X Window System - Knowledge

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seems fairly solid at this point, although there are still some deficiencies to be fixed up. We at LCS have stopped using W, and are now actively building applications on X. Anyone else using W should seriously consider switching. This is not the ultimate window system, but I believe it is a good starting point for experimentation. Right at the moment there is a CLU (and an Argus) interface to X; a C interface is in the works. The three existing applications are a text editor (TED), an Argus I/O interface, and a primitive window manager. There is no documentation yet; anyone crazy enough to volunteer? I may get around to it eventually. Anyone interested in seeing a demo can drop by NE43-531, although you may want to call 3-1945 first. Anyone who wants the code can come by with a tape. Anyone interested in hacking deficiencies, feel free to get in touch.

666: 2594: 299: 4691: 127: 679: 458: 1412:, but problems with reading unaligned data on the RT forced an incompatible protocol change, leading to version 10 in late 1985. X10R1 was released in 1985. By 1986, outside organizations had begun asking for X. X10R2 was released in January 1986, then X10R3 in February 1986. Although MIT had licensed X6 to some outside groups for a fee, it decided at this time to license X10R3 and future versions under what became known as the 1432:. Demonstrations of the first commercial application for X (a mechanical computer-aided engineering system from Cognition Inc. that ran on VAXes and remotely displayed on PCs running an X server ported by Jim Fulton and Jan Hardenbergh) took place at the Autofact trade show at that time. The last version of X10, X10R4, appeared in December 1986. Attempts were made to enable X servers as real-time collaboration devices, much as 1518: 917:. Some X11 clients deal with accessibility issues better than others, so persons with accessibility problems are not locked out of using X11. However, there is no accessibility standard or accessibility guidelines for X11. Within the X11 standards process there is no working group on accessibility; however, accessibility needs are being addressed by software projects to provide these features on top of X. 942: 574: 1482:—would run on it, and the company assigned 1,200 employees to port X to both Ultrix and VMS. In 1987, with the success of X11 becoming apparent, MIT wished to relinquish the stewardship of X, but at a June 1987 meeting with nine vendors, the vendors told MIT that they believed in the need for a neutral party to keep X from fragmenting in the marketplace. In January 1988, the 1509:, and Stephen Gildea joined later that year, focusing on toolkits and widget sets, working closely with Ralph Swick of MIT Project Athena. The MIT X Consortium produced several significant revisions to X11, the first (Release 2 – X11R2) in February 1988. Jay Hersh joined the staff in January 1991 to work on the 1785:, or within a graphics device, some of which can render into more than one screen simultaneously, either viewable simultaneously or interchangeably. Interchangeable screens are often set up to be notionally left and right from one another, flipping from one to the next as the mouse pointer reaches the edge of the monitor. 1317: 47: 4781: 56: 424:, meaning that the X server is usually running on the computer in front of a human user, while the X client applications run anywhere on the network and communicate with the user's computer to request the rendering of graphics content and receive events from input devices including keyboards and mice. 1622:

X.Org and XFree86 began discussing a reorganisation suited to properly nurturing the development of X. Jim Gettys had been pushing strongly for an open development model since at least 2000. Gettys, Packard and several others began discussing in detail the requirements for the effective governance of

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to allow for accessibility features to be implemented in X programs using the GNOME/GTK APIs. KDE provides a different set of accessibility software, including a text-to-speech converter and a screen magnifier. The other major desktops (LXDE, Xfce and Enlightenment) attempt to be compatible with ATK.

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While it is common to associate X with Unix, X servers also exist natively within other graphical environments. VMS Software Inc.'s OpenVMS operating system includes a version of X with Common Desktop Environment (CDE), known as DECwindows, as its standard desktop environment. Apple originally ported

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The X.Org implementation is the canonical implementation of X. Owing to liberal licensing, a number of variations, both free and open source and proprietary, have appeared. Commercial Unix vendors have tended to take the reference implementation and adapt it for their hardware, usually customizing it

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X's network protocol is based on X command primitives. This approach allows both 2D and (through extensions like GLX) 3D operations by an X client application which might be running on a different computer to still be fully accelerated on the X server's display. For example, in classic OpenGL (before

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The fact that the term "server" is applied to the software in front of the user is often surprising to users accustomed to their programs being clients to services on remote computers. Here, rather than a remote database being the resource for a local app, the user's graphic display and input devices

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The term "X-Windows" (in the manner of the subsequently released "Microsoft Windows") is not officially endorsed – with X Consortium release manager Matt Landau stating in 1993, "There is no such thing as 'X Windows' or 'X Window', despite the repeated misuse of the forms by the trade

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A window manager controls the placement and appearance of application windows. This may result in desktop interfaces reminiscent of those of Microsoft Windows or of the Apple Macintosh (examples include GNOME 2, KDE Plasma, Xfce) or have radically different controls (such as a tiling window manager,

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of DEC WSL and Jim Gettys proposed that DEC WSL build X11 and make it freely available under the same terms as X9 and X10. This process started in May 1986, with the protocol finalized in August. Alpha testing of the software started in February 1987, beta-testing in May; the release of X11 finally

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with goals similar to Wayland. Mir was intended to work with mobile devices using ARM chipsets (a stated goal was compatibility with Android device-drivers) as well as x86 desktops. Like Android, Mir/UnityNext were EGL-based. Backwards compatibility with X client-applications was accomplished via

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In May 1999, The Open Group formed X.Org. X.Org supervised the release of versions X11R6.5.1 onward. X development at this time had become moribund; most technical innovation since the X Consortium had dissolved had taken place in the XFree86 project. In 1999, the XFree86 team joined X.Org as an

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19June19840907-EDT(Tuesday) I've spent the last couple weeks writing a window system for the VS100. I stole a fair amount of code from W, surrounded it with an asynchronous rather than a synchronous interface, and called it X. Overall performance appears to be about twice that of W. The code

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A limitation of X terminals and most thin clients is that they are not capable of any input or output other than the keyboard, mouse, and display. All relevant data is assumed to exist solely on the remote server, and the X terminal user has no methods available to save or load data from a local

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X primarily defines protocol and graphics primitives – it deliberately contains no specification for application user-interface design, such as button, menu, or window title-bar styles. Instead, application software – such as window managers, GUI widget toolkits and

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This client–server terminology – the user's terminal being the server and the applications being the clients – often confuses new X users, because the terms appear reversed. But X takes the perspective of the application, rather than that of the end-user: X provides

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The Foundation takes an oversight role over X development: technical decisions are made on their merits by achieving rough consensus among community members. Technical decisions are not made by the board of directors; in this sense, it is strongly modelled on the technically non-interventionist

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Carnegie Mellon University produced a remote-access application called Alto Terminal, that displayed overlapping windows on the Xerox Alto, and made remote hosts (typically DEC VAX systems running Unix) responsible for handling window-exposure events and refreshing window contents as necessary.

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extension) can be employed for faster client–server communication. However, the programmer must still explicitly activate and use the shared memory extension. It is also necessary to provide fallback paths in order to stay compatible with older implementations, and in order to communicate with

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is a thin client that only runs an X server. This architecture became popular for building inexpensive terminal parks for many users to simultaneously use the same large computer server to execute application programs as clients of each user's X terminal. This use is very much aligned with the

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between server and client operates network-transparently: the client and server may run on the same machine or on different ones, possibly with different architectures and operating systems. A client and server can even communicate securely over the Internet by tunneling the connection over an

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While X11 had received extensions such as OpenGL support during the 1990s, its architecture had remained fundamentally unchanged during the decade. In the early part of the 2000s, however, it was overhauled to resolve a number of problems that had surfaced over the years, including a "flawed"

977:), Xpra's shadow mode and NX's nxagent shadow mode also exist to make the current X-server screen available. This ability allows the user interface (mouse, keyboard, monitor) of a running application to be switched from one location to another without stopping and restarting the application. 1456:

The X11 protocol design, led by Scheifler, was extensively discussed on open mailing lists on the nascent Internet that were bridged to USENET newsgroups. Gettys moved to California to help lead the X11 development work at WSL from DEC's Systems Research Center, where Phil Karlton and Susan

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Although X10 offered interesting and powerful functionality, it had become obvious that the X protocol could use a more hardware-neutral redesign before it became too widely deployed, but MIT alone would not have the resources available for such a complete redesign. As it happened, DEC's

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issues. X11R6.8 came out in September 2004. It added significant new features, including preliminary support for translucent windows and other sophisticated visual effects, screen magnifiers and thumbnailers, and facilities to integrate with 3D immersive display systems such as Sun's

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to construct Mac OS X, it replaced Display PostScript with Quartz. Mike Paquette, one of the authors of Quartz, explained that if Apple had added support for all the features it wanted to include into X11, it would not bear much resemblance to X11 nor be compatible with other servers

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By 2003, while the popularity of Linux (and hence the installed base of X) surged, X.Org remained inactive, and active development took place largely within XFree86. However, considerable dissent developed within XFree86. The XFree86 project suffered from a perception of a far too

420:, which means an X program running on a computer somewhere on a network (such as the Internet) can display its user interface on an X server running on some other computer on the network. The X server is typically the provider of graphics resources and keyboard/mouse events to X 2577:

These are released individually as each component is ready, without waiting for a overall X Window System "katamari" release schedule - see the individual X.Org releases directory for downloads, and the xorg-announce archives or git repositories for details on included changes.

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Simple example: the X server receives input from a local keyboard and mouse and displays to a screen. A web browser and a terminal emulator run on the user's workstation and a terminal emulator runs on a remote computer but is controlled and monitored from the user's

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included with X11R5 in 1991, written by Thomas Roell and Mark W. Snitily and donated to the MIT X Consortium by Snitily Graphics Consulting Services (SGCS). XFree86 evolved over time from just one port of X to the leading and most popular implementation and the

714:, twm, the basic window manager supplied with X, or evilwm, an extremely light window manager) to the more comprehensive desktop environments such as Enlightenment and even to application-specific window managers for vertical markets such as point-of-sale. 5547: 1029:) rather than from the protocol itself: the best solutions to performance issues depend on efficient application design. A common criticism of X is that its network features result in excessive complexity and decreased performance if only used locally. 1728:

tree for legacy users, and X11R7.0, the same source code separated into independent modules, each maintainable in separate projects. The Foundation released X11R7.1 on 22 May 2006, about four months after 7.0, with considerable feature improvements.

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and X113D functionality. He was followed soon after by Ralph Mor (who also worked on PEX) and Dave Sternlicht. In 1993, as the MIT X Consortium prepared to depart from MIT, the staff were joined by R. Gary Cutbill, Kaleb Keithley, and David Wiggins.

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Finally, in an echo of the X11R6.4 licensing dispute, XFree86 released version 4.4 in February 2004 under a more restrictive license which many projects relying on X found unacceptable. The added clause to the license was based on the original

1674:. This marked a radical change in the governance of X. Whereas the stewards of X since 1988 (including the prior X.Org) had been vendor organizations, the Foundation was led by software developers and used community development based on the 413:; individual client programs handle this. Programs may use X's graphical abilities with no user interface. As such, the visual styling of X-based environments varies greatly; different programs may present radically different interfaces. 772:

There are also Java implementations of X servers. WeirdX runs on any platform supporting Swing 1.1, and will run as an applet within most browsers. The Android X Server is an open source Java implementation that runs on Android devices.

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Until 2004, XFree86 provided the most common X variant on free Unix-like systems. XFree86 started as a port of X to 386-compatible PCs and, by the end of the 1990s, had become the greatest source of technical innovation in X and the

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version 3.0), display lists containing large numbers of objects could be constructed and stored entirely in the X server by a remote X client program, and each then rendered by sending a single glCallList(which) across the network.

5540: 1823:". The latter is a rare configuration allowing multiple users of a single computer to each have an independent set of display, mouse, and keyboard, as though they were using separate computers, but at a lower per-seat cost. 1558:

The Open Group released X11R6.4 in early 1998. Controversially, X11R6.4 departed from the traditional liberal licensing terms, as the Open Group sought to assure funding for the development of X, and specifically cited

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allowing local display of a local program's graphics to be optimized to bypass the network model and directly control the video card, for use of full-screen video, rendered 3D applications, and other such applications.

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640×480×24 bit 30 fps video stream (~211 Mbit/s) can easily outstrip the bandwidth of a 100 Mbit/s network for a single client. In contrast, modern versions of X generally have extensions such as

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to provide easy access to computing resources for all students) needed a platform-independent graphics system to link together its heterogeneous multiple-vendor systems; the window system then under development in

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wrote in 1989, "Athena's most important single achievement to date". DEC reportedly believed that its development alone had made the company's donation to MIT worthwhile. Gettys joined the design team for the

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An effect simulated by a window manager by maintaining window position information in a larger coordinate system than the screen and allowing panning by simply moving the windows in response to the user.

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become resources made available by the local X server to both local and remotely hosted X client programs who need to share the user's graphics and input devices to communicate with the user.

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protocol and the display lists with immediate mode graphics to make X version 1. X became the first windowing system environment to offer true hardware independence and vendor independence.

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X's design requires the clients and server to operate separately, and device independence and the separation of client and server incur overhead. Most of the overhead comes from network

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Many users use X with a desktop environment, which, aside from the window manager, includes various applications using a consistent user interface. Popular desktop environments include

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In 1993, the X Consortium, Inc. (a non-profit corporation) formed as the successor to the MIT X Consortium. It released X11R6 on 16 May 1994. In 1995 it took on the development of the

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formed as a non-profit vendor group, with Scheifler as director, to direct the future development of X in a neutral atmosphere inclusive of commercial and educational interests.

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model, which relies on outside involvement. Membership was opened to individuals, with corporate membership being in the form of sponsorship. Several major corporations such as

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The X Window System has nuanced usage of a number of terms when compared to common usage, particularly "display" and "screen", a subset of which is given here for convenience:

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eschew the desktop metaphor altogether, simplifying their interfaces for specialized applications. Window managers range in sophistication and complexity from the bare-bones (

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implementation. Third-party servers under Apple's older operating systems in the 1990s, System 7, and Mac OS 8 and 9, included Apple's MacX and White Pine Software's eXodus.

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sets. In March 2003, the XFree86 organization expelled Keith Packard, who had joined XFree86 after the end of the original MIT X Consortium, with considerable ill feeling.

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rags" – though it has been in common informal use since early in the history of X and has been used deliberately for provocative effect, for example in the

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for Unix systems. The X Consortium dissolved at the end of 1996, producing a final revision, X11R6.3, and a legacy of increasing commercial influence in the development.

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is one of the few common programs with this ability). As such, moving an entire session from one X server to another is generally not possible. However, approaches like

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Unlike most earlier display protocols, X was specifically designed to be used over network connections rather than on an integral or attached display device. X features

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When an operating system with a native windowing system hosts X in addition, the X system can either use its own normal desktop in a separate host window or it can run

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programs. The server accepts requests for graphical output (windows) and sends back user input (from keyboard, mouse, or touchscreen). The server may function as:

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honorary (non-paying) member, encouraged by various hardware companies interested in using XFree86 with Linux and in its status as the most popular version of X.

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can intercept it, making it possible to view anything displayed to or sent from the user's screen. The most common way to encrypt X traffic is to establish a

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The lack of design guidelines in X has resulted in several vastly different interfaces, and in applications that have not always worked well together. The

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XFree86 citing license concerns. The license issue, combined with the difficulties in getting changes in, left many feeling the time was ripe for a fork.

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Scheifler, Gettys and Ron Newman set to work and X progressed rapidly. They released Version 6 in January 1985. DEC, then preparing to release its first

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and communication by coding to a specific desktop environment or to a specific widget toolkit, which also avoids having to deal directly with the ICCCM.

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Additional ways to achieve a functional form of the "network transparency" feature of X, via network transmissibility of graphical services, include:

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A collection of screens, often involving multiple monitors, generally configured to allow the mouse to move the pointer to any position within them.

862:(ICCCM), a specification for client interoperability, has a reputation for being difficult to implement correctly. Further standards efforts such as 499:

An X client itself may emulate an X server by providing display services to other clients. This is known as "X nesting". Open-source clients such as

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The project solved this by creating a protocol that could both run local applications and call on remote resources. In mid-1983 an initial port of

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desktop environments, or application-specific graphical user interfaces – define and provide such details. As a result, there is no

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First freely redistributable X release. Earlier releases required a BSD source license to cover code changes to init/getty to support login.

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did not alleviate problems. This has frustrated users and programmers. Graphics programmers now generally address consistency of application

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Robert W. Scheifler and James Gettys: X Window System: Core and extension protocols: X version 11, releases 6 and 6.1, Digital Press 1996,

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Microsoft Windows is not shipped with support for X, but many third-party implementations exist, as free and open source software such as

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X is an architecture-independent system for remote graphical user interfaces and input device capabilities. Each person using a networked

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The stewards of X really dribbled away to almost nothing about five or six years ago. It wasn't really keeping pace with the technology.

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The proper names for the system are listed in the manual page as X; X Window System; X Version 11; X Window System, Version 11; or X11.

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Angebrandt led the X11 sample server design and implementation. X therefore represents one of the first very large-scale distributed

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workstation, judged X the only windowing system likely to become available in time. DEC engineers ported X6 to DEC's QVSS display on

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The remote X client application will then make a connection to the user's local X server, providing display and input to the user.

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An X client cannot generally be detached from one server and reattached to another unless its code specifically provides for it (

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Alternatively, the local machine may run a small program that connects to the remote machine and starts the client application.

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A technique allowing panning a monitor around a screen running at a larger resolution than the monitor is currently displaying.

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X Server 1.12.2; Sync extension 3.1: adds Fence object support; Xi 2.2 multitouch support; XFixes 5.0: Pointer Barriers.

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running a computationally intensive simulation on a remote machine and displaying the results on a local desktop machine

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In its standard distribution it is a complete, albeit simple, display and interface solution which delivers a standard

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scripting facility. Various desktop environments may thus offer their own (usually mutually incompatible) facilities.

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display and I/O services to applications, so it is a server; applications use these services, thus they are clients.

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Other alternatives attempt to avoid the overhead of X by working directly with the hardware; such projects include

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X11R6.4 under the traditional license in September 1998. The Open Group's last release came as X11R6.4 patch 3.

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is being developed by several X.Org developers as a prospective replacement for X. It works directly with the

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standard of X development. Since 2004, however, the X.Org Server, a fork of XFree86, has become predominant.

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X Window System Volume 8: X Window System Administrator's Guide for X11 Release 4 and Release 5, 3rd edition

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in relation to terminals), and other applications and toolkits provide related facilities. Workarounds like

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A graphics device such as a computer graphics card or a computer motherboard's integrated graphics chipset.

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Some people have attempted writing alternatives to and replacements for X. Historical alternatives include

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running graphical software on several machines at once, controlled by a single display, keyboard and mouse

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architecture, a 2D graphics system "which had always been intended to be augmented and/or replaced", and

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Network traffic between an X server and remote X clients is not encrypted by default. An attacker with a

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to generate a list of available hosts that are allowed as clients. One of the client hosts should run an

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using a client application to join with large numbers of other terminal users in collaborative workgroups

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Steiner, Jennifer G.; Geer Jr., Daniel E. (21 July 1988). "Network Services in the Athena Environment".

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X provides no native support for audio; several projects exist to fill this niche, some also providing

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An area into which graphics may be rendered, either through software alone into system memory as with

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First X.Org Foundation release, incorporating XFree86 4.4rc2. Full end-user distribution. Removal of

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administering a remote machine graphically (similar to using remote desktop, but with single windows)

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X Window System interface in the z/OS Communications Server environment (Retrieved on 19 July 2021)

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X also lacks native support for user-defined stored procedures on the X server, in the manner of

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memory manager, SELinux security module, further removal of obsolete libraries and extensions.

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XFree86 development continued for a few more years, 4.8.0 being released on 15 December 2008.

1616: 1591: 826: 811: 478: 364: 265:(MIT) in 1984. The X protocol has been at version 11 (hence "X11") since September 1987. The 2882: 635: 6234: 6229: 6189: 5848: 5821: 5706: 5049: 4704: 4458: 4116: 4069: 3831: 3819: 3658:; Cutshaw, Robin; Evans, Marc; Murphey, Rich; Tombs, Jon; Wexelblat, David (20 March 2003). 3641: 3552: 3499: 3260: 3228: 2823: 2612: 2347: 2343: 2079: 1772: 1687: 1664: 1528: 1470: 1425: 1405: 1258: 1181: 1054: 863: 803: 703: 678: 406: 391: 266: 243: 201: 194: 140: 89: 2771:. The Definitive guides to the X Window System. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly & Associates. 1436:(VNC) would later allow a desktop to be shared. One such early effort was Philip J. Gust's 6219: 5793: 5324: 4850: 4815: 4760: 4662: 4548: 3925: 3903: 3472: 2671: 2479: 2395: 2164: 2152: 2052: 1867: 1712: 1679: 1652: 1568: 1475: 1421: 1417: 1394: 1365: 1254: 1211: 1026: 924:

project adds accessibility support to the X Window System, including implementing an API (

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with an X server typically provides the same functionality at the same, or lower, cost.

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X interface and several different desktop environments have become popular among users.

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allow a virtual session to be reached from different X servers (in a manner similar to

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to Unix ran at one-fifth of its speed under V; in May 1984, Scheifler replaced the

985: 906: 902: 897:

issues that make utilization of a computer difficult for disabled users, including

765:, and proprietary products such as Exceed, MKS X/Server, Reflection X, X-Win32 and 515:

To run an X client application on a remote machine, the user may do the following:

270: 1563:

as not significantly contributing to X. The new terms would have made X no longer

941: 3002: 1340:). Scheifler needed a usable display environment for debugging the Argus system. 367:

has the ability to interact with the display with any type of user input device.

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X.Org continues to develop and release the X Window System software components.

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v2.0; Inter-Client Exchange; X Session Management; X Synchronization extension;

1903: 1725: 1671: 1628: 1494: 1413: 1146: 992: 898: 830: 754:

X to macOS in the form of X11.app, but that has been deprecated in favor of the

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X Window System: Core and extension protocols: X version 11, releases 6 and 6.1

4303: 4259: 3044:"MIT-SHM—The MIT Shared Memory Extension How the shared memory extension works" 1866:

First use of the name "X"; fundamental changes distinguishing the product from

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and interacting with a mouse, keyboard or touchscreen. X does not mandate the

84: 72: 3363: 2837: 1690:. The Foundation employs no developers. The Foundation released X11R6.7, the 6089: 6041: 5941: 5730: 5509: 5424: 5265: 5217: 5122: 4009: 2661: 1819:

The term "display" should not be confused with the more specialized jargon "

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The means to an X for Linux: an interview with David Dawes from XFree86.org

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The original idea of X emerged at MIT in 1984 as a collaboration between

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No release plan for a X11R7.8 rollup katamari release has been proposed.

1663:

In early 2004, various people from X.Org and freedesktop.org formed the

591: 401:, or primitives, for building such GUI environments: drawing and moving 6094: 6001: 5966: 5893: 5280: 5182: 5147: 5024: 4951: 4921: 4916: 4906: 4820: 2904: 2681: 2656: 2419: 1832: 1648: 1583: 1560: 1437: 1184:, which provides a Java-based remote-gui-client for use in web browsers 1041: 755: 387: 383: 156: 4021: 2722:"X11R7.x - X Window System Version 11 Release 7.x ongoing development" 2721: 2113:; XTEST extension; X Input; X Big Requests; XC-MISC; XFree86 changes. 6104: 6084: 5873: 5666: 5345: 5285: 5275: 5074: 4946: 4572: 2427: 2371: 2274: 1636: 1552: 1383: 1253:

X derives its name as a successor to a pre-1983 window system called

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X uses a client–server model: an X server communicates with various

4579:

On the Thesis that X is Big/Bloated/Obsolete and Should Be Replaced

4469:

Gajewska, Hania; Manasse, Mark S.; McCormack, Joel (October 1990).

4224: 6026: 5981: 5946: 5811: 5755: 5612: 5493: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5340: 5202: 5162: 5127: 4926: 4840: 4805: 4696: 4176: 3450:(Interview). Interviewed by Mitchell, Robert. IDG Communications. 3115: 2666: 2475: 2423: 2375: 2351: 2254: 2106: 2075: 2044: 1808: 1516: 1510: 1429: 1315: 1199: 1077: 950: 940: 807: 766: 718: 677: 669: 664: 456: 4413: 4391: 4347: 4281: 4237: 3957:"X Marks the Spot: Looking back at X11 Developments of Past Year" 2700: 6138: 6099: 6031: 6006: 5996: 5976: 5971: 5956: 5936: 5918: 5883: 5769: 5759: 5681: 5647: 5627: 5454: 5270: 5212: 5187: 5177: 5157: 5152: 5137: 5117: 5094: 5079: 5029: 4972: 4936: 4931: 4911: 3413:"Re: Announcement: Modification to the base XFree86(TM) license" 3153: 2471: 2071: 1587: 1498: 1316: 1231: 1178:, an X-like protocol and application stack for Microsoft Windows 1062: 1058: 962: 878: 726: 682: 269:

leads the X project, with the current reference implementation,

145: 5529: 5385: 4700: 4591:

X Marks the Spot: Looking back at X11 Developments of Past Year

4165:

The Open Group Announces Internet-Ready X Window System X11R6.4

1643:. Other groups saw it as against the spirit of the original X. 474:

an application displaying to a window of another display system

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Gettys, Jim (2005). "SNAP Computing and the X Window System".

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On the prospect of future versions, the X.org website states:

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did not make licenses available, and no alternatives existed.

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In January 1997, the X Consortium passed stewardship of X to

1724:

On 21 December 2005, X.Org released X11R6.9, the monolithic

2450:

XServer 1.5.1, XACE, PCI-rework, EXA speed-ups, _X_EXPORT,

1547:, a vendor group formed in early 1996 by the merger of the 1420:

releasing products based on it. Other groups ported X10 to

825:

Dedicated (hardware) X terminals have fallen out of use; a

2555: 1886:

First version licensed to a handful of outside companies.

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for efficient connections on the same host. Additionally

27:

Windowing system for bitmap displays on UNIX-like systems

3904:"Make Your Open Source Software GPL-Compatible. Or Else" 3660:"Invitation for public discussion about the future of X" 3607:"Cygwin/XFree86 - No longer associated with XFree86.org" 2849: 2847: 1448:

found itself between projects with an experienced team.

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Window translucency, XDamage, Distributed Multihead X,

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Two different meanings are associated with this term:

2202:

Internal X.org release; not made publicly available.

1084:) implements its windowing system, which is known as 217: 4475:

Software – Practice & Experience

3387:"X11R6.4 Sample Implementation Changes and Concerns" 1615:

commit access and vendors had to maintain extensive

846:(1994) devoted a full chapter to the problems of X. 6177: 6117: 6055: 5927: 5864: 5847: 5792: 5739: 5705: 5656: 5592: 5575: 5333: 5302: 5236: 5108: 5065: 5048: 4991: 4965: 4885: 4874: 4788: 4734: 3878:"XFree86 4.4: List of Rejecting Distributors Grows" 523: 477:a system program controlling the video output of a 212: 200: 188: 178: 166: 139: 117: 95: 83: 71: 3545:"Another teleconference partial edited transcript" 1611:-like development model; developers could not get 4213:The X.Org Foundation released 7.2.0 (aka X11R7.2) 4177:X.Org Foundation releases X Window System X11R6.7 4052:X – a portable, network-transparent window system 945:Example of tunnelling an X11 application over SSH 4684: 2810:Scheifler, Robert W.; Gettys, Jim (April 1986). 2744:Proceedings of the Winter 1988 Usenix Conference 1198:Several bitmap display systems preceded X. From 320:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 4503:(O'Reilly and Associates, July 1993; softcover 3897: 3895: 2572: 1631:'s advertising clause, which was viewed by the 1465:The MIT X Consortium and the X Consortium, Inc. 1273: 1145:(DRI) provides a kernel-level interface to the 378:for building graphical user interfaces on most 6261:Massachusetts Institute of Technology software 4613:"Why Apple didn't use X for the window system" 4326:"Thinking towards 7.6 katamari, including xcb" 4107:, the FAQ for Usenet newsgroup comp.windows.x. 3067:"Why Apple didn't use X for the window system" 2346:. From the same source-code base, the modular 546:Practical examples of remote clients include: 5541: 5397: 4712: 4117:The X Window System: History and Architecture 3790:"A Call For Open Governance Of X Development" 3759:"A Call For Open Governance Of X Development" 3694:"A Call For Open Governance Of X Development" 3492:"A Call For Open Governance Of X Development" 2548: 1126:Xmir. The project has since moved to being a 860:Inter-Client Communication Conventions Manual 529:request a local display/input service (e.g., 8: 3981:The (Re) Architecture of the X Window System 3728:"Notes from a teleconference held 2003-3-27" 3473:"The Evolution of the X Server Architecture" 2510: 1667:, and the Open Group gave it control of the 600:introducing citations to additional sources 519:on the local machine, open a terminal window 39: 1303:The email in which X was introduced to the 802:X terminals explore the network (the local 536:if not using SSH with X forwarding enabled) 390:to many other contemporary general purpose 5861: 5589: 5548: 5534: 5526: 5404: 5390: 5382: 5062: 4882: 4719: 4705: 4697: 4689: 4549:The Evolution of the X Server Architecture 3309:Financing Volunteer Free Software Projects 1840: 1721:provide policy for the visual appearance. 1393:In the second quarter of 1985, X acquired 729:. The UNIX 98 standard environment is the 449:X Window System protocols and architecture 125: 54: 45: 38: 30:"X11" redirects here. For other uses, see 4639: 4486: 2827: 2751: 2398:and the built-in keyboard driver, X-ACE, 351:Learn how and when to remove this message 3522:"XFree86 joins X.Org as Honorary Member" 2992:"SNAP Computing and the X Window System" 2767:Quercia, Valerie; O'Reilly, Tim (1990). 2560: 2378:, OS and platform support enhancements. 1682:currently support the X.Org Foundation. 1401:-II/GPX, forming what became version 9. 590:Relevant discussion may be found on the 526:command to connect to the remote machine 4585:Open Source Desktop Technology Road Map 3998:X11R6.9 and X11R7.0 Officially Released 3902:Wheeler, David A. (16 February 2014) . 3100:from the original on 24 September 2023. 2692: 2633:History of the graphical user interface 1993:First release of the current protocol. 799:original intention of the MIT project. 6281:Unix windowing system-related software 4658: 4647: 4623:from the original on 12 November 2023. 4533:Robert W. Scheifler and James Gettys: 4471:"Why X Is Not Our Ideal Window System" 3978:Gettys, James; Packard, Keith (2004). 3862:. USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 3077:from the original on 12 November 2023. 3054:from the original on 22 December 2023. 3031:from the original on 15 November 2023. 2893:from the original on 31 December 2022. 2350:version became 7.0 and the monolithic 1489:Jim Fulton joined in January 1988 and 3987:. Proc. Linux Symposium. Vol. 1. 3910:from the original on 26 January 2021. 2915:from the original on 25 December 2013 2402:, autoconfig improvements, cleanups. 889:Computer accessibility related issues 263:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 7: 4561:(Matthew Arnison, CAT TV, June 1999) 4529:from the original on 29 August 2023. 4035:"The Current XFree86 Release: 4.8.0" 3936:from the original on 18 January 2019 3265:"Ripples Across the Academic Market" 2971:from the original on 14 January 2013 2881:Bumgarner, Bill (15 November 1996). 2600:Free and open-source software portal 2482:, predictable pointer acceleration, 848:Why X Is Not Our Ideal Window System 3454:from the original on 26 June 2021. 2945:from the original on 1 January 2013 1338:MIT Laboratory for Computer Science 742:and adding proprietary extensions. 4826:X Display Manager Control Protocol 4225:X server version 1.4 release plans 3967:from the original on 27 June 2021. 3955:Boykin, Oscar (25 February 2004). 3888:from the original on 27 June 2021. 3866:from the original on 27 June 2021. 3788:Wexelblat, David (23 March 2003). 3532:from the original on 26 June 2021. 3490:Wexelblat, David (23 March 2003). 3479:from the original on 26 June 2021. 3188:Carlson, Wayne E. (20 June 2017). 2492:Old version, no longer maintained: 2460:Old version, no longer maintained: 2454:1.4, faster startup and shutdown. 2440:Old version, no longer maintained: 2408:Old version, no longer maintained: 2384:Old version, no longer maintained: 2360:Old version, no longer maintained: 2323:Old version, no longer maintained: 2307:Old version, no longer maintained: 2287:Old version, no longer maintained: 2263:Old version, no longer maintained: 2239:Old version, no longer maintained: 2223:Old version, no longer maintained: 2208:Old version, no longer maintained: 2192:Old version, no longer maintained: 2173:Old version, no longer maintained: 2139:Old version, no longer maintained: 2119:Old version, no longer maintained: 2096:Old version, no longer maintained: 2061:Old version, no longer maintained: 2034:Old version, no longer maintained: 2015:Old version, no longer maintained: 1999:Old version, no longer maintained: 1983:Old version, no longer maintained: 1967:Old version, no longer maintained: 1947:Old version, no longer maintained: 1932:Old version, no longer maintained: 1912:Old version, no longer maintained: 1892:Old version, no longer maintained: 1876:Old version, no longer maintained: 1856:Old version, no longer maintained: 1775:or a flat screen computer display. 1478:to ensure that X—which DEC called 999:limitations can impede the use of 808:X Display Manager Control Protocol 25: 5371:Desktop environments (comparison) 4565:Lessons Learned about Open Source 4455:Software: Practice and Experience 4448:"The X Window System, Version 11" 4082:1rccdq$ s6s@armory.centerline.com 3859:Lessons Learned about Open Source 3617:from the original on 26 June 2021 3442:Swales, Steve (4 February 2002). 3362:. 6 December 1998. Archived from 3321:Lessons Learned about Open Source 3114:. Wiki.ubuntu.com. Archived from 2370:XServer 1.1.0, EXA enhancements, 1428:workstations and even to the IBM 995:, when using X across a network, 285:and similar permissive licenses. 4779: 3605:Hunt, Harold (27 October 2003). 2999:Interactive Computing Everywhere 2592: 1130:instead of being an alternative 988:(SSH) tunnel for communication. 928:). This is coupled with GNOME's 583:relies largely or entirely on a 572: 297: 3757:Swales, Steve (24 March 2003). 3636:Harris, Mike (9 January 2003). 1715:. External applications called 1453:occurred on 15 September 1987. 1397:support to function in the DEC 1257:(the letter preceding X in the 1143:Direct Rendering Infrastructure 6276:Software using the MIT license 4630:(Retrieved on 2 February 2007) 4575:2000 talk on the history of X) 4328:. Lists.x.org. 21 October 2009 4064:Landau, Matt (23 April 1993). 3830:(Mailing list). Archived from 3796:(Mailing list). Archived from 3765:(Mailing list). Archived from 3734:(Mailing list). Archived from 3700:(Mailing list). Archived from 3666:(Mailing list). Archived from 3582:(Mailing list). Archived from 3574:Nolden, Ralf (20 March 2003). 3551:(Mailing list). Archived from 3543:Harris, Mike (13 April 2003). 3498:(Mailing list). Archived from 3419:(Mailing list). Archived from 3391:Christopher Browne's Web Pages 3336:. 2 April 1998. Archived from 1961:made standard window manager. 1833:XFree86 § Release history 1651:, for instance, threatened to 1320:X11R1 running on a Sun machine 893:Systems built upon X may have 881: – there is no 1: 4587:(Jim Gettys, 9 December 2003) 4142:"X11R6.3 (Broadway) Overview" 4066:"Re: Asynchronous X Windows?" 3204:"X Version 11 Released (!!!)" 2935:"ATK - Accessibility Toolkit" 2544:Old version, still maintained 1599:standard of X's development. 1459:free and open source software 1080:(and its mobile counterpart, 1032:Modern X implementations use 483:a dedicated piece of hardware 453:X Window System core protocol 4370:"[ANNOUNCE] X11R7.7" 4022:Proposed Changes for X11R7.1 3360:"XFree86(TM): Press Release" 3154:DRI for framebuffer consoles 2816:ACM Transactions on Graphics 2769:X Window System user's guide 2470:XServer 1.7.1, Xi 2, XGE, E- 2233:Bug fixes, XFree86 changes. 2009:First X Consortium release. 1837:X.Org Server § Releases 1771:A physical device such as a 1586:originated in 1992 from the 1269:Origin and early development 4836:X-Video Motion Compensation 4499:Linda Mui and Eric Pearce, 4227:. Retrieved 25 August 2007. 3088:Høgsberg, Kristian (2012). 2965:"Utilities - Accessibility" 2793:"xnest(1) - Linux man page" 2650:– the windowing system for 2354:version was frozen at 6.9. 2317:Bug fixes, driver updates. 2129:X Double Buffer extension; 1902:Color. First release under 1718:compositing window managers 1446:Western Software Laboratory 1025:between client and server ( 702:). Some interfaces such as 496:encrypted network session. 101:; 40 years ago 6297: 4603:(Keith Packard, July 2004 4601:Getting X Off The Hardware 4372:. Lists.x.org. 6 June 2012 4348:"Wiki – 7.6 release plans" 4304:"7.6 release announcement" 4282:"Wiki – 7.5 release plans" 4260:"7.5 release announcement" 4238:"Foundation Releases X7.4" 3233:"A Second Wind for Athena" 3231:(November–December 1988). 2628:General Graphics Interface 2394:XServer 1.2.0, Removal of 1830: 1641:GNU General Public License 1533:Common Desktop Environment 1522:Common Desktop Environment 1355:Carnegie Mellon University 787: 731:Common Desktop Environment 446: 29: 5420: 4777: 4611:mpaque (19 August 2003). 4306:. X.org. 20 December 2010 4201:Release Notes for X11R7.1 3138:"Canonical Mir Datasheet" 3090:"X11 Application Support" 3065:mpaque (19 August 2003). 3042:Corbet, Jonathan (1991). 2858:. Art.Net. Archived from 2528: 1639:as incompatible with the 1623:X with open development. 1469:By the late 1980s X was, 1434:Virtual Network Computing 1344:(a joint project between 1158:Virtual Network Computing 955:Virtual Network Computing 837:Limitations and criticism 135: 113: 53: 44: 5721:IRIX Interactive Desktop 4525:. Don Hopkins' Gallery. 4517:"The X-Windows Disaster" 3190:"CG Historical Timeline" 3169:. Talisman. 19 June 1984 2856:"The X-Windows Disaster" 1633:Free Software Foundation 1549:Open Software Foundation 1493:in March 1988 as senior 1408:ported version 9 to the 1274: 1017:Client–server separation 843:The Unix-Haters Handbook 685:graphical user interface 672:graphical user interface 507:support such X nesting. 306:This section includes a 257:X originated as part of 6210:Resolution independence 4821:Shared memory extension 4581:(Christopher B. Browne) 4010:Modularization Proposal 3444:"Q&A: The X Factor" 3112:"MirSpec – Ubuntu Wiki" 2512:Current stable version: 1922:IBM RT PC, AT (running 1850:Most important changes 1497:, with Jim focusing on 1164:Remote Desktop Protocol 335:more precise citations. 4756:X Window authorization 4657:Cite journal requires 4605:Ottawa Linux Symposium 4537:, Digital Press 1996, 4442:; Karlton, Philip L.; 4150:. 1997. Archived from 2939:GNOME Developer Center 2608:Bitstream Speedo Fonts 2583: 2556:Latest preview version 2133:; X Record extension. 1524: 1321: 1300: 1092:bought NeXT, and used 946: 686: 673: 493:communication protocol 463: 382:operating systems and 5914:Project Looking Glass 4811:X Rendering Extension 3576:"Keith Packard issue" 3385:Browne, Christopher. 3001:. 4.6. Archived from 2812:"The X window system" 2643:Microwindows (Nano-X) 2638:List of Unix commands 2418:XServer 1.4.0, Input 1977:Last version of X10. 1709:Project Looking Glass 1520: 1319: 1045:non-local X servers. 1023:round-trip delay time 944: 854:User interface issues 681: 668: 460: 447:Further information: 443:Software architecture 397:X provides the basic 289:Purpose and abilities 6266:Open Group standards 5992:Motif Window Manager 5557:Desktop environments 4983:X Toolkit Intrinsics 4801:X keyboard extension 4522:UNIX-HATERS Handbook 4446:(10 December 1990). 3924:(16 February 2004). 3884:. 18 February 2004. 3644:on 14 February 2009. 3261:Garfinkel, Simson L. 3229:Garfinkel, Simson L. 2887:Debian Mailing Lists 2131:X keyboard extension 1747:Unix-Haters Handbook 1659:The X.Org Foundation 1282:(RobertW.Scheifler) 596:improve this article 418:network transparency 279:open-source software 250:displays, common on 32:X11 (disambiguation) 6205:Painter's algorithm 5623:Java Desktop System 4861:Composite Extension 4597:, 25 February 2004) 4464:on 19 October 2023. 4129:XFree86 and X11R6.3 3834:on 27 December 2004 3824:"Discussing issues" 3769:on 22 December 2004 3738:on 12 February 2005 3704:on 12 February 2005 3670:on 12 February 2005 3586:on 12 February 2005 3555:on 12 February 2005 3528:. 1 December 1999. 3502:on 12 February 2005 3423:on 7 September 2005 3411:(2 February 2004). 3340:on 24 February 2021 3143:. 20 December 2018. 3021:"An LBX Postmortem" 2862:on 11 November 2009 2829:10.1145/22949.24053 2151:Web functionality, 1531:toolkit and of the 1261:). W ran under the 1121:was a project from 1034:Unix domain sockets 437:transparent network 254:operating systems. 41: 4856:Display PostScript 4751:X Window selection 4444:McGregor, Scott A. 4189:Changes Since R6.8 3366:on 6 December 1998 2883:"Re: X is painful" 2797:die.net Linux Docs 2422:, output hotplug ( 1592:IBM PC compatibles 1525: 1322: 1263:V operating system 1128:Wayland compositor 1067:Display PostScript 947: 687: 674: 464: 308:list of references 73:Original author(s) 63:, the default X11 6243: 6242: 6113: 6112: 5788: 5787: 5523: 5522: 5379: 5378: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5059: 4831:X video extension 4796:X Image Extension 3926:"XFree86 license" 3828:forum@xfree86.org 3822:(14 April 2003). 3820:Pennington, Havoc 3800:on 6 January 2005 3794:forum@xfree86.org 3763:forum@xfree86.org 3732:forum@xfree86.org 3698:forum@xfree86.org 3692:(21 March 2003). 3664:forum@xfree86.org 3611:devel@xfree86.org 3580:forum@xfree86.org 3549:forum@xfree86.org 3496:forum@xfree86.org 3417:forum@xfree86.org 3272:Technology Review 3263:(May–June 1989). 3240:Technology Review 3208:groups.google.com 2778:978-0-937175-14-9 2568: 2567: 2446:23 September 2008 2293:17 September 2004 2111:X Image extension 2088:X video extension 1989:15 September 1987 1579:X.Org and XFree86 1571:, the Open Group 1507:Chris D. Peterson 1246:terminal (1982). 812:X display manager 661: 660: 646: 611:"X Window System" 392:operating systems 361: 360: 353: 228: 227: 16:(Redirected from 6288: 6235:Windowing system 6190:Desktop metaphor 5862: 5822:Plasma Bigscreen 5590: 5550: 5543: 5536: 5527: 5406: 5399: 5392: 5383: 5063: 5053: 4997:Session managers 4993:Display managers 4966:Client libraries 4883: 4783: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4687: 4685:Official website 4666: 4660: 4655: 4653: 4645: 4643: 4624: 4530: 4496: 4491:. Archived from 4490: 4465: 4463: 4457:. 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2007 2409: 2391: 2390:15 February 2007 2385: 2367: 2361: 2344:code refactoring 2332: 2331:21 December 2005 2324: 2314: 2313:10 February 2005 2308: 2297:Security fix in 2294: 2288: 2270: 2269:8 September 2004 2264: 2246: 2240: 2230: 2224: 2215: 2209: 2199: 2193: 2180: 2174: 2148: 2147:23 December 1996 2140: 2126: 2120: 2103: 2097: 2080:color management 2068: 2067:5 September 1991 2062: 2041: 2040:22 December 1989 2035: 2022: 2016: 2006: 2000: 1990: 1984: 1974: 1968: 1954: 1948: 1939: 1933: 1919: 1913: 1899: 1893: 1883: 1877: 1863: 1857: 1841: 1688:GNOME Foundation 1670: 1665:X.Org Foundation 1484:MIT X Consortium 1471:Simson Garfinkel 1406:Brown University 1312: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1259:English alphabet 804:broadcast domain 656: 653: 647: 645: 604: 576: 568: 525: 356: 349: 345: 342: 336: 331:this section by 322:inline citations 301: 300: 293: 267:X.Org Foundation 244:windowing system 224: 221: 219: 195:Windowing system 141:Operating system 129: 109: 107: 102: 90:X.Org Foundation 58: 49: 42: 21: 6296: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6256:X Window System 6246: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6220:Virtual desktop 6173: 6120: 6109: 6051: 5923: 5853: 5850: 5843: 5784: 5735: 5701: 5652: 5581: 5578: 5571: 5561:window managers 5554: 5524: 5519: 5416: 5410: 5380: 5375: 5329: 5325:freedesktop.org 5290: 5232: 5104: 5052: 5050:Window managers 5044: 4995: 4987: 4961: 4887:Display servers 4879:implementations 4878: 4876: 4870: 4851:Multi-Pointer X 4816:Shape extension 4784: 4775: 4761:X11 color names 4730: 4728:X Window System 4725: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4674: 4656: 4646: 4641:10.1.1.109.3314 4633: 4610: 4593:(Oscar Boykin, 4514: 4495:on 4 July 2022. 4468: 4461: 4450: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4397: 4395: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4287: 4285: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4243: 4241: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4191:21 October 2005 4187: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4154:on 7 July 1997. 4140: 4139: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4105:"X Windows FAQ" 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4033: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4008: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3984: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3939: 3937: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3901: 3900: 3893: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3803: 3801: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3397:on 1 June 2008. 3384: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3274:. pp. 9–13 3267: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3244: 3242: 3235: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3118:on 17 June 2013 3110: 3109: 3105: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3005: 2994: 2990:Gettys, James. 2989: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2853: 2852: 2845: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2672:X11 color names 2598: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2564: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2519: 2511: 2497: 2491: 2466:26 October 2009 2465: 2459: 2445: 2439: 2413: 2407: 2389: 2383: 2365: 2359: 2342:, major source 2330: 2326: 2322: 2312: 2306: 2292: 2286: 2268: 2262: 2244: 2238: 2228: 2222: 2213: 2207: 2197: 2191: 2178: 2172: 2165:Low Bandwidth X 2146: 2142: 2138: 2124: 2118: 2101: 2095: 2066: 2060: 2053:shape extension 2039: 2033: 2021:25 October 1988 2020: 2014: 2004: 1998: 1988: 1982: 1972: 1966: 1952: 1946: 1937: 1931: 1926:), and others. 1917: 1911: 1897: 1891: 1881: 1875: 1861: 1855: 1839: 1829: 1827:Release history 1756: 1738: 1713:Croquet project 1680:Hewlett-Packard 1668: 1661: 1581: 1541: 1476:VAXstation 2000 1467: 1418:Hewlett-Packard 1314: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1271: 1226:(1983) and the 1216:Display Manager 1212:Apollo Computer 1206:(1973) and the 1196: 1191: 1051: 1019: 939: 891: 883:Turing-complete 856: 839: 792: 786: 739: 737:Implementations 676: 675: 657: 651: 648: 605: 603: 589: 577: 566: 564:User interfaces 535: 531:export DISPLAY= 513: 455: 445: 386:, and has been 357: 346: 340: 337: 326: 312:related reading 302: 298: 291: 273:, available as 232:X Window System 216: 183:W Window System 131: 105: 103: 100: 96:Initial release 67: 40:X Window System 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6294: 6292: 6284: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6271:Remote desktop 6268: 6263: 6258: 6248: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6225:Widget toolkit 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6185:Display server 6181: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6125: 6123: 6115: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6061: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5859: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5824: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5798: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5763: 5749: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5712: 5710: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5663: 5661: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5599: 5597: 5587: 5573: 5572: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5530: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5414:The Open Group 5411: 5409: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5386: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5114: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5060: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5001: 4999: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4891: 4889: 4880: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4766:X Input Method 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4740: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4678: 4677:External links 4675: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4659:|journal= 4631: 4625: 4608: 4598: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4562: 4556: 4545: 4531: 4515:Hopkins, Don. 4512: 4497: 4466: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4414:"Releases/7.8" 4405: 4392:"Releases/7.7" 4383: 4361: 4339: 4317: 4295: 4273: 4251: 4229: 4217: 4205: 4193: 4181: 4169: 4157: 4147:The Open Group 4133: 4121: 4109: 4094: 4074:comp.windows.x 4056: 4044: 4026: 4014: 4002: 3990: 3970: 3947: 3922:de Raadt, Theo 3913: 3891: 3869: 3845: 3811: 3780: 3749: 3724:Packard, Keith 3715: 3690:Packard, Keith 3681: 3647: 3628: 3597: 3566: 3535: 3513: 3482: 3469:Packard, Keith 3460: 3434: 3400: 3377: 3351: 3325: 3313: 3301: 3285: 3252: 3220: 3195: 3180: 3158: 3146: 3129: 3103: 3080: 3057: 3034: 3011: 2982: 2956: 2926: 2896: 2873: 2854:Hopkins, Don. 2843: 2802: 2784: 2777: 2759: 2753:10.1.1.31.8727 2734: 2713: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2587: 2584: 2566: 2565: 2561:Future release 2559: 2554: 2550:Latest version 2547: 2542: 2537: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2517: 2508: 2507: 2500: 2495: 2488: 2487: 2468: 2463: 2456: 2455: 2448: 2443: 2436: 2435: 2416: 2411: 2404: 2403: 2392: 2387: 2380: 2379: 2368: 2363: 2356: 2355: 2333: 2328: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2310: 2303: 2302: 2295: 2290: 2283: 2282: 2271: 2266: 2259: 2258: 2247: 2242: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2226: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2214:20 August 2000 2211: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2195: 2188: 2187: 2181: 2176: 2169: 2168: 2161:browser plugin 2149: 2144: 2135: 2134: 2127: 2122: 2115: 2114: 2104: 2099: 2092: 2091: 2069: 2064: 2057: 2056: 2042: 2037: 2030: 2029: 2023: 2018: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2002: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1986: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1970: 1963: 1962: 1955: 1950: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1935: 1928: 1927: 1920: 1915: 1908: 1907: 1900: 1898:September 1985 1895: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1879: 1872: 1871: 1864: 1859: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1828: 1825: 1821:Zaphod display 1817: 1816: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1789: 1788:virtual screen 1786: 1779: 1776: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1755: 1752: 1737: 1734: 1660: 1657: 1580: 1577: 1545:The Open Group 1540: 1539:The Open Group 1537: 1466: 1463: 1450:Smokey Wallace 1359:Andrew Project 1342:Project Athena 1330:Project Athena 1305:Project Athena 1292:windowsystemX 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1236:Andrew Project 1234:world had the 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1179: 1173: 1161: 1151: 1150: 1135: 1132:display server 1123:Canonical Ltd. 1116: 1107:hardware, via 1098: 1090:Apple Computer 1050: 1047: 1018: 1015: 982:packet sniffer 975:VNC :0 viewers 938: 935: 915:focus stealing 890: 887: 855: 852: 838: 835: 788:Main article: 785: 782: 738: 735: 663: 662: 659: 658: 594:. Please help 580: 578: 571: 565: 562: 561: 560: 557: 554: 551: 538: 537: 530: 527: 520: 512: 511:Remote desktop 509: 485: 484: 481: 475: 444: 441: 411:user interface 376:protocol stack 359: 358: 341:September 2024 316:external links 305: 303: 296: 290: 287: 259:Project Athena 226: 225: 214: 210: 209: 204: 198: 197: 192: 186: 185: 180: 176: 175: 173:Cross-platform 170: 164: 163: 143: 137: 136: 133: 132: 123: 121: 119:Stable release 115: 114: 111: 110: 99:June 1984 97: 93: 92: 87: 81: 80: 78:Project Athena 75: 69: 68: 65:window manager 59: 51: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6293: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6129:Enlightenment 6127: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6116: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5879:Enlightenment 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5827:Plasma Mobile 5825: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5747:Looking Glass 5745: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5580: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5551: 5546: 5544: 5539: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5528: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5419: 5415: 5412:Standards by 5407: 5402: 5400: 5395: 5393: 5388: 5387: 5384: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5100:Enlightenment 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4873: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4746: 4745:Core protocol 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4717: 4715: 4710: 4708: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4692: 4686: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4651: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4553:Keith Packard 4550: 4546: 4544: 4543:1-55558-148-X 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4510: 4509:0-937175-83-8 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4488:10.1.1.8.2723 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4440:Gettys, James 4437: 4436: 4431: 4415: 4409: 4406: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4371: 4365: 4362: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4305: 4299: 4296: 4283: 4277: 4274: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4170: 4167:31 March 1998 4166: 4161: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4137: 4134: 4131:December 1999 4130: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4103: 4098: 4095: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4057: 4054:February 2005 4053: 4048: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4024:21 April 2006 4023: 4018: 4015: 4012:31 March 2005 4011: 4006: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3991: 3983: 3982: 3974: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3948: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3781: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3750: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3682: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3629: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3598: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3567: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3448:Computerworld 3445: 3438: 3435: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3378: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3339: 3335: 3334:"X Statement" 3329: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3302: 3299: 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