragua
1858:Peace Committee of Namibia
1685:Netherlands Hague Platform
1574:Peace Fund of Turkmenistan
1549:Latvian movement for peace
1111:
894:
832:International Peace Bureau
627:Christian Peace Conference
606:. Its current magazine is
466:Soviet invasion of Hungary
438:. Most were Communists or
315:People's Republic of China
29:
4638:
4157:Nobel Peace Prize Concert
4152:Mother's Day Proclamation
4102:Dances of Universal Peace
3915:The Women's Peace Crusade
3278:, November–December 1992.
2658:, Cune Press, p. 368
2258:Stanford University Press
2006:New Zealand Peace Council
1968:Comite Peruano por la Paz
1963:Comite de Paz de Paraguay
1927:Colombian Peace Committee
1843:Ethiopian Peace Committee
1754:Peace Committee of Israel
1738:Cambodian Peace Committee
1711:Peace Committee of Turkey
1603:Hungarian Peace Committee
1126:Congresses and assemblies
1114:International Peace Prize
571:Soviet actions in Hungary
325:Sheffield and Warsaw 1950
48: National affiliates
4418:Violence begets violence
4351:Non-aggression principle
4221:The Non-Violence Project
4201:Promoting Enduring Peace
4184:Promoting Enduring Peace
3840:Pacifist Socialist Party
3684:The Danish Peace Academy
3623:Honecker, Erich (1979).
3563:23 February 2017 at the
3475:"Iran Press News Agency"
3439:15 December 2022 at the
3039:22 February 2014 at the
2921:24 December 2011 at the
2749:"Bid for big-five talks"
2715:Bone, Andrew G. (2001).
2702:10 December 2011 at the
2633:21 December 2019 at the
1922:Peace Committee of Chile
1883:Zimbabwe Peace Committee
1878:Tunisian Peace Committee
1863:Nigerian Peace Committee
1838:Egyptian Peace Committee
1759:Lebanese Peace Committee
1723:Bangladesh Peace Council
1494:Georgian Peace Committee
1484:Armenian Peace Committee
1451:Current Communist States
777:tried to demonstrate in
703:that the WPC-affiliated
93:, and campaigns against
30:Not to be confused with
4512:Military action in Iran
4147:Monuments and memorials
4097:Concert Yutel for Peace
3900:React, Include, Recycle
3830:List of peace activists
3795:Conscientious objectors
3270:11 January 2012 at the
3184:11 January 2012 at the
3070:Schwerin, Alan (2002).
2990:10.1111/0149-0508.00054
2195:10.1111/1467-8497.00270
2177:Deery, Phillip (2002).
2040:List of peace activists
1917:Canadian Peace Congress
1733:Burmese Peace Committee
1701:Swedish Peace Committee
1643:Finnish Peace Committee
1579:Ukrainian Peace Council
1564:Russian Peace Committee
1504:Latvian Peace Committee
1489:Belarus Peace Committee
1472:Vietnam Peace Committee
1118:The WPC awards several
836:nuclear testing in 1961
552:invasion of Afghanistan
474:1956 Hungarian uprising
4433:Opposition to specific
4388:Swords to ploughshares
4382:Soldiers are murderers
3775:Anti-war organizations
3390:Roger E. Kanet (ed.),
3006:, May 1982, pp. 25–41.
2881:, Hoover Press, 1991,
2877:8 January 2023 at the
2597:26 August 2011 at the
2248:Wittner, Lawrence S.,
2216:1 October 2018 at the
1620:Austrian Peace Council
1554:Lithuanian Peace Forum
1513:Soviet Peace Committee
729:World Pacifist Meeting
727:1948, and in 1949 the
559:military installations
546:
381:Soviet Peace Committee
376:
212:
150:
62:
4435:wars or their aspects
4356:Nonviolent resistance
4206:Show of Peace Concert
3971:Anti-nuclear movement
3531:"Members and Friends"
3360:Agee, Philip (1975).
3250:25 April 2012 at the
3222:Matthew Evangelista,
3103:Driver, Christopher,
2941:11 March 2014 at the
2868:Richard Felix Staar,
2824:"World Peace Council"
2386:29 March 2012 at the
2310:21 April 2012 at the
1832:Congo Peace Committee
1815:Yemen Peace Committee
1764:Japan Peace Committee
1406:Orlando Fundora López
1315:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
1072:Japan Peace Committee
1012:Executive Secretary:
987:League of Arab States
965:. It cooperates with
895:Further information:
791:martial law in Poland
717:Dartmouth Conferences
533:
436:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
374:
292:, and actor son of a
263:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
256:Paris and Prague 1949
246:Waldorf Astoria Hotel
244:in March 1949 at the
210:
144:
110:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
91:peaceful co-existence
42:
4517:Sri Lankan Civil War
4411:Turn the other cheek
4226:University for Peace
4137:List of peace prizes
3312:5 March 2016 at the
3209:2 April 2014 at the
3159:16 July 2011 at the
3109:Hodder and Stoughton
2805:2 April 2015 at the
2379:Andersson, Stellan,
2126:10.1162/jcws_a_01190
2060:Communist propaganda
2023:European Peace Forum
1728:Bhutan Peace Council
1706:Swiss Peace Movement
1654:German Peace Council
1648:Mouvement de la Paix
1638:Danish Peace Council
1633:Cyprus Peace Council
1598:Czech Peace Movement
1095:Cyprus Peace Council
963:Non-Aligned Movement
929:Current organisation
573:and in Afghanistan.
32:World Peace Congress
4664:World Peace Council
4559:Nuclear disarmament
4542:in Russian Far East
4299:Department of Peace
4284:Counter-recruitment
4279:Conflict resolution
4269:Central Park be-ins
4257:Slogans and tactics
4236:Japanese Peace Bell
4026:Non-interventionism
4021:Modern-war pacifism
3959:Christian anarchism
3346:13 May 2014 at the
3023:, 14 February 1983.
2767:Seedbed of the Left
2527:4 June 2012 at the
2502:10 May 2019 at the
2466:, Routledge, 2004.
1680:Malta Peace Council
1587:Former Eastern bloc
1478:Former Soviet Union
1395:(General Secretary)
1393:Niranjan Singh Maan
1328:John Desmond Bernal
1014:Iraklis Tsavdaridis
1005:General Secretary:
361:Dmitri Shostakovich
248:, sponsored by the
67:World Peace Council
4453:American Civil War
4345:Make love, not war
4319:Economic sanctions
4274:Civil disobedience
4107:Festival for Peace
4080:Media and cultural
4066:Testimony of peace
3986:Christian pacifism
3415:on 3 December 2009
3163:, 30 January 1963.
3060:, Routledge, 2003.
2978:Peace & Change
2947:Peace & Change
2934:Wernicke, Günter,
2508:The New York Times
2220:, Cominform, 1950.
2065:Front organization
1978:U.S. Peace Council
733:Peace Pledge Union
705:U.S. Peace Council
620:mass organisations
581:that of the young
547:
432:Muhammad al-Ashmar
377:
213:
151:
145:A WPC Congress in
112:. It was based in
63:
4651:
4650:
4554:Military taxation
4424:War tax resisters
3991:Deterrence theory
3770:Anti-war movement
3666:. Washington, DC.
3657:(19 April 1949).
3646:National Observer
3626:Welcoming Address
3083:978-0-313-31871-9
3032:Rotblat, Joseph,
2964:Allison and Busby
2652:Moubayed, Sami M.
1669:Forum against War
1367:Evangelos Maheras
849:Mikhail Gorbachev
693:Vladimir Bukovsky
614:Associated groups
440:fellow travellers
357:Alexander Fadeyev
298:African Americans
101:and all forms of
16:(Redirected from
4686:
4478:list of protests
4339:Lesson of Munich
4294:Demilitarisation
4172:Peace journalism
3966:Anti-imperialism
3949:Anarcho-pacifism
3885:Peace psychology
3865:Peace conference
3860:Peace commission
3805:Culture of Peace
3740:
3733:
3726:
3717:
3702:
3701:
3699:Official website
3681:
3675:
3667:
3665:
3650:
3633:Internet Archive
3630:
3619:
3604:
3568:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3510:
3503:
3495:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3450:
3444:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3405:
3399:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3357:
3351:
3336:
3330:
3323:
3317:
3301:
3295:
3288:
3279:
3261:
3255:
3239:
3230:
3220:
3214:
3199:
3193:
3192:, December 1985.
3175:
3164:
3150:
3144:
3135:
3129:
3124:, October 1982,
3118:
3112:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3067:
3061:
3054:
3048:
3030:
3024:
3013:
3007:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2973:
2967:
2956:
2950:
2932:
2926:
2911:
2890:
2866:
2853:
2846:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2820:
2809:
2795:Mikhailova, Y.,
2793:
2787:
2780:
2771:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2712:
2706:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2648:
2642:
2625:
2619:
2612:
2606:
2605:, May–June 1992.
2588:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2560:
2553:
2545:
2532:
2517:
2511:
2493:
2487:
2476:
2470:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2396:
2390:
2377:
2371:
2364:
2358:
2346:
2331:
2321:
2315:
2299:
2268:
2256:) Stanford, CA:
2246:
2221:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2174:
2161:
2154:
2139:
2138:
2128:
2104:
1430:
1429:
1417:
1416:
1404:
1403:
1391:
1390:
1380:Albertina Sisulu
1378:
1377:
1365:
1364:
1352:
1351:
1339:
1338:
1326:
1325:
1313:
1312:
1232:, September 1980
1066:US Peace Council
1007:Thanasis Pafilis
775:Committee of 100
762:Bertrand Russell
600:New Perspectives
578:Stockholm Appeal
455:Jean-Paul Sartre
424:Jean-Paul Sartre
388:W. E. B. Du Bois
279:
267:French Institute
192:Lawrence Wittner
89:, independence,
59:
53:
47:
21:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4634:
4563:
4507:Afghanistan War
4458:Second Boer War
4434:
4428:
4252:
4075:
3929:
3875:Peace education
3758:Peace advocates
3753:
3744:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3668:
3663:
3653:
3638:
3622:
3607:
3592:
3577:
3575:Further reading
3572:
3571:
3565:Wayback Machine
3554:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3497:
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3489:
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3473:
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3468:
3458:
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3452:
3451:
3447:
3441:Wayback Machine
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3348:Wayback Machine
3337:
3333:
3324:
3320:
3314:Wayback Machine
3303:Barlow, J. G.,
3302:
3298:
3289:
3282:
3272:Wayback Machine
3262:
3258:
3252:Wayback Machine
3240:
3233:
3221:
3217:
3211:Wayback Machine
3200:
3196:
3186:Wayback Machine
3176:
3167:
3161:Wayback Machine
3151:
3147:
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3132:
3119:
3115:
3102:
3098:
3088:
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3069:
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3041:Wayback Machine
3031:
3027:
3014:
3010:
3001:
2997:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2957:
2953:
2943:Wayback Machine
2933:
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2923:Wayback Machine
2912:
2893:
2879:Wayback Machine
2867:
2856:
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2826:
2822:
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2807:Wayback Machine
2794:
2790:
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2709:
2704:Wayback Machine
2691:
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2650:
2649:
2645:
2635:Wayback Machine
2626:
2622:
2613:
2609:
2599:Wayback Machine
2589:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2535:
2529:Wayback Machine
2518:
2514:
2504:Wayback Machine
2494:
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2445:
2436:
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2421:
2419:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2388:Wayback Machine
2378:
2374:
2365:
2361:
2347:
2334:
2322:
2318:
2312:Wayback Machine
2301:Santi, Rainer,
2300:
2271:
2247:
2224:
2218:Wayback Machine
2206:
2202:
2176:
2175:
2164:
2155:
2142:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2093:
2045:Active measures
2031:
2014:
1997:
1891:
1823:
1719:
1624:Vrede (Belgium)
1616:
1589:
1480:
1453:
1441:
1439:Current members
1432:Pallab Sengupta
1424:
1411:
1398:
1385:
1372:
1359:
1346:
1333:
1320:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1292:, November 2022
1286:, November 2016
1178:, December 1952
1172:, November 1950
1136:
1128:
1116:
1110:
1023:
1000:Pallab Sengupta
995:
940:neo-colonialism
931:
911:
899:
893:
869:
844:
741:Michael Tippett
680:
616:
608:Peace Messenger
563:nuclear weapons
528:
490:
369:
327:
273:
258:
229:Albert Einstein
223:, the chair of
205:
157:(Cominform) a "
139:
134:
61:
57:
55:
51:
49:
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4692:
4690:
4682:
4681:
4676:
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4666:
4656:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4620:United Kingdom
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4564:
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4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4487:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4438:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4402:
4395:
4390:
4385:
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4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4243:Women in Black
4240:
4239:
4238:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4006:Green politics
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3976:Antimilitarism
3973:
3968:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3880:Peace movement
3877:
3872:
3870:Peace congress
3867:
3862:
3857:
3855:Peace churches
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3810:ECOPEACE Party
3807:
3802:
3800:Counterculture
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3751:peace movement
3745:
3743:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3692:
3691:External links
3689:
3688:
3687:
3651:
3636:
3620:
3615:Peace Magazine
3605:
3600:Peace Magazine
3590:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3548:
3522:
3487:
3466:
3445:
3426:
3400:
3383:
3377:978-0883730287
3376:
3352:
3331:
3329:, 1989, No. 4.
3318:
3296:
3280:
3276:Peace Magazine
3256:
3231:
3215:
3213:(in Hungarian)
3194:
3190:Peace Magazine
3177:Bacher, John,
3165:
3145:
3130:
3113:
3096:
3082:
3062:
3049:
3025:
3008:
2995:
2984:(3): 303–329.
2968:
2951:
2927:
2891:
2854:
2836:
2810:
2788:
2772:
2758:
2740:
2707:
2692:Stalin, J. V.
2685:
2661:
2643:
2620:
2607:
2603:Peace Magazine
2572:
2533:
2512:
2510:, 16 May 1982.
2495:Burns, J. F.,
2488:
2471:
2455:
2429:
2391:
2372:
2359:
2332:
2316:
2269:
2222:
2200:
2189:(4): 449–468.
2162:
2140:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2075:Peace movement
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
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1501:
1496:
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1479:
1476:
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1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1422:
1409:
1396:
1383:
1370:
1357:
1354:Romesh Chandra
1344:
1341:Isabelle Blume
1331:
1318:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1256:, October 1996
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1220:, October 1973
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1151:
1135:
1134:WPC Assemblies
1132:
1127:
1124:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1003:
994:
991:
959:United Nations
930:
927:
910:
907:
892:
889:
868:
865:
853:Romesh Chandra
843:
840:
818:, a leader of
816:E. P. Thompson
745:Sybil Morrison
721:Joseph Rotblat
679:
676:
675:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
615:
612:
583:Jacques Chirac
543:Erich Honecker
535:Romesh Chandra
527:
524:
489:
486:
464:Following the
420:Renato Guttuso
368:
365:
353:Ilya Ehrenburg
348:Clement Attlee
326:
323:
257:
254:
204:
201:
186:Mikhail Suslov
161:" was held in
138:
135:
133:
130:
103:discrimination
56:
50:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4691:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4625:United States
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4485:War on Terror
4483:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4441:War of 1812 (
4440:
4439:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4371:Peacebuilding
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4309:Draft evasion
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4289:De-escalation
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4191:Peace One Day
4189:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3996:Direct action
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:Anarcho-punks
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3920:War resisters
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3729:
3727:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3507:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:, Cambridge:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3327:Peace Courier
3322:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:Clews, John,
3287:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3241:Prince, Rob,
3238:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:, June 1963,
3139:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3105:The Disarmers
3100:
3097:
3085:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2960:The CND Story
2955:
2952:
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2887:0-8179-9102-6
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2345:
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2333:
2330:, 2 May 1949.
2329:
2328:Time Magazine
2325:
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2159:
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2110:
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2019:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1986:
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1981:
1979:
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1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1958:
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1771:(North Korea)
1770:
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1219:
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1195:
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1189:
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1026:
1020:
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1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
996:
992:
990:
988:
984:
983:African Union
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
928:
926:
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916:
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839:
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828:
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808:
804:
800:
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792:
787:
785:
780:
776:
771:
767:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
737:Vera Brittain
734:
730:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
689:Ronald Reagan
684:
677:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
623:
621:
613:
611:
609:
605:
604:Peace Courier
601:
596:
593:
591:
586:
584:
579:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
544:
540:
536:
532:
525:
523:
521:
520:
514:
511:In 1968, the
509:
507:
506:North Vietnam
503:
499:
495:
487:
485:
483:
479:
475:
470:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
451:Joseph Stalin
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:György Lukacs
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:Pablo Picasso
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
373:
366:
364:
362:
358:
354:
349:
344:
340:
335:
333:
324:
322:
320:
316:
312:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:runaway slave
291:
287:
283:
277:
272:
268:
264:
255:
253:
251:
247:
243:
242:New York City
239:
233:
230:
226:
222:
221:Julian Huxley
218:
209:
202:
200:
197:
193:
189:
187:
182:
178:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
148:
143:
136:
131:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
76:
72:
68:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4468:World War II
4324:Flower power
4176:
4016:Isolationism
3890:Peace treaty
3659:
3644:
3625:
3613:
3598:
3581:
3556:
3551:
3539:. Retrieved
3525:
3513:. Retrieved
3478:. Retrieved
3469:
3457:. Retrieved
3448:
3429:
3419:24 September
3417:. Retrieved
3413:the original
3403:
3391:
3386:
3362:
3355:
3339:
3334:
3326:
3321:
3305:
3299:
3291:
3275:
3263:Prince, R.,
3259:
3243:
3223:
3218:
3202:
3197:
3189:
3148:
3137:
3133:
3121:
3116:
3104:
3099:
3087:. Retrieved
3072:
3065:
3057:
3052:
3044:
3028:
3020:
3015:John Kohan,
3011:
3003:
2998:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2959:
2954:
2946:
2930:
2914:
2889:, pp. 79–88.
2870:
2849:
2827:. Retrieved
2797:
2791:
2783:
2766:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2694:
2688:
2676:. Retrieved
2655:
2646:
2638:
2623:
2610:
2602:
2590:Prince, R.,
2563:. Retrieved
2520:
2515:
2507:
2491:
2479:
2474:
2463:
2458:
2446:. Retrieved
2432:
2420:. Retrieved
2401:
2394:
2375:
2367:
2362:
2353:
2327:
2324:"Communists"
2319:
2303:
2253:
2249:
2209:
2207:Suslov, M.,
2203:
2186:
2182:
2157:
2119:(1): 29–49.
2116:
2112:
1511:(the former
1446:
1442:
1297:
1274:, April 2008
1244:, April 1986
1166:, April 1949
1129:
1120:peace prizes
1117:
1108:Peace prizes
1024:
956:
932:
923:Phillip Agee
912:
900:
873:fifth column
870:
845:
829:
788:
735:, including
725:
685:
681:
617:
607:
603:
599:
597:
594:
587:
575:
556:
548:
538:
517:
510:
508:in the war.
502:J. D. Bernal
491:
471:
463:
444:
428:Diego Rivera
412:Pablo Neruda
404:Louis Aragon
392:Paul Robeson
385:
378:
336:
328:
318:
302:Soviet Union
282:Paul Robeson
259:
240:was held in
234:
214:
190:
183:
179:
167:
152:
107:
80:
70:
66:
64:
36:
4615:Switzerland
4600:Netherlands
4473:Vietnam War
4463:World War I
4334:Human Be-In
4071:World peace
4036:Nonviolence
4001:Finvenkismo
3981:Appeasement
3895:Peaceworker
3541:15 November
3499:"WPC Rules"
3480:15 December
3459:15 December
2829:25 December
2678:25 December
2462:Defty, A.,
2448:28 February
2252:(Vol. 1 of
2080:World peace
1990:(Venezuela)
1903:(Barbadoes)
1897:(Argentina)
1421:(2008–2022)
1382:(1993–2002)
1280:, July 2012
1254:Mexico City
1238:, June 1983
1208:, June 1969
1202:, July 1965
1196:, July 1962
1190:, July 1958
1184:, June 1955
1021:Secretariat
998:President:
936:colonialism
811:Warsaw Pact
799:Yuri Zhukov
567:Vietnam War
494:Vietnam War
459:Hervé Bazin
408:Jorge Amado
396:Howard Fast
343:non-aligned
306:blacklisted
274: [
147:East Berlin
95:imperialism
87:sovereignty
83:disarmament
4658:Categories
4580:Costa Rica
4366:Peace walk
4178:Peace News
4056:Satyagraha
4041:Pacificism
4031:Nonkilling
3945:Anarchism
3934:Ideologies
3850:Peace camp
3515:13 October
3107:, London:
3004:Commentary
2962:, London:
2614:Moro, R.,
2422:20 October
2266:0804721416
1302:Presidents
1268:, May 2004
1262:, May 2000
1250:, May 1990
1226:, May 1977
1214:, May 1971
1112:See also:
1038:(CEBRAPAZ)
993:Leadership
973:(UNCTAD),
969:(UNESCO),
887:, Greece.
824:Charter 77
779:Red Square
526:Activities
498:Opposition
332:Korean War
319:La Colombe
290:folksinger
165:, Poland.
4568:Countries
4549:Landmines
4537:in Russia
4495:Criticism
4304:Desertion
3790:Code Pink
3672:cite book
2135:1520-3972
2091:Footnotes
1408:(2002–08)
1369:(1990–93)
1343:(1965–69)
1330:(1959–65)
1317:(1950–58)
1278:Kathmandu
1188:Stockholm
977:(UNIDO),
861:see below
271:Bo Beskow
196:atom bomb
75:Cominform
4643:Category
4500:Protests
4490:Iraq War
4393:Teach-in
4046:Pacifism
3747:Anti-war
3561:Archived
3535:Archived
3506:Archived
3437:Archived
3344:Archived
3310:Archived
3268:Archived
3248:Archived
3207:Archived
3182:Archived
3157:Archived
3037:Archived
2939:Archived
2919:Archived
2875:Archived
2803:Archived
2700:Archived
2654:(2006),
2637:(book),
2631:Archived
2595:Archived
2556:Archived
2525:Archived
2500:Archived
2442:Archived
2416:Archived
2384:Archived
2370:, p. 47.
2308:Archived
2214:Archived
2029:See also
1959:(Panama)
1889:Americas
1697:(Serbia)
1650:(France)
1284:Sao Luis
1212:Budapest
1200:Helsinki
1182:Helsinki
1142:held in
867:Location
809:and the
795:Pershing
753:Suez war
715:and the
341:and the
339:pacifism
288:lawyer,
286:polyglot
114:Helsinki
4585:Germany
4216:Symbols
4162:Museums
3631:At the
3585:in the
3398:, 1987.
3316:, 1982.
3111:, 1964.
3089:19 July
2966:, 1983.
2753:Tribune
2565:25 July
2412:1562482
1995:Oceania
1671:(Italy)
1434:(2022-)
1272:Caracas
1144:Wroclaw
1056:(SuPSC)
1044:(EEDYE)
1032:(AIPSO)
891:Funding
881:Finland
590:détente
519:Tribune
163:Wroclaw
137:Origins
132:History
118:Finland
4590:Israel
4575:Canada
4314:Die-in
4264:Bed-in
4011:Hippie
3941:Ahimsa
3374:
3228:p. 163
3080:
2925:, CIA.
2885:
2484:p. 189
2468:p. 217
2410:
2356:, 1951
2264:
2133:
1821:Africa
1750:(Iran)
1614:Europe
1266:Athens
1260:Athens
1248:Athens
1236:Prague
1224:Warsaw
1218:Moscow
1206:Berlin
1194:Moscow
1176:Vienna
1170:Warsaw
1164:Prague
1162:&
1103:(SNPC)
1097:(CyPC)
1091:(NPSC)
1085:(PCPS)
1079:(CPPC)
1068:(USPC)
1062:(ICAP)
1050:(SAPI)
985:, the
948:sexism
944:racism
903:Athens
885:Athens
877:Vienna
743:, and
447:Vienna
359:, and
225:UNESCO
126:Greece
122:Athens
58:
52:
46:
4610:Sudan
4605:Spain
4595:Japan
4211:Songs
4196:Plays
4112:Films
4092:Books
4051:Peace
3910:Unity
3664:(PDF)
3509:(PDF)
3502:(PDF)
3368:60–61
3325:WPC,
3142:p. 39
3126:p. 42
2559:(PDF)
2552:(PDF)
2408:JSTOR
2012:Other
1290:Hanoi
1242:Sofia
1230:Sofia
1160:Paris
697:Sofia
488:1960s
367:1950s
284:—the
278:]
174:Paris
3749:and
3678:link
3543:2019
3517:2011
3482:2022
3461:2022
3421:2009
3372:ISBN
3091:2010
3078:ISBN
3021:Time
2883:ISBN
2831:2016
2680:2016
2567:2016
2450:2017
2424:2016
2262:ISBN
2131:ISSN
1717:Asia
913:The
807:NATO
770:SANE
602:and
539:left
476:and
457:and
434:and
215:The
65:The
4087:Art
3682:at
2986:doi
2729:doi
2191:doi
2121:doi
919:CIA
766:CND
71:WPC
4660::
4447:US
4445:;
4443:UK
3674:}}
3670:{{
3643:.
3612:.
3597:.
3533:.
3504:.
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2185:.
2181:.
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2099:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
