721:
53:
957:
31:
1040:
390:
1518:
462:
1530:
293:
Xystodemids are characterized by a relatively broad and compact body shape and one or more spines on the second leg-segments (prefemoral spines) in most species. Millipedes in this family range from 8 mm to 85 mm in length, with moderately convex bodies that taper toward both the front and especially
366:, adult females have 22 segments and adult males have 21, with a corresponding increase in the number of leg pairs (35 in adult females and 32 in adult males, excluding the gonopods). Some species in this genus also exhibit variation in segment number within the same sex, for example, in
1150:
Paul E. Marek & Jason E. Bond (2006). "Phylogenetic systematics of the colorful, cyanide-producing millipedes of
Appalachia (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini) using a total evidence Bayesian approach".
485:
stated in his 1999 checklist: "I am by no means satisfied that this is the definitive arrangement, nor that the tribal divisions of the
Xystodesminae are entirely satisfactory either."
285:, Africa, Asia, Central and North America, and Russia. Species in this family often have very small distributional areas, with many species only known from a single locality.
251:. This family includes more than 390 known species distributed among 62 genera. Many species, however, remain undescribed: for example, it is estimated that the genus
1697:
1723:
1497:
1079:
Enghoff, Henrik; Golovatch, Sergei; Short, Megan; Stoev, Pavel; Wesener, Thomas (2015). "Diplopoda — Taxanomic
Overview". In Minelli, Alessandro (ed.).
1671:
1710:
1256:
1153:
1088:
278:
1481:
Hoffman, R. 1999. Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle
America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publications 8, 1–553
382:
The family is divided into three subfamilies: the
Melaphinae with around 10 species, the Parafontariinae with a dozen species in a single
305:
Colors range from pitch black to pallid, often with vivid patterns. This family contains many colorful and distinctive species, including
1190:"A revision of the wilsoni species group in the millipede genus Nannaria Chamberlin, 1918 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae)"
1749:
1375:"Anamorphosis in Millipedes (Diplopoda) — The Present State of Knowledge with Some Developmental and Phylogenetic Considerations"
1374:
1522:
1715:
1248:
1053:
52:
1782:
1593:
720:
1728:
1650:
1663:
1491:
1110:. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol. 9. New York: New York Academy of Sciences. pp. 1–9 .
318:
1534:
842:
1787:
1546:
1451:
1104:
Cook, O.F. (1895). "Introductory note on the families of
Diplopoda". In Cook, O.F.; Collins, G.N. (eds.).
856:
307:
39:
1598:
274:
1777:
1754:
1632:
1320:
1105:
681:
362:
352:
344:
134:
1425:
961:
870:
505:
313:
282:
270:
887:
821:
1584:
1121:
1017:
769:
636:
589:
482:
356:, notable for having more than the 20 segments (counting the collum as the first segment and the
240:(the "flat-backed" or "keeled" millipedes). The family Xystodesmidae was created by the American
192:
47:
1024:
547:
519:
435:
1003:
996:
989:
849:
743:
610:
540:
533:
526:
1736:
1619:
1348:
1252:
1217:
1170:
1084:
1045:
966:
736:
705:
582:
568:
554:
295:
1702:
1236:
561:
428:
1741:
1459:
1338:
1328:
1207:
1197:
1189:
1162:
982:
750:
219:
1501:
956:
478:
328:
234:
227:
168:
257:
contains over 200 species, but only 25 were described as of 2006. By 2022, 78 species in
1324:
1658:
1645:
1396:
1343:
1308:
1212:
374:
has the maximum number of segments recorded in this family (29, including the telson).
244:
30:
1771:
902:
473:(Bollman). Purchase Knob, Smokies National Park, Haywood County, North Carolina, USA.
414:
230:
124:
389:
277:, where one-third of the 300 or so species occur. They are particularly abundant in
1624:
1400:
1039:
913:
758:
449:
394:
180:
1273:
1684:
1578:
1493:
A Species
Catalog of the Millipede Family Xystodesmidae (Diplopoda: Polydesmida)
1166:
927:
835:
783:
776:
657:
650:
575:
237:
114:
1569:
1517:
1202:
461:
1463:
1035:
941:
894:
828:
618:
1333:
1010:
863:
596:
512:
498:
339:
333:
241:
223:
104:
94:
84:
64:
1352:
1221:
1174:
1083:. Vol. 2. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. p. 399.
370:, adult males can have as few as 19 segments or as many as 23. The species
1529:
1606:
1563:
1456:
Treatise on
Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 2
975:
814:
807:
698:
643:
629:
603:
253:
149:
360:
as the last) usually found the
Polydesmida. For example, in the species
1611:
1274:"The Taxonomic and Nomenclatorial Status of the Milliped Generic Names
934:
920:
800:
664:
347:, in which unrelated species resemble one another where they co-occur.
323:
1689:
357:
299:
74:
1676:
1540:
1243:. In Karen Terwilliger, John R. Tate & Susan L. Woodward (ed.).
1504:
Special
Publication 17. Virginia Museum of Natural History. 140 p.
955:
728:
719:
460:
388:
383:
1637:
1544:
1373:
Enghoff, Henrik; Dohle, Wolfgang; Blower, J. Gordon (1993).
1188:
Hennen, Derek A.; Means, Jackson C.; Marek, Paul E. (2022).
1296:. München :Zoologische Staatssammlung München: 215–224 .
1245:
A Guide to Endangered and Threatened Species in Virginia
481:, each ending in the suffix "-ini", although taxonomist
386:, and the Xystodesminae, with many genera and species.
1436:: 448–460 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
1309:"A Mullerian mimicry ring in Appalachian millipedes"
1553:
477:The subfamily Xystodesminae is subdivided into ten
350:This family also includes the cave-dwelling genus
1313:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
269:Millipedes in this family are found across the
1477:
1475:
1473:
1430:Annales de la Société Entomologique de France
1401:"External Anatomy of Polydesmida: Body plans"
8:
1541:
29:
20:
1379:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1342:
1332:
1211:
1201:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1064:
1122:"MilliBase - Xystodesmidae Cook, 1895"
1107:The Craspedosomatidae of North America
1445:
1443:
1154:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
7:
1664:2aaf24f7-27a2-4a23-91bb-60ddc41014db
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1286:Attems (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae)"
1237:"Laurel Creek Xystodesmid Milliped
465:Unidentified Xystodesmidae, either
327:exhibit the only known examples of
172:
164:
1450:Minelli, Alessandro (2015-01-01).
1307:Marek, P. E.; Bond, J. E. (2009).
302:are normally large and prominent.
247:in 1895 and named after the genus
14:
1528:
1516:
1038:
51:
331:in the Polydesmida. Species of
1:
1249:University of Tennessee Press
273:, with peak diversity in the
1054:List of Xystodesmidae genera
343:in the Appalachians exhibit
1235:Richard L. Hoffman (1995).
1167:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.043
279:deciduous broadleaf forests
187:c. 60 genera, 300+ species
1804:
1203:10.3897/zookeys.1096.73485
319:Sierra luminous millipedes
298:are slender and long. The
1490:Marek, P., et al. (2014)
1464:10.1163/9789004188273_012
1452:"Diplopoda — development"
1424:Brölemann, H.-W. (1902).
443:Subfamily Parafontariinae
198:
191:
186:
179:
162:
157:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
1426:"Myriapodes Cavericoles"
727:, a species of northern
317:of the western U.S. The
311:of the eastern U.S. and
1334:10.1073/pnas.0810408106
457:Subfamily Xystodesminae
970:
969:of the U.S. and Canada
731:
474:
399:
395:Parafontaria tonominea
308:Apheloria virginiensis
40:Apheloria virginiensis
1272:Hoffman, R L (1978).
959:
723:
464:
392:
275:Appalachian Mountains
261:have been described.
1659:Fauna Europaea (new)
1537:at Wikimedia Commons
403:Subfamily Melaphinae
16:Family of millipedes
1325:2009PNAS..106.9755M
1239:Sigmoria whiteheadi
965:, a species of the
962:Harpaphe haydeniana
314:Harpaphe haydeniana
283:Mediterranean Basin
271:northern hemisphere
1783:Millipede families
1500:2017-01-24 at the
971:
732:
475:
471:Cherokia georgiana
400:
294:the rear end. The
1765:
1764:
1737:Open Tree of Life
1547:Taxon identifiers
1533:Media related to
1405:myriapodology.org
1319:(24): 9755–9760.
1258:978-0-939923-31-1
1126:www.millibase.org
1090:978-90-04-15612-8
1046:Arthropods portal
967:Pacific Northwest
953:
908:
882:
795:
764:
717:
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676:
624:
493:
467:Apheloria montana
345:Müllerian mimicry
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1521:Data related to
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1196:(1096): 17–118.
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207:Chamberlin, 1950
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33:
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1502:Wayback Machine
1489:
1485:
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1471:
1449:
1448:
1441:
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1397:Mesibov, Robert
1395:
1394:
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1360:
1306:
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794:Brolemann, 1916
675:Brölemann, 1916
483:Richard Hoffman
459:
445:
405:
380:
329:bioluminescence
291:
267:
204:
171:
169:Parafontariinae
167:
147:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1801:
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1646:Fauna Europaea
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1551:
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1526:
1525:at Wikispecies
1512:
1511:External links
1509:
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1282:Verhoeff, and
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1251:. p. 58.
1227:
1180:
1161:(3): 704–729.
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378:Classification
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368:D. subterranea
363:D. tuberculata
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245:Orator F. Cook
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135:Xystodesmoidea
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1081:The Myriapoda
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952:Hoffman, 1980
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469:(Bollman) or
468:
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415:Macellolophus
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365:
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348:
346:
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321:of the genus
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216:Xystodesmidae
209:
205:Eurydesmidae
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194:
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173:Xystodesminae
170:
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131:Superfamily:
130:
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125:Leptodesmidea
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881:Causey, 1955
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265:Distribution
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202:Attems, 1926
200:Fontariidae
199:
163:
158:Subfamilies
144:
38:
18:
1778:Polydesmida
1685:iNaturalist
1579:Wikispecies
1458:: 267–302.
1018:Xystodesmus
928:Parcipromus
843:Stenodesmus
836:Rhysodesmus
784:Thrinaxoria
777:Pachydesmus
770:Dicellarius
658:Semionellus
651:Selenocheir
637:Metaxycheir
590:Prionogonus
576:Furcillaria
489:Apheloriini
289:Description
249:Xystodesmus
238:Polydesmida
233:within the
115:Polydesmida
91:Subphylum:
1772:Categories
1410:2022-02-20
1385:: 103–234.
1280:Caphonaria
1278:Verhoeff,
1131:2024-08-03
1060:References
1025:Yaetakaria
942:Xystocheir
907:Cook, 1904
895:Sigmocheir
829:Pleuroloma
672:Devilleini
619:Chonaphini
548:Deltotaria
520:Brevigonus
436:Ochridaphe
398:from Japan
372:D. doderoi
224:millipedes
165:Melaphinae
121:Suborder:
85:Arthropoda
1284:Japonaria
1011:Thrinaphe
1004:Riukiaria
997:Levizonus
990:Koreoaria
864:Lourdesia
850:Caralinda
744:Pamelaphe
689:Nannarini
611:Stelgipus
597:Rudiloria
541:Croatania
534:Cleptoria
527:Cheiropus
513:Brachoria
499:Apheloria
422:Melaphini
340:Brachoria
334:Apheloria
242:biologist
181:Diversity
105:Diplopoda
95:Myriapoda
71:Kingdom:
65:Eukaryota
1638:46953670
1607:BugGuide
1570:Q3720113
1564:Wikidata
1498:Archived
1353:19487663
1290:Spixiana
1222:35837667
1175:16876439
1032:See also
976:Harpaphe
857:Gonoessa
815:Erdelyia
808:Cherokia
737:Kiulinga
713:Orophini
706:Oenomaea
699:Nannaria
682:Devillea
644:Montaphe
630:Chonaphe
604:Sigmoria
583:Lyrranea
569:Falloria
555:Dixioria
353:Devillea
300:paranota
296:antennae
259:Nannaria
254:Nannaria
228:suborder
193:Synonyms
141:Family:
81:Phylum:
75:Animalia
61:Domain:
1344:2700981
1321:Bibcode
1213:9033750
1194:ZooKeys
935:Wamokia
921:Motyxia
801:Boraria
665:Tubaphe
562:Dynoria
429:Melaphe
324:Motyxia
281:in the
226:in the
111:Order:
101:Class:
1755:888805
1742:138196
1729:382860
1716:569031
1703:111294
1599:167522
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983:Isaphe
751:Orophe
479:tribes
358:telson
220:family
152:, 1895
1750:WoRMS
1698:IRMNG
1690:47739
1651:11568
1625:7NLKX
1612:60547
729:Idaho
384:genus
235:order
218:is a
1724:NCBI
1711:ITIS
1677:4036
1672:GBIF
1594:BOLD
1349:PMID
1253:ISBN
1218:PMID
1171:PMID
1085:ISBN
337:and
150:Cook
1633:EoL
1620:CoL
1460:doi
1383:109
1339:PMC
1329:doi
1317:106
1208:PMC
1198:doi
1163:doi
222:of
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