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voiced resentment of what, in their view, was an elitist attitude embodied in the park and the Park
Service. However, relations improved for a time, with local businesses promoting the park and working with the Park Service on tourism projects. Incidents continued, notably involving arson at a ranger station, and relations bottomed again in 1994 when the park superintendent Karen Wade testified before Congress for increased funding in a way that was perceived to confirm residents' suspicions about the Park Service, exacerbated by commentary from local newspapers that was wrongly attributed to Wade. This marked the high point of resentment against the park, as local residents began to take part in Park Service sponsored events. Nevertheless, the 1979 designation of the region as a UNESCO World Heritage Site continued to be seen with suspicion. The
1319:(ANILCA) as H.R. 39, in which a 14-million-acre (57,000 km) Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and a 1.8-million-acre (7,300 km) Chisana National Preserve were proposed. Although supported by the Park Service, the bill was opposed by Alaska. A revised bill was proposed by the Interior Department, with 9.6 million acres (3,900,000 ha) in national park lands and 2.49 million acres (10,100 km) in an adjoining preserve, both to be named Wrangell–St. Elias. Hearings in 1978 adjusted the areas, boundaries and relative proportions of park and preserve lands, with a view to allowing the hunting of Dall sheep in the Wrangell Mountains, and introducing a
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south coast of Alaska, followed by the
Southern Margin composite terrane to the south of the Border Ranges fault system. A byproduct of the subduction process is the formation of volcanoes at some distance inland from the subduction zone. At present the Yakutat Terrane is being pushed under material of similar density, resulting in uplift and a combination of accretion and subduction. Nearly all of Alaska is composed of a series of terranes that have been pushed against North America. The coastal region is seismically active with frequent large earthquakes. Major quakes occurred in 1899 (four between magnitudes 7 and 8) and 1958 (7.7), followed by the
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converting
Wrangell–St. Elias to a national park and preserve with an initial area of 8,147,000 acres (3,297,000 ha) in the park and 4,171,000 acres (1,688,000 ha) in the preserve. Boundaries between the park and preserve areas were drawn according to perceived values of scenery versus hunting potential In accordance with the legislation, the designated areas included 9,660,000 acres (3,910,000 ha) of wilderness, stipulated in a somewhat less restrictive manner than standard practice in the continental United States.
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1295:(3,500,000 ha) was proposed by Interior in 1973, together with a 5.5-million-acre (22,000 km) Wrangell Mountain National Forest, getting a cold reception from both preservationists and developers. Competing bills were drafted during 1974 by both preservation and development interests with little advancement. In the same year the Park Service and Forest Service started a joint study for the Wrangell area and cooperated in glacier studies and in architectural surveys of the Kennecott mills.
828: cu ft) of ice and form a small crater lake. That activity has subsided since 1986 and ice has accumulated since. The last large eruption of magma from Wrangell is estimated to have been about 50,000 to 100,000 years ago. The summit caldera is estimated to have collapsed between 200,000 and 50,000 years ago. 13,009-foot (3,965 m) Mount Zanetti is a large cinder cone on Wrangell's northwest flank, estimated to be less than 25,000 years old.
698:. The park has three improved airstrips, at McCarthy, May Creek and Chisana, with a number of unimproved strips scattered around the park. Air taxis provide sightseeing services and visitor transportation within the park, based in Glennallen, Chitina, Nabesna, and McCarthy. Air taxis provide access to sea kayak tours that operate in the vicinity of Icy Bay. Farther east on the park's coast, cruise ships are frequent visitors to Hubbard Glacier in Yakutat Bay.
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1071:, but was wounded in an attack by the Ahtna. He was killed on a return trip in 1803. The Tlingit and Eyak attacked and destroyed the Russian post at Yakutat in 1805. It was not until 1819 that a party under Afanasii Klimovskii was sent to explore the Copper River again, reaching the upper portion of the river and establishing the Copper Fort trading post near Taral. A party that started from Taral in 1848 with the intention of reaching the
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1290:(ANCSA) spurred new proposals for Alaska parks. As part of the process of divesting federal lands to the state of Alaska and to native corporations, the act required the withdrawal of 80 million acres (320,000 km) of lands for conservation. The National Park Service responded with a proposal for a 15,000,000-acre (6,100,000 ha) Alaska National Park in the Wrangell Mountains region. Hickel's successor as Interior secretary
428:. 8,323,147.59 acres (13,004.92 sq mi; 33,682.58 km) are designated as the national park, and the remaining 4,852,652.14 acres (7,582.27 sq mi; 19,637.99 km) are designated as the preserve; the chief distinction between park and preserve lands is that sport hunting is prohibited in the park and permitted in the preserve. The area designated as the national park alone is larger than the 47 smallest
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1142:, who became known as the "Alaska Syndicate" and his venture became Kennecott Mines in 1906, eventually becoming the Kennecott Copper Corporation. The town was named after the glacier, but misspelled, so that "Kennicott" became "Kennecott." Other copper deposits were found on the south side of the Wrangells at Bremner and Nizina. Smaller deposits of both gold and copper were found in the Nabesna area.
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916:. At 16,421 feet (5,005 m) and 15,638 feet (4,766 m), respectively, they are the highest and fourth-highest volcanoes in the United States and the fourth and seventh highest in North America, and Bona is the tenth highest peak of any kind in North America. Churchill is often regarded as a subsidiary peak of Bona. Both are ice-covered stratovolcanoes. Churchill is the source of the
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1445:). Dsc climates are characterized by their coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F), 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F), at least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in).
986:. Copper nuggets were found with the gold and were usually discarded as uneconomical to ship until roads were improved to the area. Other gold strikes were made in the Chisana district, with a minor stampede between 1913 and 1917 to the area by miners. During the 1930s lode ore was mined in the Nabesna district.
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months, June and July, bringing flowers and biting insects, with maximum temperatures of 80 °F (27 °C). Late summers can bring drizzle. It begins to get cool in August, and first snows fall in
September. Conditions are more temperate along the coast, and the high mountains retain snow all year.
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A lukewarm assessment by Mount McKinley superintendent Frank Been in 1941 further diminished enthusiasm. However, Canada proposed a St. Elias
Mountains International Park for the region in 1942, and established the Kluane Game Sanctuary in 1943 on its side of the border, which would eventually become
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to send a geologist, Oscar Rohn, to look for the source. Rohn reported finding copper ore in
Kennicott Glacier, but did not find the source. Shortly afterwards prospectors Jack Smith and Clarence Warner are said to have noticed a green spot on a hillside at what is now Kennecott, which proved to be a
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is at 16,390 feet (5,000 m) the highest point in the
Wrangells, the 12th highest peak in North America, and the oldest volcano in the range. It is a shield volcano with a filled caldera that was active between 4.2 million and 3.4 million years ago. Mount Blackburn is ice-covered and is
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cut the proposed area to 9.3 million acres (3,800,000 ha), withdrawing the western
Wrangell Mountains and excluding Mount Wrangell itself and Mount Sanford. Later amendments brought the proposed acreage back to 13.4 million acres (54,000 km). A scaled-back park of 8,640,000 acres
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By the 1920s the highest-grade ore had been exhausted and the decline extended into the 1930s, until the
Kennecott operation was finally shut down in 1938 after extracting over 4.5 million tons of ore, which yielded 600,000 tons of copper and 562,500 pounds (255,100 kg) of silver with
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near the mouth of the Copper River. A competing post operated by the
Shelikov Company was established in 1796 at Yakutat Bay. The Shelikov Company sent Dmitri Tarkhanov to explore the lower Copper River and to look for copper deposits, inspired by reports that the native peoples used implements and
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Six terranes and one sedimentary belt have been documented in Wrangell–St. Elias. From north to south, and oldest to youngest, they are the Windy or Yukon-Tanana (180 million years ago), Gravina-Nutzotin Belt (120 MYa), Wrangellia, Alexander, Chugach (previously assembled elsewhere, then accreted as
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carried on the surface of the Pacific Plate are carried against the Alaskan landmass and are themselves compressed and folded, but are not fully carried into the Earth's interior. As a result, a series of terranes, collectively known as the Wrangellia composite terrane, have been pushed against the
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rivers. Because the park and preserve include some of the highest peaks in North America, they are a popular destination for mountain climbing. Of the 70 tallest mountains in Alaska, 35 are in the park, including seven of the top ten peaks. Climbing these peaks is technically demanding, and requires
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The climate of the park's interior is dominated by long, cold winters in which temperatures may remain below freezing for five months. Nighttime low temperatures can sink to −50 °F (−46 °C) and daytime highs of 5 °F (−15 °C) to 7 °F (−14 °C) are usual. Summer lasts two
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The monument designation carried no dedicated funding for park development or operations, but did engender considerable hostility from Alaskans, who regarded the designation under the Antiquities Act as a federal land grab. The few Park Service personnel assigned to the area received threats, and a
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is located near Mount Sanford, but is much smaller at 7,731 feet (2,356 m) in height. It is a shield volcano, about 10 miles (16 km) in diameter. Its summit has collapsed to form a caldera roughly 2.5 miles (4.0 km) in diameter. Its last activity was about a million years ago, and it
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The park region is divided between national park lands, which only allow subsistence hunting by local rural residents, and preserve lands, which allow sport hunting by the general public. Preserve lands include the Chitina valley north of the river, two parts of the Copper River valley east of the
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in the 1880s. George Holt was the first American known to have explored the lower Copper River, in 1882. In 1884 John Bremner prospected the lower river. The same year a U.S. Army party led by Lieutenant William Abercrombie attempted to explore the lower river, and found a passage to the country's
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Glaciers in Wrangell–St. Elias are mostly in retreat. The Bagley Icefield has grown thinner and its glaciers have retreated, including portions feeding Malaspina Glacier, which is stagnant or retreating. Malaspina's west and east lobes filled Icy Bay and Yakutat Bay, respectively, about 1000 years
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is the only Wrangell volcano considered active. Wrangell measures 14,163 feet (4,317 m) in height. It was built by a series of large lava flows from 600,000 to 200,000 years ago. Three comparatively modest eruptive episodes were reported in 1784, 1884–85 and 1900. The gently sloping dome
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lavas which erupted from multiple centers. Their growth is associated with the arrival of the Yakutat terrane, with considerable activity until about 200,000 years ago, when movement along the Denali-Totchunda and Fairweather faults began to accommodate some of the Pacific Plate's motion. For that
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As the park and preserve cover an area larger than Switzerland, extending from the Gulf of Alaska to the Alaskan interior, with altitudes that vary from sea level to 19,000 feet (5,800 m), Wrangell–St. Elias has a wide variety of habitats. Much of the park is high mountain peaks covered with
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The state of Alaska proposed major improvements to the McCarthy Road in 1997, planning to pave it and add scenic turnouts and trailheads along its length. Although the road remains gravel, it has been widened and smoothed. Some rental car agencies continue to prohibit use of their vehicles on the
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Park Service airplane was destroyed by fire in August 1979. Attitudes were sharply divided between white Alaskans, who were largely opposed to the park and felt that they were being forced out, and native Ahtnas, who were granted subsistence hunting rights and who expected to profit from tourism.
1262:, advocating the development and promotion of the existing Alaska parks. Gruening, by then one of Alaska's senators, proposed a "National Park Highway" for the region in 1966. Further action by the Park Service in the late 1960s resulted in a master plan and draft legislation. By 1969 Interior's
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under North America. The present subduction of the Pacific Plate in southern Alaska has been going on for about 26 million years. The oldest volcanoes in Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve are about 26 million years old, near the Alaska-Yukon Territory border in the St. Elias
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Opposition to the park persisted after Congressional designation from some Alaskans, who resented federal government presence in general and National Park Service presence in particular. Vandalism persisted, with a ranger cabin burned and an airplane damaged, while others skirted regulations and
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The mountain ranges of Wrangell–St. Elias account for 60 percent of glacial ice in Alaska, covering more than 1,700 square miles (4,400 km). The glaciers have advanced and retreated repeatedly, reaching the sea and filling the valley of the Copper River. A glacial dam in the valley retained
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that has been extensively eroded by glacial activity, preceded by explosive activity about 250,000–150,000 years ago that destroyed a summit that may have once measured 14,000 to 16,000 feet (4,300 to 4,900 m). These eruptions generated extensive mudflows, and represent the last activity at
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Sport hunting and trapping are allowed only within the preserve lands. Subsistence hunting by local residents is permitted in both the park and preserve. Hunting is managed jointly by the National Park Service, and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, which issues hunting licenses. The use of
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is the tallest of the western Wrangell volcanoes at 16,237 feet (4,949 m), the 13th highest peak in North America. It is a complex shield volcano that first formed about 900,000 years ago. The latest eruption is estimated to have been between 320,000 and 100,000 years ago. Like Drum,
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In January 1979, Udall introduced a modified version of H.R. 39. Following markup and negotiations between the House and Senate versions, the bill as modified by the Senate was approved by the House on November 12. On December 2, 1980, the ANILCA bill was signed into law by Jimmy Carter,
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The Kendesnii campground on the Nabesna Road is the only Park Service-managed campground in the park. There are a number of private campgrounds and lodgings on the McCarthy and Nabesna roads, and there are fourteen public-use cabins. Most of these cabins are accessible only by air. A few are
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The purpose of Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve is to maintain the natural scenic beauty of the diverse geologic, glacial, and riparian dominated landscapes, and to protect the attendant wildlife populations and their habitats; to ensure continued access for a wide range of
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584:. Both the St. Elias and Wrangell ranges have seen volcanic activity. The St. Elias volcanoes are considered extinct, but some of the volcanoes of the Wrangell Range have been active in Holocene time. Ten separate volcanoes have been documented in the western Wrangell Range, of which
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The alpine environment is variable according to the availability of water. It starts at a variable altitude from 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) in dry areas to 1,400 to 1,800 metres (4,600 to 5,900 ft) in wetter areas. Heaths and low-growing willows are common, along with forbs.
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Kluane National Park. These actions inspired the Interior Department to discuss a corresponding system of parks on the Alaska side, which would include what was then Glacier Bay National Monument, portions of the Wrangell and Chugach Mountains, and Malaspina and Bering Glaciers.
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The majority of the volcanoes in the Wrangell volcanic field lie at the western end of the Wrangell Mountains. The western Wrangell volcanoes are unusual for subduction-related volcanoes, in their generally non-explosive nature. The majority of the volcanoes are unusually large
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oversee a 10.5-million-acre (42,000 km) Wrangell Mountain Scenic Area. This management scheme was proposed to allow resource development in addition to preservation and recreation. Park Service reaction was hostile, but Secretary of the Interior and former Alaska governor
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and later governor of the Alaska Territory, proposed the establishment of a park in the Chitina Valley, to be called Panorama National Park or Alaska Regional National Park, together with Kennicott National Monument, a 900-square-mile (2,300 km) area that was to include
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In addition to the Copper Center visitor center, the park maintains a visitor center at Kennecott and an information station at Mile 59 on the McCarthy Road. There are ranger stations at Slana on the Nabesna Road, in Chitina at the end of the Edgerton Highway, and in
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is a volcanic center that has been heavily eroded. It was active between 3.2 million and 2 million years ago. 7,125 feet (2,172 m) high at its highest point, the old shield volcano has been severely eroded. Its caldera is surrounded by a series of
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points made of pure copper. Another exploration party in 1797 was killed by natives. Semyen Potochkin was more successful in 1798, reaching the mouth of the Chitina River and spending the winter with the Ahtna. In 1799 Konstantin Galaktionov reached the
618:) wind through the park which makes portions of the interior accessible for backcountry camping and hiking. Chartered aircraft also fly into the park. Wrangell–St. Elias received 79,450 visitors in 2018. The park area includes a few small settlements.
1103:. The Allen expedition also noted the use of copper by native peoples along the Copper River. Several other expeditions explored the coastal regions in the late 1880s, and some attempted to climb the mountains. An 1891 expedition led by Yukon explorer
666:. Road access to the park's interior is along the Nabesna Road and the McCarthy Road. The abandoned mining town of Kennecott can be accessed by footbridge from a continuation of the McCarthy road. Backcountry access is available by air taxi services.
2136:. The environment can be divided into five major categories, apart from the relatively sterile glacial and riverbed areas: lowlands, wetlands, uplands, sub-alpine and alpine. Some of these environments are influenced and defined by the presence of
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Five major mining districts were developed in Wrangell–St. Elias during the heyday of mining between the 1890s and 1960. Gold was found in the Bremner district in 1901, and in the Nizina area near Kennecott. Most of the gold from these areas was
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Access to the park is open all year, and most of the park facilities are open from May to September, although some locations open as late as the end of May and close in mid-August. The main visitor center remains open on weekdays in the winter.
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is an older and larger neighbor of Capital Mountain, 9,358 feet (2,852 m) tall with a 4-mile (6.4 km) by 5-mile (8.0 km) summit caldera. The shield volcano last erupted 900,000 years ago and has been dissected by glaciers. The
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near the western margin of the future park. The boom was short-lived, and local residents returned to trapping, fishing and guiding hunters for their living. Thirteen test wells were drilled offshore in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
1452:). Dwc climates are characterized by their coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F), 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F), and 70% or more of average annual precipitation received in the warmest six months.
423:
The park and preserve form the largest area managed by the National Park Service with a total of 13,175,799.07 acres (20,587.19 sq mi; 53,320.57 km), an expanse larger than nine U.S. states and around the same size as
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features an ice-filled summit caldera measuring 3.6 miles (5.8 km) by 2.5 miles (4.0 km). Three craters containing fumaroles produce a steam plume that can be visible on calm, clear days. The summit produces occasional
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grew up on the line. The Kennecott mine employed surface mining, underground galleries, and, uniquely, mining in glacial ice to recover ore that had been scraped off the surface deposit by the Kennicott Glacier encased in ice.
1009:. The copper is believed to have been dissolved in hot water moving through copper-rich Nikolai Greenstone, then redeposited in concentrated form in Chitistone Limestone through reaction with sulfide-rich waters in the
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A variety of bills were introduced in Congress in 1976 with widely varying proposed acreage and levels of protection. None succeeded, but one bill proposed by conservation-oriented groups introduced the concept of
1013:. A number of other sites on the southern side of the Wrangells were investigated and prospected, and some even produced small amounts of ore, but none were commercially exploited. Large, but low-grade deposits of
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at their summits. All but Mount Wrangell have been modified by glaciers to sharper, steeper relief than the gentle, rounded forms that characterize young shield volcanoes. The shield volcanoes are surrounded by
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at 18,008 feet (5,489 m), the second tallest mountain in both the United States and Canada. The park has been shaped by the competing forces of volcanism and glaciation, with its tall mountains uplifted by
1459:). Dfc climates are characterized by their coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F), 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F), and no significant precipitation difference between seasons.
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905:. The largest are called Shrub, Upper Klawasi and Lower Klawasi. Their deposits of hydrothermally-altered mud have built cones 150 to 300 feet (46 to 91 m) high and 8,000 feet (2,400 m) in diameter.
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the Wrangellia composite terrane 110-67 MYa), Prince William (50MYa) and Yakutat terranes (beginning 26 MYa). The Wrangellian rocks include fossiliferous sedimentary rocks interspersed with volcanic rocks.
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accessible by road near the Slana Ranger Station, and most are associated with airstrips. Backcountry camping is allowed without a permit. There are few established and maintained trails in the park.
945:. Drainage of the lake has scoured the riverbed to bedrock above the Bremner River. Several features are particularly notable. The Malaspina Glacier is the largest piedmont glacier in North America,
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ore assayed at 70% copper when first discovered, among the richest ever found. Total production amounted to more than 536,000 metric tons of copper and about 100 metric tons of silver. After the
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the proposed ANILCA bill, effectively killing it. Following this blockage and with efforts on the part of Alaska authorities to claim lands that fell within the proposed protections, President
342:, which include most of the highest peaks in the United States and Canada, yet are within 10 miles (16 km) of tidewater, one of the highest reliefs in the world. The park's high point is
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is a shield volcano. 13,421 feet (4,091 m) high, with one or more indistinct summit calderas. It is covered with ice and erupted between 1.7 million and 1 million years ago.
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is the westernmost Wrangell volcano. 12,010 feet (3,660 m) high, it dominates the local landscape more than much higher mountains. Mount Drum is either a shield volcano or a
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Mountain biking is mainly limited to roads due to prevailing boggy conditions in the summer. On the other hand, float trips on the rivers are a popular way to see the park on the
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Mount St. Elias is situated on the border between Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Kluane National Park and Reserve. At 18,008 feet (5,489 m), it is the second-highest
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at the park's extreme eastern boundary, the largest tidewater glacier in North America. The eastern boundary of the park is Alaska's border with Canada, where it is adjoined by
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declined to act, noting that there was no urgency, and citing his directive that all non-defense related measures be deferred to preparations for the looming World War II.
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Development of the remote site required the construction of a railway 195 miles (314 km) long and costing $ 23.5 million at the time of its construction. The
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covers much of the park's interior, which includes 60% of the permanently ice-covered terrain in Alaska. At the center of the park and preserve, the boomtown of
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2223:, which in Wrangell–St. Elias usually varies from 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) to 1,700 metres (5,600 ft). Plants are low and slow-growing shrubs, mainly
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is a very small shield volcano, only rising 3,949 feet (1,204 m). It is at least one million years old and is overlaid by deposits from Capital Mountain.
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The Edgerton Highway runs along the valley of the Copper River on the western margin of the park. The headquarters and visitor center are at mile 106.8 near
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in 1908, but were not pursued. Early studies of possible new Park Service units in Alaska took place in the 1930s and 1940s. The first study, entitled
2263:(mountain lions) are considered possible, as the park may constitute the northernmost extent of their range, but none have been officially documented.
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produced oil from 1903 to 1933, when its refinery was destroyed by fire. The petroleum deposits were instrumental in the exclusion of the coast from
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2200:. The distribution of tree species is determined by fire frequency and extent. The most abundant conifers in the forest are Black spruce and larger
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brought prospectors to the region who discovered some gold along the Copper River. Explorers' reports of copper tools and copper nuggets caused the
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The Alaskan coast reached an approximation of its modern configuration about 50 million years ago, with the complete subduction of the now-vanished
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at the Kennecott Visitor Center (1985 ft / 605 m) is 3a with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of -37.8 °F (-38.8 °C).
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acquired the rights to the deposit and established the Alaska Copper and Coal Company in 1903 to mine it. Birch obtained cash from investors like
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are relatively close together in the center of the park, with a few smaller settlements nearby and along the 60-mile (97 km) McCarthy Road.
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landed in the area in 1741. Fur traders followed. A permanent Russian trading post was established in 1793 by the Lebedev-Lastochkin Company at
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The ten highest summits in the Wrangell Mountains are all of volcanic origin, and several are among the most voluminous volcanoes in the world.
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at about 2 inches (5.1 cm) to 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) per year, meeting the continental landmass in the Gulf of Alaska. The Pacific Plate
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599:: at 9,078,675 acres (3,674,009 ha), the Wrangell–St. Elias Wilderness is the largest designated wilderness in the United States.
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About 93 species of birds inhabit Wrangell–St. Elias, though only 24 remain during the harsh winter. The most common birds include
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are not seen in the Copper River drainages, and no salmon species are seen in Yukon River drainages. Large freshwater fish include
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Twenty-one species of fish have been documented in fresh waters in the park. Differences in fish distribution depend on drainage:
1311:, which would enjoy most of the protections associated with national parks, but which would allow hunting. In 1977 Representative
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that can coat the ice with ash. During the 1980s the summit's heat flux was sufficient to melt 100 million cubic metres (3.5
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American interest in the area after Alaska's acquisition by the United States in 1867 was limited until gold was found in the
6438:
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5998:
5963:
5928:
5774:
5688:
5644:
5232:
4973:
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exploited one of the world's richest deposits of copper from 1903 to 1938. The abandoned mine buildings and mills comprise a
52:
4414:
A Geologic Guide to Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska : A Tectonic Collage of Northbound Terranes
1275:
supported the idea. Despite the effort to preserve the possibility of resource development, Hickel's successor as governor,
4399:(PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1619. Reston, VA: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
2692:
5420:
5183:
5001:
4980:
4788:
4658:
4643:
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reason, very large magmatic flows are regarded as unlikely in the present day. The majority of the Wrangell volcanoes are
738:
under the Alaskan landmass, compressing the continental rocks and giving rise to a series of mountain ranges. Terranes or
2204:, with white spruce more prevalent in areas without permafrost. Black spruce are better adapted to fire conditions. Both
6340:
5847:
5692:
5666:
5288:
5253:
5218:
5050:
4863:
4838:
4813:
4693:
2175:
Wetlands can occur along the coast as well as the interior river basins. Permafrost regions are often marshy regions of
1263:
1198:
1063:
969:
have individually retreated at the head of Icy Bay. However, Hubbard Glacier advanced from 1894, closing Russell Fjord.
4417:(PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1616. Denver: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
4396:
Environmental geochemical studies of selected mineral deposits in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska
398:, pending final legislation to resolve the allotment of public lands in Alaska. The protected areas are included in an
5993:
5923:
5873:
5204:
5127:
4803:
4748:
95:
2280:
4405:
Guide to the Volcanoes of the Western Wrangell Mountains, Alaska—Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve
572:
in both Canada and the United States. Nine of the 16 highest peaks on U.S. soil are located in the park, along with
6287:
6256:
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5908:
5606:
5601:
5190:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5106:
5064:
5043:
5022:
5008:
4966:
4952:
4793:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4733:
4703:
4688:
4673:
4663:
4633:
4623:
2311:
1346:, including 10,950,000 acres (4,430,000 ha) in Wrangell–St. Elias National Monument on December 1, 1978.
380:
1054:
dispersed, with some settling at Yakutat Bay. The first Europeans in the area were Russian explorers and traders.
432:(out of 63) combined. In addition, about two-thirds of the park and preserve are designated as the largest single
6398:
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5323:
5302:
5141:
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4994:
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4743:
4713:
4708:
4653:
4628:
1267:
6358:
702:
off-road vehicles (ORVs) is restricted to specific routes and permits are required to use ORVs in the preserve.
6325:
6196:
6053:
6033:
6008:
5731:
5716:
5626:
5480:
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5274:
5197:
5029:
4853:
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4678:
2303:
1320:
966:
298:
6320:
2275:, while not abundantly common in the region, may sometimes be observed in areas of dense willow growth. A few
2132:
permanent ice, glaciers and icefields. Rivers occupy broad, flat glacial valleys and have constantly-changing
4451:
4408:(PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2072. Denver: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
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6058:
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5309:
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5239:
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2156:
The lowland regions of the park border the Gulf of Alaska as well as the lower levels of the river valleys.
554:
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487:
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are common deciduous species that are among the first trees to grow following a fire. They are followed by
1145:
865:
642:
along the Copper River. The McCarthy Road and the Nabesna Road are the only significant roads in the park.
390:, following its designation as Wrangell–St. Elias National Monument on December 1, 1978, by President
6098:
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5330:
4987:
4938:
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4608:
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2808:
2323:
1126:
850:
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66:
6348:
2849:
6403:
5888:
5878:
5573:
5267:
5260:
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4222:"Some Ethnographi and Historical Information on the Use of Large Land Mammals in the Copper River Basin"
3986:
2295:
2260:
1255:
1244:
1039:
674:
663:
510:, which flows along the western margin of the park and which has its headwaters within the park, at the
507:
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339:
226:
125:
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887:
4221:
6278:
4917:
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2190:
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inspired petroleum exploration on the southern margin along the Gulf of Alaska. A small oilfield at
942:
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511:
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wilderness-based recreational opportunities; to provide continued opportunities for subsistence use.
6186:
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5898:
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5883:
4387:
Contested Ground: Administrative History of Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve 1978–2001
3156:
3000:
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2213:
2165:
1399:
1276:
1211:
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920:. It erupted about 100 AD and 700 AD, spreading ash across much of Alaska and northwestern Canada.
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558:
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467:
335:
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1362:
Wrangell St Elias National Park and Preserve, McCarthy Road, Chitina, Alaska, USA (28 June 2009)
4168:
2974:
1095:
fully explored the Copper and Chitina rivers, going on to cross the Alaska Range and enter the
1078:
1034:
Archeological evidence indicates that humans entered the Wrangell Mountains about 1000 AD. The
928:
553:. The remainder of the southern boundary follows the crest of the Chugach Mountains, adjoining
17:
6310:
6078:
6043:
5943:
5703:
5399:
3260:
2782:
2578:
National Register of Historic Places listings in Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve
2549:
2525:
2505:
2501:
2390:
may also be observed along the park’s coastal waters, in addition to the rare and over-hunted
2256:
2244:
1343:
1308:
1236:
1139:
1116:
854:
Sanford has a large icefield above 8,000 feet (2,400 m) that feeds a series of glaciers.
815:
627:
607:
527:
475:
376:
360:
343:
327:
1438:
system, Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve encompasses the following three types;
1414:
habitat. 9,078,675 acres (3,674,009 ha) of the park and preserve were designated as the
1402:
in 1979 for the spectacular glacier and icefield landscapes as well as for the importance of
1395:(comprising Wrangell–St. Elias and three other national and provincial parks) was declared a
839:
Mount Drum. Mount Drum supports at least eleven glaciers that flow from its summit icefield.
6241:
6136:
5662:
4527:", 6 photos, 2 color transparencies, 2 data pages, 2 photo caption pages
3130:
3026:
2541:
2517:
2513:
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2477:
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2327:
1272:
1166:
983:
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786:
654:
639:
631:
31:
3104:
2152:
Wrangell St Elias National Park, McCarthy Road, east of Chitina, Alaska, USA (28 June 2009)
458:
6236:
6201:
6171:
6141:
5368:
4541:", 7 photos, 1 color transparency, 2 data pages, 2 photo caption pages
4534:", 2 photos, 1 color transparency, 2 data pages, 2 photo caption pages
4471:", 6 photos, 1 color transparency, 2 data pages, 2 photo caption pages
2597:"Protected Area Profile for Wrangell-St. Elias from the World Database of Protected Areas"
2458:
2450:
2434:
2426:
2375:
2339:
2307:
1339:
1312:
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1227:
1186:
1162:
1158:
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1006:
950:
946:
917:
913:
882:
723:
691:
635:
623:
619:
585:
581:
573:
531:
523:
395:
372:
368:
364:
356:
348:
71:
35:
4194:
3234:
3208:
2271:—one of the densest populations on the continent—are found in the remote, montane areas.
3052:
6231:
6226:
5638:
4435:
2874:
2649:
2604:
2533:
2521:
2497:
2481:
2418:
2402:
2363:
1467:
1376:
1051:
1047:
990:
962:
902:
810:
777:
589:
577:
550:
352:
4546:
2922:
1283:
on the grounds that it would pre-empt potential Alaska state land claims in the area.
1210:
The first proposals for protected lands in the region came from the newly established
6392:
6221:
6211:
6181:
6176:
6156:
6126:
6093:
6028:
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3577:
2569:
2493:
2454:
2438:
2398:
2351:
2343:
2284:
2264:
2205:
2196:
The drier forested upland portions of the park are mostly interior boreal forest, or
2157:
2133:
1877:
1477:
Climate data for McCarthy, Alaska, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1984–2017
1291:
1131:
1068:
989:
The chief source of copper was the Kennecott lode next to the Kennicott Glacier. The
979:
958:
835:
727:
682:
611:
503:
495:
115:
56:
4275:
4030:
3286:
894:
is a cinder cone, one of the largest in the Wrangells at 9,040 feet (2,760 m).
710:
6206:
6131:
4131:
2489:
2335:
2331:
2272:
2248:
2201:
2161:
1403:
1335:
1135:
1055:
1035:
891:
878:
678:
615:
483:
391:
4356:
2896:
842:
557:. The western boundary is the Copper River, and the northern boundary follows the
4301:
4106:
1239:
and the Kennecott mine site. Gruening was supported by Secretary of the Interior
6191:
6166:
5425:
2537:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2379:
2367:
2299:
2209:
1327:
1193:
to the Copper River delta from the future park. Coal seams were also noted near
1096:
1072:
1059:
1043:
898:
860:
795:
542:
5343:
2665:
2559:
2529:
2485:
2473:
2422:
2276:
2268:
2137:
1411:
1331:
1100:
1018:
994:
949:
is at 75 miles (121 km) the longest tidewater glacier in Alaska, and the
909:
831:
755:
739:
735:
359:
are among major volcanos in these ranges. The park's glacial features include
4394:
1230:, then Director of the Division of Territories and Island Possessions in the
1222:(then called Mount McKinley National Park), despite a dissent from co-author
603:
river, most of the Chisana and Nabesna valleys, and lands along Yakutat Bay.
152:
139:
6083:
5521:
4464:(HAER) documentation, filed under McCarthy, Valdez-Cordova Census Area, AK:
2462:
2391:
2355:
2291:
2224:
2220:
1010:
998:
938:
4412:
3807:"A Fragile Beauty: An Administrative History of Kenai Fjords National Park"
1298:
953:
is the world's longest valley glacier, at more than 53 miles (85 km).
767:
722:
that have been pushed against the North American landmass by the action of
86:
The location of Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve within Alaska
4402:
Richter, Donald H. Rosenkrans, Danny S.; Steigerwald, Margaret J. (1995).
81:
2545:
2442:
1407:
874:
781:
569:
519:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4468:
2596:
1258:, director of the National Park Service, initiated a new study entitled
494:. Broad rivers run in glacial valleys between the ranges, including the
2466:
2315:
1190:
1002:
901:
in the vicinity of Mount Drum produce warm brackish water charged with
886:
the source of Kennicott Glacier and Nabesna Glacier, among others. The
801:
790:
719:
515:
425:
287:
5556:
4429:
2446:
2319:
2176:
1396:
1218:
was centered on the development of tourism in existing parks such as
1014:
870:
406:
331:
111:
4456:
4009:"Creation and Growth of the National Wilderness Preservation System"
2744:"Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve FOUNDATION STATEMENT"
1038:
settled in small groups along the course of the Copper River. A few
3960:
1197:. A boom took place from 1974 to 1977 with the construction of the
2359:
2347:
2279:
have been established in two herds within the park, mostly in the
2197:
2180:
2147:
1357:
1297:
1144:
1077:
927:
841:
800:
780:
that built to their present size quickly from voluminous flows of
766:
709:
653:
466:
Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve includes the entire
457:
74:, the second highest mountain of both the United States and Canada
4440:
2228:
1107:
descended the Nizina, Chitina and Copper Rivers from the north.
638:
serves as a gateway community where the McCarthy Road meets the
5525:
5372:
4550:
1393:
Kluane / Wrangell–St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek
1091:
interior over a glacier at the Valdez Arm. In 1885 Lieutenant
268:
Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek
27:
National park and wilderness preserve in Alaska, United States
4520:", 3 photos, 1 data page, 1 photo caption page
4499:", 8 photos, 1 data page, 1 photo caption page
4492:", 3 photos, 1 data page, 1 photo caption page
4478:", 2 photos, 1 data page, 1 photo caption page
595:
Nearly 66 percent of park and preserve land is designated as
4513:", 1 photo, 1 data page, 1 photo caption page
4506:", 1 photo, 1 data page, 1 photo caption page
4485:", 1 photo, 1 data page, 1 photo caption page
747:(9.2). The 1979 St. Elias earthquake reached magnitude 7.9.
530:
covers most of the southeastern extension of the park, with
237:
6429:
Protected areas of Southeast Fairbanks Census Area, Alaska
1418:
upon the park's establishment in 1980, the largest single
759:
Range. Activity has moved north and west from that area.
506:. All but the Chisana and Nabesna are tributaries to the
2719:"Highest, tallest, hottest: National park record-setters"
1455:
3) Subarctic With Cool Summers And Year Around Rainfall (
1379:
plan to assume control of the U.S. national park system.
526:
covers portions of the St. Elias and Chugach ranges, and
334:. The park, the largest in the United States, covers the
404:
Kluane/Wrangell–St. Elias/Glacier Bay/Tatshenshini-Alsek
176:
4,852,652.14 acres (19,637.9865 km) (preserve only)
718:
The southern part of Alaska is composed of a series of
386:
The park and preserve were established in 1980 by the
1174:
a net profit of $ 100 million to the investors.
1075:
was killed by the Ahtna, ending Russian exploration.
658:
Hikers on a pass between Mount Sanford and Mount Drum
2160:
dominates areas of permafrost, with understories of
686:
expeditions to access remote and dangerous terrain.
478:. Lesser ranges in the park or preserve include the
174:
8,323,147.59 acres (33,682.5833 km) (Park only)
6434:
Protected areas of Yakutat City and Borough, Alaska
6424:
Protected areas of Copper River Census Area, Alaska
6339:
6286:
6277:
6255:
6117:
5864:
5846:
5823:
5730:
5702:
5653:
5625:
5572:
5563:
1157:(CR&NW) took five years to build, extending to
305:
293:
283:
273:
263:
254:
250:
232:
222:
214:
180:
168:
131:
121:
91:
45:
4539:Green Butte Copper Company, Bunkhouse (Upper Camp)
1046:settled near the mouth of the Copper River on the
1042:settled along the Nabesna and Chisana Rivers. The
3493:
3491:
2809:"Wrangell St. Elias National Park & Preserve"
2698:. National Park Service. pp. 6, 16–17, 20–38
2354:. The waters along the coast host many migrating
363:, the largest piedmont glacier in North America,
1448:2) Subarctic With Cool Summers And Dry Winters (
1177:Reports of oil and gas seeps in the vicinity of
4452:Wilderness.net: Wrangell–Saint Elias Wilderness
4086:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2638:. Land Resource Division, National Park Service
2179:. The wetland areas are primarily grassy, with
1317:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
908:The chief volcanoes in the St. Elias Range are
446:
388:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
367:, the longest tidewater glacier in Alaska, and
6419:Protected areas of Chugach Census Area, Alaska
3550:
3548:
3546:
3350:
3348:
2693:"Wrangell-St. Elias 2011 Foundation Statement"
6449:Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve
5537:
5384:
4562:
3987:"The National Wilderness Preservation System"
3838:
3836:
3788:
3786:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3398:
3396:
2869:
2867:
2831:
2829:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2219:Subalpine environments occur above the local
1226:, who advocated strict preservation. In 1939
859:has been deeply eroded by glacial activity.
320:Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve
46:Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve
8:
4532:Green Butte Copper Company, Covered Stairway
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
3767:
3765:
2687:
2685:
2683:
1441:1) Continental Subarctic - Cold Dry Summer (
1005:deposits embedded in hydrothermally-altered
694:. The Yakutat ranger station is shared with
5355:List of national parks of the United States
4476:Green Butte Copper Company, Manager's House
2421:salmon, as well as other salmonids such as
1375:claimed that the designation was part of a
1216:Alaska — Its Resources and Development
6283:
5569:
5544:
5530:
5522:
5391:
5377:
5369:
4569:
4555:
4547:
4434:
3800:
3798:
1473:
371:, the world's longest valley glacier. The
42:
6444:World Heritage Sites in the United States
4511:Green Butte Copper Company, Tram Terminus
4169:"Plant Communities of Wrangell-St. Elias"
2877:. National Park Service. December 2, 2011
574:North America's largest subpolar icefield
2660:
2658:
2633:"Listing of acreage – December 31, 2011"
1021:were investigated as late as the 1970s.
541:On the southeast the park is bounded by
5400:National Preserves of the United States
4525:Green Butte Copper Company, Portal Shed
4061:United States Department of Agriculture
3812:. National Park Service. pp. 25–27
2813:National Parks Conservation Association
2588:
2243:Large, terrestrial mammals include the
1464:United States Department of Agriculture
846:The volcanoes of the Wrangell Mountains
606:The park is accessible by highway from
462:Map of Wrangell–St. Elias National Park
6377:Alaska Department of Natural Resources
4082:"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020"
4057:"USDA Interactive Plant Hardiness Map"
2783:"Wrangell-St. Elias National Park Map"
1121:The discovery of gold in the Canadian
696:Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve
626:are in the northern part of the park.
444:As stated in the foundation document:
279:Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
4518:Green Butte Copper Company, Warehouse
4490:Green Butte Copper Company, Bunkhouse
4483:Green Butte Copper Company, Bathhouse
3989:. National Atlas of the United States
2850:"The National Parks: Index 2009–2011"
2666:"NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report"
2650:National Park Service Acreage Reports
2183:and small shrubs. Horsetails such as
1155:Copper River and Northwestern Railway
1082:Mount Blackburn and Kennicott Glacier
304:
292:
282:
272:
262:
253:
7:
4504:Green Butte Copper Company, Tin Shed
4462:Historic American Engineering Record
2608:World Conservation Monitoring Centre
2255:, and Mentasta and Chisana herds of
1315:introduced the first version of the
798:that formed after the main volcano.
730:moves northwestward relative to the
172:13,175,799 acres (53,320.57 km)
90:
4578:National parks of the United States
4497:Green Butte Copper Company, Stables
4220:Simeone, William E. (August 2006).
3261:"Choosing the Right Cruise for You"
2172:, with a variety of ground mosses.
1288:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
1099:system and eventually reaching the
997:ore was exhausted the mines worked
6019:Petersburg Creek–Duncan Salt Chuck
3183:"Backcountry Airstrips and Cabins"
2875:"Wrangell-Saint Elias: Directions"
25:
6024:Pleasant/Lemesurier/Inian Islands
2717:Hetter, Katia (August 25, 2016).
5342:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4393:Eppinger, R. G., et al. (2000).
4361:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
4335:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
4280:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
4254:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
4199:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
4173:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
4136:Wrangell-St, Elias National Park
4107:"MCCARTHY 3 SW, ALASKA (505757)"
4035:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
3965:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
3582:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
3291:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
3239:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
3213:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
3187:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
3161:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
3135:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
3109:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
3083:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
3057:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
3031:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
3005:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
2979:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
2953:Wrangell-St' Elias National Park
2927:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
2901:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
2787:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park
2562:
2290:The smaller mammals include the
536:Kluane National Park and Reserve
482:, which are an extension of the
414:Kluane National Park and Reserve
80:
65:
4306:Wrangell-St. Elias National ark
4111:Western Regional Climate Center
2140:, permanently frozen sub-soil.
1416:Wrangell–Saint Elias Wilderness
1323:to the north of the mountains.
563:Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge
474:and the eastern portion of the
400:International Biosphere Reserve
179:
120:
104:Southeast Fairbanks Census Area
18:Wrangell–Saint Elias Wilderness
6414:Archaeological sites in Alaska
4384:Bleakley, Geoffrey T. (2002).
3209:"Flightseeing & Air Taxis"
2386:. The larger (and endangered)
610:; two rough gravel roads (the
514:. The park includes dozens of
412:, which includes the Canada's
38:, farther southeast in Alaska.
1:
5673:Aleutian Islands World War II
4390:(PDF). National Park Service.
4256:. National Park Service. 2003
2897:"Operating Hours and Seasons"
2216:and eventually white spruce.
1950:Average snowfall inches (cm)
1436:Köppen climate classification
1030:Early history and exploration
592:is the most recently active.
470:, the western portion of the
4619:Black Canyon of the Gunnison
4138:. Nationalwde124511235ervice
3961:"Frequently Asked Questions"
1391:The transborder park system
1302:View along the McCarthy Road
1264:Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
1199:Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
932:Malaspina Glacier from space
2020:Average precipitation days
1736:Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
1596:Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
1161:on the coast. The towns of
1130:rich copper lode. Engineer
338:and a large portion of the
324:United States national park
6465:
6257:National Conservation Area
4469:Green Butte Copper Company
4446:Alaskan national parklands
3001:"Hiking & Backpacking"
2119:Source 2: WRCC (extremes)
2118:
2113:
1476:
1354:National park and preserve
1232:Department of the Interior
1114:
381:National Historic Landmark
257:UNESCO World Heritage Site
29:
6371:
5732:National Wildlife Refuges
5627:National Historical Parks
5406:
5352:
4905:
4584:
3235:"Sea Kayaking in Icy Bay"
3079:"Highest Alaskan Summits"
2066:
2019:
1949:
1875:
1805:
1735:
1665:
1595:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1268:Bureau of Land Management
418:Glacier Bay National Park
313:
218:79,450 (in 2018)
79:
64:
50:
3157:"Yakutat Ranger Station"
1321:National Recreation Area
108:Yakutat City and Borough
100:Copper River Census Area
30:Not to be confused with
4537:HAER No. AK-9-J, "
4530:HAER No. AK-9-I, "
4523:HAER No. AK-9-H, "
4516:HAER No. AK-9-G, "
4509:HAER No. AK-9-F, "
4502:HAER No. AK-9-E, "
4495:HAER No. AK-9-D, "
4488:HAER No. AK-9-C, "
4481:HAER No. AK-9-B, "
4474:HAER No. AK-9-A, "
4448:– National Park Service
4411:Winkler, G. R. (2000).
4363:. National Park Service
4337:. National Park Service
4308:. National Park Service
4282:. National Park Service
4227:. National Park Service
4201:. National Park Service
4175:. National Park Service
4037:. National Park Service
3967:. National Park Service
3584:. National Park Service
3293:. National Park Service
3241:. National Park Service
3215:. National Park Service
3189:. National Park Service
3163:. National Park Service
3137:. National Park Service
3111:. National Park Service
3085:. National Park Service
3059:. National Park Service
3033:. National Park Service
3007:. National Park Service
2981:. National Park Service
2955:. National Park Service
2949:"Camping & Lodging"
2929:. National Park Service
2903:. National Park Service
2852:. National Park Service
2789:. National Park Service
2749:. National Park Service
2668:. National Park Service
1387:Additional designations
1342:to proclaim 17 Alaskan
1279:, opposed the proposed
1206:National park proposals
982:gold, obtained through
897:Several hot springs or
576:, glaciers, rivers, an
555:Chugach National Forest
547:Tongass National Forest
430:American national parks
6119:Wild and Scenic Rivers
6084:Tracy Arm-Fords Terror
3620:Bleakley, pp. 167–169.
2153:
1422:in the United States.
1363:
1303:
1150:
1127:U.S. Geological Survey
1083:
1050:. Along the coast the
933:
924:Glaciers and icefields
847:
806:
772:
745:1964 Alaska earthquake
715:
659:
582:Kennecott copper mines
463:
451:
436:in the United States.
200:; 45 years ago
186:; 43 years ago
153:61.43500°N 142.95361°W
6439:Saint Elias Mountains
6409:ANILCA establishments
6104:West Chichagof-Yakobi
6064:South Prince of Wales
4724:Great Smoky Mountains
4467:HAER No. AK-9, "
4441:National Park Service
3267:. John Wiley and Sons
2532:. Waterfowl includes
2441:. Other fish include
2346:, several species of
2296:North American beaver
2151:
1361:
1301:
1256:George B. Hartzog Jr.
1245:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1148:
1081:
1040:Upper Tanana speakers
931:
866:Skookum Creek Volcano
845:
804:
770:
713:
657:
472:Saint Elias Mountains
461:
340:Saint Elias Mountains
227:National Park Service
198:December 1, 1978
196:(park & preserve)
184:December 2, 1980
126:Copper Center, Alaska
6109:Wrangell–Saint Elias
5848:Forest Service units
5722:Yukon–Charley Rivers
5511:Yukon–Charley Rivers
4132:"Rivers and Streams"
3941:Bleakley, pp. 43–47.
3932:Bleakley, pp. 41–42.
3923:Bleakley, pp. 28–29.
3905:Bleakley, pp. 21–22.
3896:Bleakley, pp. 39–41.
3869:Bleakley, pp. 19–20.
3860:Bleakley, pp. 14–18.
3567:Winkler, pp. 78, 81.
2975:"Backcountry Cabins"
2384:California sea lions
1526:Record high °F (°C)
1281:National Scenic Area
1260:Operation Great Land
943:Wisconsin glaciation
789:with large collapse
732:North American Plate
402:and are part of the
158:61.43500; -142.95361
5929:Gates of the Arctic
5587:Gates of the Arctic
5466:Little River Canyon
5441:Gates of the Arctic
5431:Craters of the Moon
4729:Guadalupe Mountains
4684:Gates of the Arctic
4457:World Heritage Site
4328:"Freshwater Fishes"
3665:Winkler, pp. 94–95.
3629:Winkler, pp. 86–89.
3602:Winkler, pp. 80–83.
3354:Winkler, pp. 12–13.
3320:Winkler, pp. 14–15.
2601:protectedplanet.net
2516:. Owls include the
2277:Canadian wood bison
2067:Average snowy days
1806:Record low °F (°C)
1666:Daily mean °F (°C)
1400:World Heritage Site
1277:Keith Harvey Miller
1212:U.S. Forest Service
1149:Bremner mining camp
1093:Henry Tureman Allen
1064:Hinchinbrook Island
588:is the highest and
580:, and the historic
410:World Heritage Site
223:Governing body
210:(national monument)
149: /
96:Chugach Census Area
6197:North Fork Koyukuk
5856:Mendenhall Glacier
5712:Bering Land Bridge
5704:National Preserves
5655:National Monuments
5635:Klondike Gold Rush
5617:Wrangell–St. Elias
5506:Wrangell–St. Elias
5416:Bering Land Bridge
4884:Wrangell–St. Elias
4859:Theodore Roosevelt
3887:Catton, pp. 58–59.
3805:Catton, Theodore.
3759:Bleakley, pp. 6–7.
3732:Bleakley, pp. 5–6.
3723:Bleakley, pp. 4–5.
3692:Bleakley, pp. 2–4.
3674:Bleakley, pp. 1–2.
2267:, and roughly 13k
2186:Equisetum palustre
2154:
1373:John Birch Society
1364:
1344:national monuments
1309:national preserves
1304:
1266:proposed that the
1151:
1111:Mineral extraction
1105:Frederick Schwatka
1084:
934:
848:
816:phreatic eruptions
807:
773:
716:
660:
559:Mentasta Mountains
492:Robinson Mountains
480:Nutzotin Mountains
464:
336:Wrangell Mountains
6386:
6385:
6367:
6366:
6273:
6272:
5909:Coronation Island
5519:
5518:
5491:Tallgrass Prairie
5366:
5365:
4739:Hawaiʻi Volcanoes
3771:Winkler, pp. 7–8.
3131:"Visitor Centers"
3027:"Mountain Biking"
2550:green-winged teal
2514:northern flickers
2510:hairy woodpeckers
2506:wandering tattler
2502:lesser yellowlegs
2465:and a variety of
2392:Alaskan sea otter
2144:Plant communities
2134:braided riverbeds
2123:
2122:
1462:According to the
1434:According to the
1237:Kennicott Glacier
1140:Guggenheim family
1117:Kennecott, Alaska
888:Boomerang volcano
763:Volcanic activity
528:Malaspina Glacier
476:Chugach Mountains
361:Malaspina Glacier
344:Mount Saint Elias
330:in south central
317:
316:
122:Nearest city
16:(Redirected from
6456:
6399:IUCN Category II
6284:
5994:Maurille Islands
5924:Forrester Island
5874:Aleutian Islands
5866:Wilderness Areas
5825:National Forests
5745:Alaska Peninsula
5684:Cape Krusenstern
5663:Admiralty Island
5570:
5546:
5539:
5532:
5523:
5451:Great Sand Dunes
5393:
5386:
5379:
5370:
5346:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5060:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4824:Petrified Forest
4719:Great Sand Dunes
4639:Carlsbad Caverns
4571:
4564:
4557:
4548:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4430:Official website
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4332:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4251:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4226:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4165:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4011:. Wilderness.net
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3957:
3951:
3950:Bleakley, p. 48.
3948:
3942:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3915:
3914:Bleakley, p. 27.
3912:
3906:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3879:
3878:Bleakley, p. 21.
3876:
3870:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3852:
3851:Bleakley, p. 14.
3849:
3843:
3842:Bleakley, p. 13.
3840:
3831:
3830:Bleakley, p. 12.
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3811:
3802:
3793:
3792:Bleakley, p. 11.
3790:
3781:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3760:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3706:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3559:
3552:
3541:
3534:
3528:
3521:
3515:
3508:
3502:
3495:
3486:
3479:
3473:
3466:
3460:
3453:
3447:
3440:
3434:
3433:Winkler, p. 110.
3431:
3420:
3413:
3407:
3400:
3391:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3343:
3340:
3334:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3265:Frommer's Alaska
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3105:"Mountaineering"
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2871:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2846:
2840:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2779:
2768:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2697:
2689:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2662:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2593:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2542:northern pintail
2388:Steller sea lion
2376:harbor porpoises
2328:flying squirrels
2193:are also found.
2070:
2023:
1474:
1273:Walter J. Hickel
1243:, but President
984:hydraulic mining
967:Tyndall Glaciers
856:Capital Mountain
824:
823:
787:shield volcanoes
778:shield volcanoes
681:, Kennicott and
640:Edgerton Highway
416:to the east and
246:
243:
241:
239:
208:
206:
201:
194:
192:
187:
164:
163:
161:
160:
159:
154:
150:
147:
146:
145:
142:
84:
69:
43:
21:
6464:
6463:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6382:
6363:
6335:
6269:
6251:
6113:
6069:Stikine-LeConte
5860:
5842:
5819:
5740:Alaska Maritime
5726:
5698:
5649:
5621:
5559:
5553:Protected areas
5550:
5520:
5515:
5476:New River Gorge
5402:
5397:
5367:
5362:
5348:
5347:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4903:
4809:New River Gorge
4789:Lassen Volcanic
4659:Cuyahoga Valley
4644:Channel Islands
4580:
4575:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4381:
4376:
4366:
4364:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4340:
4338:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4311:
4309:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4285:
4283:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4257:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4204:
4202:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4176:
4167:
4166:
4151:
4141:
4139:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4115:
4113:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4090:
4088:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4065:
4063:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4038:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4012:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3992:
3990:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3970:
3968:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3791:
3784:
3780:Bleakley, p. 8.
3779:
3775:
3770:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3656:Winkler, p. 94.
3655:
3651:
3647:Winkler, p. 92.
3646:
3642:
3638:Winkler, p. 90.
3637:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3611:Winkler, p. 85.
3610:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3553:
3544:
3535:
3531:
3522:
3518:
3509:
3505:
3496:
3489:
3480:
3476:
3467:
3463:
3454:
3450:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3423:
3414:
3410:
3401:
3394:
3390:Winkler, p. 76.
3389:
3385:
3381:Winkler, p. 40.
3380:
3376:
3372:Winkler, p. 20.
3371:
3367:
3363:Winkler, p. 69.
3362:
3358:
3353:
3346:
3342:Winkler, p. 19.
3341:
3337:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3311:Winkler, p. 12.
3310:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3287:"Sport Hunting"
3285:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3242:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3036:
3034:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2834:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2771:
2767:Winkler, p. xi.
2766:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2656:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2498:American robins
2494:hermit thrushes
2459:Pacific lamprey
2451:round whitefish
2435:Arctic grayling
2427:cutthroat trout
2241:
2146:
2129:
2124:
2114:Source 1: NOAA
2068:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1428:
1420:wilderness area
1389:
1383:McCarthy Road.
1356:
1340:Antiquities Act
1326:Alaska senator
1313:Morris K. Udall
1241:Harold L. Ickes
1228:Ernest Gruening
1208:
1119:
1113:
1088:Yukon Territory
1032:
1027:
975:
951:Nabesna Glacier
947:Hubbard Glacier
926:
918:White River Ash
914:Mount Churchill
883:Mount Blackburn
821:
819:
765:
724:plate tectonics
714:Nabesna Glacier
708:
648:
586:Mount Blackburn
532:Hubbard Glacier
524:Bagley Icefield
456:
442:
396:Antiquities Act
373:Bagley Icefield
369:Nabesna Glacier
365:Hubbard Glacier
357:Mount Churchill
349:plate tectonics
259:
236:
209:
204:
202:
199:
197:
195:
190:
188:
185:
175:
173:
157:
155:
151:
148:
143:
140:
138:
136:
135:
87:
75:
72:Mount St. Elias
60:
39:
36:Wrangell Island
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6462:
6460:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6391:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6345:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6296:Afognak Island
6292:
6290:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6261:
6259:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6123:
6121:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6004:Mollie Beattie
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5919:Endicott River
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5870:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5852:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5835:
5829:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5736:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5708:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5670:
5659:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5639:Chilkoot Trail
5631:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5578:
5576:
5574:National Parks
5567:
5561:
5560:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5541:
5534:
5526:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5501:Valles Caldera
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5373:
5364:
5363:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5188:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4864:Virgin Islands
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4839:Rocky Mountain
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4814:North Cascades
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4594:American Samoa
4591:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4472:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4423:
4422:External links
4420:
4419:
4418:
4409:
4400:
4391:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4348:
4319:
4293:
4267:
4238:
4212:
4195:"Common Trees"
4186:
4149:
4123:
4098:
4073:
4048:
4022:
4000:
3978:
3952:
3943:
3934:
3925:
3916:
3907:
3898:
3889:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3853:
3844:
3832:
3823:
3794:
3782:
3773:
3761:
3752:
3750:Winkler, p. i.
3743:
3741:Winkler, p. 7.
3734:
3725:
3716:
3714:Winkler, p. 5.
3707:
3694:
3685:
3683:Winkler, p. 4.
3676:
3667:
3658:
3649:
3640:
3631:
3622:
3613:
3604:
3595:
3569:
3560:
3542:
3529:
3516:
3503:
3487:
3474:
3461:
3448:
3435:
3421:
3408:
3392:
3383:
3374:
3365:
3356:
3344:
3335:
3322:
3313:
3304:
3278:
3252:
3226:
3200:
3174:
3148:
3122:
3096:
3070:
3044:
3018:
2992:
2966:
2940:
2923:"Things to do"
2914:
2888:
2863:
2841:
2825:
2800:
2769:
2760:
2735:
2709:
2679:
2654:
2624:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2557:
2554:
2534:trumpeter swan
2350:and mice, and
2265:Mountain goats
2240:
2237:
2168:, willows and
2145:
2142:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1468:Hardiness zone
1427:
1424:
1388:
1385:
1377:United Nations
1355:
1352:
1330:threatened to
1207:
1204:
1183:Controller Bay
1115:Main article:
1112:
1109:
1052:Tlingit people
1048:Gulf of Alaska
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
991:copper sulfide
974:
971:
925:
922:
903:carbon dioxide
811:Mount Wrangell
771:Mount Wrangell
764:
761:
707:
704:
647:
644:
590:Mount Wrangell
578:active volcano
551:Gulf of Alaska
512:Copper Glacier
468:Wrangell range
455:
452:
441:
438:
420:to the south.
353:Mount Wrangell
315:
314:
311:
310:
307:
303:
302:
295:
291:
290:
285:
281:
280:
277:
271:
270:
265:
261:
260:
255:
252:
251:
248:
247:
234:
230:
229:
224:
220:
219:
216:
212:
211:
182:
178:
177:
170:
166:
165:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
93:
89:
88:
85:
77:
76:
70:
62:
61:
51:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6461:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6373:
6370:
6360:
6359:Tanana Valley
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6341:State Forests
6338:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6326:Shuyak Island
6324:
6322:
6321:Point Bridget
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6258:
6254:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6162:Chilikadrotna
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6099:Warren Island
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6054:South Baranof
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6034:Saint Lazaria
6032:
6030:
6029:Russell Fiord
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5547:
5542:
5540:
5535:
5533:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5394:
5389:
5387:
5382:
5380:
5375:
5374:
5371:
5360:
5356:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5220:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5080:
5073:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4912:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:Mount Rainier
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4749:Indiana Dunes
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4567:
4565:
4560:
4558:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4336:
4329:
4323:
4320:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4294:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4255:
4248:
4247:"Mammal List"
4242:
4239:
4223:
4216:
4213:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3808:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3058:
3054:
3053:"River Trips"
3048:
3045:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2570:Alaska portal
2560:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2526:northern hawk
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2455:northern pike
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2439:rainbow trout
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2399:northern pike
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2344:snowshoe hare
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2324:Arctic ground
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2300:Canadian lynx
2297:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2285:Chitina River
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2214:balsam poplar
2211:
2207:
2206:quaking aspen
2203:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2018:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1878:precipitation
1874:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:grizzly bears
1401:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1360:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1292:Rogers Morton
1289:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1195:Kushtaka Lake
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:Cape Yakutaga
1175:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:Stephen Birch
1128:
1124:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1069:Tazlina River
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
981:
972:
970:
968:
964:
960:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
930:
923:
921:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
899:mud volcanoes
895:
893:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
851:Mount Sanford
844:
840:
837:
836:stratovolcano
833:
829:
827:
817:
812:
805:Mount Sanford
803:
799:
797:
792:
788:
783:
779:
769:
762:
760:
757:
752:
748:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:Pacific Plate
725:
721:
712:
705:
703:
699:
697:
693:
687:
684:
680:
676:
671:
667:
665:
664:Copper Center
656:
652:
645:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:McCarthy Road
609:
604:
600:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:Nabesna River
501:
500:Chisana River
497:
496:Chitina River
493:
489:
488:Granite Range
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
460:
453:
450:
445:
439:
437:
435:
431:
427:
421:
419:
415:
411:
408:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
312:
308:
300:
296:
289:
286:
278:
276:
269:
266:
258:
249:
245:
235:
231:
228:
225:
221:
217:
213:
183:
171:
167:
162:
134:
130:
127:
124:
117:
116:United States
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
57:national park
54:
53:IUCN category
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6404:Alaska Range
6375:
6331:Wood-Tikchik
6316:Kachemak Bay
6147:Beaver Creek
6074:Tebenkof Bay
6059:South Etolin
5999:Misty Fjords
5969:Kobuk Valley
5939:Hazy Islands
5689:Misty Fjords
5616:
5607:Kobuk Valley
5602:Kenai Fjords
5505:
5486:Oregon Caves
4883:
4794:Mammoth Cave
4779:Kobuk Valley
4774:Kings Canyon
4769:Kenai Fjords
4704:Grand Canyon
4689:Gateway Arch
4674:Dry Tortugas
4664:Death Valley
4634:Capitol Reef
4624:Bryce Canyon
4413:
4404:
4395:
4386:
4379:Bibliography
4367:February 19,
4365:. Retrieved
4360:
4351:
4341:February 19,
4339:. Retrieved
4334:
4322:
4312:February 19,
4310:. Retrieved
4305:
4296:
4286:February 19,
4284:. Retrieved
4279:
4270:
4260:February 19,
4258:. Retrieved
4253:
4241:
4231:February 19,
4229:. Retrieved
4215:
4205:February 19,
4203:. Retrieved
4198:
4189:
4179:February 19,
4177:. Retrieved
4172:
4142:February 17,
4140:. Retrieved
4135:
4126:
4114:. Retrieved
4101:
4089:. Retrieved
4076:
4064:. Retrieved
4051:
4041:February 20,
4039:. Retrieved
4034:
4025:
4015:February 20,
4013:. Retrieved
4003:
3993:February 20,
3991:. Retrieved
3981:
3971:February 17,
3969:. Retrieved
3964:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3928:
3919:
3910:
3901:
3892:
3883:
3874:
3865:
3856:
3847:
3826:
3816:February 15,
3814:. Retrieved
3776:
3755:
3746:
3737:
3728:
3719:
3710:
3702:
3697:
3688:
3679:
3670:
3661:
3652:
3643:
3634:
3625:
3616:
3607:
3598:
3588:February 19,
3586:. Retrieved
3581:
3572:
3563:
3558:, pp. 28–29.
3555:
3537:
3532:
3527:, pp. 25–26.
3524:
3519:
3511:
3506:
3501:, pp. 23–25.
3498:
3485:, pp. 20–21.
3482:
3477:
3472:, pp. 18–20.
3469:
3464:
3459:, pp. 16–18.
3456:
3451:
3446:, pp. 13–15.
3443:
3438:
3419:, pp. 11–13.
3416:
3411:
3403:
3386:
3377:
3368:
3359:
3338:
3330:
3325:
3316:
3307:
3297:February 19,
3295:. Retrieved
3290:
3281:
3271:February 19,
3269:. Retrieved
3264:
3255:
3245:February 19,
3243:. Retrieved
3238:
3229:
3219:February 19,
3217:. Retrieved
3212:
3203:
3193:February 19,
3191:. Retrieved
3186:
3177:
3167:February 19,
3165:. Retrieved
3160:
3151:
3141:February 19,
3139:. Retrieved
3134:
3125:
3115:February 19,
3113:. Retrieved
3108:
3099:
3089:February 19,
3087:. Retrieved
3082:
3073:
3063:February 19,
3061:. Retrieved
3056:
3047:
3037:February 19,
3035:. Retrieved
3030:
3021:
3011:February 19,
3009:. Retrieved
3004:
2995:
2985:February 19,
2983:. Retrieved
2978:
2969:
2959:February 19,
2957:. Retrieved
2952:
2943:
2933:February 19,
2931:. Retrieved
2926:
2917:
2907:February 20,
2905:. Retrieved
2900:
2891:
2879:. Retrieved
2854:. Retrieved
2844:
2836:
2816:. Retrieved
2803:
2793:February 16,
2791:. Retrieved
2786:
2763:
2751:. Retrieved
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2722:
2712:
2700:. Retrieved
2670:. Retrieved
2640:. Retrieved
2627:
2617:September 7,
2615:. Retrieved
2600:
2591:
2518:great horned
2471:
2431:Dolly Varden
2396:
2380:harbor seals
2370:), resident
2332:hoary marmot
2312:river otters
2289:
2249:grizzly bear
2242:
2233:
2218:
2202:white spruce
2195:
2184:
2174:
2166:Labrador tea
2158:Black spruce
2155:
2130:
1880:inches (mm)
1466:, the Plant
1461:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1433:
1429:
1390:
1381:
1369:
1365:
1348:
1338:invoked the
1336:Jimmy Carter
1325:
1305:
1285:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1224:Bob Marshall
1215:
1209:
1176:
1172:
1152:
1136:J. P. Morgan
1120:
1085:
1056:Vitus Bering
1036:Ahtna people
1033:
988:
976:
955:
935:
907:
896:
892:Mount Gordon
879:Mount Jarvis
849:
830:
825:
808:
796:cinder cones
774:
753:
749:
717:
700:
688:
672:
668:
661:
649:
616:Nabesna Road
605:
601:
594:
567:
561:and borders
540:
508:Copper River
484:Alaska Range
465:
447:
443:
440:Park purpose
422:
392:Jimmy Carter
385:
319:
318:
40:
6288:State Parks
6152:Birch Creek
5974:Kootznoowoo
5954:Karta River
5934:Glacier Bay
5904:Chuck River
5815:Yukon Flats
5810:Yukon Delta
5592:Glacier Bay
5446:Glacier Bay
5426:Big Thicket
5421:Big Cypress
4889:Yellowstone
4874:White Sands
4759:Joshua Tree
4754:Isle Royale
4744:Hot Springs
4714:Great Basin
4709:Grand Teton
4699:Glacier Bay
4654:Crater Lake
4629:Canyonlands
3406:, pp. 7–12.
2839:, pp. 8–10.
2538:common loon
2530:boreal owls
2486:Canada jays
2484:ptarmigan,
2368:gray whales
2358:(including
2308:pine marten
2245:timber wolf
2210:paper birch
2022:(≥ 0.01 in)
1328:Mike Gravel
1097:Yukon River
1073:Yukon River
1060:Port Etches
1044:Eyak people
941:during the
861:Tanada Peak
740:island arcs
543:Yakutat Bay
294:Inscription
181:Established
156: /
144:142°57′13″W
132:Coordinates
6393:Categories
6242:Unalakleet
6137:Andreafsky
5989:Lake Clark
5889:Bering Sea
5879:Andreafsky
5612:Lake Clark
5461:Lake Clark
4854:Shenandoah
4799:Mesa Verde
4784:Lake Clark
4679:Everglades
3578:"Glaciers"
3333:, pp. 3–7.
2728:August 25,
2723:CNN Travel
2584:References
2522:great gray
2474:bald eagle
2423:lake trout
2269:Dall sheep
2253:black bear
2225:graminoids
2138:permafrost
2069:(≥ 0.1 in)
1412:Dall sheep
1332:filibuster
1101:Bering Sea
1019:molybdenum
995:chalcocite
910:Mount Bona
832:Mount Drum
756:Kula Plate
646:Activities
597:wilderness
434:wilderness
394:using the
383:district.
309:1992, 1994
306:Extensions
297:1979 (3rd
205:1978-12-01
191:1980-12-02
141:61°26′06″N
6354:Southeast
6237:Tlikakila
6202:Mulchatna
6172:Fortymile
6142:Aniakchak
5679:Aniakchak
5411:Aniakchak
5359:elevation
4879:Wind Cave
4869:Voyageurs
4829:Pinnacles
4734:Haleakalā
4276:"Mammals"
4031:"Weather"
2672:March 11,
2463:lake chub
2304:porcupine
2292:wolverine
2287:valleys.
2221:tree line
2191:spikerush
2170:blueberry
1286:The 1971
1254:In 1964,
1011:limestone
999:malachite
957:ago, and
939:Lake Atna
628:Kennicott
608:Anchorage
520:icefields
454:Geography
377:Kennecott
284:Reference
6232:Tinayguk
6227:Sheenjek
6049:Simeonof
5899:Chamisso
5894:Bogoslof
5884:Becharof
5755:Becharof
5496:Timucuan
4894:Yosemite
4649:Congaree
4614:Biscayne
4609:Big Bend
4604:Badlands
4116:June 17,
4091:June 17,
4066:July 29,
3701:Richter
3554:Richter
3540:, p. 29.
3536:Richter
3523:Richter
3514:, p. 25.
3510:Richter
3497:Richter
3481:Richter
3468:Richter
3455:Richter
3442:Richter
3415:Richter
3402:Richter
3329:Richter
2881:March 6,
2856:March 8,
2835:Richter
2818:June 14,
2702:March 8,
2642:March 8,
2610:and the
2556:See also
2546:mallards
2467:sculpins
2443:eulachon
2364:humpback
2239:Wildlife
1876:Average
1796:(−20.3)
1791:(−16.7)
1751:(−15.8)
1746:(−18.5)
1741:(−22.8)
1726:(−16.5)
1721:(−12.4)
1676:(−12.4)
1671:(−18.7)
1656:(−12.7)
1601:(−14.4)
1167:McCarthy
1138:and the
1123:Klondike
1007:dolomite
973:Minerals
875:rhyolite
791:calderas
782:andesite
736:subducts
720:terranes
632:McCarthy
614:and the
570:mountain
549:and the
516:glaciers
502:and the
490:and the
328:preserve
275:Criteria
215:Visitors
92:Location
32:Wrangell
6306:Chugach
6301:Chilkat
6222:Selawik
6212:Nowitna
6182:Ivishak
6177:Gulkana
6157:Charley
6127:Alagnak
6089:Tuxedni
6039:Selawik
6014:Nunivak
5979:Koyukuk
5949:Izembek
5838:Tongass
5833:Chugach
5795:Selawik
5790:Nowitna
5785:Koyukuk
5765:Izembek
5565:Federal
4849:Sequoia
4844:Saguaro
4834:Redwood
4819:Olympic
4694:Glacier
4439:of the
4357:"Birds"
3705:, p. 1.
2753:May 31,
2419:sockeye
2403:Chinook
2336:weasels
2318:, some
2316:red fox
2257:caribou
2127:Ecology
1801:(−7.7)
1786:(−6.6)
1761:(−0.6)
1756:(−5.8)
1731:(−1.2)
1716:(−1.4)
1706:(11.9)
1701:(14.1)
1696:(12.4)
1681:(−7.7)
1651:(−8.2)
1641:(13.1)
1636:(19.3)
1631:(21.9)
1626:(20.9)
1621:(16.8)
1606:(−6.3)
1426:Climate
1408:caribou
1191:Icy Bay
1187:Katalla
1163:Chitina
1159:Cordova
1025:History
1003:azurite
877:domes.
706:Geology
692:Yakutat
683:Chitina
636:Chitina
624:Chisana
620:Nabesna
426:Croatia
299:Session
264:Part of
233:Website
203: (
189: (
6349:Haines
6311:Denali
6265:Steese
6217:Salmon
6207:Noatak
6132:Alatna
6094:Unimak
6079:Togiak
6044:Semidi
6009:Noatak
5959:Katmai
5944:Innoko
5914:Denali
5805:Togiak
5800:Tetlin
5780:Kodiak
5770:Kanuti
5760:Innoko
5750:Arctic
5717:Noatak
5597:Katmai
5582:Denali
5557:Alaska
5481:Noatak
5471:Mojave
5456:Katmai
5436:Denali
4764:Katmai
4669:Denali
4599:Arches
4589:Acadia
4302:"Fish"
3538:et al.
2636:(XLSX)
2548:, and
2490:ravens
2478:willow
2447:burbot
2372:Dall’s
2356:whales
2340:ermine
2320:coyote
2281:Copper
2261:Cougar
2181:sedges
2177:muskeg
2062:118.0
2015:(169)
1995:(6.9)
1990:(0.0)
1985:(0.0)
1980:(0.0)
1975:(1.5)
1970:(6.4)
1945:(450)
1900:(7.9)
1871:(−48)
1866:(−46)
1861:(−43)
1856:(−30)
1851:(−14)
1831:(−18)
1826:(−29)
1821:(−41)
1816:(−45)
1811:(−48)
1781:(0.6)
1776:(4.6)
1771:(6.3)
1766:(3.8)
1711:(6.8)
1691:(8.1)
1686:(1.4)
1661:(5.3)
1646:(3.7)
1616:(8.7)
1611:(0.5)
1482:Month
1397:UNESCO
1220:Denali
1015:nickel
980:placer
963:Yahtse
871:dacite
726:. The
679:Nizina
675:Copper
522:. The
486:, the
407:UNESCO
332:Alaska
112:Alaska
6279:State
6192:Kobuk
6167:Delta
5964:Kenai
5775:Kenai
5675:(FWS)
5645:Sitka
4331:(PDF)
4250:(PDF)
4225:(PDF)
3810:(PDF)
3703:et al
3556:et al
3525:et al
3512:et al
3499:et al
3483:et al
3470:et al
3457:et al
3444:et al
3417:et al
3404:et al
3331:et al
2837:et al
2747:(PDF)
2696:(PDF)
2360:orcas
2352:pikas
2348:voles
2273:Moose
2229:forbs
2198:taiga
2162:alder
2109:46.7
2056:10.1
2053:11.2
2050:15.4
2047:16.4
2044:14.0
2041:11.3
2010:(29)
2005:(34)
2000:(24)
1965:(14)
1960:(20)
1955:(34)
1943:17.70
1940:(27)
1935:(37)
1930:(56)
1925:(65)
1920:(67)
1915:(62)
1910:(41)
1905:(24)
1895:(10)
1890:(28)
1885:(24)
1846:(−8)
1841:(−2)
1836:(−4)
1591:(32)
1586:(13)
1581:(14)
1576:(24)
1571:(22)
1566:(30)
1561:(32)
1556:(32)
1551:(30)
1546:(22)
1541:(13)
1536:(12)
1521:Year
959:Guyot
322:is a
288:72ter
244:/wrst
6247:Wind
6187:John
5984:Kuiu
5693:USFS
5667:USFS
5357:(by
4899:Zion
4369:2013
4343:2013
4314:2013
4288:2013
4262:2013
4233:2013
4207:2013
4181:2013
4144:2013
4118:2021
4093:2021
4068:2019
4043:2013
4017:2013
3995:2013
3973:2013
3818:2013
3590:2013
3299:2013
3273:2013
3247:2013
3221:2013
3195:2013
3169:2013
3143:2013
3117:2013
3091:2013
3065:2013
3039:2013
3013:2013
2987:2013
2961:2013
2935:2013
2909:2013
2883:2012
2858:2012
2820:2010
2795:2013
2755:2021
2730:2016
2704:2012
2674:2019
2644:2012
2619:2021
2612:IUCN
2528:and
2512:and
2482:rock
2480:and
2437:and
2417:and
2415:pink
2411:coho
2407:chum
2382:and
2374:and
2366:and
2326:and
2283:and
2227:and
2208:and
2189:and
2106:8.6
2103:9.3
2100:5.2
2097:1.2
2094:0.0
2091:0.0
2088:0.0
2085:0.4
2082:2.2
2079:4.4
2076:6.6
2073:8.8
2059:9.3
2038:7.0
2035:2.8
2032:4.7
2029:7.1
2026:8.7
2013:66.5
2008:11.3
2003:13.5
1953:13.2
1938:1.06
1933:1.45
1928:2.22
1923:2.56
1918:2.65
1913:2.45
1908:1.63
1903:0.93
1898:0.31
1893:0.40
1888:1.11
1883:0.93
1799:18.2
1794:−4.5
1784:20.2
1779:33.1
1774:40.2
1769:43.3
1764:38.9
1759:30.9
1754:21.6
1744:−1.3
1739:−9.1
1729:29.9
1714:29.4
1709:44.3
1704:53.5
1699:57.3
1694:54.3
1689:46.6
1684:34.6
1679:18.2
1669:−1.6
1659:41.5
1649:17.3
1644:38.6
1639:55.5
1634:66.8
1629:71.4
1624:69.7
1619:62.2
1614:47.7
1609:32.9
1604:20.7
1531:(7)
1518:Dec
1515:Nov
1512:Oct
1509:Sep
1506:Aug
1503:Jul
1500:Jun
1497:May
1494:Apr
1491:Mar
1488:Feb
1485:Jan
1410:and
1181:and
1165:and
1017:and
1001:and
965:and
912:and
873:and
630:and
622:and
518:and
355:and
326:and
242:.gov
240:.nps
169:Area
106:and
55:II (
5555:of
1998:9.4
1993:2.7
1988:0.0
1983:0.0
1978:0.0
1973:0.6
1968:2.5
1963:5.4
1958:7.9
1869:−55
1864:−50
1859:−46
1854:−22
1824:−21
1819:−41
1814:−49
1809:−55
1789:2.0
1749:3.5
1724:2.3
1719:9.7
1674:9.7
1654:9.2
1599:6.0
1457:Dfc
1450:Dwc
1443:Dsc
1062:on
238:www
34:or
6395::
4359:.
4333:.
4304:.
4278:.
4252:.
4197:.
4171:.
4152:^
4134:.
4109:.
4084:.
4059:.
4033:.
3963:.
3835:^
3797:^
3785:^
3764:^
3580:.
3545:^
3490:^
3424:^
3395:^
3347:^
3289:.
3263:.
3237:.
3211:.
3185:.
3159:.
3133:.
3107:.
3081:.
3055:.
3029:.
3003:.
2977:.
2951:.
2925:.
2899:.
2866:^
2828:^
2811:.
2785:.
2772:^
2721:.
2682:^
2657:^
2605:UN
2603:.
2599:.
2552:.
2544:,
2540:,
2536:,
2524:,
2520:,
2508:,
2504:,
2500:,
2496:,
2492:,
2488:,
2476:,
2469:.
2461:,
2457:,
2453:,
2449:,
2445:,
2433:,
2429:,
2425:,
2413:,
2409:,
2405:,
2394:.
2378:,
2362:,
2342:,
2338:,
2334:,
2330:,
2322:,
2314:,
2310:,
2306:,
2302:,
2298:,
2294:,
2259:.
2251:,
2247:,
2231:.
2164:,
1844:18
1839:28
1834:24
1829:−1
1589:90
1584:56
1579:58
1574:75
1569:72
1564:86
1559:90
1554:90
1549:86
1544:71
1539:56
1534:54
1529:44
1406:,
961:,
822:10
677:,
565:.
545:,
538:.
498:,
351:.
114:,
110:,
102:,
98:,
5695:)
5691:(
5669:)
5665:(
5641:)
5637:(
5545:e
5538:t
5531:v
5392:e
5385:t
5378:v
5361:)
4570:e
4563:t
4556:v
4371:.
4345:.
4316:.
4290:.
4264:.
4235:.
4209:.
4183:.
4146:.
4120:.
4095:.
4070:.
4045:.
4019:.
3997:.
3975:.
3820:.
3592:.
3301:.
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3249:.
3223:.
3197:.
3171:.
3145:.
3119:.
3093:.
3067:.
3041:.
3015:.
2989:.
2963:.
2937:.
2911:.
2885:.
2860:.
2822:.
2797:.
2757:.
2732:.
2706:.
2676:.
2652:)
2648:(
2646:.
2621:.
1849:6
826:^
820:×
301:)
207:)
193:)
59:)
20:)
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