36:
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separated into one electron in the core levels of the selected atomic species of the system and N-1 passive electrons. In this approximation the final state is described by a core hole in the atomic core level and an excited photoelectron. The final state has a very short life time because of the short life-time of the core hole and the short mean free path of the excited photoelectron with kinetic energy in the range around 20-50 eV. The core hole is filled either via an
142:
232:. Because soft x-rays are absorbed by air, the synchrotron radiation travels from the ring in an evacuated beam-line to the end-station where the specimen to be studied is mounted. Specialized beam-lines intended for NEXAFS studies often have additional capabilities such as heating a sample or exposing it to a dose of reactive gas.
212:
168:
since the photoelectron itself need not be detected. The effect of measuring fluorescent photons, Auger electrons, and directly emitted electrons is to sum over all possible final states of the photoelectrons, meaning that what NEXAFS measures is the total joint density of states of the initial core
145:
The fundamental processes which contribute to XANES spectra: 1) photoabsorption of an x-ray into a core level followed by photoelectron emission, followed by either 2) (left) filling of the core hole by an electron in another level, accompanied by fluorescence; or (right) filling of the core hole by
132:
Both XANES and NEXAFS are acceptable terms for the same technique. XANES name was invented in 1980 by
Antonio Bianconi to indicate strong absorption peaks in X-ray absorption spectra in condensed matter due to multiple scattering resonances above the ionization energy. The name NEXAFS was introduced
620:
The near-edge structure is characteristic of an environment and valence state hence one of its more common uses is in fingerprinting: if you have a mixture of sites/compounds in a sample you can fit the measured spectra with a linear combinations of NEXAFS spectra of known species and determine the
293:
processes in the single-scattering regime, EXAFS (this assumes the single scattering approximation... multiple scattering can be considered with EXAFS), and in the multiple scattering regime, XANES. In EXAFS the photoelectron is scattered only by a single neighbour atom, in XANES all the scattering
163:
experiments is that in photoemission, the initial photoelectron itself is measured, while in NEXAFS the fluorescent photon or Auger electron or an inelastically scattered photoelectron may also be measured. The distinction sounds trivial but is actually significant: in photoemission the final state
586:
The great power of NEXAFS derives from its elemental specificity. Because the various elements have different core level energies, NEXAFS permits extraction of the signal from a surface monolayer or even a single buried layer in the presence of a huge background signal. Buried layers are very
302:
The fine structure in the x-ray absorption spectra in the high energy range extending from about 150 eV beyond the ionization potential is a powerful tool to determine the atomic pair distribution (i.e. interatomic distances) with a time scale of about 10 s. In fact the final state of the excited
150:
The fundamental phenomenon underlying XANES is the absorption of an x-ray photon by condensed matter with the formation of many body excited states characterized by a core hole in a selected atomic core level (refer to the first Figure). In the single-particle theory approximation, the system is
177:
are helpful in the interpretation of NEXAFS spectra. When the x-ray photon energy resonantly connects a core level with a narrow final state in a solid, such as an exciton, readily identifiable characteristic peaks will appear in the spectrum. These narrow characteristic spectral peaks give the
286:
521:
603:. The ability of NEXAFS to study buried atoms is due to its integration over all final states including inelastically scattered electrons, as opposed to photoemission and Auger spectroscopy, which study atoms only with a layer or two of the surface.
123:
level to final states in the energy region of 50β100 eV above the selected atomic core level ionization energy, where the wavelength of the photoelectron is larger than the interatomic distance between the absorbing atom and its first neighbour atoms.
910:"X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) Spectroscopy", G. S. Henderson, F. M. F. de Groot, B. J. A. Moulton in Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy and Materials Sciences, (G.S. Henderson, D. R. Neuville, R. T. Downs, Eds)
641:
669:(SSRL) by A. Bianconi. In 1982 the first paper on the application of XANES for determination of local structural geometrical distortions using multiple scattering theory was published by A. Bianconi, P. J. Durham and
257:
in a pure single crystal at zero temperature is as large as infinite, and it remains very large, increasing the energy of the final state up to about 5 eV above the Fermi level. Beyond the role of the unoccupied
227:
in which the sample is connected to ground through an ammeter and the neutralization current is monitored. Because NEXAFS measurements require an intense tunable source of soft x-rays, they are performed at
921:"X-ray Absorption: Principles, Applications, Techniques of EXAFS, SEXAFS, and XANES", D. C. Koningsberger, R. Prins; A. Bianconi, P.J. Durham Chapters, Chemical Analysis 92, John Wiley & Sons, 1988.
375:
673:. In 1983 the first NEXAFS paper examining molecules adsorbed on surfaces appeared. The first XAFS paper, describing the intermediate region between EXAFS and XANES, appeared in 1987.
164:
of the emitted electron captured in the detector must be an extended, free-electron state. By contrast, in NEXAFS the final state of the photoelectron may be a bound state such as an
610:(very difficult to experimentally determine in a nondestructive way); coordination environment (e.g., octahedral, tetrahedral coordination) and subtle geometrical distortions of it.
526:
which means that for high energy the wavelength is shorter than interatomic distances and hence the EXAFS region corresponds to a single scattering regime; while for lower E,
562:
of the photoelectron excited at the atomic absorption site and scattered by neighbor atoms. The local character of the final states is determined by the short photoelectron
215:
Normal-incidence boron 1s x-ray absorption spectra for two types of BN powder. The cubic phase shows only Ο-bonding while the hexagonal phase shows both Ο and Ο bonding.
924:"Principles and Applications of EXAFS" Chapter 10 in Handbook of Synchrotron Radiation, pp 995β1014. E. A. Stern and S. M. Heald, E. E. Koch, ed., North-Holland, 1983.
896:
841:
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effects than initial states, meaning that NEXAFS spectra are more easily calculable than photoemission spectra. Due to the summation over final states, various
169:
level with all final states, consistent with conservation rules. The distinction is critical because in spectroscopy final states are more susceptible to
1312:
666:
595:. Because NEXAFS can also determine the chemical state of elements which are present in bulk in minute quantities, it has found widespread use in
1375:
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994:
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that may have a particular orientation on a surface. The angle dependence of the x-ray absorption tracks the orientation of resonant bonds due to
315:
In the NEXAFS region, starting about 5 eV beyond the absorption threshold, because of the low kinetic energy range (5-150 eV) the photoelectron
1458:
1234:
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The different energy range between NEXAFS and EXAFS can be also explained in a very simple manner by the comparison between the photoelectron
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804:"Multiple-scattering resonances and structural effects in the x-ray-absorption near-edge spectra of Fe II and Fe III hexacyanide complexes"
57:
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and the interatomic distance of the photoabsorber-backscatterer pair. The photoelectron kinetic energy is connected with the wavelength
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79:
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112:
665:
The acronym XANES was first used in 1980 during interpretation of multiple scattering resonances spectra measured at the
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682:
516:{\displaystyle E_{\text{kinetic}}=h\nu -E_{\text{binding}}=\hbar ^{2}k^{2}/(2m)=(2\pi )^{2}\hbar ^{2}/(2m\lambda ^{2}),}
133:
in 1983 by Jo Stohr and is synonymous with XANES, but is generally used when applied to surface and molecular science.
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987:
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50:
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In the absorption edge region of insulators the photoelectron is excited to the first unoccupied level above the
178:
NEXAFS technique a lot of its analytical power as illustrated by the B 1s Ο* exciton shown in the second Figure.
61:
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851:"Multiple scattering regime and higher order correlations in X-ray absorption spectra of liquid solutions"
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that can be utilized to great advantage in NEXAFS studies. The commonly studied molecular adsorbates have
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can be seen. Thus NEXAFS spectra can be used as a probe of the unoccupied band structure of a material.
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proportion of each site/compound in the sample. One example of such a use is the determination of the
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782:
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185:
739:
Bianconi, Antonio (1980). "Surface X-ray absorption spectroscopy: Surface EXAFS and surface XANES".
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958:
607:
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M. Benfatto, C. R. Natoli, A. Bianconi, J. Garcia, A. Marcelli, M. Fanfoni, and I. Davoli (1986).
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A. Bianconi (1980). "Surface X-ray
Absorption Spectroscopy: Surface EXAFS and Surface XANES".
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NEXAFS calculation on the basis of full-potential (linearized) augmented plane-wave approach.
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870:
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photoelectron in the high kinetic energy range (150-2000 eV ) is determined only by single
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Calculation of NEXAFS using finite difference method and full multiple scattering theory.
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is larger than interatomic distances and the XANES region is associated with a multiple
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effects appear as an "infrared singularity" at the absorption threshold in metals.
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process or by capture of an electron from another shell followed by emission of a
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Type of X-ray absorption spectrometry requiring a synchrotron radiation facility
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Calculation of NEXAFS using spin-orbit coupling TDDFT or the Slater-TS method.
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The absorption peaks of NEXAFS spectra are determined by multiple scattering
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Much chemical information can be extracted from the NEXAFS region: formal
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574:) and collective electronic oscillations of the valence electrons called
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buried beneath a surface lubricant or dopants below an electrode in an
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but the unscreened core hole forms a localized bound state called core
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an electron in another level followed by emission of an Auger electron.
219:
Soft x-ray absorption spectra are usually measured either through the
1042:
718:
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17:
802:
A. Bianconi, M. Dell'Ariccia, P. J. Durham and J. B. Pendry (1982).
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event (3), (4), (5) etc. contribute to the absorption cross section.
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NEXAFS fitting using multidimensional interpolation approximation.
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that indicates the features in the X-ray absorption spectra (
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NEXAFS calculation using plane-wave pseudopotential approach
697:
Calculation of NEXAFS using full multiple scattering theory.
319:
amplitude by neighbor atoms is very large so that multiple
307:
events due to the low amplitude photoelectron scattering.
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photon. The difference between NEXAFS and traditional
703:
NEXAFS fitting using full multiple scattering theory.
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and matrix elements in single electron excitations,
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of the photoelectron by electron-hole excitations (
249:is excited to the first unoccupied level above the
613:Transitions to bound vacant states just above the
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115:) of condensed matter due to the photoabsorption
294:pathways, classified according to the number of
967:A practical introduction to multiple scattering
587:important in engineering applications, such as
323:events become dominant in the NEXAFS spectra.
988:
245:In the absorption edge region of metals, the
8:
895:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
840:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
644:The XANES experiments done on plutonium in
223:in which emitted photons are monitored, or
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667:Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
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101:near edge X-ray absorption fine structure
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
912:Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry
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43:This article includes a list of general
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959:XANES measurements and interpretation
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93:X-ray absorption near edge structure
119:for electronic transitions from an
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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289:Pictorial view of photoelectron
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775:Applications of Surface Science
741:Applications of Surface Science
652:and standards of the different
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1:
1459:X-ray absorption spectroscopy
930:by J. StΓΆhr, Springer 1992,
795:10.1016/0378-5963(80)90024-0
761:10.1016/0378-5963(80)90024-0
677:Software for NEXAFS analysis
369:by the following relation:
207:Experimental considerations
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1267:X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging
1155:Anomalous X-ray scattering
916:DOI:10.2138/rmg.2014.78.3
1094:Synchrotron light source
875:10.1103/PhysRevB.34.5774
828:10.1103/PhysRevB.26.6502
589:magnetic recording media
539:{\displaystyle \lambda }
362:{\displaystyle \lambda }
342:{\displaystyle \lambda }
1113:Interaction with matter
1072:Sources and instruments
597:environmental chemistry
109:absorption spectroscopy
64:more precise citations.
1245:Diffraction tomography
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1356:X-ray crystallography
1225:Soft x-ray microscopy
1193:Panoramic radiography
1033:Synchrotron radiation
914:vol. 78, p 75, 2014.
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225:total electron yield,
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182:Synchrotron radiation
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1125:Photoelectric effect
1058:Characteristic X-ray
951:Fundamentals of XAFS
568:inelastic scattering
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1145:Photodisintegration
1120:Rayleigh scattering
1099:Free-electron laser
928:NEXAFS Spectroscopy
867:1986PhRvB..34.5774B
820:1982PhRvB..26.6502B
787:1980ApSS....6..392B
753:1980ApSS....6..392B
311:NEXAFS energy range
1386:X-ray reflectivity
1165:X-ray fluorescence
1130:Compton scattering
1063:High-energy X-rays
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593:integrated circuit
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281:EXAFS energy range
271:chemical potential
221:fluorescent yield,
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1434:X-ray lithography
1366:Backscatter X-ray
1361:X-ray diffraction
1188:X-ray radiography
1160:X-ray diffraction
1053:Siegbahn notation
855:Physical Review B
814:(12): 6502β6508.
808:Physical Review B
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260:density of states
253:. Therefore, its
241:Edge energy range
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16:(Redirected from
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1272:X-ray holography
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1150:Radiation damage
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861:(8): 5774β5781.
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781:(3β4): 392β418.
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747:(3β4): 392β418.
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1296:Spectroscopy
1240:Ptychography
1174:Applications
1135:Auger effect
1038:Water window
965:
957:
949:
927:
911:
905:Bibliography
891:cite journal
858:
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836:cite journal
811:
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734:
671:J. B. Pendry
664:
619:
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601:geochemistry
585:
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557:
554:Final states
525:
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314:
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268:
244:
236:Energy range
230:synchrotrons
224:
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186:polarization
180:
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96:
92:
91:
76:
70:October 2014
67:
48:
1089:Synchrotron
635:Rocky Flats
615:Fermi level
251:Fermi level
157:fluorescent
128:Terminology
121:atomic core
62:introducing
1348:Scattering
1213:Helical CT
1079:X-ray tube
964:B. Ravel,
726:References
560:resonances
548:scattering
328:wavelength
321:scattering
296:scattering
291:scattering
45:references
956:S. Bare,
627:plutonium
534:λ
499:λ
475:ℏ
461:π
416:ℏ
399:−
396:ν
357:λ
337:λ
264:many-body
175:sum rules
171:many-body
1453:Category
1084:Betatron
650:concrete
576:plasmons
572:excitons
550:regime.
194:pi bonds
1427:History
1181:Imaging
883:9940417
863:Bibcode
816:Bibcode
783:Bibcode
749:Bibcode
713:PARATEC
661:History
629:in the
625:of the
608:valence
407:binding
385:kinetic
275:exciton
166:exciton
58:improve
1415:Others
1376:GISAXS
1048:L-edge
1043:K-edge
934:
881:
719:WIEN2k
689:FDMNES
198:dipole
137:Theory
105:NEXAFS
47:, but
1406:EDXRD
1328:XANES
1323:EXAFS
1313:ARPES
1260:3DXRD
1018:X-ray
707:FitIt
695:FEFF8
190:sigma
153:Auger
97:XANES
18:XANES
1391:RIXS
1381:WAXS
1371:SAXS
1282:DFXM
1250:XDCT
1235:STXM
1230:XPCI
1218:XACT
932:ISBN
897:link
879:PMID
842:link
701:MXAN
646:soil
631:soil
599:and
192:and
1396:XRS
1338:XFH
1333:EDS
1318:AES
1308:XPS
1303:XAS
1287:DXA
1255:DCT
1203:CDI
871:doi
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791:doi
757:doi
683:ADF
633:at
113:XAS
1455::
1401:XS
1208:CT
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455:(
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440:(
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426:k
420:2
412:=
403:E
393:h
390:=
381:E
103:(
95:(
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20:)
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