Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve

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voiced resentment of what, in their view, was an elitist attitude embodied in the park and the Park Service. However, relations improved for a time, with local businesses promoting the park and working with the Park Service on tourism projects. Incidents continued, notably involving arson at a ranger station, and relations bottomed again in 1994 when the park superintendent Karen Wade testified before Congress for increased funding in a way that was perceived to confirm residents' suspicions about the Park Service, exacerbated by commentary from local newspapers that was wrongly attributed to Wade. This marked the high point of resentment against the park, as local residents began to take part in Park Service sponsored events. Nevertheless, the 1979 designation of the region as a UNESCO World Heritage Site continued to be seen with suspicion. The

1319:(ANILCA) as H.R. 39, in which a 14-million-acre (57,000 km) Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and a 1.8-million-acre (7,300 km) Chisana National Preserve were proposed. Although supported by the Park Service, the bill was opposed by Alaska. A revised bill was proposed by the Interior Department, with 9.6 million acres (3,900,000 ha) in national park lands and 2.49 million acres (10,100 km) in an adjoining preserve, both to be named Wrangell–St. Elias. Hearings in 1978 adjusted the areas, boundaries and relative proportions of park and preserve lands, with a view to allowing the hunting of Dall sheep in the Wrangell Mountains, and introducing a 743:

south coast of Alaska, followed by the Southern Margin composite terrane to the south of the Border Ranges fault system. A byproduct of the subduction process is the formation of volcanoes at some distance inland from the subduction zone. At present the Yakutat Terrane is being pushed under material of similar density, resulting in uplift and a combination of accretion and subduction. Nearly all of Alaska is composed of a series of terranes that have been pushed against North America. The coastal region is seismically active with frequent large earthquakes. Major quakes occurred in 1899 (four between magnitudes 7 and 8) and 1958 (7.7), followed by the

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converting Wrangell–St. Elias to a national park and preserve with an initial area of 8,147,000 acres (3,297,000 ha) in the park and 4,171,000 acres (1,688,000 ha) in the preserve. Boundaries between the park and preserve areas were drawn according to perceived values of scenery versus hunting potential In accordance with the legislation, the designated areas included 9,660,000 acres (3,910,000 ha) of wilderness, stipulated in a somewhat less restrictive manner than standard practice in the continental United States.

67: 1146: 4436: 1295:(3,500,000 ha) was proposed by Interior in 1973, together with a 5.5-million-acre (22,000 km) Wrangell Mountain National Forest, getting a cold reception from both preservationists and developers. Competing bills were drafted during 1974 by both preservation and development interests with little advancement. In the same year the Park Service and Forest Service started a joint study for the Wrangell area and cooperated in glacier studies and in architectural surveys of the Kennecott mills. 828: cu ft) of ice and form a small crater lake. That activity has subsided since 1986 and ice has accumulated since. The last large eruption of magma from Wrangell is estimated to have been about 50,000 to 100,000 years ago. The summit caldera is estimated to have collapsed between 200,000 and 50,000 years ago. 13,009-foot (3,965 m) Mount Zanetti is a large cinder cone on Wrangell's northwest flank, estimated to be less than 25,000 years old. 698:. The park has three improved airstrips, at McCarthy, May Creek and Chisana, with a number of unimproved strips scattered around the park. Air taxis provide sightseeing services and visitor transportation within the park, based in Glennallen, Chitina, Nabesna, and McCarthy. Air taxis provide access to sea kayak tours that operate in the vicinity of Icy Bay. Farther east on the park's coast, cruise ships are frequent visitors to Hubbard Glacier in Yakutat Bay. 1079: 929: 655: 1071:, but was wounded in an attack by the Ahtna. He was killed on a return trip in 1803. The Tlingit and Eyak attacked and destroyed the Russian post at Yakutat in 1805. It was not until 1819 that a party under Afanasii Klimovskii was sent to explore the Copper River again, reaching the upper portion of the river and establishing the Copper Fort trading post near Taral. A party that started from Taral in 1848 with the intention of reaching the 459: 1290:(ANCSA) spurred new proposals for Alaska parks. As part of the process of divesting federal lands to the state of Alaska and to native corporations, the act required the withdrawal of 80 million acres (320,000 km) of lands for conservation. The National Park Service responded with a proposal for a 15,000,000-acre (6,100,000 ha) Alaska National Park in the Wrangell Mountains region. Hickel's successor as Interior secretary 428:. 8,323,147.59 acres (13,004.92 sq mi; 33,682.58 km) are designated as the national park, and the remaining 4,852,652.14 acres (7,582.27 sq mi; 19,637.99 km) are designated as the preserve; the chief distinction between park and preserve lands is that sport hunting is prohibited in the park and permitted in the preserve. The area designated as the national park alone is larger than the 47 smallest 711: 1142:, who became known as the "Alaska Syndicate" and his venture became Kennecott Mines in 1906, eventually becoming the Kennecott Copper Corporation. The town was named after the glacier, but misspelled, so that "Kennicott" became "Kennecott." Other copper deposits were found on the south side of the Wrangells at Bremner and Nizina. Smaller deposits of both gold and copper were found in the Nabesna area. 5344: 2564: 916:. At 16,421 feet (5,005 m) and 15,638 feet (4,766 m), respectively, they are the highest and fourth-highest volcanoes in the United States and the fourth and seventh highest in North America, and Bona is the tenth highest peak of any kind in North America. Churchill is often regarded as a subsidiary peak of Bona. Both are ice-covered stratovolcanoes. Churchill is the source of the 82: 1299: 768: 843: 802: 5289: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5170: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4988: 4981: 4974: 4967: 4960: 4953: 4946: 4939: 4932: 4925: 4918: 4911: 1445:). Dsc climates are characterized by their coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F), 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F), at least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in). 986:. Copper nuggets were found with the gold and were usually discarded as uneconomical to ship until roads were improved to the area. Other gold strikes were made in the Chisana district, with a minor stampede between 1913 and 1917 to the area by miners. During the 1930s lode ore was mined in the Nabesna district. 1431:

months, June and July, bringing flowers and biting insects, with maximum temperatures of 80 °F (27 °C). Late summers can bring drizzle. It begins to get cool in August, and first snows fall in September. Conditions are more temperate along the coast, and the high mountains retain snow all year.

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A lukewarm assessment by Mount McKinley superintendent Frank Been in 1941 further diminished enthusiasm. However, Canada proposed a St. Elias Mountains International Park for the region in 1942, and established the Kluane Game Sanctuary in 1943 on its side of the border, which would eventually become

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to send a geologist, Oscar Rohn, to look for the source. Rohn reported finding copper ore in Kennicott Glacier, but did not find the source. Shortly afterwards prospectors Jack Smith and Clarence Warner are said to have noticed a green spot on a hillside at what is now Kennecott, which proved to be a

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is at 16,390 feet (5,000 m) the highest point in the Wrangells, the 12th highest peak in North America, and the oldest volcano in the range. It is a shield volcano with a filled caldera that was active between 4.2 million and 3.4 million years ago. Mount Blackburn is ice-covered and is

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cut the proposed area to 9.3 million acres (3,800,000 ha), withdrawing the western Wrangell Mountains and excluding Mount Wrangell itself and Mount Sanford. Later amendments brought the proposed acreage back to 13.4 million acres (54,000 km). A scaled-back park of 8,640,000 acres

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By the 1920s the highest-grade ore had been exhausted and the decline extended into the 1930s, until the Kennecott operation was finally shut down in 1938 after extracting over 4.5 million tons of ore, which yielded 600,000 tons of copper and 562,500 pounds (255,100 kg) of silver with

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near the mouth of the Copper River. A competing post operated by the Shelikov Company was established in 1796 at Yakutat Bay. The Shelikov Company sent Dmitri Tarkhanov to explore the lower Copper River and to look for copper deposits, inspired by reports that the native peoples used implements and

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Six terranes and one sedimentary belt have been documented in Wrangell–St. Elias. From north to south, and oldest to youngest, they are the Windy or Yukon-Tanana (180 million years ago), Gravina-Nutzotin Belt (120 MYa), Wrangellia, Alexander, Chugach (previously assembled elsewhere, then accreted as

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carried on the surface of the Pacific Plate are carried against the Alaskan landmass and are themselves compressed and folded, but are not fully carried into the Earth's interior. As a result, a series of terranes, collectively known as the Wrangellia composite terrane, have been pushed against the

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rivers. Because the park and preserve include some of the highest peaks in North America, they are a popular destination for mountain climbing. Of the 70 tallest mountains in Alaska, 35 are in the park, including seven of the top ten peaks. Climbing these peaks is technically demanding, and requires

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The climate of the park's interior is dominated by long, cold winters in which temperatures may remain below freezing for five months. Nighttime low temperatures can sink to −50 °F (−46 °C) and daytime highs of 5 °F (−15 °C) to 7 °F (−14 °C) are usual. Summer lasts two

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The monument designation carried no dedicated funding for park development or operations, but did engender considerable hostility from Alaskans, who regarded the designation under the Antiquities Act as a federal land grab. The few Park Service personnel assigned to the area received threats, and a

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is located near Mount Sanford, but is much smaller at 7,731 feet (2,356 m) in height. It is a shield volcano, about 10 miles (16 km) in diameter. Its summit has collapsed to form a caldera roughly 2.5 miles (4.0 km) in diameter. Its last activity was about a million years ago, and it

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The park region is divided between national park lands, which only allow subsistence hunting by local rural residents, and preserve lands, which allow sport hunting by the general public. Preserve lands include the Chitina valley north of the river, two parts of the Copper River valley east of the

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in the 1880s. George Holt was the first American known to have explored the lower Copper River, in 1882. In 1884 John Bremner prospected the lower river. The same year a U.S. Army party led by Lieutenant William Abercrombie attempted to explore the lower river, and found a passage to the country's

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Glaciers in Wrangell–St. Elias are mostly in retreat. The Bagley Icefield has grown thinner and its glaciers have retreated, including portions feeding Malaspina Glacier, which is stagnant or retreating. Malaspina's west and east lobes filled Icy Bay and Yakutat Bay, respectively, about 1000 years

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is the only Wrangell volcano considered active. Wrangell measures 14,163 feet (4,317 m) in height. It was built by a series of large lava flows from 600,000 to 200,000 years ago. Three comparatively modest eruptive episodes were reported in 1784, 1884–85 and 1900. The gently sloping dome

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lavas which erupted from multiple centers. Their growth is associated with the arrival of the Yakutat terrane, with considerable activity until about 200,000 years ago, when movement along the Denali-Totchunda and Fairweather faults began to accommodate some of the Pacific Plate's motion. For that

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As the park and preserve cover an area larger than Switzerland, extending from the Gulf of Alaska to the Alaskan interior, with altitudes that vary from sea level to 19,000 feet (5,800 m), Wrangell–St. Elias has a wide variety of habitats. Much of the park is high mountain peaks covered with

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The state of Alaska proposed major improvements to the McCarthy Road in 1997, planning to pave it and add scenic turnouts and trailheads along its length. Although the road remains gravel, it has been widened and smoothed. Some rental car agencies continue to prohibit use of their vehicles on the

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Park Service airplane was destroyed by fire in August 1979. Attitudes were sharply divided between white Alaskans, who were largely opposed to the park and felt that they were being forced out, and native Ahtnas, who were granted subsistence hunting rights and who expected to profit from tourism.

1262:, advocating the development and promotion of the existing Alaska parks. Gruening, by then one of Alaska's senators, proposed a "National Park Highway" for the region in 1966. Further action by the Park Service in the late 1960s resulted in a master plan and draft legislation. By 1969 Interior's 758:

under North America. The present subduction of the Pacific Plate in southern Alaska has been going on for about 26 million years. The oldest volcanoes in Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve are about 26 million years old, near the Alaska-Yukon Territory border in the St. Elias

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Opposition to the park persisted after Congressional designation from some Alaskans, who resented federal government presence in general and National Park Service presence in particular. Vandalism persisted, with a ranger cabin burned and an airplane damaged, while others skirted regulations and

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The mountain ranges of Wrangell–St. Elias account for 60 percent of glacial ice in Alaska, covering more than 1,700 square miles (4,400 km). The glaciers have advanced and retreated repeatedly, reaching the sea and filling the valley of the Copper River. A glacial dam in the valley retained

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that has been extensively eroded by glacial activity, preceded by explosive activity about 250,000–150,000 years ago that destroyed a summit that may have once measured 14,000 to 16,000 feet (4,300 to 4,900 m). These eruptions generated extensive mudflows, and represent the last activity at

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Sport hunting and trapping are allowed only within the preserve lands. Subsistence hunting by local residents is permitted in both the park and preserve. Hunting is managed jointly by the National Park Service, and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, which issues hunting licenses. The use of

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is the tallest of the western Wrangell volcanoes at 16,237 feet (4,949 m), the 13th highest peak in North America. It is a complex shield volcano that first formed about 900,000 years ago. The latest eruption is estimated to have been between 320,000 and 100,000 years ago. Like Drum,

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In January 1979, Udall introduced a modified version of H.R. 39. Following markup and negotiations between the House and Senate versions, the bill as modified by the Senate was approved by the House on November 12. On December 2, 1980, the ANILCA bill was signed into law by Jimmy Carter,

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The Kendesnii campground on the Nabesna Road is the only Park Service-managed campground in the park. There are a number of private campgrounds and lodgings on the McCarthy and Nabesna roads, and there are fourteen public-use cabins. Most of these cabins are accessible only by air. A few are

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The purpose of Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve is to maintain the natural scenic beauty of the diverse geologic, glacial, and riparian dominated landscapes, and to protect the attendant wildlife populations and their habitats; to ensure continued access for a wide range of

2577: 584:. Both the St. Elias and Wrangell ranges have seen volcanic activity. The St. Elias volcanoes are considered extinct, but some of the volcanoes of the Wrangell Range have been active in Holocene time. Ten separate volcanoes have been documented in the western Wrangell Range, of which 2234:

The alpine environment is variable according to the availability of water. It starts at a variable altitude from 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) in dry areas to 1,400 to 1,800 metres (4,600 to 5,900 ft) in wetter areas. Heaths and low-growing willows are common, along with forbs.

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Kluane National Park. These actions inspired the Interior Department to discuss a corresponding system of parks on the Alaska side, which would include what was then Glacier Bay National Monument, portions of the Wrangell and Chugach Mountains, and Malaspina and Bering Glaciers.

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The majority of the volcanoes in the Wrangell volcanic field lie at the western end of the Wrangell Mountains. The western Wrangell volcanoes are unusual for subduction-related volcanoes, in their generally non-explosive nature. The majority of the volcanoes are unusually large

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oversee a 10.5-million-acre (42,000 km) Wrangell Mountain Scenic Area. This management scheme was proposed to allow resource development in addition to preservation and recreation. Park Service reaction was hostile, but Secretary of the Interior and former Alaska governor

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and later governor of the Alaska Territory, proposed the establishment of a park in the Chitina Valley, to be called Panorama National Park or Alaska Regional National Park, together with Kennicott National Monument, a 900-square-mile (2,300 km) area that was to include

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In addition to the Copper Center visitor center, the park maintains a visitor center at Kennecott and an information station at Mile 59 on the McCarthy Road. There are ranger stations at Slana on the Nabesna Road, in Chitina at the end of the Edgerton Highway, and in

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is a volcanic center that has been heavily eroded. It was active between 3.2 million and 2 million years ago. 7,125 feet (2,172 m) high at its highest point, the old shield volcano has been severely eroded. Its caldera is surrounded by a series of

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points made of pure copper. Another exploration party in 1797 was killed by natives. Semyen Potochkin was more successful in 1798, reaching the mouth of the Chitina River and spending the winter with the Ahtna. In 1799 Konstantin Galaktionov reached the

618:) wind through the park which makes portions of the interior accessible for backcountry camping and hiking. Chartered aircraft also fly into the park. Wrangell–St. Elias received 79,450 visitors in 2018. The park area includes a few small settlements. 1103:. The Allen expedition also noted the use of copper by native peoples along the Copper River. Several other expeditions explored the coastal regions in the late 1880s, and some attempted to climb the mountains. An 1891 expedition led by Yukon explorer 666:. Road access to the park's interior is along the Nabesna Road and the McCarthy Road. The abandoned mining town of Kennecott can be accessed by footbridge from a continuation of the McCarthy road. Backcountry access is available by air taxi services. 2136:. The environment can be divided into five major categories, apart from the relatively sterile glacial and riverbed areas: lowlands, wetlands, uplands, sub-alpine and alpine. Some of these environments are influenced and defined by the presence of 977:

Five major mining districts were developed in Wrangell–St. Elias during the heyday of mining between the 1890s and 1960. Gold was found in the Bremner district in 1901, and in the Nizina area near Kennecott. Most of the gold from these areas was

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Access to the park is open all year, and most of the park facilities are open from May to September, although some locations open as late as the end of May and close in mid-August. The main visitor center remains open on weekdays in the winter.

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is an older and larger neighbor of Capital Mountain, 9,358 feet (2,852 m) tall with a 4-mile (6.4 km) by 5-mile (8.0 km) summit caldera. The shield volcano last erupted 900,000 years ago and has been dissected by glaciers. The

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near the western margin of the future park. The boom was short-lived, and local residents returned to trapping, fishing and guiding hunters for their living. Thirteen test wells were drilled offshore in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

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The park and preserve form the largest area managed by the National Park Service with a total of 13,175,799.07 acres (20,587.19 sq mi; 53,320.57 km), an expanse larger than nine U.S. states and around the same size as

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features an ice-filled summit caldera measuring 3.6 miles (5.8 km) by 2.5 miles (4.0 km). Three craters containing fumaroles produce a steam plume that can be visible on calm, clear days. The summit produces occasional

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grew up on the line. The Kennecott mine employed surface mining, underground galleries, and, uniquely, mining in glacial ice to recover ore that had been scraped off the surface deposit by the Kennicott Glacier encased in ice.

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A variety of bills were introduced in Congress in 1976 with widely varying proposed acreage and levels of protection. None succeeded, but one bill proposed by conservation-oriented groups introduced the concept of

1013:. A number of other sites on the southern side of the Wrangells were investigated and prospected, and some even produced small amounts of ore, but none were commercially exploited. Large, but low-grade deposits of 6428: 793:

at their summits. All but Mount Wrangell have been modified by glaciers to sharper, steeper relief than the gentle, rounded forms that characterize young shield volcanoes. The shield volcanoes are surrounded by

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at 18,008 feet (5,489 m), the second tallest mountain in both the United States and Canada. The park has been shaped by the competing forces of volcanism and glaciation, with its tall mountains uplifted by

1459:). Dfc climates are characterized by their coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F), 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F), and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. 1392: 403: 905:. The largest are called Shrub, Upper Klawasi and Lower Klawasi. Their deposits of hydrothermally-altered mud have built cones 150 to 300 feet (46 to 91 m) high and 8,000 feet (2,400 m) in diameter. 5390: 4081: 751:

the Wrangellia composite terrane 110-67 MYa), Prince William (50MYa) and Yakutat terranes (beginning 26 MYa). The Wrangellian rocks include fossiliferous sedimentary rocks interspersed with volcanic rocks.

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accessible by road near the Slana Ranger Station, and most are associated with airstrips. Backcountry camping is allowed without a permit. There are few established and maintained trails in the park.

945:. Drainage of the lake has scoured the riverbed to bedrock above the Bremner River. Several features are particularly notable. The Malaspina Glacier is the largest piedmont glacier in North America, 267: 4568: 6433: 6423: 993:

ore assayed at 70% copper when first discovered, among the richest ever found. Total production amounted to more than 536,000 metric tons of copper and about 100 metric tons of silver. After the

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the proposed ANILCA bill, effectively killing it. Following this blockage and with efforts on the part of Alaska authorities to claim lands that fell within the proposed protections, President

342:, which include most of the highest peaks in the United States and Canada, yet are within 10 miles (16 km) of tidewater, one of the highest reliefs in the world. The park's high point is 6448: 881:

is a shield volcano. 13,421 feet (4,091 m) high, with one or more indistinct summit calderas. It is covered with ice and erupted between 1.7 million and 1 million years ago.

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is the westernmost Wrangell volcano. 12,010 feet (3,660 m) high, it dominates the local landscape more than much higher mountains. Mount Drum is either a shield volcano or a

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Mountain biking is mainly limited to roads due to prevailing boggy conditions in the summer. On the other hand, float trips on the rivers are a popular way to see the park on the

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Mount St. Elias is situated on the border between Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Kluane National Park and Reserve. At 18,008 feet (5,489 m), it is the second-highest

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at the park's extreme eastern boundary, the largest tidewater glacier in North America. The eastern boundary of the park is Alaska's border with Canada, where it is adjoined by

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declined to act, noting that there was no urgency, and citing his directive that all non-defense related measures be deferred to preparations for the looming World War II.

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Development of the remote site required the construction of a railway 195 miles (314 km) long and costing $ 23.5 million at the time of its construction. The

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covers much of the park's interior, which includes 60% of the permanently ice-covered terrain in Alaska. At the center of the park and preserve, the boomtown of

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is a very small shield volcano, only rising 3,949 feet (1,204 m). It is at least one million years old and is overlaid by deposits from Capital Mountain.

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The Edgerton Highway runs along the valley of the Copper River on the western margin of the park. The headquarters and visitor center are at mile 106.8 near

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in 1908, but were not pursued. Early studies of possible new Park Service units in Alaska took place in the 1930s and 1940s. The first study, entitled

2263:(mountain lions) are considered possible, as the park may constitute the northernmost extent of their range, but none have been officially documented. 5744: 5495: 1189:

produced oil from 1903 to 1933, when its refinery was destroyed by fire. The petroleum deposits were instrumental in the exclusion of the coast from

5739: 5678: 5410: 5358: 2200:. The distribution of tree species is determined by fire frequency and extent. The most abundant conifers in the forest are Black spruce and larger 1231: 1125:

brought prospectors to the region who discovered some gold along the Copper River. Explorers' reports of copper tools and copper nuggets caused the

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The Alaskan coast reached an approximation of its modern configuration about 50 million years ago, with the complete subduction of the now-vanished

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at the Kennecott Visitor Center (1985 ft / 605 m) is 3a with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of -37.8 °F (-38.8 °C).

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acquired the rights to the deposit and established the Alaska Copper and Coal Company in 1903 to mine it. Birch obtained cash from investors like

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are relatively close together in the center of the park, with a few smaller settlements nearby and along the 60-mile (97 km) McCarthy Road.

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landed in the area in 1741. Fur traders followed. A permanent Russian trading post was established in 1793 by the Lebedev-Lastochkin Company at

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The ten highest summits in the Wrangell Mountains are all of volcanic origin, and several are among the most voluminous volcanoes in the world.

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at about 2 inches (5.1 cm) to 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) per year, meeting the continental landmass in the Gulf of Alaska. The Pacific Plate

6376: 6118: 5933: 5591: 5445: 5057: 4698: 695: 417: 5988: 5611: 5465: 5460: 5176: 4783: 1154: 6216: 6146: 5814: 5809: 5711: 5552: 5415: 4461: 2607: 1280: 6108: 1415: 6151: 5490: 5092: 4723: 1287: 599:: at 9,078,675 acres (3,674,009 ha), the Wrangell–St. Elias Wilderness is the largest designated wilderness in the United States. 5683: 5529: 5113: 4738: 1223: 6264: 5958: 5913: 5754: 5654: 5596: 5581: 5455: 5435: 5148: 5099: 5015: 4763: 4728: 4668: 2743: 2472:

About 93 species of birds inhabit Wrangell–St. Elias, though only 24 remain during the harsh winter. The most common birds include

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are not seen in the Copper River drainages, and no salmon species are seen in Yukon River drainages. Large freshwater fish include

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Twenty-one species of fish have been documented in fresh waters in the park. Differences in fish distribution depend on drainage:

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that can coat the ice with ash. During the 1980s the summit's heat flux was sufficient to melt 100 million cubic metres (3.5

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American interest in the area after Alaska's acquisition by the United States in 1867 was limited until gold was found in the

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exploited one of the world's richest deposits of copper from 1903 to 1938. The abandoned mine buildings and mills comprise a

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A Geologic Guide to Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska : A Tectonic Collage of Northbound Terranes

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supported the idea. Despite the effort to preserve the possibility of resource development, Hickel's successor as governor,

4399:(PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1619. Reston, VA: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. 2692: 5420: 5183: 5001: 4980: 4788: 4658: 4643: 3806: 785:

reason, very large magmatic flows are regarded as unlikely in the present day. The majority of the Wrangell volcanoes are

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under the Alaskan landmass, compressing the continental rocks and giving rise to a series of mountain ranges. Terranes or

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Wetlands can occur along the coast as well as the interior river basins. Permafrost regions are often marshy regions of

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have individually retreated at the head of Icy Bay. However, Hubbard Glacier advanced from 1894, closing Russell Fjord.

4417:(PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1616. Denver: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. 4396:

Environmental geochemical studies of selected mineral deposits in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska

398:, pending final legislation to resolve the allotment of public lands in Alaska. The protected areas are included in an 5993: 5923: 5873: 5204: 5127: 4803: 4748: 95: 2280: 4405:

Guide to the Volcanoes of the Western Wrangell Mountains, Alaska—Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve

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in both Canada and the United States. Nine of the 16 highest peaks on U.S. soil are located in the park, along with

6287: 6256: 6068: 5968: 5908: 5606: 5601: 5190: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5106: 5064: 5043: 5022: 5008: 4966: 4952: 4793: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4733: 4703: 4688: 4673: 4663: 4633: 4623: 2311: 1346:, including 10,950,000 acres (4,430,000 ha) in Wrangell–St. Elias National Monument on December 1, 1978. 380: 1054:

dispersed, with some settling at Yakutat Bay. The first Europeans in the area were Russian explorers and traders.

432:(out of 63) combined. In addition, about two-thirds of the park and preserve are designated as the largest single 6398: 6295: 6003: 5918: 5323: 5302: 5141: 5134: 5120: 5078: 5071: 4994: 4959: 4888: 4873: 4758: 4753: 4743: 4713: 4708: 4653: 4628: 1267: 6358: 702:

off-road vehicles (ORVs) is restricted to specific routes and permits are required to use ORVs in the preserve.

6325: 6196: 6053: 6033: 6008: 5731: 5716: 5626: 5480: 5470: 5274: 5197: 5029: 4853: 4798: 4678: 2303: 1320: 966: 298: 6320: 2275:, while not abundantly common in the region, may sometimes be observed in areas of dense willow growth. A few 2132:

permanent ice, glaciers and icefields. Rivers occupy broad, flat glacial valleys and have constantly-changing

4451: 4408:(PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2072. Denver: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. 4403: 4246: 3182: 6353: 6330: 6315: 6058: 5938: 5837: 5832: 5309: 5295: 5239: 4878: 4868: 4828: 2156:

The lowland regions of the park border the Gulf of Alaska as well as the lower levels of the river valleys.

554: 546: 487: 2212:

are common deciduous species that are among the first trees to grow following a fire. They are followed by

1145: 865: 642:

along the Copper River. The McCarthy Road and the Nabesna Road are the only significant roads in the park.

390:, following its designation as Wrangell–St. Elias National Monument on December 1, 1978, by President 6098: 5973: 5953: 5903: 5330: 4987: 4938: 4931: 4924: 4893: 4648: 4613: 4608: 4603: 2808: 2323: 1126: 850: 744: 66: 6348: 2849: 6403: 5888: 5878: 5573: 5267: 5260: 5225: 4848: 4843: 4818: 4222:"Some Ethnographi and Historical Information on the Use of Large Land Mammals in the Copper River Basin" 3986: 2295: 2260: 1255: 1244: 1039: 674: 663: 510:, which flows along the western margin of the park and which has its headwaters within the park, at the 507: 491: 471: 339: 226: 125: 2718: 2632: 887: 4221: 6278: 4917: 4910: 4598: 4588: 2190: 2169: 1219: 1185:

inspired petroleum exploration on the southern margin along the Gulf of Alaska. A small oilfield at

942: 731: 4327: 2371: 1182: 511: 449:

wilderness-based recreational opportunities; to provide continued opportunities for subsistence use.

6186: 6161: 6048: 5898: 5893: 5883: 4387:

Contested Ground: Administrative History of Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve 1978–2001

3156: 3000: 2383: 2252: 2213: 2165: 1399: 1276: 1211: 1194: 1178: 1092: 920:. It erupted about 100 AD and 700 AD, spreading ash across much of Alaska and northwestern Canada. 499: 409: 274: 256: 4056: 4008: 17: 6305: 6300: 6088: 6038: 6013: 5855: 5337: 4898: 2430: 2185: 1372: 1122: 1104: 558: 479: 467: 335: 4385: 2948: 1362:

Wrangell St Elias National Park and Preserve, McCarthy Road, Chitina, Alaska, USA (28 June 2009)

4168: 2974: 1095:

fully explored the Copper and Chitina rivers, going on to cross the Alaska Range and enter the

1078: 1034:

Archeological evidence indicates that humans entered the Wrangell Mountains about 1000 AD. The

928: 553:. The remainder of the southern boundary follows the crest of the Chugach Mountains, adjoining 6310: 6078: 6043: 5943: 5703: 5399: 3260: 2782: 2578:

National Register of Historic Places listings in Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve

2549: 2525: 2505: 2501: 2390:

may also be observed along the park’s coastal waters, in addition to the rare and over-hunted

2256: 2244: 1343: 1308: 1236: 1139: 1116: 854:

Sanford has a large icefield above 8,000 feet (2,400 m) that feeds a series of glaciers.

815: 627: 607: 527: 475: 376: 360: 343: 327: 1438:

system, Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve encompasses the following three types;

1414:

habitat. 9,078,675 acres (3,674,009 ha) of the park and preserve were designated as the

1402:

in 1979 for the spectacular glacier and icefield landscapes as well as for the importance of

1395:(comprising Wrangell–St. Elias and three other national and provincial parks) was declared a 839:

Mount Drum. Mount Drum supports at least eleven glaciers that flow from its summit icefield.

6241: 6136: 5662: 4527:", 6 photos, 2 color transparencies, 2 data pages, 2 photo caption pages 3130: 3026: 2541: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2477: 2387: 2327: 1272: 1166: 983: 855: 786: 654: 639: 631: 31: 3104: 2152:

Wrangell St Elias National Park, McCarthy Road, east of Chitina, Alaska, USA (28 June 2009)

458: 6236: 6201: 6171: 6141: 5368: 4541:", 7 photos, 1 color transparency, 2 data pages, 2 photo caption pages 4534:", 2 photos, 1 color transparency, 2 data pages, 2 photo caption pages 4471:", 6 photos, 1 color transparency, 2 data pages, 2 photo caption pages 2597:"Protected Area Profile for Wrangell-St. Elias from the World Database of Protected Areas" 2458: 2450: 2434: 2426: 2375: 2339: 2307: 1339: 1312: 1240: 1227: 1186: 1162: 1158: 1087: 1006: 950: 946: 917: 913: 882: 723: 691: 635: 623: 619: 585: 581: 573: 531: 523: 395: 372: 368: 364: 356: 348: 71: 35: 4194: 3234: 3208: 2271:—one of the densest populations on the continent—are found in the remote, montane areas. 3052: 6231: 6226: 5638: 4435: 2874: 2649: 2604: 2533: 2521: 2497: 2481: 2418: 2402: 2363: 1467: 1376: 1051: 1047: 990: 962: 902: 810: 777: 589: 577: 550: 352: 4546: 2922: 1283:

on the grounds that it would pre-empt potential Alaska state land claims in the area.

1210:

The first proposals for protected lands in the region came from the newly established

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The drier forested upland portions of the park are mostly interior boreal forest, or

2157: 2133: 1877: 1477:

Climate data for McCarthy, Alaska, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1984–2017

1291: 1131: 1068: 989:

The chief source of copper was the Kennecott lode next to the Kennicott Glacier. The

979: 958: 835: 727: 682: 611: 503: 495: 115: 56: 4275: 4030: 3286: 894:

is a cinder cone, one of the largest in the Wrangells at 9,040 feet (2,760 m).

710: 6206: 6131: 4131: 2489: 2335: 2331: 2272: 2248: 2201: 2161: 1403: 1335: 1135: 1055: 1035: 891: 878: 678: 615: 483: 391: 4356: 2896: 842: 557:. The western boundary is the Copper River, and the northern boundary follows the 4301: 4106: 1239:

and the Kennecott mine site. Gruening was supported by Secretary of the Interior

6191: 6166: 5425: 2537: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2379: 2367: 2299: 2209: 1327: 1193:

to the Copper River delta from the future park. Coal seams were also noted near

1096: 1072: 1059: 1043: 898: 860: 795: 542: 5343: 2665: 2559: 2529: 2485: 2473: 2422: 2276: 2268: 2137: 1411: 1331: 1100: 1018: 994: 949:

is at 75 miles (121 km) the longest tidewater glacier in Alaska, and the

909: 831: 755: 739: 735: 359:

are among major volcanos in these ranges. The park's glacial features include

4394: 1230:, then Director of the Division of Territories and Island Possessions in the 1222:(then called Mount McKinley National Park), despite a dissent from co-author 603:

river, most of the Chisana and Nabesna valleys, and lands along Yakutat Bay.

152: 139: 6083: 5521: 4464:(HAER) documentation, filed under McCarthy, Valdez-Cordova Census Area, AK: 2462: 2391: 2355: 2291: 2224: 2220: 1010: 998: 938: 4412: 3807:"A Fragile Beauty: An Administrative History of Kenai Fjords National Park" 1298: 953:

is the world's longest valley glacier, at more than 53 miles (85 km).

767: 722:

that have been pushed against the North American landmass by the action of

86:

The location of Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve within Alaska

4402:

Richter, Donald H. Rosenkrans, Danny S.; Steigerwald, Margaret J. (1995).

81: 2545: 2442: 1407: 874: 781: 569: 519: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4468: 2596: 1258:, director of the National Park Service, initiated a new study entitled 494:. Broad rivers run in glacial valleys between the ranges, including the 2466: 2315: 1190: 1002: 901:

in the vicinity of Mount Drum produce warm brackish water charged with

886:

the source of Kennicott Glacier and Nabesna Glacier, among others. The

801: 790: 719: 515: 425: 287: 5556: 4429: 2446: 2319: 2176: 1396: 1218:

was centered on the development of tourism in existing parks such as

1014: 870: 406: 331: 111: 4456: 4009:"Creation and Growth of the National Wilderness Preservation System" 2744:"Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve FOUNDATION STATEMENT" 1038:

settled in small groups along the course of the Copper River. A few

3960: 1197:. A boom took place from 1974 to 1977 with the construction of the 2359: 2347: 2279:

have been established in two herds within the park, mostly in the

2197: 2180: 2147: 1357: 1297: 1144: 1077: 927: 841: 800: 780:

that built to their present size quickly from voluminous flows of

766: 709: 653: 466:

Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve includes the entire

457: 74:, the second highest mountain of both the United States and Canada 4440: 2228: 1107:

descended the Nizina, Chitina and Copper Rivers from the north.

638:

serves as a gateway community where the McCarthy Road meets the

5525: 5372: 4550: 1393:

Kluane / Wrangell–St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek

1091:

interior over a glacier at the Valdez Arm. In 1885 Lieutenant

268:

Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek

27:

National park and wilderness preserve in Alaska, United States

4520:", 3 photos, 1 data page, 1 photo caption page 4499:", 8 photos, 1 data page, 1 photo caption page 4492:", 3 photos, 1 data page, 1 photo caption page 4478:", 2 photos, 1 data page, 1 photo caption page 595:

Nearly 66 percent of park and preserve land is designated as

4513:", 1 photo, 1 data page, 1 photo caption page 4506:", 1 photo, 1 data page, 1 photo caption page 4485:", 1 photo, 1 data page, 1 photo caption page 747:(9.2). The 1979 St. Elias earthquake reached magnitude 7.9. 530:

covers most of the southeastern extension of the park, with

237: 6429:

Protected areas of Southeast Fairbanks Census Area, Alaska

1418:

upon the park's establishment in 1980, the largest single

759:

Range. Activity has moved north and west from that area.

506:. All but the Chisana and Nabesna are tributaries to the 2719:"Highest, tallest, hottest: National park record-setters" 1455:

3) Subarctic With Cool Summers And Year Around Rainfall (

1379:

plan to assume control of the U.S. national park system.

526:

covers portions of the St. Elias and Chugach ranges, and

334:. The park, the largest in the United States, covers the 404:

Kluane/Wrangell–St. Elias/Glacier Bay/Tatshenshini-Alsek

176:

4,852,652.14 acres (19,637.9865 km) (preserve only)

718:

The southern part of Alaska is composed of a series of

386:

The park and preserve were established in 1980 by the

1174:

a net profit of $ 100 million to the investors.

1075:

was killed by the Ahtna, ending Russian exploration.

658:

Hikers on a pass between Mount Sanford and Mount Drum

2160:

dominates areas of permafrost, with understories of

686:

expeditions to access remote and dangerous terrain.

478:. Lesser ranges in the park or preserve include the 174:

8,323,147.59 acres (33,682.5833 km) (Park only)

6434:

Protected areas of Yakutat City and Borough, Alaska

6424:

Protected areas of Copper River Census Area, Alaska

6339: 6286: 6277: 6255: 6117: 5864: 5846: 5823: 5730: 5702: 5653: 5625: 5572: 5563: 1157:(CR&NW) took five years to build, extending to 305: 293: 283: 273: 263: 254: 250: 232: 222: 214: 180: 168: 131: 121: 91: 45: 4539:Green Butte Copper Company, Bunkhouse (Upper Camp) 1046:settled near the mouth of the Copper River on the 1042:settled along the Nabesna and Chisana Rivers. The 3493: 3491: 2809:"Wrangell St. Elias National Park & Preserve" 2698:. National Park Service. pp. 6, 16–17, 20–38 2354:. The waters along the coast host many migrating 363:, the largest piedmont glacier in North America, 1448:2) Subarctic With Cool Summers And Dry Winters ( 1177:Reports of oil and gas seeps in the vicinity of 4452:Wilderness.net: Wrangell–Saint Elias Wilderness 4086:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2638:. Land Resource Division, National Park Service 2179:. The wetland areas are primarily grassy, with 1317:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act 908:The chief volcanoes in the St. Elias Range are 446: 388:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act 367:, the longest tidewater glacier in Alaska, and 6419:Protected areas of Chugach Census Area, Alaska 3550: 3548: 3546: 3350: 3348: 2693:"Wrangell-St. Elias 2011 Foundation Statement" 6449:Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve 5537: 5384: 4562: 3987:"The National Wilderness Preservation System" 3838: 3836: 3788: 3786: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3398: 3396: 2869: 2867: 2831: 2829: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2219:Subalpine environments occur above the local 1226:, who advocated strict preservation. In 1939 859:has been deeply eroded by glacial activity. 320:Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve 46:Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve 8: 4532:Green Butte Copper Company, Covered Stairway 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 3767: 3765: 2687: 2685: 2683: 1441:1) Continental Subarctic - Cold Dry Summer ( 1005:deposits embedded in hydrothermally-altered 694:. The Yakutat ranger station is shared with 5355:List of national parks of the United States 4476:Green Butte Copper Company, Manager's House 2421:salmon, as well as other salmonids such as 1375:claimed that the designation was part of a 1216:Alaska — Its Resources and Development 6283: 5569: 5544: 5530: 5522: 5391: 5377: 5369: 4569: 4555: 4547: 4434: 3800: 3798: 1473: 371:, the world's longest valley glacier. The 42: 6444:World Heritage Sites in the United States 4511:Green Butte Copper Company, Tram Terminus 4169:"Plant Communities of Wrangell-St. Elias" 2877:. National Park Service. December 2, 2011 574:North America's largest subpolar icefield 2660: 2658: 2633:"Listing of acreage – December 31, 2011" 1021:were investigated as late as the 1970s. 541:On the southeast the park is bounded by 5400:National Preserves of the United States 4525:Green Butte Copper Company, Portal Shed 4061:United States Department of Agriculture 3812:. National Park Service. pp. 25–27 2813:National Parks Conservation Association 2588: 2243:Large, terrestrial mammals include the 1464:United States Department of Agriculture 846:The volcanoes of the Wrangell Mountains 606:The park is accessible by highway from 462:Map of Wrangell–St. Elias National Park 6377:Alaska Department of Natural Resources 4082:"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020" 4057:"USDA Interactive Plant Hardiness Map" 2783:"Wrangell-St. Elias National Park Map" 1121:The discovery of gold in the Canadian 696:Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve 626:are in the northern part of the park. 444:As stated in the foundation document: 279:Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) 4518:Green Butte Copper Company, Warehouse 4490:Green Butte Copper Company, Bunkhouse 4483:Green Butte Copper Company, Bathhouse 3989:. National Atlas of the United States 2850:"The National Parks: Index 2009–2011" 2666:"NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report" 2650:National Park Service Acreage Reports 2183:and small shrubs. Horsetails such as 1155:Copper River and Northwestern Railway 1082:Mount Blackburn and Kennicott Glacier 304: 292: 282: 272: 262: 253: 7: 4504:Green Butte Copper Company, Tin Shed 4462:Historic American Engineering Record 2608:World Conservation Monitoring Centre 2255:, and Mentasta and Chisana herds of 1315:introduced the first version of the 798:that formed after the main volcano. 730:moves northwestward relative to the 172:13,175,799 acres (53,320.57 km) 90: 4578:National parks of the United States 4497:Green Butte Copper Company, Stables 4220:Simeone, William E. (August 2006). 3261:"Choosing the Right Cruise for You" 2172:, with a variety of ground mosses. 1288:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act 1099:system and eventually reaching the 997:ore was exhausted the mines worked 6019:Petersburg Creek–Duncan Salt Chuck 3183:"Backcountry Airstrips and Cabins" 2875:"Wrangell-Saint Elias: Directions" 25: 18:Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park 6024:Pleasant/Lemesurier/Inian Islands 2717:Hetter, Katia (August 25, 2016). 5342: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4393:Eppinger, R. G., et al. (2000). 4361:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 4335:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 4280:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 4254:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 4199:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 4173:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 4136:Wrangell-St, Elias National Park 4107:"MCCARTHY 3 SW, ALASKA (505757)" 4035:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 3965:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 3582:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 3291:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 3239:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 3213:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 3187:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 3161:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 3135:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 3109:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 3083:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 3057:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 3031:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 3005:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 2979:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 2953:Wrangell-St' Elias National Park 2927:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 2901:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 2787:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park 2562: 2290:The smaller mammals include the 536:Kluane National Park and Reserve 482:, which are an extension of the 414:Kluane National Park and Reserve 80: 65: 4306:Wrangell-St. Elias National ark 4111:Western Regional Climate Center 2140:, permanently frozen sub-soil. 1416:Wrangell–Saint Elias Wilderness 1323:to the north of the mountains. 563:Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge 474:and the eastern portion of the 400:International Biosphere Reserve 179: 120: 104:Southeast Fairbanks Census Area 6414:Archaeological sites in Alaska 4384:Bleakley, Geoffrey T. (2002). 3209:"Flightseeing & Air Taxis" 2386:. The larger (and endangered) 610:; two rough gravel roads (the 514:. The park includes dozens of 412:, which includes the Canada's 38:, farther southeast in Alaska. 1: 5673:Aleutian Islands World War II 4390:(PDF). National Park Service. 4256:. National Park Service. 2003 2897:"Operating Hours and Seasons" 2216:and eventually white spruce. 1950:Average snowfall inches (cm) 1436:Köppen climate classification 1030:Early history and exploration 592:is the most recently active. 470:, the western portion of the 4619:Black Canyon of the Gunnison 4138:. Nationalwde124511235ervice 3961:"Frequently Asked Questions" 1391:The transborder park system 1302:View along the McCarthy Road 1264:Bureau of Outdoor Recreation 1199:Trans-Alaska Pipeline System 932:Malaspina Glacier from space 2020:Average precipitation days 1736:Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 1596:Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 1161:on the coast. The towns of 1130:rich copper lode. Engineer 338:and a large portion of the 324:United States national park 6465: 6257:National Conservation Area 4469:Green Butte Copper Company 4446:Alaskan national parklands 3001:"Hiking & Backpacking" 2119:Source 2: WRCC (extremes) 2118: 2113: 1476: 1354:National park and preserve 1232:Department of the Interior 1114: 381:National Historic Landmark 257:UNESCO World Heritage Site 29: 6371: 5732:National Wildlife Refuges 5627:National Historical Parks 5406: 5352: 4905: 4584: 3235:"Sea Kayaking in Icy Bay" 3079:"Highest Alaskan Summits" 2066: 2019: 1949: 1875: 1805: 1735: 1665: 1595: 1525: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1268:Bureau of Land Management 418:Glacier Bay National Park 313: 218:79,450 (in 2018) 79: 64: 50: 3157:"Yakutat Ranger Station" 1321:National Recreation Area 108:Yakutat City and Borough 100:Copper River Census Area 30:Not to be confused with 4537:HAER No. AK-9-J, " 4530:HAER No. AK-9-I, " 4523:HAER No. AK-9-H, " 4516:HAER No. AK-9-G, " 4509:HAER No. AK-9-F, " 4502:HAER No. AK-9-E, " 4495:HAER No. AK-9-D, " 4488:HAER No. AK-9-C, " 4481:HAER No. AK-9-B, " 4474:HAER No. AK-9-A, " 4448:– National Park Service 4411:Winkler, G. R. (2000). 4363:. National Park Service 4337:. National Park Service 4308:. National Park Service 4282:. National Park Service 4227:. National Park Service 4201:. National Park Service 4175:. National Park Service 4037:. National Park Service 3967:. National Park Service 3584:. National Park Service 3293:. National Park Service 3241:. National Park Service 3215:. National Park Service 3189:. National Park Service 3163:. National Park Service 3137:. National Park Service 3111:. National Park Service 3085:. National Park Service 3059:. National Park Service 3033:. National Park Service 3007:. National Park Service 2981:. National Park Service 2955:. National Park Service 2949:"Camping & Lodging" 2929:. National Park Service 2903:. National Park Service 2852:. National Park Service 2789:. National Park Service 2749:. National Park Service 2668:. National Park Service 1387:Additional designations 1342:to proclaim 17 Alaskan 1279:, opposed the proposed 1206:National park proposals 982:gold, obtained through 897:Several hot springs or 576:, glaciers, rivers, an 555:Chugach National Forest 547:Tongass National Forest 430:American national parks 6119:Wild and Scenic Rivers 6084:Tracy Arm-Fords Terror 3620:Bleakley, pp. 167–169. 2153: 1422:in the United States. 1363: 1303: 1150: 1127:U.S. Geological Survey 1083: 1050:. Along the coast the 933: 924:Glaciers and icefields 847: 806: 772: 745:1964 Alaska earthquake 715: 659: 582:Kennecott copper mines 463: 451: 436:in the United States. 200:; 45 years ago 186:; 43 years ago 153:61.43500°N 142.95361°W 6439:Saint Elias Mountains 6409:ANILCA establishments 6104:West Chichagof-Yakobi 6064:South Prince of Wales 4724:Great Smoky Mountains 4467:HAER No. AK-9, " 4441:National Park Service 3267:. John Wiley and Sons 2532:. Waterfowl includes 2441:. Other fish include 2346:, several species of 2296:North American beaver 2151: 1361: 1301: 1256:George B. Hartzog Jr. 1245:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1148: 1081: 1040:Upper Tanana speakers 931: 866:Skookum Creek Volcano 845: 804: 770: 713: 657: 472:Saint Elias Mountains 461: 340:Saint Elias Mountains 227:National Park Service 198:December 1, 1978 196:(park & preserve) 184:December 2, 1980 126:Copper Center, Alaska 6109:Wrangell–Saint Elias 5848:Forest Service units 5722:Yukon–Charley Rivers 5511:Yukon–Charley Rivers 4132:"Rivers and Streams" 3941:Bleakley, pp. 43–47. 3932:Bleakley, pp. 41–42. 3923:Bleakley, pp. 28–29. 3905:Bleakley, pp. 21–22. 3896:Bleakley, pp. 39–41. 3869:Bleakley, pp. 19–20. 3860:Bleakley, pp. 14–18. 3567:Winkler, pp. 78, 81. 2975:"Backcountry Cabins" 2384:California sea lions 1526:Record high °F (°C) 1281:National Scenic Area 1260:Operation Great Land 943:Wisconsin glaciation 789:with large collapse 732:North American Plate 402:and are part of the 158:61.43500; -142.95361 5929:Gates of the Arctic 5587:Gates of the Arctic 5466:Little River Canyon 5441:Gates of the Arctic 5431:Craters of the Moon 4729:Guadalupe Mountains 4684:Gates of the Arctic 4457:World Heritage Site 4328:"Freshwater Fishes" 3665:Winkler, pp. 94–95. 3629:Winkler, pp. 86–89. 3602:Winkler, pp. 80–83. 3354:Winkler, pp. 12–13. 3320:Winkler, pp. 14–15. 2601:protectedplanet.net 2516:. Owls include the 2277:Canadian wood bison 2067:Average snowy days 1806:Record low °F (°C) 1666:Daily mean °F (°C) 1400:World Heritage Site 1277:Keith Harvey Miller 1212:U.S. Forest Service 1149:Bremner mining camp 1093:Henry Tureman Allen 1064:Hinchinbrook Island 588:is the highest and 580:, and the historic 410:World Heritage Site 223:Governing body 210:(national monument) 149: / 96:Chugach Census Area 6197:North Fork Koyukuk 5856:Mendenhall Glacier 5712:Bering Land Bridge 5704:National Preserves 5655:National Monuments 5635:Klondike Gold Rush 5617:Wrangell–St. Elias 5506:Wrangell–St. Elias 5416:Bering Land Bridge 4884:Wrangell–St. Elias 4859:Theodore Roosevelt 3887:Catton, pp. 58–59. 3805:Catton, Theodore. 3759:Bleakley, pp. 6–7. 3732:Bleakley, pp. 5–6. 3723:Bleakley, pp. 4–5. 3692:Bleakley, pp. 2–4. 3674:Bleakley, pp. 1–2. 2267:, and roughly 13k 2186:Equisetum palustre 2154: 1373:John Birch Society 1364: 1344:national monuments 1309:national preserves 1304: 1266:proposed that the 1151: 1111:Mineral extraction 1105:Frederick Schwatka 1084: 934: 848: 816:phreatic eruptions 807: 773: 716: 660: 559:Mentasta Mountains 492:Robinson Mountains 480:Nutzotin Mountains 464: 336:Wrangell Mountains 6386: 6385: 6367: 6366: 6273: 6272: 5909:Coronation Island 5519: 5518: 5491:Tallgrass Prairie 5366: 5365: 4739:Hawaiʻi Volcanoes 3771:Winkler, pp. 7–8. 3131:"Visitor Centers" 3027:"Mountain Biking" 2550:green-winged teal 2514:northern flickers 2510:hairy woodpeckers 2506:wandering tattler 2502:lesser yellowlegs 2465:and a variety of 2392:Alaskan sea otter 2144:Plant communities 2134:braided riverbeds 2123: 2122: 1462:According to the 1434:According to the 1237:Kennicott Glacier 1140:Guggenheim family 1117:Kennecott, Alaska 888:Boomerang volcano 763:Volcanic activity 528:Malaspina Glacier 476:Chugach Mountains 361:Malaspina Glacier 344:Mount Saint Elias 330:in south central 317: 316: 122:Nearest city 16:(Redirected from 6456: 6399:IUCN Category II 6284: 5994:Maurille Islands 5924:Forrester Island 5874:Aleutian Islands 5866:Wilderness Areas 5825:National Forests 5745:Alaska Peninsula 5684:Cape Krusenstern 5663:Admiralty Island 5570: 5546: 5539: 5532: 5523: 5451:Great Sand Dunes 5393: 5386: 5379: 5370: 5346: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5074: 5067: 5060: 5053: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5025: 5018: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4983: 4976: 4969: 4962: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4824:Petrified Forest 4719:Great Sand Dunes 4639:Carlsbad Caverns 4571: 4564: 4557: 4548: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4430:Official website 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4332: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4251: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4226: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4165: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4011:. Wilderness.net 4005: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3957: 3951: 3950:Bleakley, p. 48. 3948: 3942: 3939: 3933: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3915: 3914:Bleakley, p. 27. 3912: 3906: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3879: 3878:Bleakley, p. 21. 3876: 3870: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3852: 3851:Bleakley, p. 14. 3849: 3843: 3842:Bleakley, p. 13. 3840: 3831: 3830:Bleakley, p. 12. 3828: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3811: 3802: 3793: 3792:Bleakley, p. 11. 3790: 3781: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3760: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3706: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3559: 3552: 3541: 3534: 3528: 3521: 3515: 3508: 3502: 3495: 3486: 3479: 3473: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3447: 3440: 3434: 3433:Winkler, p. 110. 3431: 3420: 3413: 3407: 3400: 3391: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3364: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3265:Frommer's Alaska 3257: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3105:"Mountaineering" 3101: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3012: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2871: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2846: 2840: 2833: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2779: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2748: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2697: 2689: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2662: 2653: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2637: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2593: 2572: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2542:northern pintail 2388:Steller sea lion 2376:harbor porpoises 2328:flying squirrels 2193:are also found. 2070: 2023: 1474: 1273:Walter J. Hickel 1243:, but President 984:hydraulic mining 967:Tyndall Glaciers 856:Capital Mountain 824: 823: 787:shield volcanoes 778:shield volcanoes 681:, Kennicott and 640:Edgerton Highway 416:to the east and 246: 243: 241: 239: 208: 206: 201: 194: 192: 187: 164: 163: 161: 160: 159: 154: 150: 147: 146: 145: 142: 84: 69: 43: 21: 6464: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6363: 6335: 6269: 6251: 6113: 6069:Stikine-LeConte 5860: 5842: 5819: 5740:Alaska Maritime 5726: 5698: 5649: 5621: 5559: 5553:Protected areas 5550: 5520: 5515: 5476:New River Gorge 5402: 5397: 5367: 5362: 5348: 5347: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5278: 5271: 5264: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5236: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5033: 5026: 5019: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4956: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4903: 4809:New River Gorge 4789:Lassen Volcanic 4659:Cuyahoga Valley 4644:Channel Islands 4580: 4575: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4381: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4259: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4167: 4166: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4115: 4113: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3803: 3796: 3791: 3784: 3780:Bleakley, p. 8. 3779: 3775: 3770: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3656:Winkler, p. 94. 3655: 3651: 3647:Winkler, p. 92. 3646: 3642: 3638:Winkler, p. 90. 3637: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3611:Winkler, p. 85. 3610: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3585: 3576: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3553: 3544: 3535: 3531: 3522: 3518: 3509: 3505: 3496: 3489: 3480: 3476: 3467: 3463: 3454: 3450: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3423: 3414: 3410: 3401: 3394: 3390:Winkler, p. 76. 3389: 3385: 3381:Winkler, p. 40. 3380: 3376: 3372:Winkler, p. 20. 3371: 3367: 3363:Winkler, p. 69. 3362: 3358: 3353: 3346: 3342:Winkler, p. 19. 3341: 3337: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3311:Winkler, p. 12. 3310: 3306: 3296: 3294: 3287:"Sport Hunting" 3285: 3284: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3244: 3242: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3218: 3216: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3166: 3164: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3010: 3008: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2932: 2930: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2873: 2872: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2834: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2781: 2780: 2771: 2767:Winkler, p. xi. 2766: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2725: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2664: 2663: 2656: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2498:American robins 2494:hermit thrushes 2459:Pacific lamprey 2451:round whitefish 2435:Arctic grayling 2427:cutthroat trout 2241: 2146: 2129: 2124: 2114:Source 1: NOAA 2068: 2021: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1428: 1420:wilderness area 1389: 1383:McCarthy Road. 1356: 1340:Antiquities Act 1326:Alaska senator 1313:Morris K. Udall 1241:Harold L. Ickes 1228:Ernest Gruening 1208: 1119: 1113: 1088:Yukon Territory 1032: 1027: 975: 951:Nabesna Glacier 947:Hubbard Glacier 926: 918:White River Ash 914:Mount Churchill 883:Mount Blackburn 821: 819: 765: 724:plate tectonics 714:Nabesna Glacier 708: 648: 586:Mount Blackburn 532:Hubbard Glacier 524:Bagley Icefield 456: 442: 396:Antiquities Act 373:Bagley Icefield 369:Nabesna Glacier 365:Hubbard Glacier 357:Mount Churchill 349:plate tectonics 259: 236: 209: 204: 202: 199: 197: 195: 190: 188: 185: 175: 173: 157: 155: 151: 148: 143: 140: 138: 136: 135: 87: 75: 72:Mount St. Elias 60: 39: 36:Wrangell Island 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6462: 6460: 6452: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6391: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6345: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6296:Afognak Island 6292: 6290: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6261: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6123: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6004:Mollie Beattie 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5919:Endicott River 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5829: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5736: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5708: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5670: 5659: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5639:Chilkoot Trail 5631: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5578: 5576: 5574:National Parks 5567: 5561: 5560: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5526: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5501:Valles Caldera 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5373: 5364: 5363: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5335: 5328: 5321: 5314: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5279: 5272: 5265: 5258: 5251: 5244: 5237: 5230: 5223: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5167: 5160: 5153: 5146: 5139: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5090: 5083: 5076: 5069: 5062: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4864:Virgin Islands 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4839:Rocky Mountain 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4814:North Cascades 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4594:American Samoa 4591: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4566: 4559: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4423: 4422:External links 4420: 4419: 4418: 4409: 4400: 4391: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4374: 4348: 4319: 4293: 4267: 4238: 4212: 4195:"Common Trees" 4186: 4149: 4123: 4098: 4073: 4048: 4022: 4000: 3978: 3952: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3916: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3880: 3871: 3862: 3853: 3844: 3832: 3823: 3794: 3782: 3773: 3761: 3752: 3750:Winkler, p. i. 3743: 3741:Winkler, p. 7. 3734: 3725: 3716: 3714:Winkler, p. 5. 3707: 3694: 3685: 3683:Winkler, p. 4. 3676: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3640: 3631: 3622: 3613: 3604: 3595: 3569: 3560: 3542: 3529: 3516: 3503: 3487: 3474: 3461: 3448: 3435: 3421: 3408: 3392: 3383: 3374: 3365: 3356: 3344: 3335: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3278: 3252: 3226: 3200: 3174: 3148: 3122: 3096: 3070: 3044: 3018: 2992: 2966: 2940: 2923:"Things to do" 2914: 2888: 2863: 2841: 2825: 2800: 2769: 2760: 2735: 2709: 2679: 2654: 2624: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2557: 2554: 2534:trumpeter swan 2350:and mice, and 2265:Mountain goats 2240: 2237: 2168:, willows and 2145: 2142: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1472: 1468:Hardiness zone 1427: 1424: 1388: 1385: 1377:United Nations 1355: 1352: 1330:threatened to 1207: 1204: 1183:Controller Bay 1115:Main article: 1112: 1109: 1052:Tlingit people 1048:Gulf of Alaska 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 991:copper sulfide 974: 971: 925: 922: 903:carbon dioxide 811:Mount Wrangell 771:Mount Wrangell 764: 761: 707: 704: 647: 644: 590:Mount Wrangell 578:active volcano 551:Gulf of Alaska 512:Copper Glacier 468:Wrangell range 455: 452: 441: 438: 420:to the south. 353:Mount Wrangell 315: 314: 311: 310: 307: 303: 302: 295: 291: 290: 285: 281: 280: 277: 271: 270: 265: 261: 260: 255: 252: 251: 248: 247: 234: 230: 229: 224: 220: 219: 216: 212: 211: 182: 178: 177: 170: 166: 165: 133: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 93: 89: 88: 85: 77: 76: 70: 62: 61: 51: 48: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6461: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6379: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6360: 6359:Tanana Valley 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6341:State Forests 6338: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6326:Shuyak Island 6324: 6322: 6321:Point Bridget 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6276: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6162:Chilikadrotna 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6099:Warren Island 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6054:South Baranof 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6034:Saint Lazaria 6032: 6030: 6029:Russell Fiord 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5547: 5542: 5540: 5535: 5533: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5401: 5394: 5389: 5387: 5382: 5380: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5283: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5206: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5143: 5136: 5129: 5122: 5115: 5108: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5045: 5038: 5031: 5024: 5017: 5010: 5003: 4996: 4989: 4982: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4919: 4912: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4804:Mount Rainier 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4749:Indiana Dunes 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4579: 4572: 4567: 4565: 4560: 4558: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4437: 4431: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4336: 4329: 4323: 4320: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4255: 4248: 4247:"Mammal List" 4242: 4239: 4223: 4216: 4213: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3988: 3982: 3979: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3938: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3902: 3899: 3893: 3890: 3884: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3848: 3845: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3808: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3729: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3644: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3227: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3188: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3084: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3058: 3054: 3053:"River Trips" 3048: 3045: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2889: 2876: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2801: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2710: 2694: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2667: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2613: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2570:Alaska portal 2560: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2526:northern hawk 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2455:northern pike 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2439:rainbow trout 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2399:northern pike 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2344:snowshoe hare 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2324:Arctic ground 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2300:Canadian lynx 2297: 2293: 2288: 2286: 2285:Chitina River 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2214:balsam poplar 2211: 2207: 2206:quaking aspen 2203: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2150: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2126: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2018: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1879: 1878:precipitation 1874: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1432: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1404:grizzly bears 1401: 1398: 1394: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1368: 1360: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1292:Rogers Morton 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1195:Kushtaka Lake 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1179:Cape Yakutaga 1175: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1132:Stephen Birch 1128: 1124: 1118: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1069:Tazlina River 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 985: 981: 972: 970: 968: 964: 960: 954: 952: 948: 944: 940: 930: 923: 921: 919: 915: 911: 906: 904: 900: 899:mud volcanoes 895: 893: 889: 884: 880: 876: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 851:Mount Sanford 844: 840: 837: 836:stratovolcano 833: 829: 827: 817: 812: 805:Mount Sanford 803: 799: 797: 792: 788: 783: 779: 769: 762: 760: 757: 752: 748: 746: 741: 737: 733: 729: 728:Pacific Plate 725: 721: 712: 705: 703: 699: 697: 693: 687: 684: 680: 676: 671: 667: 665: 664:Copper Center 656: 652: 645: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 612:McCarthy Road 609: 604: 600: 598: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 504:Nabesna River 501: 500:Chisana River 497: 496:Chitina River 493: 489: 488:Granite Range 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 460: 453: 450: 445: 439: 437: 435: 431: 427: 421: 419: 415: 411: 408: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 384: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 312: 308: 300: 296: 289: 286: 278: 276: 269: 266: 258: 249: 245: 235: 231: 228: 225: 221: 217: 213: 183: 171: 167: 162: 134: 130: 127: 124: 117: 116:United States 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 94: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 57:national park 54: 53:IUCN category 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6404:Alaska Range 6375: 6331:Wood-Tikchik 6316:Kachemak Bay 6147:Beaver Creek 6074:Tebenkof Bay 6059:South Etolin 5999:Misty Fjords 5969:Kobuk Valley 5939:Hazy Islands 5689:Misty Fjords 5616: 5607:Kobuk Valley 5602:Kenai Fjords 5505: 5486:Oregon Caves 4883: 4794:Mammoth Cave 4779:Kobuk Valley 4774:Kings Canyon 4769:Kenai Fjords 4704:Grand Canyon 4689:Gateway Arch 4674:Dry Tortugas 4664:Death Valley 4634:Capitol Reef 4624:Bryce Canyon 4413: 4404: 4395: 4386: 4379:Bibliography 4367:February 19, 4365:. Retrieved 4360: 4351: 4341:February 19, 4339:. Retrieved 4334: 4322: 4312:February 19, 4310:. Retrieved 4305: 4296: 4286:February 19, 4284:. Retrieved 4279: 4270: 4260:February 19, 4258:. Retrieved 4253: 4241: 4231:February 19, 4229:. Retrieved 4215: 4205:February 19, 4203:. Retrieved 4198: 4189: 4179:February 19, 4177:. Retrieved 4172: 4142:February 17, 4140:. Retrieved 4135: 4126: 4114:. Retrieved 4101: 4089:. Retrieved 4076: 4064:. Retrieved 4051: 4041:February 20, 4039:. Retrieved 4034: 4025: 4015:February 20, 4013:. Retrieved 4003: 3993:February 20, 3991:. Retrieved 3981: 3971:February 17, 3969:. Retrieved 3964: 3955: 3946: 3937: 3928: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3892: 3883: 3874: 3865: 3856: 3847: 3826: 3816:February 15, 3814:. Retrieved 3776: 3755: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3702: 3697: 3688: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3588:February 19, 3586:. Retrieved 3581: 3572: 3563: 3558:, pp. 28–29. 3555: 3537: 3532: 3527:, pp. 25–26. 3524: 3519: 3511: 3506: 3501:, pp. 23–25. 3498: 3485:, pp. 20–21. 3482: 3477: 3472:, pp. 18–20. 3469: 3464: 3459:, pp. 16–18. 3456: 3451: 3446:, pp. 13–15. 3443: 3438: 3419:, pp. 11–13. 3416: 3411: 3403: 3386: 3377: 3368: 3359: 3338: 3330: 3325: 3316: 3307: 3297:February 19, 3295:. Retrieved 3290: 3281: 3271:February 19, 3269:. Retrieved 3264: 3255: 3245:February 19, 3243:. Retrieved 3238: 3229: 3219:February 19, 3217:. Retrieved 3212: 3203: 3193:February 19, 3191:. Retrieved 3186: 3177: 3167:February 19, 3165:. Retrieved 3160: 3151: 3141:February 19, 3139:. Retrieved 3134: 3125: 3115:February 19, 3113:. Retrieved 3108: 3099: 3089:February 19, 3087:. Retrieved 3082: 3073: 3063:February 19, 3061:. Retrieved 3056: 3047: 3037:February 19, 3035:. Retrieved 3030: 3021: 3011:February 19, 3009:. Retrieved 3004: 2995: 2985:February 19, 2983:. Retrieved 2978: 2969: 2959:February 19, 2957:. Retrieved 2952: 2943: 2933:February 19, 2931:. Retrieved 2926: 2917: 2907:February 20, 2905:. Retrieved 2900: 2891: 2879:. Retrieved 2854:. Retrieved 2844: 2836: 2816:. Retrieved 2803: 2793:February 16, 2791:. Retrieved 2786: 2763: 2751:. Retrieved 2738: 2726:. Retrieved 2722: 2712: 2700:. Retrieved 2670:. Retrieved 2640:. Retrieved 2627: 2617:September 7, 2615:. Retrieved 2600: 2591: 2518:great horned 2471: 2431:Dolly Varden 2396: 2380:harbor seals 2370:), resident 2332:hoary marmot 2312:river otters 2289: 2249:grizzly bear 2242: 2233: 2218: 2202:white spruce 2195: 2184: 2174: 2166:Labrador tea 2158:Black spruce 2155: 2130: 1880:inches (mm) 1466:, the Plant 1461: 1456: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1433: 1429: 1390: 1381: 1369: 1365: 1348: 1338:invoked the 1336:Jimmy Carter 1325: 1305: 1285: 1259: 1253: 1249: 1224:Bob Marshall 1215: 1209: 1176: 1172: 1152: 1136:J. P. Morgan 1120: 1085: 1056:Vitus Bering 1036:Ahtna people 1033: 988: 976: 955: 935: 907: 896: 892:Mount Gordon 879:Mount Jarvis 849: 830: 825: 808: 796:cinder cones 774: 753: 749: 717: 700: 688: 672: 668: 661: 649: 616:Nabesna Road 605: 601: 594: 567: 561:and borders 540: 508:Copper River 484:Alaska Range 465: 447: 443: 440:Park purpose 422: 392:Jimmy Carter 385: 319: 318: 40: 6288:State Parks 6152:Birch Creek 5974:Kootznoowoo 5954:Karta River 5934:Glacier Bay 5904:Chuck River 5815:Yukon Flats 5810:Yukon Delta 5592:Glacier Bay 5446:Glacier Bay 5426:Big Thicket 5421:Big Cypress 4889:Yellowstone 4874:White Sands 4759:Joshua Tree 4754:Isle Royale 4744:Hot Springs 4714:Great Basin 4709:Grand Teton 4699:Glacier Bay 4654:Crater Lake 4629:Canyonlands 3406:, pp. 7–12. 2839:, pp. 8–10. 2538:common loon 2530:boreal owls 2486:Canada jays 2484:ptarmigan, 2368:gray whales 2358:(including 2308:pine marten 2245:timber wolf 2210:paper birch 2022:(≥ 0.01 in) 1328:Mike Gravel 1097:Yukon River 1073:Yukon River 1060:Port Etches 1044:Eyak people 941:during the 861:Tanada Peak 740:island arcs 543:Yakutat Bay 294:Inscription 181:Established 156: / 144:142°57′13″W 132:Coordinates 6393:Categories 6242:Unalakleet 6137:Andreafsky 5989:Lake Clark 5889:Bering Sea 5879:Andreafsky 5612:Lake Clark 5461:Lake Clark 4854:Shenandoah 4799:Mesa Verde 4784:Lake Clark 4679:Everglades 3578:"Glaciers" 3333:, pp. 3–7. 2728:August 25, 2723:CNN Travel 2584:References 2522:great gray 2474:bald eagle 2423:lake trout 2269:Dall sheep 2253:black bear 2225:graminoids 2138:permafrost 2069:(≥ 0.1 in) 1412:Dall sheep 1332:filibuster 1101:Bering Sea 1019:molybdenum 995:chalcocite 910:Mount Bona 832:Mount Drum 756:Kula Plate 646:Activities 597:wilderness 434:wilderness 394:using the 383:district. 309:1992, 1994 306:Extensions 297:1979 (3rd 205:1978-12-01 191:1980-12-02 141:61°26′06″N 6354:Southeast 6237:Tlikakila 6202:Mulchatna 6172:Fortymile 6142:Aniakchak 5679:Aniakchak 5411:Aniakchak 5359:elevation 4879:Wind Cave 4869:Voyageurs 4829:Pinnacles 4734:Haleakalā 4276:"Mammals" 4031:"Weather" 2672:March 11, 2463:lake chub 2304:porcupine 2292:wolverine 2287:valleys. 2221:tree line 2191:spikerush 2170:blueberry 1286:The 1971 1254:In 1964, 1011:limestone 999:malachite 957:ago, and 939:Lake Atna 628:Kennicott 608:Anchorage 520:icefields 454:Geography 377:Kennecott 284:Reference 6232:Tinayguk 6227:Sheenjek 6049:Simeonof 5899:Chamisso 5894:Bogoslof 5884:Becharof 5755:Becharof 5496:Timucuan 4894:Yosemite 4649:Congaree 4614:Biscayne 4609:Big Bend 4604:Badlands 4116:June 17, 4091:June 17, 4066:July 29, 3701:Richter 3554:Richter 3540:, p. 29. 3536:Richter 3523:Richter 3514:, p. 25. 3510:Richter 3497:Richter 3481:Richter 3468:Richter 3455:Richter 3442:Richter 3415:Richter 3402:Richter 3329:Richter 2881:March 6, 2856:March 8, 2835:Richter 2818:June 14, 2702:March 8, 2642:March 8, 2610:and the 2556:See also 2546:mallards 2467:sculpins 2443:eulachon 2364:humpback 2239:Wildlife 1876:Average 1796:(−20.3) 1791:(−16.7) 1751:(−15.8) 1746:(−18.5) 1741:(−22.8) 1726:(−16.5) 1721:(−12.4) 1676:(−12.4) 1671:(−18.7) 1656:(−12.7) 1601:(−14.4) 1167:McCarthy 1138:and the 1123:Klondike 1007:dolomite 973:Minerals 875:rhyolite 791:calderas 782:andesite 736:subducts 720:terranes 632:McCarthy 614:and the 570:mountain 549:and the 516:glaciers 502:and the 490:and the 328:preserve 275:Criteria 215:Visitors 92:Location 32:Wrangell 6306:Chugach 6301:Chilkat 6222:Selawik 6212:Nowitna 6182:Ivishak 6177:Gulkana 6157:Charley 6127:Alagnak 6089:Tuxedni 6039:Selawik 6014:Nunivak 5979:Koyukuk 5949:Izembek 5838:Tongass 5833:Chugach 5795:Selawik 5790:Nowitna 5785:Koyukuk 5765:Izembek 5565:Federal 4849:Sequoia 4844:Saguaro 4834:Redwood 4819:Olympic 4694:Glacier 4439:of the 4357:"Birds" 3705:, p. 1. 2753:May 31, 2419:sockeye 2403:Chinook 2336:weasels 2318:, some 2316:red fox 2257:caribou 2127:Ecology 1801:(−7.7) 1786:(−6.6) 1761:(−0.6) 1756:(−5.8) 1731:(−1.2) 1716:(−1.4) 1706:(11.9) 1701:(14.1) 1696:(12.4) 1681:(−7.7) 1651:(−8.2) 1641:(13.1) 1636:(19.3) 1631:(21.9) 1626:(20.9) 1621:(16.8) 1606:(−6.3) 1426:Climate 1408:caribou 1191:Icy Bay 1187:Katalla 1163:Chitina 1159:Cordova 1025:History 1003:azurite 877:domes. 706:Geology 692:Yakutat 683:Chitina 636:Chitina 624:Chisana 620:Nabesna 426:Croatia 299:Session 264:Part of 233:Website 203: ( 189: ( 6349:Haines 6311:Denali 6265:Steese 6217:Salmon 6207:Noatak 6132:Alatna 6094:Unimak 6079:Togiak 6044:Semidi 6009:Noatak 5959:Katmai 5944:Innoko 5914:Denali 5805:Togiak 5800:Tetlin 5780:Kodiak 5770:Kanuti 5760:Innoko 5750:Arctic 5717:Noatak 5597:Katmai 5582:Denali 5557:Alaska 5481:Noatak 5471:Mojave 5456:Katmai 5436:Denali 4764:Katmai 4669:Denali 4599:Arches 4589:Acadia 4302:"Fish" 3538:et al. 2636:(XLSX) 2548:, and 2490:ravens 2478:willow 2447:burbot 2372:Dall’s 2356:whales 2340:ermine 2320:coyote 2281:Copper 2261:Cougar 2181:sedges 2177:muskeg 2062:118.0 2015:(169) 1995:(6.9) 1990:(0.0) 1985:(0.0) 1980:(0.0) 1975:(1.5) 1970:(6.4) 1945:(450) 1900:(7.9) 1871:(−48) 1866:(−46) 1861:(−43) 1856:(−30) 1851:(−14) 1831:(−18) 1826:(−29) 1821:(−41) 1816:(−45) 1811:(−48) 1781:(0.6) 1776:(4.6) 1771:(6.3) 1766:(3.8) 1711:(6.8) 1691:(8.1) 1686:(1.4) 1661:(5.3) 1646:(3.7) 1616:(8.7) 1611:(0.5) 1482:Month 1397:UNESCO 1220:Denali 1015:nickel 980:placer 963:Yahtse 871:dacite 726:. The 679:Nizina 675:Copper 522:. The 486:, the 407:UNESCO 332:Alaska 112:Alaska 6279:State 6192:Kobuk 6167:Delta 5964:Kenai 5775:Kenai 5675:(FWS) 5645:Sitka 4331:(PDF) 4250:(PDF) 4225:(PDF) 3810:(PDF) 3703:et al 3556:et al 3525:et al 3512:et al 3499:et al 3483:et al 3470:et al 3457:et al 3444:et al 3417:et al 3404:et al 3331:et al 2837:et al 2747:(PDF) 2696:(PDF) 2360:orcas 2352:pikas 2348:voles 2273:Moose 2229:forbs 2198:taiga 2162:alder 2109:46.7 2056:10.1 2053:11.2 2050:15.4 2047:16.4 2044:14.0 2041:11.3 2010:(29) 2005:(34) 2000:(24) 1965:(14) 1960:(20) 1955:(34) 1943:17.70 1940:(27) 1935:(37) 1930:(56) 1925:(65) 1920:(67) 1915:(62) 1910:(41) 1905:(24) 1895:(10) 1890:(28) 1885:(24) 1846:(−8) 1841:(−2) 1836:(−4) 1591:(32) 1586:(13) 1581:(14) 1576:(24) 1571:(22) 1566:(30) 1561:(32) 1556:(32) 1551:(30) 1546:(22) 1541:(13) 1536:(12) 1521:Year 959:Guyot 322:is a 288:72ter 244:/wrst 6247:Wind 6187:John 5984:Kuiu 5693:USFS 5667:USFS 5357:(by 4899:Zion 4369:2013 4343:2013 4314:2013 4288:2013 4262:2013 4233:2013 4207:2013 4181:2013 4144:2013 4118:2021 4093:2021 4068:2019 4043:2013 4017:2013 3995:2013 3973:2013 3818:2013 3590:2013 3299:2013 3273:2013 3247:2013 3221:2013 3195:2013 3169:2013 3143:2013 3117:2013 3091:2013 3065:2013 3039:2013 3013:2013 2987:2013 2961:2013 2935:2013 2909:2013 2883:2012 2858:2012 2820:2010 2795:2013 2755:2021 2730:2016 2704:2012 2674:2019 2644:2012 2619:2021 2612:IUCN 2528:and 2512:and 2482:rock 2480:and 2437:and 2417:and 2415:pink 2411:coho 2407:chum 2382:and 2374:and 2366:and 2326:and 2283:and 2227:and 2208:and 2189:and 2106:8.6 2103:9.3 2100:5.2 2097:1.2 2094:0.0 2091:0.0 2088:0.0 2085:0.4 2082:2.2 2079:4.4 2076:6.6 2073:8.8 2059:9.3 2038:7.0 2035:2.8 2032:4.7 2029:7.1 2026:8.7 2013:66.5 2008:11.3 2003:13.5 1953:13.2 1938:1.06 1933:1.45 1928:2.22 1923:2.56 1918:2.65 1913:2.45 1908:1.63 1903:0.93 1898:0.31 1893:0.40 1888:1.11 1883:0.93 1799:18.2 1794:−4.5 1784:20.2 1779:33.1 1774:40.2 1769:43.3 1764:38.9 1759:30.9 1754:21.6 1744:−1.3 1739:−9.1 1729:29.9 1714:29.4 1709:44.3 1704:53.5 1699:57.3 1694:54.3 1689:46.6 1684:34.6 1679:18.2 1669:−1.6 1659:41.5 1649:17.3 1644:38.6 1639:55.5 1634:66.8 1629:71.4 1624:69.7 1619:62.2 1614:47.7 1609:32.9 1604:20.7 1531:(7) 1518:Dec 1515:Nov 1512:Oct 1509:Sep 1506:Aug 1503:Jul 1500:Jun 1497:May 1494:Apr 1491:Mar 1488:Feb 1485:Jan 1410:and 1181:and 1165:and 1017:and 1001:and 965:and 912:and 873:and 630:and 622:and 518:and 355:and 326:and 242:.gov 240:.nps 169:Area 106:and 55:II ( 5555:of 1998:9.4 1993:2.7 1988:0.0 1983:0.0 1978:0.0 1973:0.6 1968:2.5 1963:5.4 1958:7.9 1869:−55 1864:−50 1859:−46 1854:−22 1824:−21 1819:−41 1814:−49 1809:−55 1789:2.0 1749:3.5 1724:2.3 1719:9.7 1674:9.7 1654:9.2 1599:6.0 1457:Dfc 1450:Dwc 1443:Dsc 1062:on 238:www 34:or 6395:: 4359:. 4333:. 4304:. 4278:. 4252:. 4197:. 4171:. 4152:^ 4134:. 4109:. 4084:. 4059:. 4033:. 3963:. 3835:^ 3797:^ 3785:^ 3764:^ 3580:. 3545:^ 3490:^ 3424:^ 3395:^ 3347:^ 3289:. 3263:. 3237:. 3211:. 3185:. 3159:. 3133:. 3107:. 3081:. 3055:. 3029:. 3003:. 2977:. 2951:. 2925:. 2899:. 2866:^ 2828:^ 2811:. 2785:. 2772:^ 2721:. 2682:^ 2657:^ 2605:UN 2603:. 2599:. 2552:. 2544:, 2540:, 2536:, 2524:, 2520:, 2508:, 2504:, 2500:, 2496:, 2492:, 2488:, 2476:, 2469:. 2461:, 2457:, 2453:, 2449:, 2445:, 2433:, 2429:, 2425:, 2413:, 2409:, 2405:, 2394:. 2378:, 2362:, 2342:, 2338:, 2334:, 2330:, 2322:, 2314:, 2310:, 2306:, 2302:, 2298:, 2294:, 2259:. 2251:, 2247:, 2231:. 2164:, 1844:18 1839:28 1834:24 1829:−1 1589:90 1584:56 1579:58 1574:75 1569:72 1564:86 1559:90 1554:90 1549:86 1544:71 1539:56 1534:54 1529:44 1406:, 961:, 822:10 677:, 565:. 545:, 538:. 498:, 351:. 114:, 110:, 102:, 98:, 5695:) 5691:( 5669:) 5665:( 5641:) 5637:( 5545:e 5538:t 5531:v 5392:e 5385:t 5378:v 5361:) 4570:e 4563:t 4556:v 4371:. 4345:. 4316:. 4290:. 4264:. 4235:. 4209:. 4183:. 4146:. 4120:. 4095:. 4070:. 4045:. 4019:. 3997:. 3975:. 3820:. 3592:. 3301:. 3275:. 3249:. 3223:. 3197:. 3171:. 3145:. 3119:. 3093:. 3067:. 3041:. 3015:. 2989:. 2963:. 2937:. 2911:. 2885:. 2860:. 2822:. 2797:. 2757:. 2732:. 2706:. 2676:. 2652:) 2648:( 2646:. 2621:. 1849:6 826:^ 820:× 301:) 207:) 193:) 59:) 20:)

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