686:
825:
406:
63:
563:). Gametes are reportedly about 20 μm in diameter, with two flagella; after this, an amoeba-like stage seems to be present. It is also possible that the amoeboid stage represents amoeboid gametes, found in other foraminifera. These amoeboid structures are also sometimes found inside the granellare. Juveniles have occasionally been found in association with adults; in Psametta they are horseshoe-shaped and already covered in xenophyae.
3197:
31:
993:
3185:
584:
45:
576:. This growth occurred in phases lasting 2–3 days each; each phase was separated by a resting period of approximately two months. These growth phases were approximately synchronous between specimens, but it is unclear if this is biologically or developmentally controlled; some evidence suggests the synchrony may have been due to chance.
566:
The location of the initial plasma can sometimes be pointed out in adult xenophyophores. In some species this is denoted by a sharp change in the type of xenophyae; in others, the juvenile is regular and the adult is irregular; still others flip this pattern, so that the juvenile is irregular and the
958:
species, each 3–6 mm. The fragility of the xenophyophores suggests that the urchin either very carefully collected them, or that they settled and grew there. Among several possible explanations for the urchin's behaviour, perhaps the most likely are chemical camouflage and weighing itself down
793:
to the fossil. Supporting this notion is the similar abyssal habitat of living xenophyophores to the inferred habitat of fossil graphoglyptids; however, the large size (up to 0.5m) and regularity of many graphoglyptids as well as the apparent absence of xenophyae in their fossils casts doubt on the
579:
Each episode of growth occurred in three phases: first, the base becomes wider and flatter, causing the surface texture to become smoother; then, the original shape of the organism is regained (albeit larger); and finally, the surface texture is rebuilt. The rapid rate of growth observed suggests
601:
Xenophyophores are an important part of the deep sea-floor, as they have been found in all four major ocean basins. They are often found in areas of enhanced organic carbon flux, such as beneath productive surface waters, in sub-marine canyons, in settings with sloped topography (e.g. seamounts,
646:
and using the test to trap particles. Analysis of lipid concentrations within xenophyophores revealed especially high concentrations of bacteria in the stercomata, suggesting that xenophyophores utilise bacteria growing on their waste products in order to supplement their feeding.
425:) and other foreign mineral particles glued together with organic cements—that range from a few millimetres to 20 centimetres across. The softness and structure of tests varies from soft and lumpy shapes to fans and complex structures.
2813:
Rona, Peter A.; Seilacher, Adolf; de Vargas, Colomban; Gooday, Andrew J.; Bernhard, Joan M.; Bowser, Sam; Vetriani, Costantino; Wirsen, Carl O.; Mullineaux, Lauren; Sherrell, Robert; Frederick
Grassle, J. (2009-09-01).
1882:
Rothe, N.; Gooday, A. J.; Pearce, R. B. (2011-12-01). "Intracellular mineral grains in the xenophyophore
Nazareammina tenera (Rhizaria, Foraminifera) from the Nazaré Canyon (Portuguese margin, NE Atlantic)".
2612:
Meyer, Mike; Elliott, David; Wood, Andrew D.; Polys, Nicholas F.; Colbert, Matthew; Maisano, Jessica A.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Hall, Michael; Hoffman, Karl H.; Schneider, Gabi; Xiao, Shuhai (2014-08-01).
840:", providing habitat and serving as traps for organic particles, increasing diversity in the surrounding area. Research has shown that areas dominated by xenophyophores have 3–4 times the number of benthic
483:
are long (several mm in length), threadlike structures found outside of the granellare in some xenophyophores (genera traditionally grouped together as "stannomida"); they are flexible and form part of the
889:(Ophiuroidea) also appear to have a relationship with xenophyophores, as they are consistently found directly underneath or on top of the protozoans. They can also function as nurseries for fish;
836:
Local population densities may be as high as 2,000 individuals per 100 square metres (1,100 sq ft), making them dominant organisms in some areas. Xenophyophores have been found to be "
437:
Species of this group are morphologically variable, but the general structural pattern includes a test enclosing a branching system of organic tubules together with masses of waste material.
1493:
2347:"Rapid response of the giant protist xenophyophores (Foraminifera, Rhizaria) to organic matter supply at abyssal depths revealed by an in situ dual stable isotope labeling experiment"
642:, bacterial farming, deposit feeding, and trapping particulate matter inside the test. Studies have since confirmed active uptake of food from surrounding sediments using the
490:, for which the group is named, are the agglutinated particles from which the test is constructed. They vary by species; they can contain sediment particles, sponge spicules,
3150:
761:
However, analysis of the latter found neither barite crystals nor evidence of agglutinated foraminifera in the wall. A 2011 study that examined growth and development of
1326:"Five new species and two new genera of xenophyophores (Foraminifera: Rhizaria) from part of the abyssal equatorial Pacific licensed for polymetallic nodule exploration"
1813:
927:. As they occur in all the world's oceans and in great numbers, xenophyophores could be indispensable agents in the process of sediment deposition and in maintaining
798:
have been discovered; however, no evidence of tests, stercomares, grannelares, or xenophyophore DNA was found, and the trace may alternately represent a burrow or a
4536:
4379:
3146:
919:
Xenophyophores are difficult to study due to their extreme fragility. Specimens are invariably damaged during sampling, rendering them useless for captive study or
1580:
Gooday, A. J.; Aranda da Silva, A.; Pawlowski, J. (2011-12-01). "Xenophyophores (Rhizaria, Foraminifera) from the Nazaré Canyon (Portuguese margin, NE Atlantic)".
4392:
3090:"Xenophyophores (Rhizaria, Foraminifera), including four new species and two new genera, from the western Clarion-Clipperton Zone (abyssal equatorial Pacific)"
1920:"Micro-CT 3D imaging reveals the internal structure of three abyssal xenophyophore species (Protista, Foraminifera) from the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean"
1703:"Giant protists (xenophyophores, Foraminifera) are exceptionally diverse in parts of the abyssal eastern Pacific licensed for polymetallic nodule exploration"
1368:
Gooday, A.J; Aranda da Silva, A.; Pawlowski, J. (2011). "Xenophyophores (Rhizaria, Foraminifera) from the Nazare Canyon (Portuguese margin, NE Atlantic)".
954:, about 5 cm diameter, which was wearing a cloak consisting of over 1,000 protists and other creatures, including 245 living xenophyophores, mainly
666:. This study found no evidence to support a bacterial farming function for the test, and instead proposed that it aided to function in the collection of
3040:"Intracellular mineral grains in the xenophyophore Nazareammina tenera (Rhizaria, Foraminifera) from the Nazaré Canyon (Portuguese margin, NE Atlantic)"
2662:"Jensen, S. and Palacios, T. 2006. A peri-Gondwanan cradle for the trace fossil Paleodictyon. In: 22 Jornadas de Paleontologia, Comunicaciones, 132-134"
916:
Despite this abundance, the relatively low amount of protoplasm per unit of test means that xenophyophores often contribute little to total biomass.
1244:
Hayward, B.W.; Le Coze, F.; Gross, O. (2019). World
Foraminifera Database. Monothalamea. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at:
1701:
Gooday, Andrew J; Holzmann, Maria; Caulle, Clémence; Goineau, Aurélie; Kamenskaya, Olga; Weber, Alexandra A. -T.; Pawlowski, Jan (2017-03-01).
634:
The diet and feeding ecology of xenophyophores was long the subject of speculation; the fragile tests and deepwater habitat of the group makes
1324:
Gooday, Andrew J.; Holzmann, Maria; Goineau, Aurélie; Pearce, Richard B.; Voltski, Ivan; Weber, Alexandra A.-T.; Pawlowski, Jan (2018-08-03).
1861:
3168:
2995:
Levin, Lisa A.; Gooday, Andrew J.; James, David W. (2001). "Dressing up for the deep: agglutinated protists adorn an irregular urchin".
2615:"Three-dimensional microCT analysis of the Ediacara fossil Pteridinium simplex sheds new light on its ecology and phylogenetic affinity"
513:, or concentrated in excretions. The selected minerals vary with species, but often include barite, lead and uranium. The granellare of
3140:
1541:"A new genus of xenophyophores (Foraminifera) from Japan Trench: morphological description, molecular phylogeny and elemental analysis"
341:. In the beginning of the 20th century they were considered an independent class of Rhizopoda, and later as a new eukaryotic phylum of
3229:
609:
Xenophyophores have been found between depths of 500 and 10,600 metres. Most are epifaunal (living atop the seabed), but one species (
570:
Growth is episodic; one observational study taking place over a period of eight months saw a three-to-tenfold growth in specimens of
2447:
Bobrovskiy, Ilya; Hope, Janet M.; Ivantsov, Andrey; Nettersheim, Benjamin J.; Hallmann, Christian; Brocks, Jochen J. (2018-09-21).
2141:"Interactions between metazoans and large, agglutinating protozoans: implications for the community structure of deep-sea benthos"
4562:
3263:
3258:
812:
within the fossils as well as supposed morphological similarity; however, the barium content was later determined to be due to
1000:
719:
cast doubt on this identification, as these sterols are today associated only with animals. These researchers suggest that
4590:
3342:
3332:
3315:
2173:
787:
through recent times, could represent the remains of xenophyophores, and noted the similarity of the extant xenophyophore
3175:
1403:
Brady, H.B. (1884). "Report on the
Foraminifera. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger".
828:
A deep sea community of organisms, including several xenophyophores; the two large individuals in the bottom middle have
62:
526:
Studies have found unusually high concentrations of radioactive nuclides in xenophyophores; this was first reported in
4484:
1439:
Haeckel, E. (1889). "Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873–76".
618:
Xenophyophore densities are highest on soft sediments; however, they may still be found on rocky substrates including
2267:"A new infaunal xenophyophore (xenophyophorea, protozoa) with notes on its ecology and possible trace fossil analogs"
2901:"Deep-sea benthic megafaunal habitat suitability modelling: A global-scale maximum entropy model for xenophyophores"
685:
378:
of xenophyophores. This study also suggested that many individual genera are polyphyletic, with similar body shapes
4397:
2174:"Synoptic checklist and bibliography of the Xenophyophorea (Protista), with a zoogeopgraphical survey of the group"
541:
2126:
Possible roles for
Xenophyophores in dee-sea carbon cycling. In: Deep-Sea Food Chains and the Global Carbon Cycle
358:
305:
962:
Different xenophyophore ecomorphs are found in different settings; reticulated or heavily folded genera such as
3141:"The offshore directory: Review of a selection of habitats, communities and species of the north-east Atlantic"
659:
345:. Phylogenetic studies suggest that xenophyophores are a specialized group of monothalamous (single-chambered)
2822:. Marine Benthic Ecology and Biodiversity: A Compilation of Recent Advances in Honor of J. Frederick Grassle.
974:
are more common in areas where the substrate is sloped or near canyon walls, while more fan-shaped forms like
3347:
824:
405:
532:
but has since been found to be true of many other xenophyophore species from different parts of the ocean.
4600:
4319:
3222:
4595:
3310:
2669:
1494:"Small subunit ribosomal DNA suggests that the xenophyophorean Syringammina corbicula isa Foraminiferan"
1412:
924:
148:
4249:
4168:
3088:
Gooday, Andrew J.; Durden, Jennifer M.; Holzmann, Maria; Pawlowski, Jan; Smith, Craig R. (2020-08-01).
615:), is known to be infaunal; it buries itself up to 6 centimetres (2.4 in) deep into the sediment.
2346:
1749:"Testing the protozoan hypothesis for Ediacaran fossils: a developmental analysis of Palaeopascichnus"
670:
by increasing surface area. These authors argued that xenophyophores fill a major role in ocean-floor
188:
4567:
4510:
4471:
4407:
4366:
4151:
3974:
3051:
3039:
2912:
2827:
2815:
2771:
2709:
2626:
2614:
2460:
2405:
2358:
2309:
2237:
2200:"Xenophyophoria (Rhizopoda, Protozoa) in bottom photographs from the bathyal and abyssal NE Atlantic"
2098:
1996:
1931:
1892:
1628:
1616:
1589:
1377:
928:
775:
671:
379:
269:
4254:
4163:
4157:
3964:
3735:
3610:
3452:
1245:
509:
They select certain minerals and elements from their environment that are included in its tests and
4357:
4238:
3703:
3504:
1460:
Wissenschaftliche
Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition Auf dem Dampfer 'Validivia' 1898–1899
1067:
1053:
976:
964:
909:
816:
alteration of the material and the morphology of the specimen instead supported an algal affinity.
808:
fossils have been suggested to represent the remains of xenophyophores due to the concentration of
571:
4197:
4107:
4060:
3969:
3620:
3615:
3396:
1918:
Gooday, Andrew J.; Sykes, Dan; Góral, Tomasz; Zubkov, Mikhail V.; Glover, Adrian G. (2018-08-14).
1130:
1109:
1074:
1060:
1039:
907:
sea cucumbers have all been observed feeding on xenophyophores; specifically, the monoplacophoran
3327:
3305:
3293:
3268:
3189:
3020:
2900:
2795:
2741:
2594:
2545:
2429:
2067:
2020:
1521:
1081:
939:
837:
756:
750:
639:
330:
325:. This refers to the sediments, called xenophyae, which are cemented together to construct their
288:
57:
3457:
2086:
1325:
1194:
1172:
1165:
1144:
1137:
1088:
862:
551:
Gametes form in a specialised part of the granellare that may look like swollen side-branch (in
390:
386:
370:
177:
169:
4462:
3499:
3401:
1187:
1102:
1095:
559:
553:
515:
364:
4549:
4497:
4415:
4007:
3723:
3718:
3678:
3574:
3337:
3300:
3288:
3278:
3215:
3119:
3111:
3067:
3012:
2977:
2959:
2878:
2843:
2787:
2733:
2725:
2642:
2586:
2537:
2496:
2488:
2421:
2374:
2327:
2278:
2059:
2012:
1965:
1947:
1857:
1807:
1770:
1724:
1644:
1562:
1513:
1347:
1158:
1151:
1123:
1116:
738:
651:
520:
4554:
280:
that extract minerals from their surroundings and use them to form an exoskeleton known as a
4420:
4285:
4102:
3881:
3638:
3252:
3101:
3059:
3004:
2967:
2951:
2920:
2870:
2835:
2779:
2717:
2634:
2576:
2527:
2478:
2468:
2449:"Ancient steroids establish the Ediacaran fossil Dickinsonia as one of the earliest animals"
2413:
2366:
2317:
2245:
2152:
2106:
2051:
2004:
1955:
1939:
1900:
1849:
1760:
1714:
1636:
1597:
1552:
1505:
1385:
1337:
733:
623:
208:
4541:
4384:
4371:
4289:
3826:
3163:
2697:
2682:
1425:
885:—some of which may take up semi-permanent residence within a xenophyophore's test.
3055:
2916:
2831:
2775:
2713:
2630:
2464:
2409:
2362:
2313:
2297:
2241:
2102:
2000:
1935:
1896:
1632:
1593:
1381:
852:
than equivalent areas that lack xenophyophores. The xenophyophores themselves also play
4244:
3959:
3688:
3564:
3424:
3380:
3283:
3201:
2972:
2939:
2874:
2199:
1960:
1919:
1539:
Lecroq, Béatrice; Gooday, Andrew John; Tsuchiya, Masashi; Pawlowski, Jan (2009-07-01).
1509:
943:
900:
418:
326:
322:
292:
281:
159:
100:
87:
393:. However, cladistic analyses based on molecular data have suggested a high amount of
4584:
4476:
4145:
4117:
3933:
3730:
3630:
3444:
3429:
2598:
2564:
2433:
2110:
2071:
2039:
1765:
1748:
1557:
1540:
879:
805:
799:
667:
592:
sp. from the
Porcupine Abyssal Plain in the NE Atlantic, from a depth of about 4800m.
277:
266:
4489:
3024:
2745:
2638:
2549:
1525:
4502:
4268:
4186:
4125:
4097:
4078:
4067:
4049:
4040:
4030:
3866:
3831:
3818:
3808:
3713:
3698:
3693:
3683:
3665:
3551:
3541:
3476:
3419:
3411:
2393:
2024:
1789:
1640:
1458:
Schulze, F. E. (1907). "Die
Xenophyophoren, eine besondere Gruppe der Rhizopoden".
1212:
1032:
1025:
970:
920:
886:
853:
829:
789:
779:
690:
611:
603:
588:
545:
528:
495:
414:
346:
334:
262:
130:
120:
2861:
Torres, Andrew M. (1996). "Fossil algae were very different from xenophyophores".
276:, at depths of 500 to 10,600 metres (1,600 to 34,800 ft). They are a kind of
4447:
1719:
1702:
397:, and that the division between psamminids and stannomids is not well supported.
4523:
4456:
4351:
4140:
4135:
4002:
3997:
3984:
3876:
3836:
3434:
2721:
1853:
1584:. The Geology, Geochemistry, and Biology of Submarine Canyons West of Portugal.
1342:
1306:
A Monograph of the
Xenophyophoria (Rhizopodea, Protozoa) (Doctoral dissertation)
904:
767:
744:
715:
682:
As of 2017, no positively-identified xenophyophore fossils had been discovered.
654:
to examine the question of xenophyophore feeding confirmed rapid uptake of both
643:
30:
3196:
3106:
3089:
2839:
2266:
1943:
1601:
1389:
980:
are more common in areas with quieter water and/or lower primary productivity.
440:
A number of unique terms are used to refer to anatomical aspects of the group:
4277:
4203:
4087:
3992:
3951:
3941:
3923:
3871:
3846:
3841:
3673:
3643:
3597:
3579:
3569:
3063:
3008:
2924:
2581:
2370:
2087:"Direct observation of episodic growth in an abyssal xenophyophore (Protista)"
2055:
2040:"Natural 226Ra and 232Th radionuclides in xenophyophores of the Pacific Ocean"
1904:
1841:
1217:
1180:
947:
871:
845:
813:
724:
583:
506:
of xenophyophores contributes less than 1% of the total mass of the organism.
503:
491:
450:
338:
4342:
3115:
3071:
3016:
2963:
2882:
2847:
2791:
2729:
2646:
2590:
2541:
2492:
2425:
2378:
2331:
2282:
2226:"Effect of giant protozoans (class: Xenophyophorea) on deep-seamount benthos"
2063:
2016:
1951:
1840:
Levin, L. A.; Gooday, A. J. (1992), Rowe, Gilbert T.; Pariente, Vita (eds.),
1774:
1728:
1648:
1566:
1351:
694:
has been suggested as a fossil xenophyophore, but this remains controversial.
540:
Very little is known about xenophyophore reproduction. It is assumed that an
4130:
4092:
3795:
3605:
3522:
2473:
2448:
1788:
1617:"New supraordinal classification of Foraminifera: Molecules meet morphology"
1235:
Tendal, O.S. (1972) A MONOGRAPH OF THE XENOPHYOPHORIA (Rhizopodea, Protozoa)
1207:
935:
890:
867:
841:
728:
703:
510:
394:
375:
310:
74:
3123:
2981:
2899:
Ashford, Oliver S.; Davies, Andrew J.; Jones, Daniel O.B. (December 2014).
2737:
2500:
2157:
2140:
1985:"High levels of natural radionuclides in a deep-sea infaunal xenophyophore"
1969:
1517:
754:
have been posited as fossil xenophyophores and linked to the Eocene fossil
44:
3207:
2516:"Ediacaran biota: The dawn of animal life in the shadow of giant protists"
1984:
1265:
4441:
4336:
4297:
4293:
4191:
3803:
3778:
3514:
3369:
3322:
3238:
1269:
1046:
896:
875:
784:
699:
602:
abyssal hills) and on continental slopes. They are not found in areas of
430:
353:
580:
that xenophyophores may not be as long-lived as previously hypothesised.
458:. Stercomares also include small, yellow-red spherical bodies known as
4281:
3907:
2799:
2532:
2515:
2483:
2322:
2298:"Use of lipids to study the trophic ecology of deep-sea xenophyophores"
2250:
2225:
882:
857:
849:
663:
454:; pellets that are bundled together in long strings are referred to as
342:
300:
110:
4528:
2124:
Levin, L. A.; Gooday, A. J. (1992). Rowe, G. T.; Pariente, V. (eds.).
1747:
Antcliffe, Jonathan B.; Gooday, Andrew J.; Brasier, Martin D. (2011).
1481:(2nd ed.). Society of protozoologists. Lawrence, KS: Allen Press.
893:
have been found to lay eggs in the shelter of the xenophyophore test.
4301:
2955:
2762:
Levin, Lisa A. (1994). "Paleoecology and Ecology of Xenophyophores".
2417:
2008:
1848:, NATO ASI Series, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 93–104,
809:
710:
655:
619:
466:
4313:
2783:
2514:
Seilacher, Adolf; Grazhdankin, Dmitri; Legouta, Anton (2003-03-31).
2224:
Levin, L. A.; DeMaster, D. J.; McCann, L. D.; Thomas, C. L. (1986).
385:
Historically xenophyophores have been divided into the agglutinated
706:
period represent fossil xenophyophores. However, the discovery of C
2661:
1492:
Pawlowski, J.; Holzmann, M.; Fahrni, J.; Richardson, S.L. (2003).
1261:
684:
582:
404:
321:
The name Xenophyophora means "bearer of foreign bodies", from the
296:
273:
1246:
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=744106
4515:
1615:
Pawlowski, Jan; Holzmann, Maria; Tyszka, Jarosław (2013-04-01).
4317:
3211:
434:—have compartmentalized tests consisting of multiple chambers.
1842:"Possible Roles for Xenophyophores in Deep-Sea Carbon Cycling"
987:
250:
2816:"Paleodictyon nodosum: A living fossil on the deep-sea floor"
765:
concluded it was likely not a xenophyophore. A 2014 study of
2940:"Giant protists (xenophyophores) function as fish nurseries"
473:
within their cytoplasm. This is not to be confused with the
2565:"Benkovac Stone (Eocene, Croatia): a deep-sea Plattenkalk?"
253:
244:
235:
232:
223:
217:
2820:
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
1582:
Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
913:
has been proposed as a specialised predator of the group.
303:
have been described, varying widely in size. The largest,
3151:"Windows to the deep exploration: Giants of the protozoa"
313:, reaching up to 20 centimetres (8 in) in diameter.
3139:
Gubbay, S., Baker, M., Bettn, B., Konnecker, G. (2002).
1983:
Swinbanks, David D.; Shirayama, Yoshihisa (March 1986).
295:, and in some regions are the dominant species. Fifteen
3044:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
2905:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
2351:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
2265:
Tendal, Os; Swinbanks, Dd; Shirayama, Y. (1982-01-01).
2091:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
2085:
Gooday, A.J.; Bett, B.J.; Pratt, D.N. (November 1993).
1885:
Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
1004:
465:
Xenophyophores also commonly have abundant crystals of
3169:
More xenophyophore photos, with a map of their habitat
3038:
Rothe, N.; Gooday, A. J.; Pearce, R. B. (2011-12-01).
2997:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
3173:
2698:"Piaeodicton: The Traces of Infaunal Xenophyophores?"
241:
229:
226:
220:
214:
211:
2128:. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic. pp. 93–104.
247:
4431:
4326:
4228:
4177:
4116:
4077:
4039:
4028:
3983:
3950:
3932:
3921:
3904:
3859:
3817:
3794:
3787:
3776:
3664:
3629:
3596:
3550:
3539:
3513:
3492:
3485:
3474:
3443:
3410:
3389:
3379:
3366:
1363:
1361:
774:Some researchers have suggested that the enigmatic
638:observation difficult. Early propositions included
238:
2563:Seilacher, Adolf; Mrinjek, Erwin (December 2011).
2345:Tsuchiya, Masashi; Nomaki, Hidetaka (2021-10-01).
1266:"Giant amoebas discovered in deepest ocean trench"
519:have been found to contain high concentrations of
1477:Lee, J. J.; Leedale, G. F.; Bradbury, P. (2000).
923:. For this reason, very little is known of their
417:. Many form delicate and elaborate agglutinated
2398:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
2296:Laureillard, J; Méjanelle, L; Sibuet, M (2004).
1846:Deep-Sea Food Chains and the Global Carbon Cycle
368:to form a monophyletic clade closely related to
272:found on the ocean floor throughout the world's
477:, which refers to the plasma body and its tube.
374:. Further molecular evidence has confirmed the
1256:
1254:
413:Xenophyophores are unicellular, but have many
3223:
421:—shells often made of calcium carbonate (CaCO
8:
1812:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
856:host to a number of organisms—such as
444:Individual waste pellets are referred to as
4314:
4036:
4025:
3929:
3918:
3914:
3901:
3791:
3784:
3773:
3661:
3626:
3593:
3557:
3547:
3536:
3489:
3482:
3471:
3386:
3376:
3363:
3230:
3216:
3208:
938:at a depth of 3,088 metres at the Alaskan
698:It has been suggested that the mysterious
43:
29:
20:
3105:
2971:
2580:
2531:
2482:
2472:
2321:
2249:
2156:
1959:
1764:
1718:
1556:
1545:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1341:
1330:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
823:
548:; however, this has not been confirmed.
3180:
2938:Levin, Lisa A.; Rouse, Greg W. (2020).
1228:
2678:
2667:
1805:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1421:
1410:
3164:Microscopy-UK: Note on Xenophyophores
3083:
3081:
2894:
2892:
2757:
2755:
2198:Tendal, O. S.; Gooday, A. J. (1981).
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1479:The illustrated guide to the protozoa
494:tests, and even the tests of smaller
7:
4408:bcb29775-1da9-46a3-a223-75a28b94e988
1319:
1317:
1315:
337:. Later they were placed within the
52:Xenophyophore at the Galapagos Rift
731:. Other ediacaran fossils, such as
2875:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1996.tb01661.x
1510:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00275.x
1498:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
959:to avoid being moved in currents.
38:Image of a deep sea xenophyophore
14:
3195:
3183:
3094:European Journal of Protistology
1766:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01058.x
1558:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00493.x
991:
794:possibility. Modern examples of
409:A large 20-cm wide xenophyophore
389:and the flexible, proteinaceous
207:
61:
16:Clade of single-celled organisms
2696:Swinbanks, D. D. (1982-10-01).
2639:10.1016/j.precamres.2014.04.013
713:associated with the fossils of
2302:Marine Ecology Progress Series
2230:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1641:10.1016/j.marmicro.2013.04.002
934:Scientists in the submersible
291:in 1883. They are abundant on
1:
771:reached similar conclusions.
352:A 2013 molecular study using
333:classified them as primitive
309:, is among the largest known
287:They were first described by
2569:Swiss Journal of Geosciences
2392:Seilacher, A. (2007-01-01).
2111:10.1016/0967-0637(93)90094-J
2038:Domanov, M. M. (July 2015).
1720:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.01.006
428:Some xenophyophores—notably
2722:10.1126/science.218.4567.47
2394:"The nature of vendobionts"
1854:10.1007/978-94-011-2452-2_6
650:A 2021 study that utilised
4617:
3107:10.1016/j.ejop.2020.125715
2840:10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.015
2044:Geochemistry International
1944:10.1038/s41598-018-30186-2
1602:10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.04.005
1390:10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.04.005
723:and relatives are instead
573:Reticulammina labyrinthica
542:alternation of generations
4263:
4024:
3917:
3900:
3772:
3660:
3592:
3560:
3535:
3470:
3362:
3246:
3064:10.1016/j.dsr.2011.09.003
3009:10.1017/S0025315401004738
2925:10.1016/j.dsr.2014.07.012
2582:10.1007/s00015-011-0051-7
2371:10.1016/j.dsr.2021.103608
2056:10.1134/S0016702915070034
1905:10.1016/j.dsr.2011.09.003
1370:Deep-Sea Research Part II
1343:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx093
544:takes place, as in other
317:Naming and classification
306:Syringammina fragilissima
166:
156:
58:Scientific classification
56:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
2520:Paleontological Research
1621:Marine Micropaleontology
660:dissolved organic matter
557:) or a stalked bulb (in
2474:10.1126/science.aat7228
1707:Biological Conservation
1308:. Danish Science Press.
931:in benthic ecosystems.
783:, known from the early
536:Growth and reproduction
2677:Cite journal requires
2172:Tendal, O. S. (1996).
1420:Cite journal requires
1304:Tendal, O. S. (1972).
833:
695:
672:biogeochemical cycling
593:
410:
371:Rhizammina algaeformis
827:
688:
612:Occultammina profunda
586:
408:
380:convergently evolving
270:unicellular organisms
265:. Xenophyophores are
185:Clade incertae sedis
4591:Foraminifera classes
2619:Precambrian Research
2158:10.1093/icb/31.6.886
2139:Levin, L. A (1991).
2097:(11–12): 2131–2143.
1588:(23–24): 2401–2419.
1376:(23–24): 2401–2419.
1005:adding missing items
929:biological diversity
622:, canyon walls, and
4276:organization type:
3056:2011DSRI...58.1189R
2917:2014DSRI...94...31A
2832:2009DSRII..56.1700R
2776:1994Palai...9...32L
2714:1982Sci...218...47S
2631:2014PreR..249...79M
2465:2018Sci...361.1246B
2459:(6408): 1246–1249.
2410:2007GSLSP.286..387S
2363:2021DSRI..17603608T
2314:2004MEPS..270..129L
2242:1986MEPS...29...99L
2103:1993DSRI...40.2131G
2001:1986Natur.320..354S
1936:2018NatSR...812103G
1897:2011DSRI...58.1189R
1633:2013MarMP.100....1P
1594:2011DSRII..58.2401G
1382:2011DSRII..58.2401G
1264:(22 October 2011).
910:Neopilina galatheae
838:ecosystem engineers
157:Orders and subtaxa
3910:
3906:
2533:10.2517/prpsj.7.43
2323:10.3354/meps270129
2251:10.3354/meps029099
2145:American Zoologist
1924:Scientific Reports
1003:; you can help by
952:Cystochinus loveni
940:continental margin
834:
696:
640:suspension feeding
594:
567:adult is regular.
411:
354:small subunit rDNA
331:Henry Bowman Brady
289:Henry Bowman Brady
4578:
4577:
4550:Open Tree of Life
4416:Open Tree of Life
4320:Taxon identifiers
4311:
4310:
4294:heliozoan amoebae
4286:amoeboflagellates
4250:Labyrinthomyxidae
4224:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4169:Globigerinitoidea
4020:
4019:
4016:
4015:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3855:
3854:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3679:Phaeogymnocellida
3656:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3588:
3587:
3575:Paracercomonadida
3531:
3530:
3466:
3465:
3143:, pp. 74–77.
3050:(12): 1189–1195.
2826:(19): 1700–1712.
2271:Oceanologica Acta
2207:Oceanologica Acta
1995:(6060): 354–358.
1891:(12): 1189–1195.
1863:978-94-011-2452-2
1021:
1020:
948:spatangoid urchin
652:isotopic labeling
597:Habitat and range
201:
200:
193:
182:
174:
152:
4608:
4571:
4570:
4558:
4557:
4545:
4544:
4532:
4531:
4519:
4518:
4506:
4505:
4493:
4492:
4480:
4479:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4424:
4423:
4411:
4410:
4401:
4400:
4388:
4387:
4375:
4374:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4315:
4103:Silicoloculinida
4037:
4033:
4026:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3902:
3882:Plasmodiophorida
3792:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3662:
3639:Thaumatomonadida
3627:
3594:
3558:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3490:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3387:
3377:
3373:
3364:
3275:
3255:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3149:Ocean Explorer.
3128:
3127:
3109:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3035:
3029:
3028:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2975:
2956:10.1002/ecy.2933
2935:
2929:
2928:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2584:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2535:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2486:
2476:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2418:10.1144/SP286.28
2389:
2383:
2382:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2204:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2009:10.1038/320354a0
1980:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1837:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1759:(5): 1157–1175.
1744:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1698:
1653:
1652:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1321:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1258:
1249:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1016:
1013:
995:
994:
988:
901:monoplacophorans
763:Palaeopascichnus
734:Palaeopascichnus
382:multiple times.
260:
259:
256:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
191:
189:Ammoclathrinidae
180:
172:
147:
66:
65:
47:
33:
21:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4566:
4561:
4553:
4548:
4540:
4535:
4527:
4522:
4514:
4509:
4501:
4496:
4488:
4483:
4475:
4470:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4427:
4419:
4414:
4406:
4404:
4396:
4391:
4383:
4378:
4370:
4365:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4322:
4312:
4307:
4290:testate amoebae
4259:
4208:
4173:
4152:Globotruncanida
4112:
4073:
4029:
4012:
3979:
3975:Symphyacanthida
3946:
3922:
3905:
3888:
3851:
3827:Claustrosporida
3813:
3777:
3740:
3648:
3625:
3584:
3540:
3527:
3509:
3475:
3462:
3439:
3406:
3367:
3358:
3357:
3273:
3251:
3242:
3236:
3206:
3194:
3184:
3182:
3174:
3160:
3136:
3134:Further reading
3131:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3037:
3036:
3032:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2784:10.2307/3515076
2761:
2760:
2753:
2708:(4567): 47–49.
2695:
2694:
2690:
2676:
2666:
2660:Jensen, Soren.
2659:
2658:
2654:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2575:(S1): 159–166.
2562:
2561:
2557:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2181:Galathea Report
2176:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2037:
2036:
2032:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1839:
1838:
1821:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1746:
1745:
1736:
1700:
1699:
1656:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1419:
1409:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1323:
1322:
1313:
1303:
1302:
1283:
1274:
1272:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1204:
1017:
1011:
1008:
992:
986:
822:
709:
680:
662:in the form of
632:
599:
538:
424:
403:
319:
210:
206:
146:
60:
24:Xenophyophorea
17:
12:
11:
5:
4614:
4612:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4583:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4559:
4546:
4533:
4520:
4507:
4494:
4481:
4468:
4453:
4437:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4412:
4402:
4389:
4376:
4363:
4358:Xenophyophorea
4348:
4332:
4330:
4328:Xenophyophorea
4324:
4323:
4318:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4298:sporozoan-like
4274:
4271:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4255:Rhizoplasmidae
4252:
4247:
4245:Gymnosphaerida
4242:
4234:
4232:
4230:Incertae sedis
4226:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4179:Incertae sedis
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4164:Guembelitriida
4160:
4158:Heterohelicida
4154:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4083:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4064:
4058:
4056:Xenophyophorea
4053:
4046:
4044:
4034:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3965:Chaunocanthida
3962:
3960:Arthracanthida
3956:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3927:
3912:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3789:
3782:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3736:Ventricleftida
3733:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3689:Phaeosphaerida
3686:
3681:
3670:
3668:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3611:Spongomonadida
3608:
3602:
3600:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3565:Glissomonadida
3561:
3555:
3545:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3453:Chlorarachnida
3449:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3425:Desmothoracida
3422:
3416:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3384:
3381:Reticulofilosa
3374:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3348:Mesomycetozoea
3345:
3340:
3330:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3284:Diaphoretickes
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:classification
3237:
3235:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3212:
3205:
3204:
3192:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3159:
3158:External links
3156:
3155:
3154:
3144:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3077:
3030:
2987:
2930:
2888:
2869:(3): 287–288.
2853:
2805:
2751:
2688:
2679:|journal=
2652:
2604:
2555:
2506:
2439:
2404:(1): 387–397.
2384:
2337:
2288:
2277:(3): 325–329.
2257:
2216:
2190:
2164:
2151:(6): 886–900.
2131:
2116:
2077:
2050:(7): 664–669.
2030:
1975:
1910:
1874:
1862:
1819:
1790:"Foraminifera"
1780:
1734:
1654:
1607:
1572:
1551:(3): 455–464.
1531:
1504:(6): 483–487.
1484:
1469:
1450:
1431:
1422:|journal=
1395:
1357:
1336:(4): 723–748.
1311:
1281:
1250:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1019:
1018:
1012:September 2020
998:
996:
985:
984:List of genera
982:
944:Gulf of Alaska
821:
818:
776:graphoglyptids
707:
679:
676:
631:
628:
598:
595:
537:
534:
500:
499:
485:
478:
463:
422:
402:
399:
318:
315:
293:abyssal plains
263:foraminiferans
261:is a clade of
204:Xenophyophorea
199:
198:
197:
196:
195:
194:
183:
175:
164:
163:
160:incertae sedis
154:
153:
144:Xenophyophorea
141:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
91:
90:
88:Diaphoretickes
85:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
54:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4613:
4602:
4601:Extremophiles
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4569:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4372:Xénophyophore
4368:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4316:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4147:
4146:Globigerinida
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4118:Globothalamea
4115:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3934:Sticholonchea
3931:
3928:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3899:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3731:Tectofilosida
3729:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3704:Phaeoconchida
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3631:Silicofilosea
3628:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3580:Cercomonadida
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3505:Metromonadida
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3445:Chlorarachnea
3442:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3430:Leucodictyida
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3361:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:Stramenopiles
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3274:(major groups
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3233:
3228:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2950:(4): e02933.
2949:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2671:
2663:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1875:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1795:
1794:www.ucl.ac.uk
1791:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1753:Palaeontology
1750:
1743:
1741:
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1735:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1712:
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1704:
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1695:
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1691:
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1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1414:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1248:on 2019-01-07
1247:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1068:Stannophyllum
1065:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1054:Galatheammina
1051:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1006:
1002:
999:This list is
997:
990:
989:
983:
981:
979:
978:
977:Stannophyllum
973:
972:
967:
966:
965:Reticulammina
960:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
917:
914:
912:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
892:
888:
887:Brittle stars
884:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:
860:(e.g., genus
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
831:
830:brittle stars
826:
819:
817:
815:
811:
807:
806:Carboniferous
802:
801:
800:glass sponge.
797:
792:
791:
786:
782:
781:
777:
772:
770:
769:
764:
760:
758:
753:
752:
747:
746:
741:
740:
736:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
717:
712:
705:
701:
693:
692:
687:
683:
678:Fossil record
677:
675:
673:
669:
668:phytodetritus
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
645:
641:
637:
629:
627:
625:
621:
616:
614:
613:
607:
605:
596:
591:
590:
585:
581:
577:
575:
574:
568:
564:
562:
561:
556:
555:
549:
547:
543:
535:
533:
531:
530:
524:
522:
518:
517:
512:
507:
505:
497:
493:
489:
486:
482:
479:
476:
472:
468:
464:
461:
457:
453:
452:
447:
443:
442:
441:
438:
435:
433:
432:
426:
420:
416:
407:
400:
398:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
372:
367:
366:
361:
360:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
316:
314:
312:
308:
307:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
278:foraminiferan
275:
271:
268:
267:multinucleate
264:
258:
205:
190:
187:
186:
184:
179:
176:
171:
168:
167:
165:
162:
161:
155:
150:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
64:
59:
55:
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4596:Monothalamea
4490:Monothalamea
4477:Monothalamea
4463:Monothalamea
4433:Monothalamea
4432:
4327:
4269:paraphyletic
4239:Lapot gusevi
4237:
4229:
4198:Heterogromia
4196:
4187:Involutinida
4178:
4126:Textulariida
4108:Ammodiscidae
4098:Spirillinida
4079:Tubothalamea
4068:Reticulomyxa
4066:
4061:Astrorhizida
4055:
4050:Allogromiida
4041:Monothalamea
4031:Foraminifera
3985:Polycystinea
3970:Holocanthida
3867:Vampyrellida
3832:Haplosporida
3819:Ascetosporea
3809:Reticulosida
3714:Cryomonadida
3699:Phaeogromida
3694:Phaeocalpida
3684:Phaeocystida
3666:Thecofilosea
3621:Variglissida
3616:Marimonadida
3552:Sarcomonadea
3542:Ventrifilosa
3493:Metromonadea
3477:Monadofilosa
3420:Cryptofilida
3412:Granofilosea
3397:Aquavolonida
3333:Opisthokonta
3153:, p. 2.
3097:
3093:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2908:
2904:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2823:
2819:
2808:
2770:(1): 32–41.
2767:
2763:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2670:cite journal
2655:
2622:
2618:
2607:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2526:(1): 43–54.
2523:
2519:
2509:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2210:
2206:
2193:
2184:
2180:
2167:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2125:
2119:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2047:
2043:
2033:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1930:(1): 12103.
1927:
1923:
1913:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1867:, retrieved
1845:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:
1783:
1756:
1752:
1710:
1706:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1478:
1472:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1413:cite journal
1404:
1398:
1373:
1369:
1333:
1329:
1305:
1273:. Retrieved
1240:
1231:
1213:Extremophile
1193:
1186:
1179:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1131:Nazareammina
1129:
1122:
1115:
1110:Spiculammina
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1075:Semipsammina
1073:
1066:
1061:Semipsammina
1059:
1052:
1045:
1040:Aschemonella
1038:
1033:Occultammina
1031:
1026:Syringammina
1024:
1009:
975:
971:Syringammina
969:
963:
961:
955:
951:
946:collected a
933:
925:life history
921:cell culture
918:
915:
908:
895:
880:harpacticoid
861:
835:
803:
796:Paleodictyon
795:
790:Occultammina
788:
780:Paleodictyon
778:
773:
766:
762:
755:
749:
743:
737:
732:
720:
714:
697:
691:Paleodictyon
689:
681:
649:
635:
633:
617:
610:
608:
600:
589:Occultammina
587:
578:
572:
569:
565:
558:
552:
550:
546:foraminifera
539:
529:Occultammina
527:
525:
514:
508:
501:
496:foraminifera
487:
480:
474:
470:
459:
455:
449:
445:
439:
436:
429:
427:
412:
384:
369:
363:
359:Syringammina
357:
351:
347:Foraminifera
335:Foraminifera
320:
304:
286:
203:
202:
192:Tendal, 1972
181:Tendal, 1972
158:
143:
137:
131:Monothalamea
121:Foraminifera
94:
81:
18:
4524:iNaturalist
4457:Wikispecies
4352:Wikispecies
4302:fungus-like
4278:flagellates
4141:Carterinida
4136:Robertinida
4003:Spumellaria
3998:Nassellaria
3877:Phagomyxida
3860:Proteomyxia
3837:Mikrocytida
3435:Limnofilida
3390:Skiomonadea
3190:Marine life
2484:1885/230014
2308:: 129–140.
1713:: 106–116.
1262:MSNBC Staff
1082:Homogammina
846:echinoderms
842:crustaceans
757:Benkovacina
751:Neonereites
745:Yelovichnus
729:bilaterians
721:Dickinsonia
716:Dickinsonia
644:pseudopodia
492:radiolarian
460:xanthosomes
456:stercomares
329:. In 1883,
173:Poche, 1913
117:Subphylum:
4585:Categories
4204:Komokiacea
4088:Fusulinida
3993:Collodaria
3952:Acantharea
3942:Taxopodida
3924:Radiolaria
3872:Phytomyxea
3847:Paramyxida
3842:Paradinida
3674:Phaeodarea
3644:Euglyphida
3598:Imbricatea
3570:Katabiidae
3458:Minorisida
3100:: 125715.
3003:(5): 881.
2357:: 103608.
2236:: 99–104.
2213:: 415–422.
1869:2020-09-30
1799:2018-06-17
1275:2011-10-24
1224:References
1218:Piezophile
1195:Moanammina
1181:Holopsamma
1173:Cerelpemma
1166:Maudammina
1145:Maudammina
1138:Cerelpemma
1089:Rhizammina
1001:incomplete
872:polychaete
868:sipunculan
863:Hebefustis
814:diagenetic
768:Pteridinum
700:vendozoans
504:protoplasm
475:granellare
451:stercomata
391:Stannomida
387:Psamminida
311:coenocytes
178:Stannomida
170:Psamminida
4448:Q16608712
4131:Rotaliida
4093:Miliolida
3796:Gromiidea
3788:Marimyxia
3710:Eothecia
3606:Krakenida
3523:Helkesida
3500:Metopiida
3402:Tremulida
3328:Amoebozoa
3306:Alveolata
3294:Cryptista
3269:Eukaryota
3116:0932-4739
3072:0967-0637
3017:0025-3154
2964:1939-9170
2911:: 31–44.
2883:1502-3931
2848:0967-0645
2792:0883-1351
2730:0036-8075
2647:0301-9268
2625:: 79–87.
2599:128952011
2591:1661-8726
2542:1342-8144
2493:0036-8075
2434:128619251
2426:0305-8719
2379:0967-0637
2332:0171-8630
2283:0399-1784
2187:: 79–101.
2072:127121951
2064:0016-7029
2017:0028-0836
1952:2045-2322
1775:1475-4983
1729:0006-3207
1649:0377-8398
1567:1096-3642
1352:0024-4082
1208:Coenocyte
1188:Abyssalia
1103:Cerelasma
1096:Shinkaiya
936:DSV Alvin
905:molpadiid
891:snailfish
876:nematodes
854:commensal
704:Ediacaran
624:manganese
560:Cerelasma
554:Psammetta
516:Shinkaiya
511:cytoplasm
488:Xenophyae
471:granellae
446:stercomes
395:homoplasy
376:monophyly
365:Shinkaiya
75:Eukaryota
4442:Wikidata
4337:Wikidata
4273:†extinct
4192:Lagenida
4008:Orodaria
3804:Gromiida
3779:Endomyxa
3724:Matazida
3719:Ebriacea
3515:Helkesea
3486:Eoglissa
3370:Cercozoa
3323:Amorphea
3301:Rhizaria
3289:Hacrobia
3279:Excavata
3264:Bacteria
3239:Rhizaria
3124:32585572
3025:86707195
2982:31742677
2746:28690086
2738:17776707
2550:85146476
2501:30237355
1970:30108286
1808:cite web
1627:: 1–10.
1526:39906626
1518:14733441
1407:: 1–814.
1270:NBC News
1202:See also
1159:Stannoma
1152:Psametta
1124:Tendalia
1117:Bizarria
1047:Psammina
956:Psammina
897:Starfish
883:copepods
850:molluscs
804:Certain
785:Cambrian
739:Intrites
626:crusts.
606:waters.
481:Linellae
431:Psammina
343:Protista
107:Phylum:
71:Domain:
4555:5362903
4516:2912356
4343:Q632686
4282:amoebae
3908:Retaria
3338:Animals
3259:Archaea
3202:Biology
3176:Portals
3052:Bibcode
2973:7341444
2944:Ecology
2913:Bibcode
2863:Lethaia
2828:Bibcode
2800:3515076
2772:Bibcode
2764:PALAIOS
2710:Bibcode
2702:Science
2627:Bibcode
2461:Bibcode
2453:Science
2406:Bibcode
2359:Bibcode
2310:Bibcode
2238:Bibcode
2099:Bibcode
2025:4254138
1997:Bibcode
1961:6092355
1932:Bibcode
1893:Bibcode
1629:Bibcode
1590:Bibcode
1466:: 1–55.
1447:: 1–92.
1441:Zoology
1378:Bibcode
942:in the
874:worms,
858:isopods
832:on top.
820:Ecology
711:sterols
702:of the
664:glucose
656:diatoms
636:in vivo
630:Feeding
620:basalts
604:hypoxic
521:mercury
469:called
401:Anatomy
339:sponges
301:species
299:and 75
149:Schulze
127:Class:
111:Retaria
4568:744106
4529:497927
4421:137898
4405:NZOR:
4398:212500
3372:
3368:
3316:Plants
3253:Domain
3122:
3114:
3070:
3023:
3015:
2980:
2970:
2962:
2881:
2846:
2798:
2790:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2645:
2597:
2589:
2548:
2540:
2499:
2491:
2432:
2424:
2377:
2330:
2281:
2070:
2062:
2023:
2015:
1989:Nature
1968:
1958:
1950:
1860:
1773:
1727:
1647:
1565:
1524:
1516:
1350:
903:, and
878:, and
848:, and
810:barium
748:, and
467:barite
415:nuclei
356:found
297:genera
274:oceans
151:, 1904
4563:WoRMS
4537:IRMNG
4503:8ZXG5
4380:IRMNG
3343:Fungi
3021:S2CID
2796:JSTOR
2742:S2CID
2595:S2CID
2546:S2CID
2430:S2CID
2203:(PDF)
2177:(PDF)
2068:S2CID
2021:S2CID
1522:S2CID
484:test.
419:tests
327:tests
323:Greek
138:Clade
95:Clade
82:Clade
4542:1605
4393:NCBI
4385:1033
3147:NOAA
3120:PMID
3112:ISSN
3068:ISSN
3013:ISSN
2978:PMID
2960:ISSN
2879:ISSN
2844:ISSN
2788:ISSN
2734:PMID
2726:ISSN
2683:help
2643:ISSN
2587:ISSN
2538:ISSN
2497:PMID
2489:ISSN
2422:ISSN
2375:ISSN
2328:ISSN
2279:ISSN
2060:ISSN
2013:ISSN
1966:PMID
1948:ISSN
1858:ISBN
1814:link
1771:ISSN
1725:ISSN
1645:ISSN
1563:ISSN
1514:PMID
1426:help
1348:ISSN
968:and
870:and
725:stem
658:and
502:The
362:and
282:test
4511:EoL
4498:CoL
4485:AFD
4472:ADW
4367:ADW
3102:doi
3060:doi
3005:doi
2968:PMC
2952:doi
2948:101
2921:doi
2871:doi
2836:doi
2780:doi
2718:doi
2706:218
2635:doi
2623:249
2577:doi
2573:104
2528:doi
2479:hdl
2469:doi
2457:361
2414:doi
2402:286
2367:doi
2355:176
2318:doi
2306:270
2246:doi
2153:doi
2107:doi
2052:doi
2005:doi
1993:320
1956:PMC
1940:doi
1901:doi
1850:doi
1761:doi
1715:doi
1711:207
1637:doi
1625:100
1598:doi
1553:doi
1549:156
1506:doi
1386:doi
1338:doi
1334:183
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866:),
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101:SAR
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