1667:
and metallic pipe. The piping is approved for potable hot- and cold-water plumbing systems as well as for hydronic heating systems in all plumbing and mechanical codes in the United States and Canada. (2) Aluminum plastic composite, a multipurpose pressure piping that can distribute hot and cold water indoors and outdoors, and also is well-suited for under-the-floor heating and snowmelt systems. It is made of aluminum tube laminated to interior and exterior layers of plastic. (3) Corrugated stainless-steel tubing, which is used as an alternative to traditional threaded black-iron gas piping for residential, commercial and industrial applications. It consists of a continuous, flexible stainless-steel pipe with an exterior PVC covering. The piping is produced in coils that are air-tested for leaks.
828:, which approved its use in 2009. California allowed the use of PEX for domestic water systems on a case-by-case basis only in 2007. This was due mostly to concerns about corrosion of the manifolds (rather than the tubing itself) and California allowed PEX to be used for hydronic radiant heating systems but not potable water. In 2009, the Building Standards Commission approved PEX plastic pipe and tubing to the California Plumbing Code (CPC), allowing its use in hospitals, clinics, residences, and commercial construction throughout the state. Formal adoption of PEX into the CPC occurred on August 1, 2009, allowing local jurisdictions to approve its general use, although there were additional issues, and new approvals were issued in 2010 with revised wordings to the 2007 act.
687:. PEX, due to its flexibility, is typically understood to be more burst-resistant in freezing conditions than copper or PVC pipe. One account suggested that PEX water-filled pipes, frozen over time, will swell and tear; in contrast, copper pipe "rips" and PVC "shatters". Home expert Steve Maxwell suggested in 2007 that PEX water-filled pipes could endure "five or six freeze-thaw cycles without splitting" while copper would split apart promptly on the first freeze. In new unheated seasonal homes, it is still recommended to drain pipes during an unheated cold season or take other measures to prevent pipes from bursting because of the cold. In new construction, it is recommended that all water pipes be sloped slightly to permit drainage, if necessary.
261:
1846:(Page 2 of 4) There is radiant floor heating, and the toilets use rainwater stored in a cistern. The floors, doors and wall paneling are reclaimed from vintage homes that were torn down elsewhere in the state. Instead of copper pipes, water will travel through Pex piping, less expensive flexible polyethylene tubes that are petroleum-based, but still may be greener than copper pipe. "It is a compromise," said Mr. Johnson, who said he worried a little about the health aspects of Pex. "I couldn't get a good read on that, to tell you the truth. I sort of got exhausted in asking a bunch of people."
619:. PEX is a popular solution for residential water plumbing in new construction due to its flexibility. PEX tubing can easily bend without buckling or cracking, so pipe runs do not need to be straight. PEX is often sold in long rolls, which eliminates the need to couple individual lengths of straight pipe together for long runs. For shallow bends, PEX tubing can be bent and supported with a metal or hard plastic brace, so elbow fittings are only required for sharp corners. By contrast, other common indoor plumbing materials—namely PVC, CPVC and
2056:
producers of PEX pipe. The only potential issue they know of has to do with certain types of adhesives touching the pipe surface. PEX includes antioxidants for stabilizing against chlorine, and these antioxidants can become destabilized in a reaction with adhesives, possibly aging the pipe prematurely. That said, they don't know of any issues relating to a chemical reaction between PEX and conventional foam pipe wrap insulation. I've installed foam insulation on PEX in my own house about a year ago, and there's no visible signs of trouble.
286:
1963:
Pit", said most houses have one particular spot where the pipes tend to freeze. If there is fairly consistent freezing in an area, he said, it is wise to reroute the pipes and to replace them with PEX — a flexible plastic tubing that is much less likely to burst than copper. Like copper, though, PEX can freeze, as Mr. Carter, who moved in
December, now knows. The house was built with modern materials, including PEX, but because the place was only six years old, he didn't think he had to worry about frozen pipes.
560:
569:
2247:... controversy in California ... resulting in a flurry of back-and-forth legal wrangling over health, safety and performance issues related to the flexible pipe.... That judicial rollercoaster finally came to a halt in mid-August when a coalition of consumer, environmental, public health and labor organizations reached an agreement with the state and the plastic pipe industry ... As a result, the California Building Standards Commission now allows the use of PEX in all occupancies...
544:
515:, in a "cold" cross-linking process (below the crystal melting point). It provides less uniform, lower-degree cross-linking than the Engel method, especially at tube diameters over one inch (2.5 cm). When the process is not controlled properly, the outer layer of the tube may become brittle. However, it is the cleanest, most environmentally friendly method of the three, since it does not involve other chemicals and uses only high-energy electrons to split the carbon-
552:
528:
868:
hypochlorite additions (a common chemical used to sanitize water). Degraded connectors can crack and leak in highly stressed crimped areas, causing damage to the surrounding building structure. Later systems containing copper fittings do not appear to have issues with hypochlorite attack, but polybutylene has still fallen out of favor due to costly structural damage caused by earlier issues and is not accepted in Canada and U.S.
536:
2591:
1060:: PEX is also used in many canoes and kayaks. The PEX is listed by the name Ram-X, and other brand specific names. Because of the properties of cross-linked polyethylene, repair of any damage to the hull is rather difficult. Some adhesives, such as 3M's DP-8005, are able to bond to PEX, while larger repairs require melting and mixing more Polyethylene into the canoe/kayak to form a solid bond and fill the damaged area.
2138:
copper fixtures on valves, water heaters and softeners. The problem is a chemical reaction known as dezincification, which accelerates corrosion in brass fittings when they are exposed to oxygen and moisture. Brass is an alloy primarily composed of copper and zinc. When dezincification occurs, zinc leaches out of the fittings, leaving a blockage of zinc oxide that leads to leaks, restricted water flow and breaks.
1074:
968:
743:, causing some leaks or blockages. A solution was to replace the yellow brass fittings, which had 30% zinc, with red brass fittings, which had 5% to 10% zinc. It led California building authorities to insist on fittings made from "red brass" which typically has a lower zinc content, and is unlikely to cause problems in the future since problems with these specific fittings have become known.
731:. The failures are claimed to be a result of the brass fittings used in the PEX system. Generally, builders and manufacturers have learned from these experiences and have found the best materials for use in fittings used to connect pipe with connectors, valves and other fittings. But there were problems reported with a specific type of brass fitting used in connection with installations in
2597:
950:
68:. It is used predominantly in building services pipework systems, hydronic radiant heating and cooling systems, domestic water piping, insulation for high tension (high voltage) electrical cables, and baby play mats. It is also used for natural gas and offshore oil applications, chemical transportation, and transportation of sewage and slurries. PEX is an alternative to
456:. These specifications are listed to explain the pipe's many standards as well as giving specific detailing about the manufacturer. The reason that all these specifications are given, are so that the installer is aware if the product is meeting standards for the necessary local codes. The labeling ensures the user that the tubing is up to all the standards listed.
1085:: PEX also referred to as XLPE is widely used in the aftermarket automotive industry for cold air intake systems and filter housings. Its properties include high heat deflection temperature, good impact resistance, chemical resistance, low flexural modulus and good environmental stress crack resistance. This form of XLPE is most commonly used in
38:
858:, similar in application to CPVC but a chemically inert material containing no harmful substances and reduced dangerous emissions when consumed by fire. It is primarily utilized in radiant floor systems but is gaining popularity as a leach-free domestic potable water pipe, primarily in commercial applications.
1766:
statewide use of PEX in hospitals, clinics, schools, residences and commercial structures.... The CBSC reinstated PEX with the caveats that underground PEX must be sleeved, the material had to stand up to recirculating hot water, the fittings won't de-zincify, and PEX systems had to be filled and flushed....
320:. When these combine, a crosslinked network is formed. The resulting polymer network is uniform, of low tension and high flexibility, whereby it is softer and tougher than (the irradiated) PE-Xc. The same process is used for LDPE as well, though the temperature may vary from 160 °C to 220 °C.
2023:
Start by making sure that all runs of water supply pipe are sloped downwards slightly to central drain valves. Also, be sure to specify that all drain traps remain accessible, and be the kind that includes a removable plug on the bottom. As an added precaution, install PEX-al-PEX supply pipes instead
1765:
PEX became part of the
California Plumbing Code in August 2009, following the CBSC's January 2009 certification of an Environmental Impact Report (EIR) on PEX and the commission's ensuing unanimous adoption of regulations approving PEX water distribution systems.... The Commission's action allows the
502:
method, also called the "moisture cure" method, results in PEX-B. In this method, cross-linking is performed in a secondary post-extrusion process, producing cross-links between a cross-linking agent. The process is accelerated with heat and moisture. The cross-linked bonds are formed through silanol
1962:
Pipes, traditionally made of copper, can burst if the water inside freezes, because water expands when frozen, but copper does not. If the water expands too much, it has nowhere to go but out, forcing the pipe to burst at the frozen spot. Tom
Kraeutler, a host of the syndicated radio show "The Money
1728:
Hydronic systems circulate water from a boiler or water heater through loops of polyethylene tubing, often called by the brand name Pex, but there are others. Tubing is typically installed on top of the subfloor in grooved panels or snap-in grids; clipped into aluminum strips on the underside of the
652:
wrote that "Once you've worked with PEX, you'll never go back to that other stinky glue stuff." Builders installing radiant heating systems found that PEX pipes "made installation easy and operation problem-free". PEX connections can be made by pushing two matching parts together using a compression
2055:
Q: Is it safe to use pipe wrap insulation on PEX water supply pipes? In a magazine put out by a home improvement retailer, it warns that a chemical reaction between insulation and PEX will eventually destroy the pipes. Is this true? A: To answer your question, I contacted one of the world's largest
1666:
Recommended alternatives to copper piping include: (1) Cross-linked polyethylene, which is known as PEX and has been adopted by installers of radiant-floor heating since it neither corrodes nor develops pinhole leaks. PEX also resists chlorine and scaling, and uses fewer fittings than rigid plastic
1595:
All PEX pipe is manufactured with its design specifications listed directly on the pipe. These specifications are listed to explain the pipe's many standards as well as giving specific detailing about the manufacturer. The reason that all these specifications are given, are so that the installer is
706:
PEX tubing cannot be used in applications exposed to sunlight, as it degrades fairly rapidly. Prior to installation it must be stored away from sunlight, and needs to be shielded from daylight after installation. Leaving it exposed to direct sunlight for as little as 30 days may result in premature
635:
Since PEX pipe lines typically have fewer sharp turns and splices than lines constructed from rigid tube materials, less pressure loss can be expected between the distribution point and outlet fixtures. Less pressure drop translates to extra water pressure at sinks, showers, and toilets for a given
603:
Gradually, PEX became more accepted for more indoor plumbing uses, such as carrying pressurized water to fixtures throughout the house. Increasingly, since the 2000s, copper pipes as well as plastic PVC pipes are being replaced with PEX. PEX can be used for underground purposes, although one report
388:
100 mm. Thereby the interior or specific areas can be excluded from the crosslinking. However, due to high capital and operating costs radiation crosslinking plays only a minor role compared with the peroxide crosslinking. In contrast to peroxide crosslinking, the process is carried out in the
192:
and maximum tensile strength increased with crosslinker concentration but the elongation at break decreased due to decreases in crystallinity. The presence of fillers can further strengthen PEX’s mechanical properties. In the same study, the researchers looked at the effect of adding a filler known
2336:
On August 16, 2010, the
California Building Standards Commission certified the Final Environmental Impact Report and approved regulations allowing the use of PEX tubing. The Approved Final Express Terms document represents the final language that will be published into the 2007 California Plumbing
900:
barrier, stopping the oxygen diffusion through the polymer matrix, so it cannot dissolve into the water in the tube and corrode the metal components of the system. The aluminium layer is thin, typically 1 or 2 mm, and provides some rigidity to the tube such that when bent it retains the shape
420:
Upon further crosslinking (crosslinking degree about 80%), the individual macromolecules are eventually connected to a network. This crosslinked polyethylene (PE-X) is chemically seen a thermoset, it shows above the melting point rubber-elastic behavior and cannot be processed in the melt anymore.
2088:
Well, the manufacturers' instruction I've read and the
Plastic Pipe Assoc. says it can't be installed where exposed to direct sunlight.... I've heard of some pretty serious problems with PEX that's exposed to sunlight. Your client's concerns are valid.... Another big factor is how the product has
1698:
The use of galvanized steel water piping was abandoned in favor of copper in the late 1960s, and now the plumbing industry has moved from copper to PEX (cross-link polyethylene). The problem with old galvanized pipes is that they usually have internal rust build-up, which reduces water volume....
867:
is a form of plastic polymer that was used in the manufacture of potable water piping from late 70's until 1995. However, it was discovered that the polyoxymethylene (POM or Acetal) connectors originally used to connect the polybutylene tubes were susceptible to stress enhanced chemical attack by
459:
Materials used in PEX pipes in North
America are defined by cell classifications that are described in ASTM standards, the most common being ASTM F876. Cell classifications for PEX include 0006, 0008, 1006, 1008, 3006, 3008, 5006 and 5008, the most common being 5006. Classifications 0306, 3306,
88:
polyethylene, PEX does not melt (analogous to elastomers) and is thermally resistant (over longer periods of up to 120 °C, for short periods without electrical or mechanical load up to 250 °C). With increasing crosslinking density also the maximum shear modulus increases (even at higher
2192:
Just a couple of leaks at poorly applied connections. Other than that I have not really seen any. Most, not all, but most new homes have PEX. There are some that still use only copper. have seen it used a lot in remodel with many homes I have inspected that have had repiping. It is easier to run
2137:
The polyethylene pipes contained a thin layer of aluminum that held its shape as plumbers twisted and bent it. Plastic pipes without the aluminum require more anchoring because they spring back to a straight line. The pipes aren't failing though. It's the brass fittings that connect the pipes to
485:
PEX-A is produced by the peroxide (Engel) method. This method performs "hot" cross-linking, above the crystal melting point. However, the process takes slightly longer than the other two methods as the polymer has to be kept at high temperature and pressure for long periods during the extrusion
316:, a mixture of HDPE and 2% peroxide is at first mixed at low temperatures in an extruder and then crosslinked at high temperatures (between 200 °C and 250 °C). The peroxide decomposes to peroxide radicals (RO•), which abstract (remove) hydrogen atoms from the polymer chain, leading to
416:
A low degree of crosslinking leads initially only to a multiplication of the molecular weight. The individual macromolecules are not linked and no covalent network is formed yet. Polyethylene that consists of those large molecules behaves similar to polyethylene of ultra high molecular weight
572:
Tools and fittings used in a plumbing installation with PEX piping. (1) crimping tool to squeeze a metal band to join a pipe and a fitting (2) compression coupling joining two 1/2 inch pipes (copper or PEX) (3) "T-joint" to connect 3/4", 3/4", and 1/2" pipes (4) Copper-to-PEX 1/2" connection
563:
Brass crimp fittings, another popular type of fittings primarily used for connection PEX to PEX, PEX to
Threaded pipes. 1.Drop Ear Elbows connect PEX and threaded pipe at a 90-degree 2.PEX to Copper Solder Adapter 3.PEX to Copper Threaded Adapter 4.PEX to Female Threaded Adapter 5.PEX Plug -
216:
Numerous modifications in the basic polymer structure can be made to maximize productivity during the manufacturing process. For medium voltage applications, reactivity can be boosted significantly. This results in higher line speeds in cases where limitations in either the curing or cooling
629:. Since PEX tubing does not require elbow joints in most cases, it is often possible to run a supply line directly from a distribution point to an outlet fixture without any splices or connections in the line. This eliminates the potential structural weakness or cost associated with joints.
2272:
It boiled up, came to a head and was then over almost as quickly as it takes to tell the tale. PEX, formally known as crosslinked polyethylene tubing-was given the administrative heave-ho from the
California plumbing codes. Then, almost as quickly as the word could get passed out to the
460:
5206 and 5306 are also common, these materials containing ultraviolet blockers and/or inhibitors for limited UV resistance. In North
America all PEX tubing products are manufactured to ASTM, NSF and CSA product standards, among them the aforementioned ASTM standard F876 as well as F877,
2166:
Yellow brass typically has about 30 percent zinc. When the yellow brass is exposed to
Southern Nevada's mineral-rich hard water, the zinc is removed and builds up inside the pipes leading to blockages and breaks, according to court documents in the Kitec lawsuit. The process is called
176:. It was suggested that this was due to the higher presence of chemical crosslinks (the peroxides) compared to the physical crosslinks (formed by the crystallites), as chemical crosslinks tend to inhibit the elongation behavior of polymers. Additionally, it was found that the maximum
2337:
Code and the 2010 California Plumbing Code (Effective Jan. 1, 2011) with the strikeout and underlining removed for clarity. All remaining agencies' rulemaking documents appearing on this page, were also approved by the Commission, but do not have the strikeout and underlined removed.
803:. These concerns delayed statewide adoption of PEX for almost a decade. After substantial "back-and-forth legal wrangling", which was described as a "judicial rollercoaster", the disputing groups came to a consensus, and California permitted use of PEX in all occupancies. An
116:
PEX has significantly enhanced properties compared to ordinary PE. This is due to the introduction of crosslinks in the system, which can significantly improve the chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the polymer. While HDPE and PEX both display increases in the
765:. Generally, PEX fittings, particularly the do-it-yourself push-fit ones, are more expensive than copper ones, although there is no soldering required. Due to the flexibility of PEX, it generally requires fewer fittings, which tends to offset the higher cost per fitting.
749:. There were a few reported problems in the early stages as plumbers and homeowners learned to adjust to the new fittings, and when connections were poorly or improperly made, but home inspectors have generally not noticed any problems with PEX since 2000.
599:
systems, and it was used first in hydronic systems from the 1960s onwards. Hydronic systems circulate water from a boiler or heater to places in the house needing heat, such as baseboard heaters or radiators. PEX is suitable for recirculating hot water.
468:
standard B137.5, to which the pipes are tested, certified and listed. The listings and certifications met by each product appear on the printline of the pipe or tubing to ensure the product is used in the proper applications for which it was designed.
424:
The degree of crosslinking (and hence the extent of the change) is different in intensity depending on the process. According to DIN 16892 (a quality requirement for pipes made of PE-X) at least the following degree of crosslinking must be achieved:
1044:, however, requires PE made with different parameters because cross-linking may affect mechanical strength and there is greater stress-concentration in knee joints due to lower geometric congruency of the bearing surfaces. Manufacturers start with
1636:
The price of copper has nearly quadrupled over the last four years, and plumbers and do-it-yourselfers are taking a fresh look at alternatives to copper tubing and fittings. And what some are turning to is a flexible synthetic material called
675:. Fittings that allow installers to join a copper pipe on one end with a PEX line at the other are widely available. These couplings allow the installer to reduce or expand the diameter of the pipes at the transition to PEX if desired.
205:. XLPE-insulated cables have a rated maximum conductor temperature of 90 °C and an emergency rating up to 140 °C, depending on the standard used. They have a conductor short-circuit rating of 250 °C. XLPE has excellent
172:. The degree to which a polymer crystallizes and crosslinks can have a significant impact on its properties, and it was indeed found that the increase in crosslinking degree and corresponding decrease in crystallinity correlated to a
112:
Standard F876, is between 65% and 89%. A higher degree of cross-linking could result in brittleness and stress cracking of the material, while a lower degree of cross-linking could result in product with poorer physical properties.
693:. Conventional foam wrap insulation materials can easily be added to PEX piping to reduce heat loss from hot water water lines, reduce heat transfer into cold water lines, and mitigate the risk of freezing in outdoor environments.
1797:
I assume that the radiant floor heating involves piping that is embedded in Gypcrete, a lightweight blend of concrete and gypsum that, in concert with a shift to flexible PEX piping, has made installation easy and operation
2089:
been "handled" from manufacture to site installation.... I had a client, with a new home, that was purchased back by the plumbing company due to mis-handling of the PEX that had caused over 10 leaks in less than 7 months.
1898:
Once you've worked with PEX, you'll never go back to that other stinky glue stuff. We see copper stubs at the water heater (sometimes), the rest is PEX. Also, when they use the red and blue colors, hot is hot and cold is
794:
during the 2000s about health concerns. Several groups blocked adoption of PEX for concerns about chemicals getting into the water, either from chemicals outside the pipes, or from chemicals inside the pipes such as
3198:
1911:
783:
developing over time; if this is the case, then one solution is to have an "oxygen barrier" in these systems to prevent rust from developing. Most modern installations of PEX for heating use oxygen barrier coated
2024:
of copper. If water accidentally remains in these pipes, they'll endure five or six freeze-thaw cycles without splitting. Copper pipe, on the other hand, splits apart promptly when it contains water that freezes.
577:
PEX tubing is widely used to replace copper in plumbing applications. One estimate from 2006 was that residential use of PEX for delivering drinking water to home faucets was increasing by 40% annually. In 2006,
1070:
of all voltage ranges but it is especially well suited to medium voltage applications. It is the most common polymeric insulation material. The acronym XLPE is commonly used to denote cross-linked polyethylene
901:
formed (normal PEX tube will spring back to straight). The aluminium layer also provides additional structural rigidity such that the tube will be suitable for higher safe operating temperatures and pressures.
1441:
915:
There are two types of fitting that may be used. Crimped or compressive. Crimped connectors are less expensive but require a specialised crimping tool. Compression fittings are tightened with normal
904:
The use of AluPex tubing has grown greatly since 2010. It is easy to work and position. Curves may be easily formed by hand. Tube exists for use with both hot and cold water and also for gas.
1413:
Yussuf, A.A; Al-Saleh, M.A; Al-Enezi, S.T; Abraham, G (2021). "Effect of silane concentration on the properties of crosslinked linear low density polyethylene-montmorillonite nanocomposite".
2193:
through the attics and crawls. I guess it has been, what, 10 years or so since its major use. I guess only time will tell. There were many complaints in the very beginning but not much now.
642:. Cost of materials for PEX tubing is approximately 25% of alternatives. By contrast, the inflation-adjusted price of copper more than quadrupled in the two decades between 2002 and 2022.
156:
The type of initial polymer structure and amount of crosslinking can have a large impact on the resulting mechanical properties of PEX. One study looked at the effect of crosslinking
681:. A convenient arrangement is to use color-coding to lessen the possibility of confusion. Typically, red PEX tubing is used for hot water and blue PEX tubing is used for cold water.
1552:
Günter Neroth, Dieter Vollenschaar: Wendehorst Baustoffkunde: Grundlagen – Baustoffe – Oberflächenschutz. 27. Auflage. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag/Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 2011,
2922:
1297:
Brown, E.N; Willms, R.B; Gray, G.T; et, al (2007). "Influence of Molecular Conformation on the Constitutive Response of Polyethylene: A Comparison of HDPE, UHMWPE, and PEX".
197:(MMT) nanoclay and observed even higher Young’s moduli and tensile strengths, indicating a strong interfacial interaction between the silane crosslinked LLDPE and the MMT.
1922:
292:
Shown are the peroxide, the silane and irradiation crosslinking. In each method, a hydrogen atom is removed from the polyethylene chain (top center), either by radiation
2167:
dezincification. Red brass typically has 5 percent to 10 percent zinc and is being used to replace the yellow brass in valley homes built by Richmond American and Pulte.
145:. However, PEX displays a stronger temperature and strain-rate dependence than UHMWPE. Additionally, PEX is notable for its high thermal stability. It displays improved
595:
pipes in the late 1960s. Plastic pipes with fittings using glue were used as well in later decades. Initially PEX tubing was the most popular way to transport water in
300:
or by peroxides (R-O-O-R), forming a radical. Then, two radical chains can crosslink, either directly (bottom left) or indirectly via silane compounds (bottom right).
636:
supply pressure. Conversely, PEX may allow for a weaker (and less expensive) pump than alternative piping to achieve the equivalent pressure at the outlet fixtures.
564:
terminate end of pipe 6.PEX to PEX Coupling 7.PEX to PEX 90-degree Elbow 8.PEX to Copper Adapter 9.PEX to Copper 90-degree Elbow 10. PEX x PEX x PEX 3-way PEX Tee.
285:
669:. The oldest and most common method for joining copper piping is to solder pieces together using a torch. PEX eliminates the risk associated with this open flame.
919:
and are designed to allow sections of the system to be easily disassembled, they are also popular for small works, esp. DIY, avoiding the need for extra tools.
1230:
1992:
Frozen pipes break differently depending on the material, Water said. Copper rips, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) shatters and PEX (polyethylene) swells and tears.
180:
tended to increase since the intermolecular forces between chains increases with additional crosslinks. Similar results have been found with the addition of
2180:
1886:
587:
In the early to mid 20th century, mass-produced plumbing pipes were made from galvanized steel. As users experienced problems with the internal build-up of
233:
Various methods can be used to prepare PEX from thermoplastic polyethylene (PE-LD, PE-LLD or PE-HD). The first PEX material was prepared in the 1930s, by
1596:
aware if the product is meeting standards for the necessary local codes. The labeling ensures the user that the tubing is up to all the standards listed.
989:
1351:
Ahmad, H; Rodrigue, D (2022). "Crosslinked polyethylene: A review on the crosslinking techniques, manufacturing methods, applications, and recycling".
1270:
Ahmad, H; Rodrigue, D (2022). "Crosslinked polyethylene: A review on the crosslinking techniques, manufacturing methods, applications, and recycling".
2294:
1152:
142:
755:. Some pipe insulation applied to PEX using certain adhesives could have a detrimental effect causing the pipe to age prematurely; however, other
573:(requires soldering) (5 and 6) tools to undo PEX connections (7) crimp rings to squeeze metal band to connect PEX to a fixture (8) PEX tube cutter.
477:
In European standards. there are three classifications referred to as PEX-A, -B, and -C. The classes are not related to any type of rating system.
260:
2915:
547:
PEX's flexibility allows for fewer connections, better water flow, and faster, simpler, and less expensive installation than comparable materials.
2220:... PEX material is susceptible to chemical leaching, both from the outside environment and chemicals leaching out of the PEX material itself....
2295:"(Press Release) PEX Plastic Pipe Unanimously Added to California Plumbing Code; State Officials Certify Favorable Environmental Impact Report"
2798:
2072:
1534:
1254:
1223:
1187:
3257:
3208:
3177:
2384:
2908:
2415:
1831:
1506:
503:
condensation between two grafted vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) units, connecting the polyethylene chains with C-C-Si-O-Si-C-C bridges.
648:. Installing PEX is much less labor-intensive than copper or PVC pipes, since there is no need to solder or glue pipes together. One
539:
This copper exterior valve has burst from freezing; several reports suggest that PEX takes longer to burst under freezing conditions.
1557:
1015:
169:
1712:
245:
method was made feasible in the 1970s, but was still expensive. In the 1960s, Engel cross-linking was developed. In this method, a
2440:
1123:
185:
1947:
1378:
Liu, S.Q; Gong, W.G; Zheng, B.C (2014). "The Effect of Peroxide Cross-Linking on the Properties of Low-Density Polyethylene".
3193:
3172:
3069:
2823:
2349:
2273:
industry-at-large, PEX was back the state's good graces, albeit with a few stipulations on its use that weren't there before.
2260:
993:
465:
225:
and extra-high voltage cable applications, where degassing requirements can significantly lengthen cable manufacturing time.
393:. Thereby, the cross-linking takes place primarily in the amorphous regions, while the crystallinity remains largely intact.
1650:
907:
This product in Canada has been discontinued due to water infiltrating between the Layers resulting in premature failures.
739:
and so-called "yellow brass" fittings. Zinc in the fittings leached into the pipe material in a chemical reaction known as
84:
resistance can be increased significantly by crosslinking, whereas hardness and rigidity are somewhat reduced. Compared to
2122:
81:
2235:
555:
A PEX push fitting allows an installer to join copper and PEX pipes by simply pushing them together for a watertight fit.
3247:
3167:
1858:
1683:
2205:
1782:
3240:
3162:
2978:
2575:
1135:
804:
796:
978:
1651:"Shortages Persist In Building Materials: Even as Demand for New Homes Falls, Cost of Cement and Copper Skyrockets'"
926:
required for making fittings and connections with PEX tubing. In most cases, such kits are either bought at a local
2505:
2480:
2151:
1976:
1462:
997:
982:
3280:
3014:
2900:
2813:
2638:
2455:
2302:
1117:
580:
335:
164:(DCP). It was found that increasing the weight percent of the peroxide crosslinker resulted in a lower degree of
93:
1729:
floor; or embedded in poured concrete, or a lighter, concrete-like material in bathrooms or kitchens especially.
727:. There have been some claimed PEX systems failures in the U.S., Canada and Europe resulting in several pending
3084:
3074:
2936:
2623:
2570:
2460:
1129:
714:
512:
242:
202:
157:
807:
and subsequent studies determined there were no cause for concerns about public health from use of PEX piping.
2674:
2565:
2550:
2530:
713:
PEX tubing is vulnerable to being perforated by the mouthparts of plant-feeding insects; in particular, the
331:
3089:
2967:
2722:
2450:
2408:
931:
800:
559:
134:
849:, continuous flexible pipes made out of stainless steel with a PVC interior and are air-tested for leaks.
3269:
2973:
2618:
2105:
568:
390:
339:
173:
657:
or a special crimping tool. Generally, fewer connections and fittings are needed in a PEX installation.
365:
3309:
2989:
2984:
2957:
2875:
1387:
756:
728:
361:
351:
201:
Almost all cross-linkable polyethylene compounds (XLPE) for wire and cable applications are based on
126:
31:
543:
453:
129:, HDPE tends to exhibit flow behavior after reaching a higher yield stress and PEX tends to exhibit
3119:
2880:
2803:
2717:
2669:
1324:
Selvin, M; Shah, S; Maria, H.J; et, al (2024). "Review on Recycling of Cross-Linked Polyethylene".
1054:: Some application of PEX has also been seen in dental restoration as a composite filling material.
317:
146:
2076:
72:(PVC), chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) or copper tubing for use as residential water pipes.
3134:
3052:
2793:
2767:
2737:
2697:
2679:
2628:
2580:
2560:
1624:
1086:
934:. PEX tools kits range from under $ 100 and can go up to $ 300+. A typical PEX tool kit includes
596:
360:: The crosslinking of polyethylene is also possible by a downstream radiation source (usually an
312:(e.g. dicumyl peroxide or di-tert-butyl peroxide) is still of major importance. In the so-called
265:
222:
210:
69:
2236:"Pipe Rollercoaster: After a recent exclusion, PEX pipe is back in the California Plumbing Code"
189:
2381:
3304:
3299:
3264:
3230:
3150:
2962:
2784:
2702:
2401:
1753:
1553:
1530:
1502:
1250:
1219:
1183:
461:
377:
843:
are aluminum tubes laminated on the interior and exterior with plastic layers for protection.
249:
is mixed with the HDPE before extruding. In 1968, the Sioplas process using silicon hydride (
3155:
2850:
2752:
2727:
2659:
2525:
2520:
2465:
2040:
1620:
1494:
1422:
1395:
1360:
1333:
1306:
1279:
1041:
1033:
551:
253:) was patented, followed by another silane-based process, Monosil, in 1974. A process using
177:
161:
3019:
3005:
2870:
2757:
2747:
2515:
2388:
1104:
1037:
935:
740:
535:
527:
194:
118:
623:—are rigid and require angled fittings to accommodate any significant bend in a pipe run.
338:
by irradiation or by a small amount of a peroxide. Later Si-OH groups can be formed in a
2590:
1391:
3048:
2860:
2762:
2633:
927:
649:
373:
281:
crosslinking (PE-Xb), electron beam crosslinking (PE-Xc) and azo crosslinking (PE-Xd).
130:
663:. Unlike copper, PEX is not subject to corrosion when exposed to minerals or moisture.
3293:
3235:
3042:
2828:
2818:
2808:
2712:
2613:
2535:
2485:
853:
817:
218:
165:
85:
1073:
368:). PE products are crosslinked below the crystalline melting point by splitting off
89:
temperatures). PEX has significantly enhanced properties compared with ordinary PE.
2855:
2845:
2707:
2555:
2500:
2475:
1147:
1090:
939:
862:
454:
PEX pipe is manufactured with its design specifications listed directly on the pipe
404:
122:
61:
2357:
1498:
1399:
1107:
use a PEX inlet hose instead of using a double-walled rubber/plastic safety hose.
759:
can be used, such as conventional foam wrap insulation, without negative effects.
346:, which condense then and crosslink the PE by the formation of Si-O-Si bridges.
3038:
3010:
2945:
2865:
2664:
2545:
2540:
1817:
1067:
967:
254:
238:
234:
138:
65:
3114:
2742:
2732:
2596:
2100:
Bates, S.L. 2005. Damage to common plumbing materials caused by overwintering
1310:
1141:
949:
825:
791:
736:
381:
343:
221:(CV) tubes used to cross-link the insulation. This is particularly useful for
206:
1337:
3203:
3109:
3079:
2949:
2510:
2495:
2470:
1583:
893:
385:
105:
101:
184:
crosslinkers. In another study, the amount of silane crosslinker added to
149:
behavior (i.e. resists creep deformation) and maintains high strength and
3124:
2008:
1918:
916:
516:
369:
347:
309:
246:
150:
133:
after reaching its slightly lower yield stress. The latter exhibits some
1036:
as a wear-resistant material. Cross-linked polyethylene is preferred in
721:) is known to sometimes pierce through PEX tubing, resulting in leakage.
209:
properties, making it useful for medium voltage—1 to 69 kV AC, and
3252:
3129:
3101:
3030:
2932:
2654:
2424:
1066:: Cross-linked polyethylene is widely used as electrical insulation in
943:
772:
327:
181:
97:
1364:
1283:
584:
recommended that plumbing installers switch from copper pipes to PEX.
1426:
1045:
897:
821:
769:
Potential problems for PEX radiant heating with iron-based components
732:
654:
620:
592:
499:
487:
278:
250:
141:. The behavior observed in PEX is also mimicked by the thermoplastic
604:
suggested that appropriate "sleeves" be used for such applications.
37:
17:
896:
sandwiched between two layers of PEX. The metal layer serves as an
771:. If plain PEX tubing is used in a radiant heating system that has
277:
A basic distinction is made between peroxide crosslinking (PE-Xa),
153:
at very high temperatures compared to thermoplastic polyethylene.
1527:
Kunststoffchemie für Ingenieure von der Synthese bis zur Anwendung
1094:
1072:
948:
567:
558:
550:
542:
534:
526:
259:
108:
of the tubing. The required degree of cross-linking, according to
36:
1912:"Fire Risks of Metallic Plumbing Systems Draw National Attention"
930:, plumbing supply store or assembled by either a home owner or a
2490:
2324:
923:
780:
776:
588:
109:
2904:
2397:
1245:
Koltzenburg, Sebastian; Maskos, Michael; Nuyken, Oskar (2014).
1182:(8 ed.). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. p. 224.
1048:, and crosslink with either electron beam or gamma irradiation.
2382:
Analytical techniques to characterize crosslinked polyethylene
961:
673:
Ability to merge new PEX with existing copper and PVC systems
2284:
2007 CPC Table 6-4 Footnote 1; previously: 2001 CPC 604.1 #2
735:
that caused a negative interaction between its mineral-rich
2393:
125:
under temperature or strain-rate increases when undergoing
213:—up to 380 kV AC-voltage, and several hundred kV DC.
2071:
Kibbel, Bill; Katen, Jim; Kienitz, Nolan E. (2006–2007).
816:
PEX has been approved for use in all fifty states of the
80:
Low-temperature impact strength, abrasion resistance and
1713:"Trying to keep radiant floor project out of hot water"
775:
radiators or other parts, meaning they are made out of
2123:"Pipe work begins in homes involved in Kitec lawsuit"
1144:
and cross-linked polyolefin (XLPO), used as insulator
591:, which reduced water volume, these were replaced by
92:
Almost all PEX used for pipe and tubing is made from
2261:"What was that flurry of activity this past summer?"
1178:
Elsner, Peter; Eyerer, Peter; Hirth, Thomas (2012).
104:. Cross-linking is accomplished during or after the
3223:
3186:
3143:
3100:
3062:
3029:
2998:
2944:
2893:
2838:
2783:
2776:
2688:
2647:
2604:
2431:
788:
Odors, chemical taste, and possible health effects.
1247:Polymere: Synthese, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen
143:ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)
1089:; the XLPE resin comes in the form of a 35
779:or its alloys, then there is the possibility of
531:Radiant heating system manifold using PEX tubing
417:(PE-UHMW), i.e. like a thermoplastic elastomer.
96:(HDPE). PEX contains cross-linked bonds in the
1754:"California Approves PEX for Plumbing – Again"
1491:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1463:"High-Density Crosslinked Polyethylene (XLPE)"
1249:(1 ed.). Springer Spektrum. p. 406.
1173:
1171:
1169:
1032:: Highly cross-linked polyethylene is used in
2916:
2409:
1808:
1806:
1684:"50-Year-Old House Warrants Special Scrutiny"
1548:
1546:
1489:Whiteley, Kenneth S. (2011). "Polyethylene".
1326:Industrial Engineering and Chemistry Research
1240:
1238:
1214:Baur, Erwin; Osswald, Tim A. (October 2013).
8:
2238:. Plumbing & Mechanical. October 1, 2010
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1040:because of its resistance to abrasive wear.
486:process. The cross-linked bonds are between
464:standards NSF 14 and NSF 61 ("NSF-pw"), and
435:with electron beam crosslinking (PE-Xc): 60%
1783:"No Cool Solution to Removing Heated Tiles"
1484:
1482:
1480:
996:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
747:Initial adjustment to a new plumbing system
707:failure of the tubing due to embrittlement.
612:Benefits of using PEX in plumbing include:
100:structure, changing the thermoplastic to a
2923:
2909:
2901:
2780:
2416:
2402:
2394:
922:A PEX tool kit includes a number of basic
284:
30:"PEX" redirects here. For other uses, see
2230:
2228:
2116:
2114:
2075:. The Inspector's Journal. Archived from
2066:
2064:
2041:"Put Basement Repair to Wet Weather Test"
2034:
2032:
2002:
2000:
1880:
1878:
1776:
1774:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1677:
1675:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1520:
1518:
1380:Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B
1016:Learn how and when to remove this message
308:: The crosslinking of polyethylene using
2152:"Plumbing Problems May Continue to Grow"
1153:Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene
1103:: Washing machines and dishwashers from
1046:ultra high molecular weight polyethylene
1977:"Frozen Pipes Can Lead to Flood of Woe"
1165:
170:differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
2506:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)
41:A cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) pipe
2446:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)
2441:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
1830:Spiegel, Jan Ellen (April 20, 2008).
836:Alternative plumbing choices include
753:Limited adhesives for pipe insulation
633:Less pressure drop due to turbulence.
432:with silane crosslinking (PE-Xb): 65%
429:in peroxide crosslinking (PE-Xa): 75%
403:polyethylene is crosslinked preadded
7:
3258:List of environmental health hazards
3178:List of environmental health hazards
2206:"California Building Standards Code"
2009:"Drywall may not work on waterfront"
1859:"Inflation Adjusted Price of Copper"
1781:Heavens, Alan J. (August 11, 2006).
1621:"If Copper Pipes Are Too Costly ..."
994:adding citations to reliable sources
953:Multilayer AluPex tube and connector
519:bonds and facilitate cross-linking.
1449:Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing
725:Problems with yellow brass fittings
653:fitting, or by using an adjustable
407:after extrusion in a hot salt bath.
334:) polyethylene can initially be Si-
3063:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
2301:. January 27, 2009. Archived from
1975:Downs, Stacy (February 24, 2006).
1948:"Before, and After, the Last Drop"
1699:(Barry Stone => home inspector)
1649:Heavens, Alan J. (July 29, 2006).
942:, PEX cutters, rings, boards, and
685:Less likely to burst from freezing
264:Raw material: XLPE powder used in
188:(LLDPE) was varied. The resulting
25:
1619:Romano, Jay (September 3, 2006).
1216:Saechtling Kunststoff Taschenbuch
847:Corrugated stainless steel tubing
2595:
2589:
2481:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
2456:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
1946:Romano, Jay (January 28, 2009).
1752:Mader, Robert P. (Sep 2, 2010).
1711:Heavens, Al (January 20, 2011).
966:
938:, an expander tool for joining,
667:No fire risk during installation
438:in azo crosslinking (PE-Xd): 60%
358:Irradiation crosslinking (PE-Xc)
217:processes within the continuous
2461:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)
2354:Home Heating Systems Newsletter
2325:"Building Standards Commission"
2259:Sweet, Jack (October 1, 2010).
2039:Maxwell, Steve (Feb 28, 2009).
2007:Maxwell, Steve (Jul 14, 2007).
1529:(3 ed.). München: Hanser.
1353:Polymer Engineering and Science
1272:Polymer Engineering and Science
1124:Linear low-density polyethylene
679:Suitable for hot and cold pipes
186:linear low-density polyethylene
158:low-density polyethylene (LDPE)
137:but only after reaching higher
2824:Category:Plastics applications
2571:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)
2566:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
2551:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
1682:Stone, Barry (July 22, 2006).
466:Canadian Standards Association
1:
2531:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)
1499:10.1002/14356007.a21_487.pub2
1218:. Hanser, Carl. p. 443.
1083:Automotive ducts and housings
892:pipes are made of a layer of
306:Peroxide crosslinking (PE-Xa)
82:environmental stress cracking
3248:Persistent organic pollutant
3209:Toxic Substances Control Act
3168:Persistent organic pollutant
2451:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
1921:. 2003-01-03. Archived from
1832:"The House That Green Built"
1400:10.1080/00222348.2013.789360
354:may accelerate the reaction.
3241:Great Pacific garbage patch
3163:Great Pacific garbage patch
2576:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)
2491:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
2327:. State of California. 2010
2211:. State of California. 2007
2179:Menelly, Ted (2009-07-13).
2150:Pope, Jeff (Feb 23, 2009).
2121:Pope, Jeff (Jan 22, 2009).
1442:"Cross-Linked Polyethylene"
1231:Vorschau auf kunststoffe.de
1136:Medium-density polyethylene
805:environmental impact report
797:methyl tertiary butyl ether
324:Silane crosslinking (PE-Xb)
3326:
3204:Japan Toxic Substances Law
2999:Miscellaneous plasticizers
1885:Kogel, John (2009-07-13).
1180:Domininghaus - Kunststoffe
841:Aluminum plastic composite
704:Degradation from sunlight.
511:PEX-C is produced through
237:the extruded tube with an
160:with different amounts of
29:
3278:
3199:European REACH regulation
3194:California Proposition 65
2937:polyhalogenated compounds
2814:High-performance plastics
2639:High-performance plastics
2587:
2102:Leptoglossus occidentalis
2073:"PEX and sunlight issues"
1787:The Philadelphia Inquirer
1655:The Philadelphia Inquirer
1525:Kaiser, Wolfgang (2011).
1311:10.1007/s11340-007-9045-9
1118:High-density polyethylene
824:, including the state of
790:There was controversy in
719:Leptoglossus occidentalis
581:The Philadelphia Inquirer
174:lower elongation at break
94:high-density polyethylene
46:Cross-linked polyethylene
2624:Fibre-reinforced plastic
2561:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
1719:. McClatchy/Tribune News
1440:Meola, Carosena (2005).
1338:10.1021/acs.iecr.3c02580
1130:Low-density polyethylene
715:Western conifer seed bug
691:Pipe insulation possible
597:hydronic radiant heating
513:electron beam processing
397:Azo crosslinking (PE-Xd)
243:electron beam processing
2675:Biodegradable additives
2104:(Hemiptera: Coreidae).
1983:. Knight Ridder/Tribune
711:Perforation by insects.
627:Direct routing of pipes
119:initial tangent modulus
48:, commonly abbreviated
3090:Perfluorooctanoic acid
2526:Polyphenyl ether (PPE)
2521:Polyoxymethylene (POM)
2466:Polyacrylic acid (PAA)
1299:Experimental Mechanics
1078:
1064:Power cable insulation
954:
801:tertiary butyl alcohol
574:
565:
556:
548:
540:
532:
412:Degree of crosslinking
269:
42:
3270:Biodegradable plastic
2619:Thermosetting polymer
2516:Polylactic acid (PLA)
2305:on September 13, 2012
2106:Canadian Entomologist
1076:
952:
832:Alternative materials
729:class action lawsuits
571:
562:
554:
546:
538:
530:
332:trimethoxyvinylsilane
326:: In the presence of
273:Types of crosslinking
263:
40:
3281:Identification codes
2881:Foam food containers
2804:Engineering plastics
1077:XLPE automotive duct
990:improve this section
812:Government approvals
757:insulating materials
640:Lower materials cost
362:electron accelerator
352:dibutyltin dilaurate
32:Pex (disambiguation)
3120:Endocrine disruptor
2718:Compression molding
2670:Polymer stabilizers
1812:Television program
1688:The Washington Post
1584:"PEX Pipe Markings"
1392:2014JMSB...53...67L
1101:Domestic appliances
1052:Dental applications
646:Easier installation
507:PEX-C (PE-Xc, PEXc)
494:PEX-B (PE-Xb, PEXb)
481:PEX-A (PE-Xa, PEXa)
399:: In the so-called
229:Preparation methods
211:high-voltage cables
3135:Polymer fume fever
2794:Commodity plastics
2768:Rotational molding
2738:Fiberglass molding
2698:Injection moulding
2680:Filler (materials)
2629:Corrugated plastic
2581:Tritan copolyester
2536:Polypropylene (PP)
2486:Polycarbonate (PC)
2387:2014-04-24 at the
1952:The New York Times
1836:The New York Times
1625:The New York Times
1415:Polymer Composites
1087:rotational molding
1079:
955:
575:
566:
557:
549:
541:
533:
364:, occasionally an
270:
266:rotational molding
257:followed in 1986.
223:high-voltage cable
168:, as observed via
70:polyvinyl chloride
43:
3287:
3286:
3265:Plastic recycling
3231:Plastic pollution
3217:
3216:
3151:Plastic pollution
2931:Health issues of
2889:
2888:
2785:Plastics industry
2703:Plastic extrusion
2556:Polyurethane (PU)
2546:Polysulfone (PES)
2501:Polyethylene (PE)
2476:Polybutylene (PB)
2183:. Inspection News
1889:. Inspection News
1536:978-3-446-43047-1
1465:. Poly Processing
1365:10.1002/pen.26049
1284:10.1002/pen.26049
1256:978-3-642-34773-3
1225:978-3-446-43729-6
1189:978-3-642-16173-5
1034:artificial joints
1030:Artificial joints
1026:
1025:
1018:
462:NSF International
378:penetration depth
366:isotopic radiator
301:
16:(Redirected from
3317:
3156:Rubber pollution
3006:Organophosphates
2925:
2918:
2911:
2902:
2781:
2753:Filament winding
2728:Transfer molding
2655:Polymer additive
2599:
2593:
2541:Polystyrene (PS)
2418:
2411:
2404:
2395:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:on June 11, 2008
2356:. Archived from
2346:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2263:. Reeves Journal
2256:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2210:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2118:
2109:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2068:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1827:
1821:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1756:. Contractor Mag
1749:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1616:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1580:
1561:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1486:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1427:10.1002/pc.25975
1421:(5): 2268–2281.
1410:
1404:
1403:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1332:(3): 1200–1214.
1321:
1315:
1314:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1211:
1194:
1193:
1175:
1042:Knee replacement
1021:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1001:
970:
962:
886:PEX/Aluminum/PEX
763:Fitting expenses
299:
297:
291:
288:
178:tensile strength
162:dicumyl peroxide
131:strain-hardening
21:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3274:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3182:
3139:
3096:
3058:
3025:
2994:
2940:
2929:
2895:
2885:
2834:
2772:
2758:Solvent bonding
2748:Plastic welding
2690:
2684:
2643:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2585:
2496:Polyester (PEs)
2433:
2427:
2422:
2389:Wayback Machine
2378:
2373:
2372:
2363:
2361:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2241:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2160:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2099:
2095:
2082:
2080:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2049:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2017:
2015:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1986:
1984:
1981:Chicago Tribune
1974:
1973:
1969:
1956:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1867:
1865:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1811:
1804:
1791:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1759:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1735:
1722:
1720:
1717:Chicago Tribune
1710:
1709:
1705:
1692:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1660:
1658:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1630:
1628:
1618:
1617:
1602:
1589:
1587:
1586:. July 19, 2015
1582:
1581:
1564:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1488:
1487:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1226:
1213:
1212:
1197:
1190:
1177:
1176:
1167:
1162:
1114:
1097:) resin powder.
1038:hip replacement
1022:
1011:
1005:
1002:
987:
971:
960:
913:
875:
834:
814:
741:dezincification
700:
610:
525:
509:
496:
483:
475:
450:
445:
414:
401:Lubonyl process
295:
293:
275:
231:
200:
195:montmorillonite
190:Young’s modulus
78:
60:, is a form of
35:
28:
27:Type of plastic
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3323:
3321:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3292:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3049:Vinyl chloride
3046:
3043:Polycarbonates
3035:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3017:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2942:
2941:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2856:Packaging film
2853:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2839:Specific goods
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2763:Vacuum forming
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2634:Polymeric foam
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:Polyimide (PI)
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2471:Polyamide (PA)
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2377:
2376:External links
2374:
2371:
2370:
2341:
2316:
2286:
2277:
2251:
2224:
2197:
2171:
2142:
2110:
2093:
2060:
2028:
1996:
1967:
1938:
1903:
1874:
1850:
1822:
1814:Ed The Plumber
1802:
1770:
1733:
1703:
1671:
1641:
1600:
1562:
1542:
1535:
1514:
1508:978-3527306732
1507:
1476:
1454:
1432:
1405:
1370:
1343:
1316:
1305:(3): 381–393.
1289:
1262:
1255:
1234:
1224:
1195:
1188:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1080:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1024:
1023:
974:
972:
965:
959:
956:
928:hardware store
912:
909:
874:
871:
870:
869:
859:
850:
844:
833:
830:
813:
810:
809:
808:
785:
766:
760:
750:
744:
722:
708:
699:
696:
695:
694:
688:
682:
676:
670:
664:
658:
650:home inspector
643:
637:
630:
624:
609:
606:
524:
521:
508:
505:
495:
492:
482:
479:
474:
471:
449:
446:
444:
443:Classification
441:
440:
439:
436:
433:
430:
413:
410:
409:
408:
394:
355:
336:functionalized
321:
274:
271:
230:
227:
77:
74:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3322:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3236:Garbage patch
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3102:Health issues
3099:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2876:Shopping bags
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2831:(Agriculture)
2830:
2829:Plasticulture
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:Geosynthetics
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:Thermoforming
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2614:Thermoplastic
2612:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:"PEX choices"
2345:
2342:
2338:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2157:
2156:Las Vegas Sun
2153:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2128:
2127:Las Vegas Sun
2124:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2108:137: 492-496.
2107:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2079:on 2011-10-03
2078:
2074:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1928:on 2016-09-16
1924:
1920:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1888:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1864:
1863:GuruFocus.com
1860:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1798:problem-free.
1788:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1755:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1657:. p. F25
1656:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:9783834899194
1555:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1009:
999:
995:
991:
985:
984:
980:
975:This section
973:
969:
964:
963:
957:
951:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
910:
908:
905:
902:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
872:
866:
864:
860:
857:
855:
854:Polypropylene
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
838:
837:
831:
829:
827:
823:
819:
818:United States
811:
806:
802:
798:
793:
789:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:
720:
716:
712:
709:
705:
702:
701:
697:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
661:Non-corrosive
659:
656:
651:
647:
644:
641:
638:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
618:
615:
614:
613:
607:
605:
601:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
582:
570:
561:
553:
545:
537:
529:
522:
520:
518:
514:
506:
504:
501:
493:
491:
489:
480:
478:
472:
470:
467:
463:
457:
455:
448:North America
447:
442:
437:
434:
431:
428:
427:
426:
422:
418:
411:
406:
405:azo compounds
402:
398:
395:
392:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
356:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
322:
319:
315:
314:Engel process
311:
307:
304:
303:
302:
289:
287:
282:
280:
272:
267:
262:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:electron beam
236:
228:
226:
224:
220:
219:vulcanization
214:
212:
208:
204:
198:
196:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
166:crystallinity
163:
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:flow behavior
132:
128:
124:
120:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
87:
86:thermoplastic
83:
75:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
33:
19:
2946:Plasticizers
2894:Environment
2846:Blister pack
2799:Construction
2708:Blow molding
2445:
2362:. Retrieved
2358:the original
2353:
2344:
2335:
2329:. Retrieved
2319:
2307:. Retrieved
2303:the original
2298:
2289:
2280:
2271:
2265:. Retrieved
2254:
2246:
2240:. Retrieved
2219:
2213:. Retrieved
2200:
2191:
2185:. Retrieved
2181:"Pex Issues"
2174:
2165:
2159:. Retrieved
2155:
2145:
2136:
2130:. Retrieved
2126:
2101:
2096:
2087:
2081:. Retrieved
2077:the original
2054:
2048:. Retrieved
2045:Toronto Star
2044:
2022:
2016:. Retrieved
2013:Toronto Star
2012:
1991:
1985:. Retrieved
1980:
1970:
1961:
1955:. Retrieved
1951:
1941:
1930:. Retrieved
1923:the original
1906:
1897:
1891:. Retrieved
1887:"Pex Issues"
1866:. Retrieved
1862:
1853:
1845:
1839:. Retrieved
1835:
1825:
1813:
1796:
1790:. Retrieved
1786:
1764:
1758:. Retrieved
1727:
1721:. Retrieved
1716:
1706:
1697:
1691:. Retrieved
1687:
1665:
1659:. Retrieved
1654:
1644:
1635:
1629:. Retrieved
1623:
1594:
1588:. Retrieved
1526:
1490:
1467:. Retrieved
1457:
1448:
1435:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1386:(1): 67–77.
1383:
1379:
1373:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1246:
1215:
1179:
1148:Stretch wrap
1100:
1082:
1068:power cables
1063:
1057:
1051:
1029:
1012:
1003:
988:Please help
976:
921:
914:
906:
903:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:
863:Polybutylene
861:
852:
846:
840:
835:
815:
787:
768:
762:
752:
746:
724:
718:
710:
703:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
660:
645:
639:
632:
626:
616:
611:
602:
586:
579:
576:
510:
497:
484:
476:
458:
451:
423:
419:
415:
400:
396:
376:possesses a
357:
323:
313:
305:
290:
283:
276:
268:in a factory
232:
215:
199:
155:
139:true strains
123:yield stress
115:
91:
79:
62:polyethylene
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:
3310:Polyolefins
3187:Regulations
3039:Bisphenol A
2723:Calendering
2665:Plasticizer
2605:Mechanical
1818:DIY Network
1469:February 1,
1359:(8): 2376.
1278:(8): 2376.
1071:insulation.
940:clamp tools
936:crimp tools
820:as well as
617:Flexibility
391:solid state
386:ɣ-radiation
374:β-radiation
255:vinylsilane
235:irradiating
127:compression
66:cross-links
3294:Categories
3115:Carcinogen
3080:Organotins
2950:Phthalates
2896:and health
2743:Pultrusion
2733:Laminating
2691:processing
2364:2008-06-12
2331:2011-07-09
2267:2011-08-15
2242:2011-08-15
2215:2011-08-15
2187:2011-07-09
2161:2011-07-09
2132:2011-07-09
2083:2011-07-09
2050:2011-07-09
2018:2011-07-09
1987:2011-07-09
1957:2011-07-09
1932:2023-03-14
1893:2011-07-09
1868:2022-10-27
1841:2011-07-09
1792:2011-07-09
1760:2011-07-09
1723:2011-07-09
1693:2011-07-09
1661:2011-07-09
1631:2011-07-09
1590:2015-07-30
1451:: 577–588.
1160:References
1142:Polyolefin
1093:(500
1058:Watercraft
958:Other uses
932:contractor
890:Multilayer
880:pipes, or
878:PEX-AL-PEX
873:PEX-AL-PEX
826:California
792:California
737:hard water
344:hydrolysis
340:water bath
207:dielectric
76:Properties
3144:Pollution
3110:Teratogen
3041:(BPA, in
2689:Plastics
2660:Colorants
2648:Additives
2432:Chemical
977:does not
911:PEX tools
865:(PB) Pipe
698:Drawbacks
348:Catalysts
310:peroxides
106:extrusion
102:thermoset
3305:Plumbing
3300:Plastics
3125:Diabetes
3031:Monomers
3011:Adipates
2933:plastics
2787:segments
2777:Products
2425:Plastics
2385:Archived
2309:June 23,
1919:Lubrizol
1560:, p. 931
1155:(UHMWPE)
1112:See also
1006:May 2024
944:staplers
917:spanners
894:aluminum
608:Benefits
523:Plumbing
517:hydrogen
370:hydrogen
350:such as
318:radicals
247:peroxide
151:hardness
3253:Dioxins
3173:Dioxins
3130:Obesity
2871:Cutlery
2861:Bottles
2299:Reuters
1388:Bibcode
1126:(LLDPE)
998:removed
983:sources
773:ferrous
490:atoms.
372:atoms.
328:silanes
98:polymer
2970:(BBzP)
2939:(PHCs)
2851:Chairs
2819:Nurdle
1820:, 2006
1556:
1533:
1505:
1253:
1222:
1186:
1138:(MDPE)
1132:(LDPE)
1120:(HDPE)
898:oxygen
882:AluPEX
822:Canada
733:Nevada
655:wrench
621:copper
593:copper
500:silane
488:carbon
473:Europe
380:of 10
330:(e.g.
279:silane
251:silane
241:. The
182:silane
3224:Waste
3070:PBDEs
2981:(DOP)
2607:types
2434:types
2209:(PDF)
1926:(PDF)
1915:(PDF)
1445:(PDF)
924:tools
888:, or
884:, or
147:creep
64:with
3085:PFCs
3075:PCBs
3051:(in
3015:DEHA
2990:DINP
2985:DIDP
2979:DEHP
2974:DIHP
2958:DIBP
2935:and
2866:Bags
2311:2009
1899:cold
1637:PEX.
1554:ISBN
1531:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1471:2017
1251:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1105:Asko
1091:mesh
981:any
979:cite
856:Pipe
799:and
784:PEX.
781:rust
777:iron
589:rust
498:The
452:All
203:LDPE
121:and
110:ASTM
58:XLPE
18:XLPE
3053:PVC
3020:DOA
2968:BBP
2963:DBP
1495:doi
1423:doi
1396:doi
1361:doi
1334:doi
1307:doi
1280:doi
992:by
342:by
193:as
56:or
54:XPE
50:PEX
3296::
2948::
2352:.
2334:.
2297:.
2270:.
2245:.
2227:^
2218:.
2190:.
2164:.
2154:.
2135:.
2125:.
2113:^
2086:.
2063:^
2053:.
2043:.
2031:^
2021:.
2011:.
1999:^
1990:.
1979:.
1960:.
1950:.
1917:.
1896:.
1877:^
1861:.
1844:.
1834:.
1816:,
1805:^
1795:.
1785:.
1773:^
1763:.
1736:^
1726:.
1715:.
1696:.
1686:.
1674:^
1664:.
1653:.
1634:.
1603:^
1593:.
1565:^
1545:^
1517:^
1501:.
1493:.
1479:^
1447:.
1419:42
1417:.
1394:.
1384:53
1382:.
1357:62
1355:.
1330:63
1328:.
1303:47
1301:.
1276:62
1274:.
1237:^
1198:^
1168:^
1095:μm
946:.
384:,
382:mm
296:hν
52:,
3055:)
3045:)
3022:)
3013:(
2924:e
2917:t
2910:v
2417:e
2410:t
2403:v
2367:.
2313:.
1935:.
1871:.
1539:.
1511:.
1497::
1473:.
1429:.
1425::
1402:.
1398::
1390::
1367:.
1363::
1340:.
1336::
1313:.
1309::
1286:.
1282::
1259:.
1228:.
1192:.
1019:)
1013:(
1008:)
1004:(
1000:.
986:.
717:(
298:)
294:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
