x86-64 - Knowledge (XXG)

2784: 823:) to be used. This would be approximately four billion times the size of the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Most operating systems and applications will not need such a large address space for the foreseeable future, so implementing such wide virtual addresses would simply increase the complexity and cost of address translation with no real benefit. AMD, therefore, decided that, in the first implementations of the architecture, only the least significant 48 bits of a virtual address would actually be used in address translation ( 61: 853:) for application code, user mode stacks, heaps, and other data regions. The "canonical address" design ensures that every AMD64 compliant implementation has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. Also, enforcing the "canonical form" of addresses by checking the unused address bits prevents their use by the operating system in 2614: 47: 806: 794: 782: 757:. These features remain fully implemented in "legacy mode", allowing these processors to run 32-bit and 16-bit operating systems without modifications. Some instructions that proved to be rarely useful are not supported in 64-bit mode, including saving/restoring of segment registers on the stack, saving/restoring of all registers (PUSHA/POPA), decimal arithmetic, BOUND and INTO instructions, and "far" jumps and calls with immediate operands. 1438:

and 16-bit protected mode applications (that do not need to use either real mode or virtual 8086 mode in order to execute at any time) run under compatibility mode. Real-mode programs and programs that use virtual 8086 mode at any time cannot be run in long mode unless those modes are emulated in software. However, such programs may be started from an operating system running in long mode on processors supporting

1052:, which allows Intel 64 processors to support a 57-bit virtual address space. Further extensions may allow full 64-bit virtual address space and physical memory with 12-bit page table descriptors and 16- or 21-bit memory offsets for 64 KiB and 2 MiB page allocation sizes; the page table entry would be expanded to 128 bits to support additional hardware flags for page size and virtual address space size. 1419: 874: 3180:. However, not all 64-bit computers can run the 64-bit kernel, and not all 64-bit computers that can run the 64-bit kernel will do so by default. The 64-bit kernel, like the 32-bit kernel, supports 32-bit applications; both kernels also support 64-bit applications. 32-bit applications have a virtual address space limit of 4 GiB under either kernel. The 64-bit kernel does not support 32-bit 723:(bit 63 of the page table entry) allows the operating system to specify which pages of virtual address space can contain executable code and which cannot. An attempt to execute code from a page tagged "no execute" will result in a memory access violation, similar to an attempt to write to a read-only page. This should make it more difficult for malicious code to take control of the system via " 2949: 4560: 264: 3119:(Application Binary Interface), introduced in Linux 3.4, allows programs compiled for the x32 ABI to run in the 64-bit mode of x86-64 while only using 32-bit pointers and data fields. Though this limits the program to a virtual address space of 4 GiB it also decreases the memory footprint of the program and in some cases can allow it to run faster. 2762:-based Opteron was the first to provide a 48-bit (256 TiB) physical address space. Intel 64's physical addressing was extended to 44 bits (16 TiB) in Nehalem-EX in 2010 and to 46 bits (64 TiB) in Sandy Bridge E in 2011. With the Ice Lake 3rd gen Xeon Scalable processors, Intel increased the virtual addressing to 57 bits (128 650:) extend this to 48-bit physical addresses and therefore can address up to 256 TiB (2 bytes) of RAM. The architecture permits extending this to 52 bits in the future (limited by the page table entry format); this would allow addressing of up to 4 PiB of RAM. For comparison, 32-bit x86 processors are limited to 64 GiB of RAM in 3093:, starting with the 2.4 version in 2001 (preceding the hardware's availability). Linux also provides backward compatibility for running 32-bit executables. This permits programs to be recompiled into long mode while retaining the use of 32-bit programs. Current Linux distributions ship with x86-64-native kernels and 3677:

x86-64/AMD64 was solely developed by AMD. Until April 2021 when the relevant patents expired, AMD held patents on techniques used in AMD64; those patents had to be licensed from AMD in order to implement AMD64. Intel entered into a cross-licensing agreement with AMD, licensing to AMD their patents on

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first added x86-64 support under the name "amd64" as an experimental architecture in 5.1-RELEASE in June 2003. It was included as a standard distribution architecture as of 5.2-RELEASE in January 2004. Since then, FreeBSD has designated it as a Tier 1 platform. The 6.0-RELEASE version cleaned up

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Long mode is the architecture's intended primary mode of operation; it is a combination of the processor's native 64-bit mode and a combined 32-bit and 16-bit compatibility mode. It is used by 64-bit operating systems. Under a 64-bit operating system, 64-bit programs run under 64-bit mode, and 32-bit

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A few "system programming" features of the x86 architecture were either unused or underused in modern operating systems and are either not available on AMD64 in long (64-bit and compatibility) mode, or exist only in limited form. These include segmented addressing (although the FS and GS segments are

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8 TiB of kernel mode virtual address space for the operating system. As with the user mode address space, this is a 4096-fold increase over 32-bit Windows versions. The increased space primarily benefits the file system cache and kernel mode "heaps" (non-paged pool and paged pool). Windows only

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x64 Edition—were released in March 2005. Internally they are actually the same build (5.2.3790.1830 SP1), as they share the same source base and operating system binaries, so even system updates are released in unified packages, much in the manner as Windows 2000 Professional and Server editions for

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architecture, there is only one operating system image, which contains a 32-bit kernel and a 64-bit kernel; this is labeled as the "x64/x86" DVD-ROM image. The default behavior is to boot a 64-bit kernel, allowing both 64-bit and existing or new 32-bit executables to be run. A 32-bit kernel can also

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run 64-bit command-line tools using the POSIX and math libraries on 64-bit Intel-based machines, just as all versions of Mac OS X 10.4 and 10.5 run them on 64-bit PowerPC machines. No other libraries or frameworks work with 64-bit applications in Mac OS X 10.4. The kernel, and all kernel extensions,

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The code for the AMD64 port of OpenBSD also runs on Intel 64 processors which contains cloned use of the AMD64 extensions, but since Intel left out the page table NX bit in early Intel 64 processors, there is no W^X capability on those Intel CPUs; later Intel 64 processors added the NX bit under the

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instructions act differently than AMD64's when the source is zero and the operand size is 32 bits. The processor sets the zero flag and leaves the upper 32 bits of the destination undefined. Note that Intel documents that the destination register has an undefined value in this case, but in

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has long been considered an obsolete mode of operation, and all current PC operating systems in effect bypass it, setting all segments to a base address of zero and (in their 32-bit implementation) a size of 4 GiB. AMD was the first x86-family vendor to implement no-execute in linear addressing

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FPU, for the single-precision and double-precision data types. SSE2 also offers integer vector operations, for data types ranging from 8bit to 64bit precision. This makes the vector capabilities of the architecture on par with those of the most advanced x86 processors of its time. These instructions

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reported that the stepping G1 (0F49h) of Pentium 4 will sample on October 17 and ship in volume on November 14. However, Intel's document says that samples are available on September 9, whereas October 17 is the "date of first availability of post-conversion material", which Intel defines

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can be compiled either in IA-32, x86-64 or AnyCPU modes. Software created in the first two modes behave like their IA-32 or x86-64 native code counterparts respectively; When using the AnyCPU mode, however, applications in 32-bit versions of Microsoft Windows run as 32-bit applications, while they

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FPU machine state across thread context switches. Observed behavior shows that this is not the case: the x87 state is saved and restored, except for kernel mode-only threads (a limitation that exists in the 32-bit version as well). The most recent documentation available from Microsoft states that

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The x86-64 microarchitecture feature levels can also be found as AMD64-v1, AMD64-v2 .. or AMD64_v1 .. in settings where the "AMD64" nomenclature is used. These are used as synonyms with the x86-64-vX nomenclature and are thus functionally identical. E.g. the Go language documentation or the Fedora

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in June 2004. In contrast, the initial Prescott chips (February 2004) did not enable this feature. Intel subsequently began selling Intel 64-enabled Pentium 4s using the E0 revision of the Prescott core, being sold on the OEM market as the Pentium 4, model F. The E0 revision also adds eXecute

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8 TiB of virtual address space per process, accessible from both user mode and kernel mode, referred to as the user mode address space. An x64 program can use all of this, subject to backing store limits on the system, and provided it is linked with the "large address aware" option, which is

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format to package 32- and 64-bit versions of application and library code into a single file; the most appropriate version is automatically selected at load time. In Mac OS X 10.6, the universal binary format is also used for the kernel and for those kernel extensions that support both 32-bit and

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practice in silicon implements the same behaviour as AMD (destination unmodified). The separate claim about maybe not preserving bits in the upper 32 has not been verified, but has only been ruled out for Core 2 and Skylake, not all Intel microarchitectures like 64-bit Pentium 4 or low-power Atom.

1911:, three microarchitecture levels (or feature levels) on top of the x86-64 baseline were defined: x86-64-v2, x86-64-v3, and x86-64-v4. These levels define specific features that can be targeted by programmers to provide compile-time optimizations. The features exposed by each level are as follows: 1474:

Legacy mode is the mode that the processor is in when it is not in long mode. In this mode, the processor acts like an older x86 processor, and only 16-bit and 32-bit code can be executed. Legacy mode allows for a maximum of 32 bit virtual addressing which limits the virtual address space to

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Note that 16-bit code written for the 80286 and below does not use 32-bit operand instructions. Code written for the 80386 and above can use the operand-size override prefix (0x66). Normally this prefix is used by protected and long mode code for the purpose of using 16-bit operands, as that code

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Ability to use up to 128 GiB (Windows XP/Vista), 192 GiB (Windows 7), 512 GiB (Windows 8), 1 TiB (Windows Server 2003), 2 TiB (Windows Server 2008/Windows 10), 4 TiB (Windows Server 2012), or 24 TiB (Windows Server 2016/2019) of physical random access

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architecture. AMD originally announced AMD64 in 1999 with a full specification available in August 2000. As AMD was never invited to be a contributing party for the IA-64 architecture and any kind of licensing seemed unlikely, the AMD64 architecture was positioned by AMD from the beginning as an

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Figures 5, 6 and 7 also show the 32-bit version of WAS runs applications at full native hardware performance on the POWER and x86-64 platforms. Unlike some 64-bit processor architectures, the POWER and x86-64 hardware does not emulate 32-bit mode. Therefore applications that do not benefit from

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Since AMD64 and Intel 64 are substantially similar, many software and hardware products use one vendor-neutral term to indicate their compatibility with both implementations. AMD's original designation for this processor architecture, "x86-64", is still used for this purpose, as is the variant

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In 64-bit mode, near branches with the 66H (operand size override) prefix behave differently. Intel 64 ignores this prefix: the instruction has a 32-bit sign extended offset, and instruction pointer is not truncated. AMD64 uses a 16-bit offset field in the instruction, and clears the top

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can also be used in 32-bit mode. The proliferation of 64-bit processors has made these vector capabilities ubiquitous in home computers, allowing the improvement of the standards of 32-bit applications. The 32-bit edition of Windows 8, for example, requires the presence of SSE2 instructions.

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is a fully integrated and supported port. 32-bit code is still supported in 64-bit mode, with a netbsd-32 kernel compatibility layer for 32-bit syscalls. The NX bit is used to provide non-executable stack and heap with per-page granularity (segment granularity being used on 32-bit x86).

834:). If this requirement is not met, the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256 1457:, where differences in the underlying instruction set mean that running 32-bit code must be done either in emulation of x86 (making the process slower) or with a dedicated x86 coprocessor. However, on the x86-64 platform, many x86 applications could benefit from a 64-bit 6195:"cvs commit: src/sys/amd64/amd64 genassym.c src/sys/amd64/include asm.h atomic.h bootinfo.h coredump.h cpufunc.h elf.h endian.h exec.h float.h fpu.h frame.h globaldata.h ieeefp.h limits.h lock.h md_var.h param.h pcb.h pcb_ext.h pmap.h proc.h profile.h psl.h ..." 1723:

X86S is a simplification of x86-64 proposed by Intel in May 2023 for their "Intel 64" products. The new architecture would remove support for 16-bit and 32-bit operating systems, while 32-bit programs will still run under a 64-bit OS. A CPU would no longer have

2533:(AVX/AVX2 masked move to/from memory) instructions, Intel 64 architecturally guarantees that the instructions will not cause memory faults (e.g. page-faults and segmentation-faults) for any zero-masked lanes, while AMD64 does not provide such a guarantee. 3325:

if WoW64 is supported on that version. Furthermore, a 32-bit program, if it was linked with the "large address aware" option, can use up to 4 GiB of virtual address space in 64-bit Windows, instead of the default 2 GiB (optional 3 GiB with

6172: 255:), which was originally intended to replace the x86 architecture. x86-64 and Itanium are not compatible on the native instruction set level, and operating systems and applications compiled for one architecture cannot be run on the other natively. 540:). It is therefore possible to keep more local variables in registers rather than on the stack, and to let registers hold frequently accessed constants; arguments for small and fast subroutines may also be passed in registers to a greater extent. 3126:

of virtual address space for individual processes, and can address approximately 64 TiB of physical memory, subject to processor and system limitations, or up to 128 PiB (virtual) and 4 PiB (physical) with 5-level paging enabled.

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can use for optimization. However, applications that regularly handle integers wider than 32 bits, such as cryptographic algorithms, will need a rewrite of the code handling the huge integers in order to take advantage of the 64-bit registers.

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is the address of the first member of the Thread Information Block. Maintaining this convention made the x86-64 port easier, but required AMD to retain the function of the FS and GS segments in long mode – even though segmented addressing

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can run with little or no performance penalty, while newer or modified applications can take advantage of new features of the processor design to achieve performance improvements. Also, a processor supporting x86-64 still powers on in

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The processor supports a number of VIA-specific x86 extensions designed to boost efficiency in low-power appliances. It is expected that the Isaiah architecture will be twice as fast in integer performance and four times as fast in

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to run unmodified, coexisting with 64-bit applications if the 64-bit operating system supports them. As the full x86 16-bit and 32-bit instruction sets remain implemented in hardware without any intervening emulation, these older

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The first versions of Windows for x64 did not even use the full 256 TiB; they were restricted to just 8 TiB of user space and 8 TiB of kernel space. Windows did not support the entire 48-bit address space until

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has supported AMD64 since OpenBSD 3.5, released on May 1, 2004. Complete in-tree implementation of AMD64 support was achieved prior to the hardware's initial release because AMD had loaned several machines for the project's

668:(PAE) mode, as do most current x86 processors, but AMD64 extends PAE from 36 bits to an architectural limit of 52 bits of physical address. Any implementation, therefore, allows the same physical address limit as under 3372:

family, GS segment descriptor is used to point to two operating system defined structures: Thread Information Block (NT_TIB) in user mode and Processor Control Region (KPCR) in kernel mode. Thus, for example, in user mode

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boot option on x86, this does not reduce the kernel mode virtual address space available to the operating system. 32-bit applications can, therefore, benefit from running on x64 Windows even if they are not recompiled for

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existing x86 techniques, and licensing from AMD their patents on techniques used in x86-64. In 2009, AMD and Intel settled several lawsuits and cross-licensing disagreements, extending their cross-licensing agreements.

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PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE is assigned the value "AMD64" as opposed to "x86" in 32-bit versions, and the system directory on a Windows x64 Edition installation CD-ROM is named "AMD64", in contrast to "i386" in 32-bit

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Historically, AMD has developed and produced processors with instruction sets patterned after Intel's original designs, but with x86-64, roles were reversed: Intel found itself in the position of adopting the

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Under Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, both user mode and kernel mode virtual address spaces have been extended to 128 TiB. These versions of Windows will not install on processors that lack the

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would be running in a code segment with a default operand size of 32 bits. In real mode, the default operand size is 16 bits, so the 0x66 prefix is interpreted differently, changing operand size to 32 bits.

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Although virtual addresses are 64 bits wide in 64-bit mode, current implementations (and all chips that are known to be in the planning stages) do not allow the entire virtual address space of 2 bytes

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the entire file into the process's address space (which is often much faster than working with file read/write calls), rather than having to map regions of the file into and out of the address space.

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Kernel mode device drivers must be 64-bit versions; there is no way to run 32-bit kernel mode executables within the 64-bit operating system. User mode device drivers can be either 32-bit or 64-bit.

2799:, the appearance of 64-bit extensions for the x86 architecture enabled 64-bit x86 processors by AMD and Intel to replace most RISC processor architectures previously used in such systems (including 5943: 3398:

instructions may be used in long mode, but that they are deprecated and may cause compatibility problems in the future. (3DNow! is no longer available on AMD processors, with the exception of the

3113:, allow users to install a set of 32-bit components and libraries when installing off a 64-bit distribution medium, thus allowing most existing 32-bit applications to run alongside the 64-bit OS. 5471: 3529:

Many operating systems and products, especially those that introduced x86-64 support prior to Intel's entry into the market, use the term "AMD64" or "amd64" to refer to both AMD64 and Intel 64.

3072:. DOS itself is not aware of that, and no benefits should be expected unless running DOS in an emulation with an adequate virtualization driver backend, for example: the mass storage interface. 7216: 3753:

In practice, 64-bit operating systems generally do not support 16-bit applications, although modern versions of Microsoft Windows contain a limited workaround that effectively supports 16-bit

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to 64-bit, and expands the number of them from 8 (some of which had limited or fixed functionality, e.g. for stack management) to 16 (fully general), and provides numerous other enhancements.

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Although nearly identical, there are some differences between the two instruction sets in the semantics of a few seldom used machine instructions (or situations), which are mainly used for

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instruction is executed with a memory source operand and an operand-size of 16 bits, the memory operand will be accessed with a 16-bit read on Intel 64, but a 32-bit read on AMD64.

4741: 5721: 7151: 6968: 2830: 621:) of virtual address space. The architecture definition allows this limit to be raised in future implementations to the full 64 bits, extending the virtual address space to 16 603:

The traditional x87 FPU register stack is not included in the register file size extension in 64-bit mode, compared with the XMM registers used by SSE2, which did get extended. The

586:(which has 128 registers). However, an AMD64 implementation may have far more internal registers than the number of architectural registers exposed by the instruction set (see 3939: 3776:

as "the projected date that a customer may expect to receive the post-conversion materials. ... customers should be prepared to receive the post-converted materials on this date".

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some quirks with running x86 executables under amd64, and most drivers work just as they do on the x86 architecture. Work is currently being done to integrate more fully the x86

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Preliminary infrastructure work was started in February 2004 for a x86-64 port. This development later stalled. Development started again during July 2007 and continued during

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is made into a submode of legacy mode. It is the submode that 32-bit operating systems and 16-bit protected mode operating systems operate in when running on an x86-64 CPU.

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that support 256 TiB of RAM. The operating system may place additional limits on the amount of RAM that is usable or supported. Details on this point are given in the "

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Various names are used for the instruction set. Prior to the launch, x86-64 and x86_64 were used, while upon the release AMD named it AMD64. Intel initially used the names

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is added, containing 512 entries in 48-bit implementations. A full mapping hierarchy of 4 KiB pages for the whole 48-bit space would take a bit more than 512

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In addition, the AMD specification requires that the most significant 16 bits of any virtual address, bits 48 through 63, must be copies of bit 47 (in a manner akin to

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data model: in C/C++, "int" and "long" types are 32 bits wide, "long long" is 64 bits, while pointers and types derived from pointers are 64 bits wide.

7862: 2736:(revision D) processors, starting with Athlon 64 in October 2004. Intel introduced the instructions in October 2005 with the 0F47h and later revisions of 2370:. This is therefore of interest mainly to developers of compilers, operating systems and similar, which must deal with individual and special system instructions. 1887:

ranging from 5 W to 25 W. Being a completely new design, the Isaiah architecture was built with support for features like the x86-64 instruction set and

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to 64 bits, and all arithmetic and logical operations, memory-to-register and register-to-memory operations, etc., can operate directly on 64-bit integers.

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The AMD64 architecture defines a 64-bit virtual address format, of which the low-order 48 bits are used in current implementations. This allows up to 256

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and others), as well as 32-bit x86, even though Intel itself initially tried unsuccessfully to replace x86 with a new incompatible 64-bit architecture in the

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machines. All non-GUI libraries and frameworks also support 64-bit applications on those platforms. The kernel, and all kernel extensions, are 32-bit only.

2570:, AMD64 processors execute the general protection fault handler in privilege level 3, while on Intel 64 processors it is executed in privilege level 0. 3831: 1509:

before transitioning to higher modes. This mode is also used by any operating system that needs to communicate with the system firmware with a traditional

4558:, Larry Seiler, "64KB page system that supports 4KB page operation", published 2016-12-29, issued 2018-01-02, assigned to Intel Corp. 6143: 5936: 1804: 280:

in their literature and documentation as “AMD 64-bit Technology” and “AMD x86-64 Architecture”) was created as an alternative to the radically different

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Early Intel 64 implementations had a 36-bit (64 GiB) physical addressing of memory while original AMD64 implementations had a 40-bit (1

7020: 3583:'s x64 versions use the AMD64 moniker internally to designate various components which use or are compatible with this architecture. For example, the 3252:

For Solaris 11, only the 64-bit kernel is provided. However, the 64-bit kernel supports both 32- and 64-bit executables, libraries, and system calls.

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of the AMD64 architecture. It was added in the stepping E0 (0F41h) Pentium 4 in October 2004. This feature is required by all versions of Windows 8.

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in 2008 and the removal of 16-bit and 32-bit OS support in Intel firmware in 2020. Support for legacy operating systems would be accomplished via

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is the initial mode of operation when the processor is initialized, and is a submode of legacy mode. It is backwards compatible with the original

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as flags, privilege markers, etc., as such use could become problematic when the architecture is extended to implement more virtual address bits.

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The x86-64 architecture was quickly adopted for desktop and laptop personal computers and servers which were commonly configured for 16 GiB (

7297: 1612:. Intel's official launch of Intel 64 (under the name EM64T at that time) in mainstream desktop processors was the N0 stepping Prescott-2M. 444:

In addition to increasing the size of the general-purpose registers, the number of named general-purpose registers is increased from eight (i.e.

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All levels include features found in the previous levels. Instruction set extensions not concerned with general-purpose computation, including

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Status: The kernel, compiler, tool chain work. The kernel boots and work on simulator and is used for porting of userland and running programs

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An area chart showing the representation of different families of microprocessors in the TOP500 supercomputer ranking list, from 1993 to 2020

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register stack is not a simple register file although it does allow direct access to individual registers by low cost exchange operations.

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subsystem (NTVDM) which relied upon the ability to use virtual 8086 mode. Virtual 8086 mode cannot be entered while running in long mode.

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is number one. The first ARM-based supercomputer appeared on the list in 2018 and, in recent years, non-CPU architecture co-processors (

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present by default. This is a 4096-fold increase over the default 2 GiB user-mode virtual address space offered by 32-bit Windows.

7271: 4767: 4630: 4578: 3365:(No Execute) page protection feature. This is also implemented on recent 32-bit versions of Windows when they are started in PAE mode. 3190:

includes only the 64-bit kernel, but continues to support 32-bit applications; it does not support 32-bit kernel extensions, however.

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Intel 64 architecture increases the linear address space for software to 64 bits and supports physical address space up to 46 bits.

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processors. Real mode is primarily used today by operating system bootloaders, which are required by the architecture to configure

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coprocessors, which implement a subset of x86-64 with some vector extensions, are also used, along with x86-64 processors, in the

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64-bit features can run with full performance on the 32-bit version of WebSphere running on the above mentioned 64-bit platforms.

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of usable virtual address space. This is still 65,536 times larger than the virtual 4 GiB address space of 32-bit machines.

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includes only the 64-bit kernel and no longer supports 32-bit applications. This removal of support has presented a problem for

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Both 32- and 64-bit applications, if not linked with "large address aware", are limited to 2 GiB of virtual address space.

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AMD64 requires a different microcode update format and control MSRs (model-specific registers), while Intel 64 implements

1556: 373: 6764:"Microsoft Raises the Speed Limit with the Availability of 64-Bit Editions of Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP Professional" 4523: 2625:. The reason given is: future tense relating to processors that have been out for years, dates with day and month but no year. 1859:

introduced their first implementation of the x86-64 architecture in 2008 after five years of development by its CPU division,

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Advanced Performance Extensions is a 2023 Intel proposal for new instructions and an additional 16 general-purpose registers.

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This feature eases later scalability to true 64-bit addressing. Many operating systems (including, but not limited to, the

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uses a total of 16 TiB out of the 256 TiB implemented by the processors because early AMD64 processors lacked a

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mode. The feature is also available in legacy mode on AMD64 processors, and recent Intel x86 processors, when PAE is used.

590:). (For example, AMD Zen cores have 168 64-bit integer and 160 128-bit vector floating-point physical internal registers.) 313:, as opposed to Intel's approach of creating an entirely new, completely x86-incompatible 64-bit architecture with IA-64. 5412:"Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Volume 2 (2A, 2B & 2C): Instruction Set Reference, A-Z" 5265:"Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Volume 2 (2A, 2B & 2C): Instruction Set Reference, A-Z" 5233:"Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Volume 2 (2A, 2B & 2C): Instruction Set Reference, A–Z" 5123: 646:

and so could address up to 1 TiB (2 bytes) of RAM. Current implementations of the AMD64 architecture (starting from

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Rev. D have reintroduced limited support for segmentation, via the Long Mode Segment Limit Enable (LMSLE) bit, to ease

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The /LARGEADDRESSAWARE option tells the linker that the application can handle addresses larger than 2 gigabytes.

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This was the original paper describing the Linux x86-64 kernel port back when x86-64 was only available on simulators.

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in Oregon's Willamette Valley). After several years of denying its existence, Intel announced at the February 2004

885: 665: 651: 401: 60: 6496: 4042: 2959: 1453:

is the same, there is almost no performance penalty for executing protected mode x86 code. This is unlike Intel's

7877: 7872: 7867: 7514: 6522: 5682:"Intel® Pentium® D Processor 800 Sequence and Intel® Pentium® Processor Extreme Edition 840 Specification Update" 5603: 5598: 4392: 4174:"If there is no 16-bit emulation layer in 64-bit Windows, how come certain 16-bit installers are allowed to run?" 3994: 3869: 3627: 3570: 3354:

16-bit Windows (Win16) and DOS applications will not run on x86-64 versions of Windows due to the removal of the

3177: 2932: 1863:. Codenamed "Isaiah", the 64-bit architecture was unveiled on January 24, 2008, and launched on May 29 under the 1814: 710: 693: 679: 597: 126: 7457: 6626: 6169:"Intel Powers the World's Fastest Supercomputer, Reveals New and Future High Performance Computing Technologies" 4316:"Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual, Volume 3A: System Programming Guide, Part 1" 6943: 6084: 3663: 3435:

architecture, which can run as a 32-bit application on 32-bit Microsoft Windows or 64-bit Microsoft Windows in

2826: 419: 228:

architecture designed by a company other than Intel. Intel was forced to follow suit and introduced a modified

122: 6136: 2992: 2597:

is a fully serializing instruction (including instruction fetch serialization) on AMD64 but not Intel 64.

7403: 5990: 5355:"Linux-Kernel Archive: [PATCH 2/5] KVM: svm: Disallow EFER.LMSLE on hardware that doesn't support it" 7567: 5580:

To install a 64-bit OS on a 64-bit PC, your processor needs to support CMPXCHG16b, PrefetchW, and LAHF/SAHF.

5300: 4953: 3620: 3424: 3151: 2966: 1688: 1060:

The operating system can also limit the virtual address space. Details, where applicable, are given in the "

738: 38: 7012: 6790:"A description of the x64-based versions of Windows Server 2003 and of Windows XP Professional x64 Edition" 1683:

230, 330, D410, D425, D510, D525, N450, N455, N470, N475, N550, N570, N2600 and N2800, all versions of the

7545:

TurboIRC.COM tutorials, including examples of how to of enter protected and long mode the raw way from DOS

7544: 6323: 4199: 3278: 3181: 1676: 1620: 427: 293: 179: 6194: 7787: 7704: 7531:

2003. An excellent paper explaining almost all practical aspects for a transition from 32-bit to 64-bit.

6733: 3968: 3391: 3169: 2999: 2867: 2588: 1552: 138: 6271: 6219: 5904: 4711: 3281:

was sold in only x64 and Itanium editions; later versions of Windows Server only offer an x64 edition.

3053:

without a DOS extender, but the user must return to real mode in order to call BIOS or DOS interrupts.

141:

style registers are generally not used (but still available even in 64-bit mode); instead, a set of 16

7359: 7341: 7323: 7301: 6376: 4555: 4262:"AMD Releases x86-64 Architectural Specification; Enables Market Driven Migration to 64-Bit Computing" 7524: 4794: 4652: 4265: 4239: 3602: 3584: 3094: 2767: 2367: 1884: 1049: 6649: 5354: 3920:

The kernel and developer tools have standardized on "x86_64" for the name of the Mach-O architecture

3907: 3526:

processor, and should not be confused with x86-64, as it is a completely different instruction set.

3330:

boot option and "large address aware" link option) offered by 32-bit Windows. Unlike the use of the

7841: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7782: 7615: 7554: 5563: 4685: 4454: 3418: 3414: 3355: 3265: 2981: 2758:), launched on 29 March 2005. The difference is not a difference of the user-visible ISAs. In 2007 1241:, 32-bit OS, 32-bit UEFI firmware, or the latter two interacting via the firmware's UEFI interface 683: 678:

Instructions can now reference data relative to the instruction pointer (RIP register). This makes

7519: 5020: 2591:

fence) on Intel 64 but is not architecturally guaranteed to be dispatch-serializing on AMD64.

727:" or "unchecked buffer" attacks. A similar feature has been available on x86 processors since the 153:

numbers, or various integer formats.) In 64-bit mode, instructions are modified to support 64-bit

6354: 4927: 4173: 3741: 3729: 3562: 3512: 3431:

to target either the x86-64 architecture, which can run only on 64-bit Microsoft Windows, or the

3284:

Versions of Windows for x64 prior to Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 offer the following:

3187: 2560: 2355: 1888: 1860: 750: 732: 633: 393: 361: 7699: 7481: 6827: 5828: 5783: 5664: 4600: 3212:

that bring the CPU in and out of 32-bit compatibility mode in the nominally 64-bit application.

2732:

instructions in 64-bit mode. AMD introduced these instructions (also in 64-bit mode) with their

1461:, due to the additional registers in 64-bit code and guaranteed SSE2-based FPU support, which a 2536:

Intel 64 lacks the ability to save and restore a reduced (and thus faster) version of the

1524:

is Intel's implementation of x86-64, used and implemented in various processors made by Intel.

1072:

Current AMD64 processors support a physical address space of up to 2 bytes of RAM, or 256

749:

retained in vestigial form for use as extra-base pointers to operating system structures), the

121:

predecessors, allowing programs to store larger amounts of data in memory. x86-64 also expands

7509: 4433: 4429: 4422: 3720:

before finally settling on "Intel 64" for its implementation. Some in the industry, including

3580: 3465: 3069: 2706: 1883:. Power consumption is also expected to be on par with the previous-generation VIA CPUs, with 1672: 1562:

Intel's name for this instruction set has changed several times. The name used at the IDF was

1290: 754: 587: 571: 213: 202: 46: 7298:"An example file from Linux 3.7.8 kernel source tree displaying the usage of the term x86_64" 7097:"Microsoft OLE DB Provider for Jet and Jet ODBC driver are available in 32-bit versions only" 6544: 5497: 4350: 7494: 7486: 6701:

Schmid, J; Thomases, K; Ramey, J; Czekalla, U; Mathieu, B; Abhiram, R (September 10, 2019).

6245: 6142:. Intel. September 7, 2012. section B.2 Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor 64 bit Mode Limitations. 5744: 4990: 4957: 3725: 3508: 3216: 3143: 2702: 2690: 2686: 2295:

features match the 2017 Intel Skylake-X architecture, excluding Intel-specific instructions

2088: 1856: 1616: 1101: 643: 555: 306: 233: 206: 142: 118: 4771: 4626: 4574: 4455:"What is PAE, NX, and SSE2 and why does my PC need to support them to run Windows 8 ?" 392:

The primary defining characteristic of AMD64 is the availability of 64-bit general-purpose

5380:"AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual Volume 3: General-Purpose and System Instructions" 2195:

features match the 2013 Intel Haswell architecture, excluding Intel-specific instructions

2100:

features match the 2008 Intel Nehalem architecture, excluding Intel-specific instructions

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processors, was the first to implement it. This was the first significant addition to the

158: 114: 99: 5681: 5625: 3385:

Early reports claimed that the operating system scheduler would not save and restore the

3204:), as it needs to still be able to run 32-bit Windows applications. The solution, termed 2870:

2008 and SoC 2009. The first official release to contain x86-64 support was version 2.4.

6679: 4854: 2919:

that year. OpenBSD developers have taken to the platform because of its support for the

2627:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2402:

Intel 64 lacks some MSRs that are considered architectural in AMD64. These include

805: 793: 781: 7724: 7101: 7074: 7047: 5800: 3903: 3649:

refers to 64-bit architecture as "x86-64" or "x86_64", as seen in the Terminal command

3193: 3136: 3106: 2537: 2386: 2380: 1872: 1786: 1733: 1627:

processor, which was released on July 27, 2006. None of Intel's earlier notebook CPUs (

1483: 1268: 1244: 1233: 1208: 1187: 854: 831: 700:

as core instructions. These instruction sets provide a vector supplement to the scalar

431: 187: 110: 5322: 3863: 3461:, and all variants of those consoles, incorporate AMD x86-64 processors, based on the 7856: 7739: 7719: 7714: 6600: 6463: 6018:"Introduction to 5-Level Paging in 3rd Gen Intel Xeon Scalable Processors with Linux" 5807:

on October 21, but 0F48h which also supports LAHF/SAHF launched on October 10 in the

3754: 3657: 3472: 3454: 3270: 2792: 2733: 1548: 1114: 7534: 7434: 4893: 4824: 4315: 3006: 2935:(SMP) works on OpenBSD's AMD64 port, starting with release 3.6 on November 1, 2004. 7209:"Hot Chips 2020 Live Blog: Microsoft Xbox Series X System Architecture (6:00pm PT)" 6890: 5749: 3772: 3639: 3616: 3574: 3440: 3061: 2898:

source tree on June 19, 2001. As of NetBSD 2.0, released on December 9, 2004,

2754:) physical addressing. Intel used the 40-bit physical addressing first on Xeon MP ( 2363: 846: 353: 348:(followed by "X2", "X3", or "X4" to indicate the number of cores, and XLT models), 341: 337: 310: 30:"Intel 64" redirects here. For the Intel 64-bit architecture in Itanium chips, see 6401: 4305:

Mauerer, W. (2010). Professional Linux kernel architecture. John Wiley & Sons.

3468:. Firmware and games are written in x86-64 code; no legacy x86 code is involved. 2886:(ABI), in the same manner as the Linux 32-bit ABI compatibility currently works. 1586:(Extended Memory 64 Technology). In late 2006 Intel began instead using the name 1153:

firmware, or the previous two interacting via a 64-bit firmware's UEFI interface

309:

capabilities to the existing x86 architecture while supporting legacy 32-bit x86

6797: 3547: 3428: 3147: 2948: 2849:

The following operating systems and releases support the x86-64 architecture in

2718: 2689:

on octa-words (128-bit values). This is useful for parallel algorithms that use

2481: 1880: 1418: 1321: 1092:

The architecture has two primary modes of operation: long mode and legacy mode.

1077: 862: 661: 191: 5594:"Re: [PATCH v2] x86: clear incorrectly forced X86_FEATURE_LAHF_LM flag" 5052:"Building Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for the x86-64-v2 microarchitecture level" 3309:

The following additional characteristics apply to all x64 versions of Windows:

2510:(x87 floating-point compare) instructions will clear the OF, SF and AF bits of 873: 109:

With 64-bit mode and the new paging mode, it supports vastly larger amounts of

7734: 7674: 7669: 7625: 7528: 6857:

Visual Studio 2022 Documentation – MSVC Linker Reference – MSVC Linker Options

6570: 5115: 3721: 3635: 3487: 3369: 3102: 3098: 2654: 2650: 2573:

The ordering guarantees provided by some memory ordering instructions such as

2359: 2068: 1876: 1800: 1680: 1593:

The first processor to implement Intel 64 was the multi-socket processor

1502: 1498: 1359: 1326: 1238: 1181: 905: 850: 842: 824: 183: 170: 165: 7126:"The Xbox One: Hardware Analysis & Comparison to PlayStation 4" 6137:"Intel® Xeon PhiTM Coprocessor Instruction Set Architecture Reference Manual" 6106: 5498:"Practical Lock-Free and Wait-Free LL/SC/VL Implementations Using 64-Bit CAS" 5379: 3757:

and Microsoft ACME installers by silently substituting them with 32-bit code.

3082:

Comparison of Linux distributions § Instruction set architecture support

7709: 7679: 7244: 6017: 5804: 4900: 4497: 4136: 4016: 3733: 3504: 3274: 3201: 3090: 3057: 3046: 2916: 2850: 2808: 2710: 2662: 2646: 2556: 2442: 2396: 1908: 1782: 1729: 1684: 1656: 1652: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1494: 1458: 1432: 1369: 1354: 1332: 1299: 1156: 1141: 909: 881: 669: 567: 551: 365: 349: 345: 333: 221: 175: 164:

The compatibility mode defined in the architecture allows 16-bit and 32-bit

4428:. PC System Architecture Series (Second ed.). Addison-Wesley. p. 3605:(JDK): the name "amd64" is used in directory names containing x86-64 files. 2645:

The AMD64 processors prior to Revision F (distinguished by the switch from

1736:

without going through the unpaged mode. Specific removed features include:

5176: 5145: 3245:

be manually selected, in which case only 32-bit executables will run. The

1608:) to Intel 64, and has been included in then current Xeon code-named 7749: 7744: 6895:"Everything You Need To Know To Start Programming 64-Bit Windows Systems" 6297: 4742:"Craig Barrett confirms 64 bit address extensions for Xeon. And Prescott" 3877: 3631: 3458: 3249:

command can be used to determine if a system is running a 64-bit kernel.

3123: 2838: 2834: 2763: 2751: 2737: 2714: 2658: 1864: 1823: 1712: 1628: 1541: 1462: 1375: 1073: 921: 901: 897: 893: 835: 820: 642:

The original implementation of the AMD64 architecture implemented 40-bit

626: 622: 614: 408:. The designers took the opportunity to make other improvements as well. 244: 237: 229: 154: 6492: 4351:"BIOS and Kernel Developer's Guide (BKDG) For AMD Family 10h Processors" 3796: 3273:, which also has many different editions, was released in January 2007. 3089:

was the first operating system kernel to run the x86-64 architecture in

368:(followed by "X2", "X3", "X4" or "X6" to indicate the number of cores), 247:) of memory or more. It has effectively replaced the discontinued Intel 7653: 3555: 3543: 3523: 3229: 3163: 3116: 3065: 2911: 2878: 2812: 2800: 2759: 2552: 1904: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1660: 1081: 1061: 647: 575: 357: 329: 317: 263: 248: 217: 53: 7240:"Steam Deck: Five big things we learned from Valve's developer summit" 5593: 2705:

or alternative lock-free approaches. Its absence also prevents 64-bit

7772: 7620: 7610: 7465: 6622: 6518: 5101: 3990: 3599:

command identifies both AMD64- and Intel 64-based systems as "amd64".

3577:

refer to both AMD64 and Intel 64 under the architecture name "amd64".

3566: 3558:

refer to both AMD64 and Intel 64 under the architecture name "amd64".

3551: 3395: 3362: 3197: 3155: 3110: 2920: 2895: 2796: 2744: 2511: 2343: 2339: 1892: 1822:

Intel believes the change follows logically after the removal of the

1692: 1651:

Intel's processors implementing the Intel64 architecture include the

1624: 1605: 952: 889: 720: 559: 369: 210: 103: 92: 6939: 5846:"64-bit Intel® Xeon™ Processor MP with up to 8MB L3 Cache Datasheet" 5082:"System V Application Binary Interface Low Level System Information" 4855:"Intel Publishes "X86-S" Specification For 64-bit Only Architecture" 3444:

run as a 64-bit application in 64-bit editions of Microsoft Windows.

3421:

will not be ported to 64-bit architectures such as x86-64 and IA-64.

2563:

of 64-bit guests. LMLSE support was removed in the Zen 3 processor.

1555:

that the project was indeed underway. Intel's chairman at the time,

1537:

that AMD created as an extension to Intel's own x86 processor line.

6963: 6961: 6080: 3479:

respectively, also incorporate AMD x86-64 processors, based on the

3184:, and the 32-bit kernel does not support 64-bit kernel extensions. 845:

family) take the higher-addressed half of the address space (named

17: 7605: 6885: 6883: 6881: 4828: 3873: 3687: 3646: 3519: 3480: 3436: 3432: 3345: 3322: 3241: 3209: 3173: 3086: 2804: 2774:(Genoa). Non-server CPUs retain smaller address spaces for longer. 2674: 2287: 1579: 1454: 1443: 728: 583: 563: 377: 297: 285: 281: 262: 252: 59: 45: 31: 7559: 7429:

Stephen Shankland and Jonathan E. Skillings (November 12, 2009).

5296: 4200:"IBM WebSphere Application Server 64-bit Performance Demystified" 3406:

instructions, which are also supported on Intel processors as of

1590:

for its implementation, paralleling AMD's use of the name AMD64.

7831: 7648: 7458:"AMD and Intel Settle Their Differences: AMD Gets To Go Fabless" 6940:"Behind Windows x86-64's 44-bit Virtual Memory Addressing Limit" 5808: 4492: 2924: 2822: 2771: 2766:) and physical to 52 bits (4 PiB) in 2021, necessitating a 2755: 2514:

on Intel 64, but leave these flag bits unmodified on AMD64.

2189: 1945: 1827: 1668: 1664: 1599: 1594: 1510: 1439: 1363: 1150: 706: 697: 618: 579: 544: 381: 130: 56:, the first CPU to introduce the x86-64 extensions in April 2003 7563: 774:

Canonical address space implementations (diagrams not to scale)

713:

instruction sets are not standard features of the architecture.

232:

family which was software-compatible with AMD's specification.

7590: 6327: 5969:"Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual" 3737: 3539: 3386: 3159: 3050: 2942: 2607: 1988: 1843: 701: 604: 423: 301: 277: 225: 198: 145:, 128 bits each, is used. (Each register can store one or two 134: 96: 50: 7178:"What to expect from Sony 'PlayStation 5' launch in November" 5626:"Revision Guide for AMD Athlon 64 and AMD Opteron Processors" 1446:

by creating a virtual processor running in the desired mode.

328:

AMD's processors implementing the AMD64 architecture include

236:

introduced x86-64 in their VIA Isaiah architecture, with the

4876:"Envisioning a Simplified Intel Architecture for the Future" 4682:"From the AMI Archives: AMIBIOS 8 and the Transition to EFI" 2770:. The following year AMD64 added the same in 4th generation 2425:

only in 64-bit mode (not in compatibility mode), and allows

1475:

4 GiB. 64-bit programs cannot be run from legacy mode.

924:

of memory (about 0.195% of the 256 TiB virtual space).

872: 364:(followed by "X3" or "X4" to indicate the number of cores), 6372: 5297:"How retiring segmentation in AMD64 long mode broke VMware" 3857: 3855: 3853: 1659:

models 3x1, 3x6, 355, 347, 352, 360, and 365 and all later

1582:

extensions) and in March 2004 unveiled the "official" name

37:"x64" redirects here. For the New York City bus route, see 7152:"The Tech Spec Test: Xbox One Vs. PlayStation 4" 6567:"Apple – Mac OS X Xcode 2.4 Release Notes: Compiler Tools" 6418:

You can either use the multilib packages or a i686 chroot.

5461:"Live Migration with AMD-V™ Extended Migration Technology" 2740:. The 64-bit version of Windows 8.1 requires this feature. 1559:, admitted that this was one of their worst-kept secrets. 735:; however, this works only on an entire segment at a time. 7520:

Early report of differences between Intel IA32e and AMD64

7431:"Intel to pay AMD $ 1.25 billion in antitrust settlement" 6487: 6485: 596:

Similarly, the number of 128-bit XMM registers (used for

6324:"Tutorial for entering protected and long mode from DOS" 5937:"Intel® Xeon® Processor 7500 Series Datasheet, Volume 2" 5714:"Intel Xeon 2.8 GHz - NE80551KG0724MM / BX80551KG2800HA" 4768:""A Roundup of 64-Bit Computing", from internetnews.com" 4236:"AMD Discloses New Technologies At Microporcessor Forum" 3368:

Instead of FS segment descriptor on x86 versions of the

2284:

and newer Intel "big" cores (AVX512 enabled models only)

1362:, real mode OS, or any OS interfacing with a firmware's 916:

is extended from four entries to 512, and an additional

900:(2 bytes). Long mode also supports page sizes of 1 6990:"Memory Limits for Windows and Windows Server Releases" 3237:

10 and later releases support the x86-64 architecture.

2894:

x86-64 architecture support was first committed to the

908:

system used by systems in PAE mode, systems running in

632:

This means that very large files can be operated on by

7378:"Patent Cross License Agreement Between AMD and Intel" 6458: 6456: 2833:) have also played a big role in performance. Intel's 2456:

prefix can be used with the far-pointer instructions (

2173:

and newer Intel "big" cores (AVX2 enabled models only)

7550:

Seven Steps of Migrating a Program to a 64-bit System

6650:"Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard: the Ars Technica review" 4264:(Press release). AMD. August 10, 2000. Archived from 4238:(Press release). AMD. October 5, 1999. Archived from 3162:

on 64-bit Intel-based machines, as well as on 64-bit

2693:

on data larger than the size of a pointer, common in

2587:

is dispatch-serializing (enabling it to be used as a

2484:

argument to 80 bits (64-bit offset + 16-bit segment).

1958:

matches the common capabilities between the 2003 AMD

1903:

In 2020, through a collaboration between AMD, Intel,

849:) for themselves and leave the lower-addressed half ( 6051:"AMD EPYC Genoa Gaps Intel Xeon in Stunning Fashion" 3889: 3887: 3885: 3260:

x64 editions of Microsoft Windows client and server—

2366:) that avoid any differences, at least for ordinary 7760: 7692: 7662: 7641: 7634: 7598: 6820:"Windows Server 2003 SP1 Administration Tools Pack" 4928:"Isaiah revealed: VIA's new low-power architecture" 3515:, use the contraction "x64" in marketing material. 2973:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2399:

update unchanged from their 32-bit only processors.

1895:line, while retaining their encryption extensions. 1506: 201:and released in 2000, has been implemented by AMD, 6435:"Kernel Log: x32 ABI gets around 64-bit drawbacks" 5971:. September 2014. p. 2-21. Archived from 4894:"VIA to launch new processor architecture in 1Q08" 4421: 4205:. IBM Corporation. September 6, 2007. p. 14. 3382:is not really used by any modern operating system. 2923:, which allowed for an easy implementation of the 2845:Operating system compatibility and characteristics 2743:Early Intel CPUs with Intel 64 also lack the 1082:Operating system compatibility and characteristics 1076:. However, as of 2020, there were no known x86-64 1062:Operating system compatibility and characteristics 654:(PAE) mode, or 4 GiB of RAM without PAE mode. 411:Notable changes in the 64-bit extensions include: 7487:x86-64: Extending the x86 architecture to 64-bits 7482:AMD Developer Guides, Manuals & ISA Documents 6623:"Mac OS X v10.6: Macs that use the 64-bit kernel" 5745:"Intel tweaks EM64T for full AMD64 compatibility" 4795:"Intel to demo 'CT' 64-bit processor line at IDF" 4744:. The Inquirer. February 17, 2004. Archived from 360:("Palermo" E6 stepping and all "Manila" models), 6703:"So We Don't Have a Solution for Catalina...Yet" 6597:"Apple – Mac OS X Leopard – Technology - 64-bit" 6428: 6426: 6107:"Sublist Generator | TOP500 Supercomputer Sites" 3744:use AMD64, as does Microsoft Windows internally. 2566:When returning to a non-canonical address using 1891:which were unavailable on its predecessors, the 1844:X86 § APX (Advanced Performance Extensions) 1406: 1404: 1402: 1400: 692:The original AMD64 architecture adopted Intel's 7510:Intel tweaks EM64T for full AMD64 compatibility 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 3724:, use x86-64 and x86_64, while others, notably 6081:"Statistics | TOP500 Supercomputer Sites" 5558: 5556: 5531:"Why is the virtual address space 4GB anyway?" 5444:The Significance of the x86 LFENCE Instruction 4424:Pentium Pro and Pentium II System Architecture 3826: 3824: 3822: 3688:AMD Generic Encapsulated Software Architecture 3642:refer to this 64-bit architecture as "x86_64". 1574:); within weeks they began referring to it as 404:arithmetic and logical operations, and 64-bit 7575: 7154:. Game Informer. May 21, 2013. Archived from 6853:"/LARGEADDRESSAWARE (Handle Large Addresses)" 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 3930: 3928: 3494:(APU), based on the Zen 2 microarchitecture. 3313:Ability to run existing 32-bit applications ( 1795:VT-x will no longer provide unrestricted mode 600:instructions) is also increased from 8 to 16. 68:, as published and distributed by AMD in 2002 8: 7489:– technical talk by the architect of AMD64 ( 7013:"AMD says goodbye to 3DNow! instruction set" 6847: 6845: 4373:Physical address space increased to 48 bits. 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 2346:, are excluded from the level requirements. 686:and code loaded at run time, more efficient. 657:Larger physical address space in legacy mode 7011:Kingsley-Hughes, Adrian (August 23, 2010). 4408:Physical address space increased to 48 bits 1422:State diagram of the x86-64 operating modes 625:(2 bytes). This is compared to just 4 7638: 7582: 7568: 7560: 5323:"VMware and CPU Virtualization Technology" 4712:"Intel is Continuing the Yamhill Project?" 4676: 4674: 4391:. March 2, 2008. p. 7. Archived from 3666:refers to 64-bit architecture as "x86_64". 3660:refers to 64-bit architecture as "x86_64". 3623:refers to 64-bit architecture as "x86_64". 2724:Early AMD64 and Intel 64 CPUs lacked 2669:instruction, which is an extension of the 543:AMD64 still has fewer registers than many 7070:"Driver history for Microsoft SQL Server" 5822:"Product Change Notification 104101 – 00" 5777:"Product Change Notification 105271 – 00" 5658:"Product Change Notification 105224 - 01" 5417:. Intel. September 2014. pp. 4–412. 5270:. Intel. September 2013. pp. 4–400. 5238:. Intel. September 2013. pp. 4–397. 5177:"64-bit computing in theory and practice" 4345: 4343: 3033:Learn how and when to remove this message 1008:Bit 31…12 of base address 7045:. Programming Guide for 64-bit Windows. 6969:"64-bit programming for Game Developers" 6433:Thorsten Leemhuis (September 13, 2011). 4954:"VIA Launches VIA Nano Processor Family" 4870: 4868: 3959: 3957: 2782: 2581:differ between Intel 64 and AMD64: 1913: 1747:VT-x will no longer emulate this feature 1417: 1094: 928: 675:Instruction pointer relative data access 7515:Analyst: Intel Reverse-Engineered AMD64 7219:from the original on September 17, 2020 7188:from the original on September 19, 2020 6713:from the original on September 29, 2021 6525:from the original on September 26, 2019 6304:from the original on September 23, 2009 3997:from the original on September 26, 2019 3807:from the original on September 26, 2019 3788: 3765: 3705: 3146:supports 64-bit GUI applications using 3135:Mac OS X 10.4.7 and higher versions of 1875:performance as the previous-generation 1396: 904:(2 bytes). Rather than the three-level 865:, which was released in October 2013. 197:The original specification, created by 66:x86-64 Architecture Programmer's Manual 7863:Computer-related introductions in 2003 6946:from the original on December 23, 2008 6863:from the original on December 21, 2022 6744:from the original on November 11, 2020 6464:"x32 - a native 32-bit ABI for x86-64" 6278:from the original on September 4, 2010 6061:from the original on November 17, 2022 6049:Kennedy, Patrick (November 10, 2022). 5949:from the original on November 17, 2022 5917:from the original on December 13, 2022 5884:from the original on November 17, 2022 5878:"Justin Boggs's at Microsoft PDC 2008" 5858:from the original on November 17, 2022 5126:from the original on December 21, 2022 5062:from the original on February 20, 2022 5021:"New x86-64 micro-architecture levels" 4984:"VIA Isaiah Architecture Introduction" 4289:AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual 4144:AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual 3656:Breaking with most other BSD systems, 3317:programs) and dynamic link libraries ( 3068:, but more complex since x86-64 lacks 2350:Differences between AMD64 and Intel 64 1810:Some unused operating system mode bits 1048:Intel has implemented a scheme with a 7252:from the original on February 7, 2022 7238:Hollister, Sean (November 12, 2021). 6499:from the original on October 30, 2011 6379:from the original on December 7, 2009 6200:from the original on December 4, 2008 6117:from the original on December 7, 2018 5606:from the original on January 11, 2023 5477:from the original on December 6, 2022 5424:from the original on January 13, 2015 5277:from the original on October 20, 2013 5245:from the original on October 20, 2013 5213:from the original on January 11, 2023 5092:from the original on February 2, 2021 4964:from the original on February 3, 2019 4934:from the original on January 27, 2008 4907:from the original on December 3, 2008 4536:from the original on December 5, 2018 4212:from the original on January 25, 2022 3694:Transient execution CPU vulnerability 3653:and in their developer documentation. 1851: 912:use four levels of page table: PAE's 316:The first AMD64-based processor, the 276:AMD64 (also variously referred to by 7: 7023:from the original on January 8, 2023 6656:from the original on October 9, 2009 6629:from the original on August 31, 2009 5638:from the original on August 24, 2009 5592:Petkov, Borislav (August 10, 2009). 5392:from the original on August 20, 2018 5156:from the original on January 9, 2023 5116:"QEMU version 7.2.0 released - QEMU" 4504:from the original on January 6, 2014 4488:"Memory Limits for Windows Releases" 3894:Kevin Van Vechten (August 9, 2006). 2971:adding citations to reliable sources 2701:one must use workarounds, such as a 2452:On Intel 64 but not AMD64, the 2449:48 bits of instruction pointer. 962:Bit 51…32 of base address 7525:Porting to 64-bit GNU/Linux Systems 7278:from the original on April 28, 2015 6732:Thomases, Ken (December 11, 2019). 6252:from the original on April 27, 2009 6087:from the original on March 19, 2014 5997:from the original on March 28, 2016 5570:from the original on April 28, 2014 5541:from the original on March 26, 2017 5299:. Pagetable.com. November 9, 2006. 5187:from the original on March 12, 2011 5050:Weimer, Florian (January 5, 2021). 5031:from the original on April 14, 2021 4688:. September 8, 2017. Archived from 4655:. MiTEC International Corporation. 4461:from the original on April 11, 2013 4386:"Myth and facts about 64-bit Linux" 4363:from the original on April 18, 2016 4049:from the original on April 13, 2018 3503:"x86_64". Other companies, such as 3262:Windows XP Professional x64 Edition 3122:64-bit Linux allows up to 128 2709:prior to Windows 8.1 from having a 1966:initial implementations in the AMD 1828:hardware-accelerated virtualization 1732:. There will be a way to switch to 1655:F-series/5x1 series, 506, and 516, 1604:Disable (XD) (Intel's name for the 1295:16-bit protected mode or 32-bit OS 7555:Memory Limits for Windows Releases 6437:. www.h-online.com. Archived from 6272:"Summer of Code accepted students" 6175:from the original on June 22, 2013 5905:"AMD Opteron Multicore Processors" 5757:from the original on June 30, 2022 5724:from the original on June 28, 2020 5335:from the original on July 17, 2011 5303:from the original on July 18, 2011 4993:. January 23, 2008. Archived from 4835:from the original on June 29, 2011 4793:Lapedus, Mark (February 6, 2004). 4627:"Opteron 8000 Series Motherboards" 4575:"Opteron 6100 Series Motherboards" 4180:from the original on July 14, 2021 4153:from the original on July 13, 2018 3942:from the original on July 25, 2017 3626:Some Linux distributions, such as 2695:lock-free and wait-free algorithms 1619:implementing Intel 64 is the 918:Page-Map Level 4 (PML4) Table 27:64-bit version of x86 architecture 25: 7540:Intel Software Network: "64 bits" 7505:AMD's "Enhanced Virus Protection" 7456:Smith, Ryan (November 12, 2009). 7410:from the original on July 7, 2017 7380:. January 1, 2001. Archived from 7132:from the original on June 7, 2013 7124:Anand Lal Shimpi (May 21, 2013). 6408:from the original on May 14, 2012 6226:from the original on May 18, 2010 6149:from the original on May 21, 2014 6030:from the original on May 26, 2022 5694:from the original on May 18, 2021 5564:"System Requirements—Windows 8.1" 5019:Weimer, Florian (July 10, 2020). 4805:from the original on May 25, 2021 4722:from the original on June 5, 2022 4659:from the original on June 6, 2010 4633:from the original on May 27, 2010 4607:from the original on May 27, 2010 4581:from the original on June 3, 2010 4328:from the original on May 16, 2011 4172:Raymond Chen (October 31, 2013). 4135:AMD Corporation (December 2016). 4075:from the original on June 3, 2017 4023:from the original on June 3, 2013 3838:from the original on June 2, 2012 3240:For Solaris 10, just as with the 3056:It may also be possible to enter 2713:address space larger than 8 2673:instruction present on most post- 422:(GPRs) are expanded from 32 7404:"AMD Intel Settlement Agreement" 6916:Chris St. Amand (January 2006). 6470:from the original on May 5, 2012 5989:Logan, Tom (November 14, 2011). 5510:from the original on May 2, 2013 5175:Wasson, Scott (March 23, 2005). 4926:Stokes, Jon (January 23, 2008). 4524:"5-Level Paging and 5-Level EPT" 2947: 2612: 2480:) to increase the size of their 1725: 804: 792: 780: 664:the AMD64 architecture supports 7495:second talk by the same speaker 6770:(Press release). April 25, 2005 5743:Smith, Tony (August 23, 2005). 2958:needs additional citations for 1838:Advanced Performance Extensions 1728:, and start directly in 64-bit 1540:Intel's project was originally 434:default to 8-byte strides, and 186:, as x86 processors supporting 7272:"ProcessorArchitecture Fields" 6573:April 11, 2007. Archived from 5385:. AMD. May 2018. p. 419. 5207:"Discussion on Stack Overflow" 4137:"Volume 2: System Programming" 4043:"WOW64 Implementation Details" 3486:Although considered a PC, the 2358:. Compilers generally produce 1789:), 16-bit protected mode, VM86 1068:Physical address space details 593:Additional XMM (SSE) registers 320:, was released in April 2003. 1: 6246:"DragonFlyBSD: GoogleSoC2008" 4069:"ProcessorArchitecture Class" 2192:emulation (as of version 7.2) 2179:and newer Intel "small" cores 2071:and newer Intel "small" cores 1915:CPU microarchitecture levels 880:The 64-bit addressing mode (" 787:Current 48-bit implementation 762:Virtual address space details 639:Larger physical address space 7043:"General Porting Guidelines" 6349:Andi Kleen (June 26, 2001). 5991:"Intel Core i7-3960X Review" 4825:"Intel 64 Architecture" 3965:"Microsoft 64-Bit Computing" 3471:The current generation, the 3200:(and the commercial version 2884:application binary interface 2825:-based supercomputer called 1955:baseline for all x86-64 CPUs 914:Page-Directory Pointer Table 610:Larger virtual address space 300:, the 32-bit version of the 6678:. Apple Inc. Archived from 6599:. Apple Inc. Archived from 3967:. Microsoft. Archived from 3936:"Solaris 10 on AMD Opteron" 3498:Industry naming conventions 3492:accelerated processing unit 3361:Full implementation of the 3277:was released in July 2009. 2433:in both modes. AMD64 lacks 2065:and newer Intel "big" cores 1852:VIA's x86-64 implementation 1643:) implement Intel 64. 1570:, another codename from an 1084:" section of this article. 886:Physical Address Extensions 582:-like machines such as the 129:is supported via mandatory 64:The five-volume set of the 7894: 5529:darwou (August 20, 2004). 4629:. Supermicro Corporation. 4603:. Supermicro Corporation. 4601:"Supermicro XeonSolutions" 4577:. Supermicro Corporation. 3896:"re: Intel XNU bug report" 3740:family of OSs and several 3477:Xbox Series X and Series S 3227: 3079: 2551:AMD processors ever since 1841: 1813:16-bit and 32-bit Startup 1430: 1007: 969: 961: 956: 943: 940: 666:Physical Address Extension 652:Physical Address Extension 36: 29: 7527:, by Andreas Jaeger from 6824:Microsoft Download Center 6466:. linuxplumbersconf.org. 6351:"Porting Linux to x86-64" 6298:"DragonFlyBSD: release24" 5599:Linux kernel mailing list 3490:uses a custom AMD x86-64 2933:Symmetric multiprocessing 2835:Xeon Phi "Knights Corner" 2721:requires the instruction. 2621:This section needs to be 2275: 2264: 2187:and newer AMD "big" cores 2164: 2153: 2079:and newer AMD "big" cores 2056: 2045: 1952: 1933: 1807:supported would be X2APIC 1265:16-bit protected mode OS 1232: 1229: 1180: 1177: 1140: 1115:general-purpose registers 1112: 1109: 1106: 1100: 1097: 1010: 972: 745:Removal of older features 711:Streaming SIMD Extensions 680:position-independent code 648:AMD 10h microarchitecture 420:general-purpose registers 415:64-bit integer capability 284:architecture designed by 127:Floating-point arithmetic 123:general-purpose registers 117:than was possible on its 6918:"Making the Move to x64" 5799:0F47h debuted in the B0 3172:is the first version of 3045:It is possible to enter 2717:. The 64-bit version of 1899:Microarchitecture levels 1715:7200 series processors. 930:64 bit page table entry 888:(PAE); because of this, 767:Canonical form addresses 305:evolutionary way to add 133:-like instructions, and 6357:on September 10, 2010. 5827:. Intel. Archived from 5782:. Intel. Archived from 5663:. Intel. Archived from 4897:(subscription required) 4453:Microsoft Corporation. 3900:Darwin-dev mailing list 3621:GNU Compiler Collection 3425:Microsoft Visual Studio 3176:that supports a 64-bit 2677:processors. Similar to 2653:memory and new sockets 1792:16-bit addressing mode 1689:Pentium Extreme Edition 1107:Type of code being run 1056:Operating system limits 709:instructions and later 251:architecture (formerly 149:numbers or one to four 39:X64 (New York City bus) 7433:. CNET. Archived from 5146:"ChangeLog/7.2 - QEMU" 5056:Red Hat developer blog 4017:"Gentoo/AMD64 Project" 3279:Windows Server 2008 R2 2788: 2374:Recent implementations 1507:virtual memory details 1423: 877: 719:The No-Execute bit or 682:, as is often used in 629:(2 bytes) for the x86. 388:Architectural features 268: 180:backward compatibility 69: 57: 7705:High Bandwidth Memory 7535:Intel 64 Architecture 7304:on September 23, 2005 6768:Microsoft News Center 6676:"Mac OS X Technology" 5789:on November 17, 2005. 5670:on November 17, 2005. 4774:on September 25, 2012 4653:"Tyan Product Matrix" 4556:US patent 9858198 4500:. November 16, 2013. 4420:Shanley, Tom (1998). 3413:Some components like 2868:Google Summer of Code 2786: 2665:) of 2006 lacked the 2604:Older implementations 2540:state (involving the 2441:in both sub-modes of 2417:Intel 64 allows 1929:Supported processors 1421: 1269:16-bit protected mode 1209:16-bit protected mode 876: 811:64-bit implementation 799:57-bit implementation 476:) in x86 to 16 (i.e. 294:backward-incompatible 266: 63: 49: 6652:. Ars Technica LLC. 6330:on February 22, 2017 5088:. January 29, 2021. 5000:on September 7, 2008 3971:on December 12, 2010 3603:Java Development Kit 3585:environment variable 3441:Managed applications 2967:improve this article 2368:application programs 2335:linux distribution. 1926:Example instruction 1885:thermal design power 1711:processors, and the 1568:Clackamas Technology 896:(2 bytes) or 2 892:sizes may be 4 884:") is a superset of 869:Page table structure 739:Segmented addressing 441:Additional registers 190:have done since the 7437:on November 8, 2012 7184:. August 31, 2020. 6603:on January 12, 2009 6441:on October 28, 2011 6373:"Andi Kleen's Page" 4801:. AspenCore Media. 4748:on January 12, 2013 4692:on October 25, 2021 4686:American Megatrends 4529:. Intel. May 2017. 4398:on October 10, 2010 4146:. AMD Corporation. 3910:on February 1, 2020 3832:"x86-64 Code Model" 3742:Linux distributions 3563:Linux distributions 3483:microarchitecture. 3449:Video game consoles 3429:native applications 3419:Data Access Objects 3415:Jet Database Engine 3356:virtual DOS machine 3266:Windows Server 2003 2292:and newer AMD cores 1974:processor families 1962:and the 2004 Intel 1916: 1178:Compatibility mode 931: 733:segment descriptors 731:as an attribute of 394:processor registers 7182:The Indian Express 6830:on August 27, 2016 6404:. April 23, 2012. 5903:Waldecker, Brian. 5496:Maged M. Michael. 4019:. Gentoo Project. 3797:"Debian AMD64 FAQ" 3730:Oracle Corporation 3513:Oracle Corporation 2789: 2356:system programming 1914: 1889:x86 virtualization 1861:Centaur Technology 1803:support; the only 1741:Segmentation gates 1675:processors since " 1513:-style interface. 1424: 1149:64-bit OS, 64-bit 1133:default in italics 1050:5-level page table 970:31 … 12 944:51 … 32 941:62 … 52 929: 878: 660:When operating in 644:physical addresses 269: 70: 58: 7850: 7849: 7688: 7687: 7213:www.anandtech.com 7207:Cutress, Dr Ian. 7099:. Office Access. 6800:on April 20, 2016 6794:Microsoft Support 6682:on March 28, 2011 6577:on April 22, 2009 5975:on May 14, 2019. 5834:on July 16, 2004. 5535:The Old New Thing 5468:developer.amd.com 5086:x86-64 psABI repo 4956:(Press release). 4903:. July 25, 2007. 3876:General Commands 3581:Microsoft Windows 3466:microarchitecture 3182:kernel extensions 3140:are 32-bit only. 3070:virtual 8086 mode 3043: 3042: 3035: 3017: 2687:atomic operations 2642: 2641: 2332: 2331: 1879:at an equivalent 1771:String port I/O ( 1757:Ring 3 I/O port ( 1673:Pentium Dual-Core 1671:", all models of 1393: 1392: 1291:Virtual 8086 mode 1044: 1043: 973:11 … 9 755:virtual 8086 mode 751:task state switch 588:register renaming 438:are 8 bytes wide. 406:virtual addresses 214:microarchitecture 166:user applications 16:(Redirected from 7885: 7878:AMD technologies 7873:64-bit computers 7868:X86 architecture 7639: 7584: 7577: 7570: 7561: 7470: 7469: 7468:on May 13, 2010. 7464:. Archived from 7453: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7426: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7384:on June 21, 2007 7374: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7362: 7356: 7350: 7349: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7300:. Archived from 7294: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7121: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7039: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6965: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6887: 6876: 6875: 6870: 6868: 6849: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6826:. Archived from 6816: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6796:. Archived from 6786: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6734:"win32 on macOS" 6729: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6707:CodeWeavers Blog 6698: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6545:"5-level paging" 6541: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6495:. Google Sites. 6489: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6460: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6430: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6413: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6384: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6353:. Archived from 6346: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6326:. 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May 29, 2008. 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4930:. Ars Technica. 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4898: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4872: 4863: 4862: 4859:www.phoronix.com 4851: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4770:. 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Some, such as 3038: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3018: 3016: 2975: 2951: 2943: 2731: 2727: 2703:critical section 2700: 2691:compare and swap 2684: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2637: 2634: 2628: 2616: 2615: 2608: 2596: 2586: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2547: 2543: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2490: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2389: 2383: 2379:Intel 64's 1942: 1920:Level name 1917: 1857:VIA Technologies 1778: 1774: 1764: 1760: 1663:, all models of 1641:Mobile Pentium 4 1617:mobile processor 1615:The first Intel 1566:(presumably for 1449:Since the basic 1412: 1408: 1329:or real mode OS 1102:Operating system 1095: 932: 863:Windows 8.1 808: 796: 784: 689:SSE instructions 684:shared libraries 548:instruction sets 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 399: 307:64-bit computing 234:VIA Technologies 151:single-precision 147:double-precision 143:vector registers 21: 7893: 7892: 7888: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7882: 7853: 7852: 7851: 7846: 7756: 7684: 7658: 7630: 7616:Radeon Software 7594: 7588: 7478: 7473: 7455: 7454: 7450: 7440: 7438: 7428: 7427: 7423: 7413: 7411: 7402: 7401: 7397: 7387: 7385: 7376: 7375: 7371: 7364: 7358: 7357: 7353: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7335: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7317: 7307: 7305: 7296: 7295: 7291: 7281: 7279: 7270: 7269: 7265: 7255: 7253: 7237: 7236: 7232: 7222: 7220: 7206: 7205: 7201: 7191: 7189: 7176: 7175: 7171: 7161: 7159: 7158:on June 7, 2013 7150: 7149: 7145: 7135: 7133: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7108: 7106: 7095: 7094: 7090: 7080: 7078: 7068: 7067: 7063: 7053: 7051: 7041: 7040: 7036: 7026: 7024: 7010: 7009: 7005: 6995: 6993: 6988: 6987: 6983: 6973: 6971: 6967: 6966: 6959: 6949: 6947: 6938: 6937: 6933: 6923: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6910: 6900: 6898: 6889: 6888: 6879: 6866: 6864: 6851: 6850: 6843: 6833: 6831: 6818: 6817: 6813: 6803: 6801: 6788: 6787: 6783: 6773: 6771: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6747: 6745: 6731: 6730: 6726: 6716: 6714: 6700: 6699: 6695: 6685: 6683: 6674: 6673: 6669: 6659: 6657: 6648:John Siracusa. 6647: 6646: 6642: 6632: 6630: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6606: 6604: 6595: 6594: 6590: 6580: 6578: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6550: 6548: 6543: 6542: 6538: 6528: 6526: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6502: 6500: 6491: 6490: 6483: 6473: 6471: 6462: 6461: 6454: 6444: 6442: 6432: 6431: 6424: 6411: 6409: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6382: 6380: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6333: 6331: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6307: 6305: 6296: 6295: 6291: 6281: 6279: 6270: 6269: 6265: 6255: 6253: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6229: 6227: 6218: 6217: 6213: 6203: 6201: 6193: 6192: 6188: 6178: 6176: 6167: 6166: 6162: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6139: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6120: 6118: 6105: 6104: 6100: 6090: 6088: 6079: 6078: 6074: 6064: 6062: 6048: 6047: 6043: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6020: 6016:Ye, Huaisheng. 6015: 6014: 6010: 6000: 5998: 5988: 5987: 5983: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5952: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5930: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5907: 5902: 5901: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5831: 5824: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5798: 5794: 5786: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5760: 5758: 5742: 5741: 5737: 5727: 5725: 5712: 5711: 5707: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5667: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5573: 5571: 5562: 5561: 5554: 5544: 5542: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5454: 5450:on 10 Jun 2023. 5446:, 14 May 2018. 5441: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5363: 5361: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5306: 5304: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5216: 5214: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5190: 5188: 5181:The Tech Report 5174: 5173: 5169: 5159: 5157: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5129: 5127: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5095: 5093: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5065: 5063: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5034: 5032: 5018: 5017: 5013: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4986: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4896: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4874: 4873: 4866: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4838: 4836: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4808: 4806: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4777: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4725: 4723: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4680: 4679: 4672: 4662: 4660: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4636: 4634: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4610: 4608: 4599: 4598: 4594: 4584: 4582: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4507: 4505: 4486: 4485: 4474: 4464: 4462: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4183: 4181: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4139: 4134: 4133: 4088: 4078: 4076: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4026: 4024: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3998: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3963: 3962: 3955: 3945: 3943: 3934: 3933: 3926: 3913: 3911: 3893: 3892: 3883: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3830: 3829: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3780: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3761: 3752: 3748: 3736:, use x64. The 3711: 3707: 3702: 3684: 3675: 3650: 3500: 3451: 3403: 3399: 3374: 3331: 3327: 3318: 3314: 3303: 3294: 3258: 3246: 3232: 3226: 3215:macOS uses the 3133: 3084: 3078: 3039: 3028: 3022: 3019: 2976: 2974: 2964: 2952: 2941: 2931:name "XD bit". 2909: 2892: 2876: 2864: 2859: 2847: 2841:supercomputer. 2781: 2729: 2725: 2698: 2682: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2594: 2584: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2545: 2541: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2476: 2475: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2387: 2381: 2376: 2352: 2294: 2293: 2285: 2276: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2180: 2174: 2165: 2099: 2098: 2087: 2080: 2072: 2066: 2057: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1901: 1854: 1846: 1840: 1820: 1776: 1772: 1767:port-mapped I/O 1762: 1758: 1721: 1649: 1647:Implementations 1623:version of the 1530: 1519: 1492: 1481: 1472: 1451:instruction set 1435: 1429: 1416: 1415: 1409: 1398: 1110:Size (in bits) 1090: 1088:Operating modes 1070: 1058: 871: 855:tagged pointers 816: 815: 814: 813: 812: 809: 801: 800: 797: 789: 788: 785: 776: 775: 769: 764: 753:mechanism, and 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 428:Pushes and pops 397: 390: 326: 324:Implementations 290:Hewlett-Packard 274: 261: 159:addressing mode 115:physical memory 100:instruction set 95:version of the 75:(also known as 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7891: 7889: 7881: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7855: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7828: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7807: 7806: 7805: 7800: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7754: 7753: 7752: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7666: 7664: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7656: 7651: 7645: 7643: 7636: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7602: 7600: 7596: 7595: 7589: 7587: 7586: 7579: 7572: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7484: 7477: 7476:External links 7474: 7472: 7471: 7448: 7421: 7395: 7369: 7351: 7333: 7315: 7289: 7263: 7230: 7199: 7169: 7143: 7116: 7102:Microsoft Docs 7088: 7075:Microsoft Docs 7061: 7048:Microsoft Docs 7034: 7003: 6981: 6957: 6931: 6908: 6877: 6841: 6811: 6781: 6755: 6724: 6693: 6667: 6640: 6614: 6588: 6558: 6536: 6521:. debian.org. 6510: 6481: 6452: 6422: 6393: 6363: 6341: 6315: 6289: 6263: 6237: 6211: 6186: 6160: 6128: 6111:www.top500.org 6098: 6083:. Top500.org. 6072: 6041: 6008: 5981: 5960: 5928: 5910:. p. 13. 5895: 5869: 5837: 5813: 5809:dual-core Xeon 5792: 5768: 5735: 5705: 5673: 5649: 5617: 5584: 5552: 5521: 5488: 5452: 5435: 5403: 5371: 5346: 5314: 5288: 5256: 5224: 5209:. March 2021. 5198: 5167: 5137: 5107: 5073: 5042: 5011: 4975: 4945: 4918: 4885: 4864: 4846: 4816: 4785: 4759: 4733: 4703: 4670: 4644: 4618: 4592: 4566: 4547: 4515: 4472: 4445: 4438: 4412: 4377: 4356:. p. 24. 4339: 4307: 4298: 4279: 4253: 4227: 4191: 4164: 4086: 4060: 4034: 4008: 3982: 3953: 3924: 3904:Apple Computer 3881: 3849: 3818: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3746: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3683: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3661: 3654: 3643: 3624: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3600: 3589: 3578: 3559: 3522:refers to the 3499: 3496: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3422: 3411: 3383: 3366: 3359: 3352: 3349: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3299: 3298: 3290: 3275:Windows 7 3257: 3254: 3225: 3222: 3132: 3129: 3077: 3074: 3041: 3040: 2955: 2953: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2908: 2905: 2891: 2888: 2875: 2872: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2846: 2843: 2818:As of 2023, a 2793:supercomputers 2780: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2768:5-level paging 2748: 2741: 2722: 2640: 2639: 2620: 2618: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2592: 2571: 2564: 2561:virtualization 2549: 2548:instructions). 2538:floating-point 2534: 2515: 2492: 2485: 2450: 2446: 2415: 2400: 2393: 2375: 2372: 2351: 2348: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1970:and the Intel 1951: 1948: 1943: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1900: 1897: 1873:floating-point 1853: 1850: 1842:Main article: 1839: 1836: 1819: 1818: 1811: 1808: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1790: 1787:huge real mode 1780: 1769: 1765:) access; see 1755: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1744:32-bit ring 0 1742: 1738: 1734:5-level paging 1720: 1717: 1648: 1645: 1529: 1526: 1518: 1515: 1491: 1488: 1484:Protected mode 1480: 1479:Protected mode 1477: 1471: 1468: 1431:Main article: 1428: 1425: 1414: 1413: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1378: 1372: 1367: 1357: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1338: 1335: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1305: 1302: 1296: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1274: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1250: 1247: 1242: 1236: 1234:Protected mode 1231: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1214: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1193: 1190: 1185: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1162: 1159: 1154: 1147: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1099: 1089: 1086: 1069: 1066: 1057: 1054: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1009: 1006: 1002: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 964: 963: 960: 955: 950: 946: 945: 942: 939: 936: 870: 867: 832:sign extension 810: 803: 802: 798: 791: 790: 786: 779: 778: 777: 773: 772: 771: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 759: 758: 746: 743: 736: 725:buffer overrun 717: 716:No-Execute bit 714: 690: 687: 676: 673: 658: 655: 640: 637: 630: 611: 608: 601: 598:Streaming SIMD 594: 591: 541: 442: 439: 416: 396:(for example, 389: 386: 325: 322: 273: 270: 260: 257: 188:protected mode 111:virtual memory 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7890: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7811: 7808: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7691: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7661: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7597: 7592: 7585: 7580: 7578: 7573: 7571: 7566: 7565: 7562: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7499:video archive 7496: 7492: 7491:video archive 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7475: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7452: 7449: 7436: 7432: 7425: 7422: 7414:September 18, 7409: 7405: 7399: 7396: 7383: 7379: 7373: 7370: 7361: 7355: 7352: 7343: 7337: 7334: 7325: 7319: 7316: 7303: 7299: 7293: 7290: 7277: 7273: 7267: 7264: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7234: 7231: 7223:September 14, 7218: 7214: 7210: 7203: 7200: 7192:September 14, 7187: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7170: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7144: 7131: 7128:. Anandtech. 7127: 7120: 7117: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7092: 7089: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7065: 7062: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7038: 7035: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7007: 7004: 6991: 6985: 6982: 6970: 6964: 6962: 6958: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6932: 6919: 6912: 6909: 6896: 6892: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6862: 6859:. Microsoft. 6858: 6854: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6815: 6812: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6782: 6769: 6765: 6759: 6756: 6748:September 29, 6743: 6739: 6735: 6728: 6725: 6717:September 29, 6712: 6708: 6704: 6697: 6694: 6681: 6677: 6671: 6668: 6655: 6651: 6644: 6641: 6628: 6625:. Apple Inc. 6624: 6618: 6615: 6602: 6598: 6592: 6589: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6559: 6546: 6540: 6537: 6524: 6520: 6514: 6511: 6498: 6494: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6440: 6436: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6378: 6374: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6345: 6342: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6316: 6303: 6299: 6293: 6290: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6264: 6251: 6247: 6241: 6238: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6212: 6199: 6196: 6190: 6187: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6161: 6145: 6138: 6132: 6129: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6099: 6086: 6082: 6076: 6073: 6060: 6057:. p. 2. 6056: 6052: 6045: 6042: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6009: 5996: 5992: 5985: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5961: 5945: 5938: 5932: 5929: 5913: 5906: 5899: 5896: 5883: 5880:. p. 5. 5879: 5873: 5870: 5854: 5847: 5841: 5838: 5830: 5823: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5793: 5785: 5778: 5772: 5769: 5756: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5739: 5736: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5706: 5690: 5683: 5677: 5674: 5666: 5659: 5653: 5650: 5634: 5627: 5621: 5618: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5557: 5553: 5540: 5537:. Microsoft. 5536: 5532: 5525: 5522: 5506: 5499: 5492: 5489: 5473: 5469: 5462: 5456: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5436: 5420: 5413: 5407: 5404: 5388: 5381: 5375: 5372: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5331: 5324: 5318: 5315: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5289: 5273: 5266: 5260: 5257: 5241: 5234: 5228: 5225: 5212: 5208: 5202: 5199: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5171: 5168: 5155: 5151: 5150:wiki.qemu.org 5147: 5141: 5138: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5103: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5074: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5043: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5012: 4996: 4992: 4985: 4979: 4976: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4946: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4919: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4889: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4847: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4786: 4778:September 18, 4773: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4593: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4557: 4551: 4548: 4532: 4525: 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3692: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3679: 3672: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3658:DragonFly BSD 3655: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3536: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3473:PlayStation 5 3469: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3455:PlayStation 4 3448: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3409: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3371: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3342:memory (RAM). 3340: 3337: 3324: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3307: 3306:instruction. 3291: 3287: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3271:Windows Vista 3267: 3263: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3231: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3213: 3211: 3208:, was to add 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3170:Mac OS X 10.6 3167: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3144:Mac OS X 10.5 3141: 3138: 3137:Mac OS X 10.4 3130: 3128: 3125: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3037: 3034: 3026: 3023:December 2022 3015: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2984: – 2983: 2979: 2978:Find sources: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2956:This article 2954: 2950: 2945: 2944: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2880: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2862:DragonFly BSD 2861: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2785: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2676: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2636: 2624: 2619: 2610: 2609: 2603: 2593: 2590: 2583: 2582: 2572: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2539: 2535: 2516: 2513: 2493: 2486: 2483: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2416: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2384: 2378: 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589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 554:has 32 GPRs; 553: 549: 546: 542: 443: 440: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 414: 413: 412: 409: 407: 403: 395: 387: 385: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 323: 321: 319: 314: 312: 308: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 271: 265: 258: 256: 254: 250: 246: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 212: 208: 204: 200: 195: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 172: 167: 162: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 107: 105: 101: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 67: 62: 55: 52: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 7767: 7761:Instructions 7700:Cool'n'Quiet 7466:the original 7461: 7451: 7439:. 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Retrieved 3800: 3791: 3773:The Register 3768: 3749: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3676: 3640:Gentoo Linux 3617:Linux kernel 3610: 3596: 3575:Gentoo Linux 3533: 3528: 3517: 3501: 3485: 3470: 3452: 3427:can compile 3379: 3308: 3300: 3297:instruction. 3283: 3259: 3251: 3239: 3233: 3214: 3205: 3192: 3186: 3168: 3142: 3134: 3121: 3115: 3085: 3062:DOS extender 3055: 3044: 3029: 3020: 3010: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2977: 2965:Please help 2960:verification 2957: 2929: 2910: 2900:NetBSD/amd64 2899: 2893: 2877: 2865: 2848: 2817: 2790: 2633:January 2023 2630: 2622: 2364:machine code 2353: 2337: 2333: 2288: 2280: 2277: 2265: 2236:vfmadd132pd 2183: 2169: 2166: 2154: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2075: 2061: 2058: 2046: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1939: 1902: 1869: 1867:brand name. 1855: 1847: 1821: 1722: 1709:Core i3 1705:Core i5 1701:Core i7 1697:Core i9 1650: 1614: 1609: 1598: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1575: 1572:Oregon river 1567: 1563: 1561: 1544: 1539: 1531: 1521: 1520: 1493: 1482: 1473: 1448: 1436: 1382: 1381: 1342: 1341: 1309: 1308: 1278: 1277: 1254: 1253: 1230:Legacy mode 1218: 1217: 1197: 1196: 1166: 1165: 1146:64-bit mode 1132: 1131: 1091: 1078:motherboards 1071: 1059: 1047: 1011: 957: 917: 913: 879: 859: 847:kernel space 840: 829: 817: 578:have 31) or 410: 391: 354:Turion 64 X2 342:Athlon 64 FX 338:Athlon 64 X2 327: 315: 292:, which was 275: 242: 196: 163: 108: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 71: 65: 43: 6992:. 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