3036:
because their studies used traditional narratives of the Xia as a guide that instructed them on what to find, and because they quickly linked newly discovered artifacts, constructions and other evidences as representing the proof for the Xia's actual existence. They claim that mainland
Chinese scholars focused mainly on extrapolations of excavated evidence to establish a historical perspective, and overlooked other complex factors in ancient human activities. This method, according to the two authors, resulted in high levels of subjectivity and contradicted the common trend among Western researchers, which took the physical discoveries as not necessarily representing real social or political units.
624:
1837:
2872:
2712:, which was 500 people according to Du Yu, and this number includes only soldiers . Modifying the figures and adding other types of people, Song Zhenhao postulated that this supposed city had between 1500 and 2500 individuals by the time of Tai Kang, a number he classified as medium. Estimating the number of populous cities, Song finally calculated the result of over 2 million. Wang Yumin, using description of demography during the reign of
2944:
1848:
66:
3007:. The authors suggest that this flood may have been the basis for the later myth of Yu the Great, and contributed to the cultural transition into the Erlitou period. They further argue that the timing is further evidence for the identification of the Xia with the Erlitou culture. However, no evidence of contemporaneous widespread flooding in the North China Plain has yet been found.
2725:
2760:
explanation of Three
Dynasties chronology focuses on the dichotomy of evidence provided by archaeological versus historical research, in particular, the claim that the archaeological Erlitou culture is also the historical Xia dynasty. "How to fuse the archaeological dates with historical dates is a challenge to all chronological studies of early civilization."
1856:
water out to the sea. Yu was dedicated to his work. The populace praised his perseverance and were inspired, so much so that other tribes joined in the work. Legend says that in the 13 years it took him to successfully complete the work to stop the floods, he never went back to his home village to stop and rest, even though he passed by his house three times.
3031:
commonly accepted synthesis, then the blood, sweat, and tears of
Chinese scholars over the past decade that brought about countless achievements in Xia period research will become a joke, and many Chinese scholars in the field will lose all sense of direction and not know how to get back on the right track.
2926:
The refined dating techniques used by the Xia–Shang–Zhou
Chronology Project produced a narrower range for the Erlitou culture of 1880 to 1520 BC. The project assigned all four phases of Erlitou to the Xia, and identified the transition to the Shang with the construction of walled cities at Yanshi and
2775:
Other scholars also argue that Shang political class's remnants still existed during the early Zhou dynasty, Zhou rulers could not simply justify their succession to pacify Shang remnants if it's entirely fabricated since the Shang remnants, who remembered prior histories, would not believe it in the
2771:
noted that many aspects of the Xia are simply the opposite of traits held to be emblematic of the Shang. The implied dualism of the Shang myth system, Allan argues, is that while the Shang represent the suns, sky, birds, east and life, the Xia represent the moons, watery underworld, dragons, west and
3030:
The
Cambridge History of Ancient China adopted this standpoint with the promise of providing a commonly accepted synthesis based on an exhaustive discussion of the latest pre-Qin material available at the end of the 1990s. This is of extraordinary significance, because if this book aims to provide a
2747:
in the 1920s were the first scholars within China to systematically question the traditional story of its early history. By critically examining the development of the narrative of early
Chinese history throughout history, Gu concluded, "the later the time, the longer the legendary period of earlier
2654:
who is usually identified with Shao Kang. The population was described to have had vegetables and rice as the staple crop, and meat was usually reserved for sacrifices. Additionally, manufacture of goods and trade with outside tribes flourished. The site at
Erlitou contains many metallic fragments,
2922:
in the late 20th century had wide error margins, and placed the
Erlitou culture between 2100 and 1300 BC, which fit well with the traditional dates of the Xia. Most Chinese archaeologists identify the Xia with Erlitou, while many western archaeologists argue that the identification, and indeed the
2751:
Some historians have suggested that the Zhou rulers invented the Xia as a pretext, to justify their conquest of the Shang, by noting that just as the Shang had supplanted the Xia, they had supplanted the Shang. The existence of the Xia remains unproven, despite efforts by
Chinese archaeologists to
2554:
tribes were polities outside the Xia clan's direct rule. They were mostly large tribal peoples, but some were massive enough to become small states with more complex social structures, rivaling that of the Xia. Many of the tribes were described as in regular relationships with the Xia court, being
1855:
Yu was highly trusted by Shun, so Shun appointed him to finish his father's work, which was to stop the flooding. Yu's method was different from his father's: he organized people from different tribes and ordered them to help him build canals in all the major rivers that were flooding and lead the
5080:
Wu, Qinglong; Zhao, Zhijun; Liu, Li; Granger, Darryl E.; Wang, Hui; Cohen, David J.; Wu, Xiaohong; Ye, Maolin; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Lu, Bin; Zhang, Jin; Zhang, Peizhen; Yuan, Daoyang; Qi, Wuyun; Cai, Linhai; Bai, Shibiao; et al. (2016). "Outburst flood at 1920 BCE supports historicity of China's
2856:
suggested that an enemy state called Tufang state of the Fang states mentioned in many inscriptions might be identified with the Xia. Historian Shen
Changyun points to four inscriptions mentioning Qi, the same name as the state of Qi, which according to traditional accounts was established by the
2662:
that Yu used carriages to travel on land, boats to travel on rivers, sleds to travel on mud, and horses to cross the mountains. He surveyed the lands and opened up routes through geographical locations so that tributes from tribal chiefs to the Xia would be more convenient. He organized people to
2567:
During the Xia, the scope of direct jurisdiction of the state is limited to within the clan. Beyond the Xia's own tribe, other tribal leaders enjoyed relatively independent management and ruling rights in their own territories; for the Xia Hou, they expressed their mutual relations in the form of
2580:
formed the Domain of the Sovereign. From the first hundred they brought as revenue the whole plant of the grain; from the second, the cars, with a portion of the stalk; from the third, the straw, but the people had to perform various services; from the fourth, the grain in the husk; and from the
1951:
was sheltered by a tribal chief, surviving for years as a fugitive despite the efforts of Han Zhuo to eliminate him and prevent any reemergence of the Xia. Upon reaching adulthood, Shao Kang began organizing with local lords who hated Han Zhuo's rule. Shao Kang emerged victorious in the military
3035:
However, as Chen Chun and Gong Xin point out, the debate upon the Xia dynasty's historical existence stems from different research orientations between Chinese and Western scholars. The authors assert that overseas scientific communities are hesitant to accept the results of Chinese researchers
2759:
Among other points, Gu and other historians note certain parallels between the traditional narrative of Xia history and Shang history that would suggest probable Zhou-era fabrication or at least embellishment of Xia history. Yun Kuen Lee's criticism of nationalist sentiment in developing an
2696:'s work Diwang Shiji, which claims that when Yu the Great finished establishing the Nine Provinces, the total population was 13,553,923 individuals, however, this number is highly speculative because Huangfu Mi reached his conclusion by extrapolating from demographic statuses of the
2939:
phase, as the early part of the Xia period. No corresponding cultural transition in the archaeological record has yet been discovered. Even more refined carbon dating in 2005 and 2006 produced more tightly defined ranges, dating Xinzhai at 1870–1720 BC and Erlitou at 1735–1530 BC.
2845:), was actually a direct descendant of the Song rulers, which means he himself was a descendant of Shang people. This bronze artifact was used to memorialize his Shang ancestors. The inscription contradicts the hypothesis that the Zhou manufactured the existence of the Xia.
2663:
build roads connecting the Nine Provinces, helping to improve tributary and economic relations between the tribes. Traditional texts record that the transport system of the Xia clan extended at least 500 – 600
2649:
contends that Yu the Great devoted himself to irrigation, improving the drainage system for cultivating crops. The texts also say that the people of Xia was gifted in producing alcohol, with the notable legendary figure of
2923:
very existence of Xia, is unprovable, due to the lack of testable detail in the traditional accounts. For a time, archaeologists debated which of the four phases of Erlitou should be interpreted as Xia and which as Shang.
2738:
The time gap between the supposed time of the Xia and the first written references to it have meant that the historicity of the Xia dynasty itself and the traditional narrative of its history are at best uncertain. The
2064:
in terms of their soil quality, their productivity and other geographical characteristics. According to the chapter "Tribute of Yu" in the text, the Nine Provinces respectively correspond to modern regions of China as:
2634:
describe that the Xia had already established a distinguished official system with positions helping the Xia clan in managing the state. There were also laws set forth to maintain social stability within the country.
6222:
6217:
2685:
The calculation of the Xia dynasty's population attracted interests during the Han dynasty. However, all calculations are speculations and extrapolations, due to difficulties stemming from time intervals. The
1816:
to block the path of the water. The attempts of Gun to stop the flooding lasted for nine years, but ultimately failed because the floods strengthened. After nine years, Yao had already given his throne to
1880:, instead of passing it to the most capable candidate, thus setting the precedent for dynastic rule or the Hereditary System. The Xia dynasty began a period of family or clan control. It is believed that
2592:
was occupied by the cities and lands of the (sovereign's) high ministers and great officers; the second, by the principalities of the barons; and the (other) three hundred, by the various other princes.
6183:
4284:
2600:(still beyond) formed the Peace−securing Domain. In the first three hundred, they cultivated the lessons of learning and moral duties; in the other two, they showed the energies of war and defence.
2708:. Modern Chinese scholars estimated the Xia's population by employing records from ancient texts. Records have it that when Tai Kang established Lun as his capital, the settlement had about one
2977:
with one finger hole. Due to this extreme scarcity of surviving instruments and the general uncertainty surrounding most of the Xia, creating a musical narrative of the period is impractical.
2572:
says that Yu the Great determined the relationships between Xia and Fangguo tribes, dividing them into 5 categories according to the tribes' relative locations from the Xia clan's residence:
2614:(the most remote) constituted the Wild Domain. The (first) three hundred were occupied by the tribes of the Man; the (other) two hundred, by criminals undergoing the greater banishment.
2607:(remoter still) formed the Domain of Restraint. The (first) three hundred were occupied by the tribes of the Yi; the (other) two hundred, by criminals undergoing the lesser banishment.
2830:), was unearthed with an inscription describing how the founder of the Shang dynasty, Tang, overthrew the Xia dynasty. Shu Yi, the owner of this artifact, was a high officer of the
525:
519:
5141:
3054:
from late in that period, records of Xia rulers have not yet been found in archaeological excavations of contemporary sites, or records on later Shang dynasty oracle bones.
1864:
Yu's success in stopping the flooding increased agricultural production. The Xia tribe's power increased and Yu became the leader of the surrounding tribes. Soon afterwards
2772:
death. Allan argues that this mythical Xia was re-interpreted by the Zhou as a ruling dynasty replaced by the Shang, a parallel with their own replacement of the Shang.
2931:
around 1600 BC. Since the project had settled on a start date for the Xia of 2070 BC, based on received texts, this forced them to designate the late part of the Henan
6147:
2576:
He conferred lands and surnames. (He said), 'Let me set the example of a reverent attention to my virtue, and none will act contrary to my conduct, Five hundred
6212:
6179:
4079:
2866:
1680:
1540:
1480:
1868:
sent Yu to lead an army to suppress the Sanmiao tribe, which continuously abused the border tribes. After defeating them, he exiled them south to the
1851:
Location of Xia dynasty (in pink) in traditional Chinese historiography. Because of the lack of written records, the existence of Xia is questioned.
2906:
basin, which he had identified from received texts as a possible location of Xia capitals. Among his discoveries was the large Bronze Age site of
5976:
5797:
Wagner, Mayke; Tarasov, Pavel E. (2008), "The present perception of the origin of Chinese civilization", in Kuhn, Dieter; Stuhl, Helga (eds.),
3011:
1170:
6163:
5825:
5806:
5729:
5622:
5603:
5510:
5450:
5407:
5343:
5278:
5219:
4348:
4319:
4199:
1628:
period and are accepted by most scholars as dating from that time. The speeches justify the Zhou conquest of the Shang as the passing of the
1470:
1787:. Sima Qian traced the origin of the dynasty to the name of a fief granted to Yu, who would use it as his own surname and his state's name.
6135:
6131:
1656:
and ideology. Some scholars consider the Xia dynasty legendary or at least unsubstantiated, but others identify it with the archaeological
6123:
4056:
3026:). Xie Weiyang responded to this standpoint unfavorably towards efforts in China to link archaeological research to historical records:
1872:
area. This victory strengthened the Xia tribe's power even more. As Shun aged, he thought of a successor and relinquished the throne to
1512:
674:
5929:
5270:
1734:
1600:
664:
208:
1341:
4737:
4712:
4648:
4623:
4574:
4534:
4510:
4479:
4427:
2677:
also records that the Xia dynasty ordered the roads to be opened up in the 9th month, the bridges to be finished in the 10th month.
1936:. The occupation of Zhenxun marked the beginning of a significant interregnum. In the eighth year of the reign of Tai Kang's nephew
2852:
inscriptions contain no mention of the Xia, some scholars have suggested that polities they mention might be remnants of the Xia.
2748:
history early Chinese history is a tale told and retold for generations, during which new elements were added to the front end".
6127:
6119:
1876:, whom he deemed worthy. Yu's succession marks the start of the Xia dynasty. As Yu neared death he passed the throne to his son,
1095:
228:
203:
5462:"Academic freedom, political correctness, and early civilisation in Chinese archaeology: the debate on Xia-Erlitou relations"
4451:
3046:
1747:
1713:
1648:
1533:
1485:
580:
563:
459:
5133:
6159:
1775:
1507:
1433:
1368:
511:
386:
5161:
Xie Weiyang 謝維揚 (April 21, 2001). "Shui shi Lushan zhenmianmu: Jianqiao Zhongguo shanggushi duhou 誰識廬山真面目—〈劍橋中國上古史〉讀後 ".
5936:
1443:
400:
1610:
There are no contemporaneous records of the Xia, who are not mentioned in the oldest Chinese texts, since the earliest
1252:
6207:
5177:
2878:
sites (black) and Xia capitals identified in traditional sources (red, with numbers for those from the "current text"
1889:
1836:
1495:
633:
344:
93:
65:
4896:
5969:
5335:
4271:
4247:
2981:
1500:
438:
2705:
1043:
1033:
1001:
4419:
2740:
2732:
1526:
1463:
1428:
697:
607:
6111:
2835:
2166:
The Xia dynasty moved the capital many times. According to traditional records, these capitals are as follows:
1683:, commissioned by the Chinese government in 1996, proposed that the Xia existed between 2070 and 1600 BC.
846:
2658:
During Yu the Great's controlling of the floods, he renewed the transportation system. Sima Qian wrote in his
6103:
2186:
1944:. 20 years later, Han Zhuo's forces killed King Xiang and usurped the throne, but the royal family escaped.
1801:
1780:
1737:. According to ancient Chinese texts, before the Xia dynasty was established, battles were frequent between
1672:
924:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6155:
6151:
6143:
6107:
5902:
5581:
5288:——— (2007), "Erlitou and the Formation of Chinese Civilization: Toward a New Paradigm",
1653:
1588:
1475:
1453:
1438:
643:
571:
5836:
6139:
6115:
6099:
5962:
5325:
2995:. This date is shortly before the rise of the Erlitou culture in the middle Yellow River valley and the
2688:
1865:
1818:
1448:
865:
1667:, the Xia ruled between 2205 and 1766 BC. According to the chronology based on the "current text"
1967:
was the final King of Xia—he was said to be immoral, lascivious, and tyrannical. He was overthrown by
1632:
and liken it to the succession of the Xia by the Shang. That political philosophy was promoted by the
6202:
5837:"Establishing and refining the archaeological chronologies of Xinzhai, Erlitou and Erligang cultures"
5090:
4228:
2928:
1490:
703:
20:
4156:
Cioffi-Revilla, Claudio; Lai, David (1995), "War and Politics in Ancient China, 2700 BC to 722 BC",
2716:
who directly preceded the Xia, concluded that the population of the dynasty was around 2.1 million.
1975:. King Tang is said to have given the remnants of the Xia clan a fief comprising the small state of
1808:
flooded, many tribes united together to control and stop the flooding. Gun was appointed by Emperor
5717:
1796:
655:
5916:
5633:
2871:
5891:
5785:
5756:
5705:
5697:
5664:
5656:
5562:
5549:
5489:
5386:
5359:
5305:
5114:
4173:
2958:
2919:
638:
495:
487:
1952:
confrontation that followed, and Han Zhuo committed suicide. The reign of Shao Kang and his son
5214:. Critical issues in history (3rd ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 97.
5821:
5802:
5725:
5618:
5599:
5521:
5506:
5461:
5446:
5403:
5339:
5274:
5225:
5215:
5106:
4857:
4821:
4733:
4708:
4644:
4619:
4570:
4530:
4506:
4475:
4447:
4423:
4344:
4315:
4195:
4051:
3004:
2903:
2790:, whose rulers were the direct descendants of Shang dynasty. Among those eulogies, the eulogy
2778:
1933:
1697:
1664:
1629:
1620:
1386:
709:
422:
414:
125:
5835:
Zhang, Xuelian; Qiu, Shihua; Cai, Lianzhen; Bo, Guancheng; Wang, Jinxia; Zhong, Jian (2014),
4839:
4384:
5883:
5777:
5748:
5689:
5648:
5589:
5541:
5533:
5481:
5473:
5429:
5376:
5368:
5297:
5192:
5098:
4165:
3000:
2973:
2932:
2899:
1773:'s, that say Yu's father is a fifth generation descendant of Zhuanxu. Other sources such as
1692:
1558:
1065:
623:
615:
309:
266:
4812:李宏飛. 「夏商世系探索」. 《甲骨學110年：回顧與展望——王宇信教授師友國際學術研討會論文集》 (中國北京: 中國社會科學出版社). 2009年11月1日 （中文（中國大陸））.
1956:
is traditionally characterized as one of the most prosperous periods in the Xia's history.
5354:
5317:
2875:
2753:
1893:
1657:
372:
1618:
period (13th century BC). The earliest mentions occur in the oldest chapters of the
1578:
358:
5906:
5867:
5094:
4911:
2943:
2894:, Chinese archaeologists searched the Yellow River basin for earlier capitals. In 1959,
1847:
1804:, the father of Yu the Great, is the earliest recorded member of the Xia clan. When the
2996:
2963:
2630:
2413:
1997:
1826:
1784:
1766:
1738:
1671:, it ruled between 1989 and 1558 BC. Comparing the same text with dates of five-planet
1458:
967:
884:
542:
535:
1603:, gave the throne to him. In traditional historiography, the Xia was succeeded by the
6196:
5946:
5895:
5709:
5668:
5553:
5493:
5321:
5309:
5118:
4177:
2799:
2655:
suggesting that the time assigned to the Xia was characterized by bronze metallurgy.
2624:
2556:
1972:
1968:
1920:
1830:
1753:
1703:
1676:
1642:
1604:
757:
724:
221:
5390:
4363:
4338:
4266:
3015:(1999) takes the beginning of Chinese history as the Xia's successor Shang dynasty (
2555:
either allies or enemies. Eventually, some of the tribal chiefs joined the force of
6052:
6017:
5997:
3845:
3573:
3435:
3295:
3162:
3086:
3051:
2949:
2915:
2819:
2787:
2713:
2673:
2643:
Traditional narratives describe the Xia as enjoying prosperity in agriculture. The
2481:
2357:
2213:
1937:
1873:
1805:
1758:
1637:
1625:
1596:
1592:
1332:
1308:
1295:
1282:
1226:
1207:
1197:
1185:
1123:
837:
827:
804:
504:
316:
286:
5331:
The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC
5329:
4286:
The Dating of the Wangchenggang Walled-site in Dengfeng County and Related Issues
3050:. Unlike Sima's list of Shang kings, which is closely matched by inscriptions on
6037:
6032:
5912:
4600:
4591:
4169:
3734:
3694:
3390:
3238:
3219:
2968:
2918:
foundations of several buildings, which were interpreted as palaces or temples.
2849:
2768:
2701:
2697:
2469:
2465:
1840:
1809:
1722:
1611:
1563:
1423:
1239:
1110:
954:
944:
934:
912:
899:
556:
31:
5433:
1979:. This practice was referred to as "the two crownings and the three respects".
6077:
6067:
6057:
6042:
6027:
6012:
5887:
5693:
5652:
5537:
5477:
5301:
5196:
4876:
4026:
3946:
3906:
3774:
3654:
3532:
3352:
3314:
3257:
3200:
3143:
2895:
2831:
2815:
2744:
2728:
2724:
2693:
2526:
2505:
2497:
2473:
2442:
2424:
2339:
1976:
1964:
1953:
1615:
991:
780:
431:
27:
5229:
6072:
6022:
6002:
5417:
5102:
4862:
3986:
3613:
3475:
3371:
3181:
3105:
2853:
2509:
2399:
2312:
2092:
1948:
1877:
1708:
1633:
452:
5954:
5503:
The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age
5110:
4844:
ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art
5594:
5420:(2002), "The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project: Methodology and Results",
5372:
6062:
6047:
6007:
5485:
4334:
3895:
3834:
3521:
3333:
3276:
3124:
2645:
2501:
2477:
2369:
2335:
2316:
2304:
2110:
2085:
2078:
1941:
1915:
1909:
473:
330:
118:
104:
5701:
5660:
5545:
2109:
Yang Province corresponds to southern Jiangsu, southern Anhui, northern
5381:
2936:
2907:
2651:
2489:
2350:
2344:
2273:
2255:
2154:
2150:
2139:
2132:
2114:
2099:
1925:
1881:
1869:
1762:
1733:
Traditional histories trace the development of the Xia to the mythical
1134:
985:
979:
98:
5789:
5768:——— (1983b), "Shang Musical Instruments: Part Two",
5760:
4242:
273:
5818:
Writing and the Ancient State: Early China in Comparative Perspective
2911:
2891:
2518:
2456:
2375:
2074:
1929:
1905:
1885:
1770:
1742:
1718:
1591:. According to tradition, it was established by the legendary figure
1568:
1663:
According to the traditional chronology, based upon calculations by
5781:
5752:
1721:
people who populated the Xia represent the direct ancestors of the
5851:
5178:"Erlitou and Xia: A Dispute between Chinese and Overseas Scholars"
4916:[Is the Xia dynasty fabricated – a response to Chen Chun].
2985:
2942:
2887:
2870:
2723:
2143:
2128:
2121:
2103:
2070:
1846:
1835:
1813:
246:
2588:(beyond) constituted the Domain of the Nobles. The first hundred
2091:
Qing Province corresponds to the part of Shandong to the east of
547:
2988:
site on the upper reaches of the Yellow River has been dated to
5958:
5739:
Tong, Kin-Woon (1983a), "Shang Musical Instruments: Part One",
4964:
4962:
1821:. Gun was ordered to be imprisoned for life by Shun at Yushan (
4991:
4989:
1640:
period. The succession of dynasties was incorporated into the
5522:"Rethinking Erlitou: legend, history and Chinese archaeology"
5267:
The Shape of the Turtle: Myth, Art, and Cosmos in Early China
3044:
The following table lists the rulers of Xia according to the
2765:
The Shape of the Turtle: Myth, Art, and Cosmos in Early China
516:
6223:
States and territories disestablished in the 16th century BC
6218:
States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC
4404:王孝通 (1936). 《中国商业史》 (in traditional Chinese). 上海书店. p. 第14页
4312:
Dragons and Dynasties: An Introduction to Chinese Mythology
4194:, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, p. 5,
1812:
to stop the flooding. He ordered the construction of large
5847:(1), translated by Zhang, Xuelian; Lee, Yun Kuen: 197–210.
5320:(1999), "The Shang: China's first historical dynasty", in
4218:
5680:
and the Dates of Xia, Shang, and Zhou: A Research Note",
1918:, described as an avid hunter but ineffective ruler. The
1825:, 'Feather Mountain'), a mountain located between modern
585:
568:
492:
478:
464:
443:
5134:"Massive flood may have led to China's earliest empire"
4416:
Social Changes in Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties
2349:
Speculated to be an Erlitou site 18 kilometers east of
2149:
Yong Province corresponds to parts of Shaanxi, Gansu,
1761:, the founder of the Xia dynasty, was the grandson of
2886:
Inspired by the discovery of the late Shang capital (
419:
405:
391:
377:
363:
349:
335:
321:
5903:"The Annals of the Bamboo Books: The Dynasty of Hea"
5882:(1), translated by Allen, Herbert J.: 93–110, 1895,
5212:
The great encounter of China and the West, 1500-1800
4949:
4947:
4227:] (in Literary Chinese and English) – via
1351:
1273:
1153:
1086:
1016:
890:
5142:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
579:
562:
555:
541:
534:
510:
503:
486:
472:
458:
451:
437:
430:
413:
399:
385:
371:
357:
343:
329:
315:
308:
303:
285:
265:
256:
242:
161:
146:
134:
124:
114:
75:
39:
5355:"Building the chronology of early Chinese history"
1940:, Hou Yi was killed by his former chief minister
5799:Perceptions of Antiquity in Chinese Civilization
3341:Son of Bu Jiang, nephew of Jiong, cousin of Jin
3028:
2574:
1783:was the son of Luoming, who was the son of the
1679:, proposed dates of 1953 and 1555 BC. The
5634:"Astronomical Dates in Shang and Western Zhou"
2550:According to traditional Chinese records, the
2060:). Each province was briefly described by the
5970:
5801:, Heidelberg: Edition forum, pp. 69–84,
5031:
5019:
4968:
4474:] (in Chinese), Jiangxi Education Press,
2967:sounding stone, two small clapper bells (one
2798:) celebrated victories by the "martial king"
2448:
2405:
2379:
2363:
2322:
2295:
2281:
2264:
2247:
2233:
2219:
2200:
2098:Xu Province corresponds to northern parts of
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1534:
271:
84:
8:
4995:
19:For other dynasties with the same name, see
2822:(960–1279 AD), an ancient bronze artifact,
2127:Yu Province corresponds to Henan, northern
1896:) were two of the capitals of the dynasty.
5977:
5963:
5955:
5923:
5443:Early China: A Social and Cultural History
3412:
2999:in Shandong, following the decline of the
2667:horizontally and 300 – 400
1541:
1527:
1357:
1352:
1274:
1159:
1154:
1087:
1022:
1017:
891:
602:
300:
64:
36:
5593:
5380:
4131:
4119:
1769:. But there are also other records, like
1691:The Xia dynasty was described in several
4107:
3303:Son of Xie, younger brother of Bu Jiang
3056:
2168:
1932:while Tai Kang was on a hunt beyond the
5561:Mair, Victor; Brooks, E. Bruce (2013),
4980:
4938:
4926:
4883:"Ten plus two dukes" and related issues
4143:
4100:
4068:
3151:Son of Qi, younger brother of Tai Kang
1624:, which report speeches from the early
1583:
614:
5908:The Chinese Classics, volume 3, part 1
5176:Chen Chun; Gong Xin (September 2018).
4693:南朝梁·劉昭注解晋·司马彪之《续汉书·郡国志一》引自晋·皇甫谧之《帝王世紀》
4668:. 人民交通出版社. January 1994. pp. 3–7.
3012:The Cambridge History of Ancient China
2782:preserves the "Eulogies of Shang" (商頌
2120:Jing Province corresponds to parts of
1996:, Yu the Great divided his state into
1843:stone relief rendering of Yu the Great
1587:) is the first dynasty in traditional
494:
421:
253:
5067:
5055:
5043:
4800:
4776:
4764:
4387:(in Chinese). Cnki.com.cn. 2013-06-21
4074:
4072:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4010:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3904:
3902:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3843:
3841:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3808:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3530:
3528:
3519:
3501:
3485:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
2914:. The site was an urban centre, with
2106:, and the southern parts of Shandong;
2084:Yan Province corresponds to parts of
160:
145:
141:
123:
7:
5876:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
4212:
4210:
4192:Interpreters in early imperial China
1652:and became the official position of
70:Proposed location of the Xia dynasty
6213:Former countries in Chinese history
4953:
4828:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 356
4826:A Handbook of Old Chinese phonology
4788:
4752:
4500:Examination of the toponyms in the
4057:List of Neolithic cultures of China
2982:large outburst flood at Jishi Gorge
5930:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
5271:State University of New York Press
5081:Great Flood and the Xia dynasty".
5007:
4567:The Nature of Early Chinese States
4158:The Journal of Conflict Resolution
2069:Ji Province corresponds to modern
1735:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
209:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
16:Traditional first dynasty in China
14:
6096:The Xia rulers are semi-legendary
5584:(2018), Schwartz, Adam C. (ed.),
5422:Journal of East Asian Archaeology
4080:Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project
3398:Son of Fa. Also known as Lu Gui (
2867:Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project
1681:Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project
5872:, Chapter II – The Hsia Dynasty"
4838:Theobald, Ulrich (Nov 1, 2018).
4444:Concise Chinese Historical Atlas
3189:Son of Xiang. Restored the Xia.
2786:) which represents the powerful
1675:, David Pankenier, supported by
622:
226:
201:
5676:——— (1985), "
5501:Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2012),
4442:Tan, Qixiang (1 October 1991),
586:
569:
548:
517:
493:
479:
465:
444:
90:) (during Yu the Great's reign)
5820:, Cambridge University Press,
5724:, Cambridge University Press,
5722:The Archaeology of Early China
5505:, Cambridge University Press,
5445:, Cambridge University Press,
5400:The Flood Myths of Early China
5185:Social Evolution & History
4840:"The Regional State of Song 宋"
4502:Records of the Grand Historian
4446:, China Map Publishing House,
4225:Records of the Grand Historian
3063:
3047:Records of the Grand Historian
2776:first place. For example, the
2752:link them with the Bronze Age
2660:Records of the Grand Historian
2138:Liang Province corresponds to
1765:, who was the grandson of the
1748:Records of the Grand Historian
1717:. According to tradition, the
1714:Records of the Grand Historian
1649:Records of the Grand Historian
1573:
1481:Science and technology history
420:
406:
392:
378:
364:
350:
336:
322:
272:
1:
6148:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
5615:The Five "Confucian" Classics
5210:Mungello, David Emil (2009).
4505:], The Commercial Press,
3016:
2989:
2980:Archaeological evidence of a
2857:defeated royal house of Xia.
2839:
1776:Classic of Mountains and Seas
1729:Origins and early development
851:
810:
786:
763:
739:
680:
167:
152:
54:
47:
5937:Dynasties in Chinese history
5632:Pankenier, David W. (1981),
5290:The Journal of Asian Studies
4910:Shen Changyun (沈长云) (2005).
2568:submission and tribute. The
2289:Southwest of Linfen, Shanxi
2135:, and southwestern Shandong;
1924:describe the Xia capital at
5398:Lewis, Mark Edward (2012),
5020:Wagner & Tarasov (2008)
4466:He Guangyue (何光岳) (1992),
4170:10.1177/0022002795039003004
2559:to overthrow Jie's regime.
2517:Speculated to have been in
2124:, and northwestern Jiangxi;
1614:inscriptions date from the
6239:
5563:"Was There a Xià Dynasty?"
5520:Liu, Li; Xu, Hong (2007),
5434:10.1163/156852302322454585
5336:Cambridge University Press
5242:Wang Quangen 王泉根, (1993).
4569:. Henan University Press.
4554:. 中国北京: 中国社会科学院考古研究所考古杂志社.
4248:World History Encyclopedia
2898:conducted a survey of the
2864:
2861:Archaeological discoveries
2581:fifth, the grain cleaned.
2241:Gaocheng, Dengfeng, Henan
2170:Capital cities of the Xia
1971:, who inaugurated the new
1903:
1794:
25:
18:
6093:
6084:
5993:
5943:
5934:
5926:
5888:10.1017/S0035869X00022784
5694:10.1017/S0362502800006349
5653:10.1017/S0362502800005599
5617:, Yale University Press,
5538:10.1017/S0003598X00095983
5478:10.1017/S0003598X0009904X
5302:10.1017/S002191180700054X
5248:Zhishu-fang Chuban Jituan
4565:Li Yujie (October 1999).
4529:(in Chinese). 广西师范大学出版社.
4420:Beijing Normal University
4414:Chao, Fulin (June 1996),
4008:
4006:
3968:
3966:
3928:
3926:
3877:
3875:
3867:
3865:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3756:
3754:
3716:
3714:
3676:
3674:
3636:
3634:
3595:
3593:
3555:
3553:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3499:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3459:
3457:
3399:
3393:
3383:
3374:
3364:
3355:
3345:
3336:
3326:
3317:
3307:
3298:
3288:
3279:
3269:
3260:
3250:
3241:
3231:
3222:
3212:
3203:
3193:
3184:
3174:
3165:
3155:
3146:
3136:
3127:
3117:
3108:
3098:
3089:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3062:
2827:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2795:
2741:Doubting Antiquity School
2733:Doubting Antiquity School
2525:
2449:
2406:
2398:
2380:
2364:
2356:
2323:
2296:
2282:
2265:
2248:
2234:
2220:
2212:
2201:
2185:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1822:
1562:
1355:
1277:
1157:
1090:
1020:
894:
597:
299:
295:
281:
261:
180:
176:
142:
85:
63:
46:
5132:Normile, Dennis (2016),
5034:, pp. 202–203, 206.
4912:
4877:
4495:
4467:
4219:
2836:Spring and Autumn period
26:Not to be confused with
5816:Wang, Haicheng (2014),
5613:Nylan, Michael (2001),
5197:10.30884/seh/2018.02.13
5103:10.1126/science.aaf0842
4875:Zhang Zhenglang (张政烺),
4861:, "Eulogies of Shang -
4641:中国法制通史•夏商周 (in Chinese)
4272:Encyclopædia Britannica
2961:found at Erlitou are a
1914:The third Xia king was
1654:imperial historiography
101:(from Tai Kang's reign)
5353:Lee, Yun Kuen (2002),
5326:Shaughnessy, Edward L.
4703:宋镇豪 (September 1994).
4614:徐海荣 (1 October 1999).
4494:Qian Mu (錢穆) (2001),
4385:"夏代是杜撰的吗——与陈淳先生商榷 沈长云"
3033:
2954:
2883:
2735:
2616:
1852:
1844:
1791:Gun, Yu, and the flood
1589:Chinese historiography
163:• Disestablished
5595:10.1515/9781501505393
5588:, De Gruyter Mouton,
5373:10.1353/asi.2002.0006
4981:Liu & Chen (2012)
4939:Liu & Chen (2012)
4927:Liu & Chen (2012)
4728:王育民 (November 1995).
4590:"The Tribute of Yu".
4552:中国夏商王国文明与方国文明试论. 《考古》
4292:, Chinese Archaeology
4190:Lung, Rachel (2011),
2946:
2874:
2727:
2689:Book of the Later Han
1983:Traditional structure
1904:Further information:
1850:
1839:
1346:(mainland, 1912–1949)
5849:Original article in
5718:Shelach-Lavi, Gideon
5570:Sino-Platonic Papers
5338:, pp. 232–291,
5265:Sarah Allan (1991),
5058:, pp. 105, 156.
4340:The Chinese Heritage
4229:Chinese Text Project
2971:, one bronze) and a
2681:Population estimates
1779:mention Yu's father
564:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
21:Xia (disambiguation)
5841:Chinese Archaeology
5318:Keightley, David N.
5244:Huaxia Quming Yishu
5095:2016Sci...353..579W
5032:Zhang et al. (2014)
4996:Shelach-Lavi (2015)
4969:Zhang et al. (2014)
4777:Liu & Xu (2007)
4765:Liu & Xu (2007)
4639:蒲坚 (January 1999).
4343:, New York: Crown,
3094:Founder of the Xia
3059:
3024: 1046 BC
2984:that destroyed the
2959:musical instruments
2848:Although the Shang
2818:. During the later
2563:Geopolitical system
2171:
1797:Great Flood (China)
1687:Traditional history
148:• Established
107:(from Xiang of Xia)
6208:Dynasties of China
5870:Historical Records
5586:The Nivison Annals
5360:Asian Perspectives
4897:"再论卜辞"土方"与夏人的相关问题"
4885:] (in Chinese)
4472:Origins of the Xia
4366:. Zonghe.17xie.com
3170:Son of Zhong Kang
3057:
2955:
2920:Radiocarbon dating
2884:
2843: 600 BC
2736:
2169:
1928:being attacked by
1853:
1845:
1599:, the last of the
1361:
1171:Five Dynasties and
1163:
1098:Southern dynasties
1026:
925:Chu–Han Contention
6190:
6189:
5953:
5952:
5944:Succeeded by
5915:, 1865, pp.
5827:978-1-107-78587-8
5808:978-3-927943-29-2
5731:978-0-521-19689-5
5624:978-0-300-08185-5
5605:978-1-5015-1454-8
5582:Nivison, David S.
5512:978-0-521-64310-8
5452:978-0-521-89552-1
5441:Li, Feng (2013),
5409:978-0-7914-8222-3
5345:978-0-521-47030-8
5280:978-0-7914-0459-1
5246:華夏取名藝術. (Taipei:
5221:978-0-7425-5798-7
5089:(6299): 579–582.
4858:Classic of Poetry
4593:Book of Documents
4350:978-0-517-54475-4
4321:978-0-140-5865-34
4310:Yuan, Ke (1993),
4241:Mark, Joshua J.,
4201:978-90-272-2444-6
4078:According to the
4052:Predynastic Shang
4040:
4039:
4036:
4035:
3406:
3405:
3208:Son of Shao Kang
3058:Posthumous names
3005:North China Plain
2779:Classic of Poetry
2731:, founder of the
2620:Book of Documents
2570:Book of Documents
2540:
2539:
2181:Present location
2062:Book of Documents
2006:). These are Ji (
1994:Book of Documents
1992:According to the
1698:Book of Documents
1630:Mandate of Heaven
1621:Book of Documents
1551:
1550:
1508:Transport history
1434:Education history
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1387:Republic of China
1369:People's Republic
1342:Republic of China
1321:
1320:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1150:
1149:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1014:
1013:
917:(206 BC – 220 AD)
847:Spring and Autumn
710:Liao civilization
601:
600:
593:
592:
460:Yale Romanization
387:Yale Romanization
310:Standard Mandarin
252:
251:
238:
237:
234:
233:
214:
213:
6230:
6088:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5956:
5927:Preceded by
5924:
5920:
5911:, translated by
5898:
5868:"Ssŭma Ch'ien's
5848:
5831:
5812:
5793:
5764:
5735:
5713:
5672:
5638:
5628:
5609:
5597:
5577:
5567:
5557:
5532:(314): 886–901,
5516:
5497:
5472:(321): 831–843,
5460:Liu, Li (2009),
5456:
5437:
5413:
5394:
5384:
5349:
5313:
5284:
5251:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5182:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5077:
5071:
5065:
5059:
5053:
5047:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5023:
5017:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4984:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4957:
4951:
4942:
4936:
4930:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4913:夏代是杜撰的吗——与陈淳先生商榷
4907:
4901:
4900:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4872:
4866:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4835:
4829:
4819:
4813:
4810:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4664:"中国公路交通史编审委员会".
4661:
4655:
4654:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4599:. Translated by
4598:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4291:
4281:
4275:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4214:
4205:
4204:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4132:Pankenier (1985)
4129:
4123:
4120:Pankenier (1981)
4117:
4111:
4105:
4083:
4076:
3441:
3422:
3421:
3413:
3401:
3395:
3376:
3360:Son of Kong Jia
3357:
3338:
3319:
3300:
3281:
3262:
3243:
3224:
3205:
3186:
3167:
3148:
3129:
3110:
3091:
3065:
3060:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3001:Longshan culture
2994:
2991:
2935:, including the
2933:Longshan culture
2844:
2841:
2829:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2671:vertically. The
2452:
2451:
2409:
2408:
2383:
2382:
2367:
2366:
2326:
2325:
2299:
2298:
2285:
2284:
2268:
2267:
2251:
2250:
2237:
2236:
2223:
2222:
2204:
2203:
2172:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2004:
1829:in Jiangsu, and
1824:
1695:, including the
1693:Chinese classics
1585:
1575:
1566:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1471:Military history
1429:Economic history
1417:Related articles
1394:
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1066:Sixteen Kingdoms
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1007:
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616:History of China
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5163:Wen Hui Bao 文匯報
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4683:. pp. 4–5.
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4243:"Ancient China"
4240:
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4108:Mungello (2009)
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4065:
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3438:
3433:
3411:
3042:
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3019:
2992:
2869:
2863:
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2754:Erlitou culture
2722:
2683:
2641:
2639:Economic status
2618:Texts like the
2565:
2548:
2536:
2437:
2394:
2194:Part of Shanxi
2164:
2131:, southeastern
2113:, and northern
1990:
1985:
1962:
1912:
1902:
1862:
1799:
1793:
1731:
1689:
1658:Erlitou culture
1547:
1518:
1517:
1513:Women's history
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1418:
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345:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
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5861:External links
5859:
5857:
5856:
5855:2007.8: 74–84.
5832:
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5794:
5782:10.2307/833918
5765:
5753:10.2307/833936
5736:
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5688:(1): 175–183,
5673:
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5604:
5578:
5558:
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5511:
5498:
5457:
5451:
5438:
5414:
5408:
5402:, SUNY Press,
5395:
5350:
5344:
5322:Loewe, Michael
5314:
5296:(2): 461–496,
5285:
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5256:
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5220:
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5191:(2): 235–257.
5168:
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5072:
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5012:
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5000:
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4985:
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4973:
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4958:
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4931:
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4779:, p. 898.
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4164:(3): 471–472,
4148:
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4144:Nivison (2018)
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2997:Yueshi culture
2993: 1920 BC
2890:) near modern
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2720:Modern studies
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2196:
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2189:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2163:
2162:Capital cities
2160:
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2158:
2147:
2146:, and Shaanxi;
2136:
2125:
2118:
2107:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2077:and a part of
1998:nine provinces
1989:
1988:Nine Provinces
1986:
1984:
1981:
1961:
1958:
1901:
1898:
1861:
1858:
1827:Donghai County
1792:
1789:
1785:Yellow Emperor
1767:Yellow Emperor
1745:'s tribe. The
1739:Yellow Emperor
1730:
1727:
1688:
1685:
1636:school in the
1549:
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1444:Jewish history
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968:Three Kingdoms
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866:Warring States
863:
834:
823:
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798:
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771: 1046 BC
752:
751:
747: 1600 BC
729:
723:
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713:
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688: 2000 BC
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644:Historiography
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536:Middle Chinese
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453:Yue: Cantonese
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304:Transcriptions
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171: 1600 BC
165:
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156: 2070 BC
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96:
91:
79:
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72:
69:
61:
60:
58: 1600 BC
51: 2070 BC
44:
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40:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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6101:
6097:
6092:
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6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5988:
5985:Kings of the
5980:
5975:
5973:
5968:
5966:
5961:
5960:
5957:
5948:
5947:Shang dynasty
5941:2070–1600 BC
5939:
5938:
5931:
5925:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5900:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5854:
5853:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5804:
5800:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5776:(1): 17–182,
5775:
5771:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5747:(2): 17–182,
5746:
5742:
5737:
5733:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5635:
5630:
5626:
5620:
5616:
5611:
5607:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5564:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5518:
5514:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5486:1959.9/470918
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5458:
5454:
5448:
5444:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5405:
5401:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5337:
5334:, Cambridge:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5250:知書房出版集團), 42.
5249:
5245:
5239:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5169:
5164:
5157:
5154:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5128:
5125:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5076:
5073:
5070:, p. 23.
5069:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5052:
5049:
5046:, p. 78.
5045:
5040:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5025:
5022:, p. 76.
5021:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4977:
4974:
4970:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4956:, p. 23.
4955:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4932:
4929:, p. 10.
4928:
4923:
4920:
4915:
4906:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4871:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4853:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4815:
4809:
4806:
4803:, p. 73.
4802:
4797:
4794:
4791:, p. 16.
4790:
4785:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4761:
4758:
4755:, p. 21.
4754:
4749:
4746:
4741:
4739:7-214-01580-3
4735:
4731:
4724:
4721:
4716:
4714:7-5004-1448-X
4710:
4707:. 中国社会科学出版社.
4706:
4699:
4696:
4690:
4687:
4682:
4675:
4672:
4667:
4660:
4657:
4652:
4650:7-5036-2373-X
4646:
4642:
4635:
4632:
4627:
4625:7-5080-1958-X
4621:
4617:
4610:
4607:
4602:
4595:
4594:
4586:
4583:
4578:
4576:7-81041-690-1
4572:
4568:
4561:
4558:
4553:
4546:
4543:
4538:
4536:9787563342273
4532:
4528:
4525:徐旭生 (2003年).
4521:
4518:
4514:
4512:7-100-03240-7
4508:
4504:
4501:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4481:7-5392-1337-X
4477:
4473:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4429:7-303-04144-3
4425:
4421:
4417:
4410:
4407:
4401:
4398:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4365:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4313:
4306:
4303:
4288:
4287:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4260:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4125:
4122:, p. 23.
4121:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4101:
4094:
4089:
4081:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4043:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4015:
4013:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3975:
3973:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3935:
3933:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3900:
3897:
3884:
3882:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3839:
3836:
3823:
3820:
3812:
3811:
3804:
3796:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3763:
3761:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3723:
3721:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3683:
3681:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3643:
3641:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3602:
3600:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3562:
3560:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3526:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3464:
3462:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3408:
3397:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:Son of Jiong
3321:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3039:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2952:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2881:
2880:Bamboo Annals
2877:
2873:
2868:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2802:against Wei (
2801:
2800:Tang of Shang
2793:
2789:
2788:state of Song
2785:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2706:Jin dynasties
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:Book of Rites
2621:
2615:
2613:
2610:Five hundred
2608:
2606:
2603:Five hundred
2601:
2599:
2596:Five hundred
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:Five hundred
2582:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2545:
2542:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2374:Southwestern
2373:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2208:Chong, Henan
2207:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1973:Shang dynasty
1970:
1966:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1921:Bamboo Annals
1917:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:Establishment
1859:
1857:
1849:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1833:in Shandong.
1832:
1831:Linshu County
1828:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1754:Book of Rites
1750:
1749:
1744:
1741:'s tribe and
1740:
1736:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1704:Bamboo Annals
1700:
1699:
1694:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1677:David Nivison
1674:
1670:
1669:Bamboo Annals
1666:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1643:Bamboo Annals
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1605:Shang dynasty
1602:
1601:Five Emperors
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1476:Naval history
1474:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:Music history
1457:
1455:
1454:Media history
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1439:Legal history
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1393:1949–present)
1389:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1208:Southern Song
1205:
1200:
1199:
1198:Northern Song
1195:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1004:
1003:
999:
998:
994:
993:
988:
987:
982:
981:
977:
976:
970:
969:
965:
964:
957:
956:
952:
947:
946:
942:
937:
936:
932:
927:
926:
922:
921:
915:
914:
910:
909:
902:
901:
897:
896:
893:
886:
880:
879:
867:
864:
859: 476 BC
848:
845:
844:
840:
839:
835:
832:(1046–771 BC)
830:
829:
825:
824:
818: 256 BC
807:
806:
802:
801:
783:
782:
778:
777:
760:
759:
755:
754:
736:
735:
731:
730:
726:
720:
719:
712:
711:
706:
705:
700:
699:
695:
694:
677:
676:
672:
671:
667:
666:
662:
661:
657:
651:
650:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
630:
629:
625:
621:
620:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:
596:
584:
582:
578:
567:
565:
561:
558:
554:
546:
544:
540:
537:
533:
527:
521:
515:
513:
509:
506:
502:
496:
491:
489:
485:
477:
475:
471:
463:
461:
457:
454:
450:
442:
440:
436:
433:
429:
423:
418:
416:
412:
404:
402:
398:
390:
388:
384:
376:
374:
370:
362:
360:
356:
348:
346:
342:
334:
332:
328:
320:
318:
314:
311:
307:
302:
298:
294:
290:
288:
284:
280:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
255:
248:
245:
243:Today part of
241:
225:
223:
222:Shang dynasty
220:
219:
216:
210:
207:
200:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
179:
175:
166:
151:
137:
133:
129:
127:
120:
117:
113:
106:
103:
100:
97:
95:
92:
81:
80:
78:
74:
67:
62:
45:
38:
33:
29:
22:
6136:N. Dynasties
6132:S. Dynasties
6095:
5998:Yu the Great
5986:
5935:
5913:Legge, James
5907:
5879:
5875:
5869:
5850:
5844:
5840:
5817:
5798:
5773:
5769:
5744:
5740:
5721:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5644:
5640:
5614:
5585:
5573:
5569:
5546:1959.9/58390
5529:
5525:
5502:
5469:
5465:
5442:
5425:
5421:
5399:
5367:(1): 15–42,
5364:
5358:
5330:
5293:
5289:
5266:
5247:
5243:
5238:
5211:
5205:
5188:
5184:
5171:
5162:
5156:
5145:, retrieved
5137:
5127:
5086:
5082:
5075:
5068:Tong (1983a)
5063:
5056:Tong (1983b)
5051:
5044:Tong (1983a)
5039:
5027:
5015:
5003:
4976:
4934:
4922:
4905:
4891:
4882:
4878:"十又二公"及其相关问题
4870:
4856:
4852:
4843:
4833:
4825:
4817:
4808:
4801:Allan (1991)
4796:
4784:
4772:
4760:
4748:
4729:
4723:
4704:
4698:
4689:
4680:
4679:白寿彝 (1937).
4674:
4665:
4659:
4640:
4634:
4615:
4609:
4592:
4585:
4566:
4560:
4551:
4550:佟柱臣 (1991).
4545:
4526:
4520:
4503:
4499:
4489:
4471:
4461:
4443:
4437:
4415:
4409:
4400:
4389:. Retrieved
4379:
4368:. Retrieved
4364:"夏朝遗民流布情况概说"
4358:
4339:
4335:Wu, Kuo-chen
4329:
4311:
4305:
4294:, retrieved
4285:
4279:
4270:
4262:
4252:, retrieved
4246:
4236:
4224:
4217:Sima, Qian,
4191:
4185:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4139:
4127:
4115:
4103:
4041:
4025:
3985:
3945:
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3894:
3844:
3833:
3773:
3733:
3693:
3653:
3612:
3572:
3531:
3520:
3474:
3436:Yu the Great
3434:
3416:Xia dynasty
3265:Son of Mang
3246:Son of Huai
3052:oracle bones
3045:
3043:
3034:
3029:
3010:
3009:
2979:
2972:
2962:
2956:
2948:
2925:
2916:rammed-earth
2910:near modern
2885:
2879:
2847:
2824:Shu Yi Zhong
2823:
2820:Song dynasty
2791:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2737:
2714:Emperor Shun
2709:
2687:
2684:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2644:
2642:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2617:
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2609:
2604:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2589:
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2583:
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2575:
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2551:
2549:
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2303:Xia County,
2178:Capital city
2165:
2061:
2054:) and Yong (
1993:
1991:
1963:
1947:Xiang's son
1946:
1919:
1913:
1863:
1854:
1806:Yellow River
1800:
1774:
1759:Yu the Great
1752:
1746:
1732:
1712:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1673:conjunctions
1668:
1662:
1647:
1641:
1638:Eastern Zhou
1626:Western Zhou
1619:
1609:
1593:Yu the Great
1582:
1572:
1554:
1552:
1449:LGBT history
1385:
1367:
1340:
1307:
1294:
1281:
1251:
1238:
1225:
1206:
1196:
1184:
1173:Ten Kingdoms
1169:
1122:
1109:
1096:Northern and
1094:
1064:
1042:
1032:
1000:
990:
984:
978:
972:(220–280 AD)
966:
953:
943:
933:
929:(206–202 BC)
923:
911:
904:(221–207 BC)
898:
869:(475–221 BC)
842:(771–256 BC)
838:Eastern Zhou
836:
828:Western Zhou
826:
803:
779:
756:
733:
732:
708:
702:
696:
673:
663:
505:Southern Min
439:Romanization
317:Hanyu Pinyin
287:Hanyu Pinyin
191:Succeeded by
190:
185:
6203:Xia dynasty
6128:16 Kingdoms
5987:Xia dynasty
5770:Asian Music
5741:Asian Music
5682:Early China
5641:Early China
5428:: 321–333,
5382:10125/17161
4732:. 江苏人民出版社.
4681:中国交通史. 上海书店
4601:James Legge
4314:, Penguin,
4267:Xia dynasty
4110:, p. .
3409:Family tree
3379:Son of Gao
3284:Son of Xie
3227:Son of Zhu
3020: 1600
2969:earthenware
2850:oracle bone
2834:during the
2832:state of Qi
2769:Sarah Allan
2232:Yangcheng (
2142:, southern
1900:Interregnum
1841:Han dynasty
1723:Han Chinese
1612:oracle bone
1555:Xia dynasty
1496:Discoveries
1491:Cartography
1486:Archaeology
1424:Art history
1313:(1644–1912)
1300:(1368–1644)
1287:(1271–1368)
1257:(1115–1234)
1244:(1038–1227)
1240:Western Xia
1212:(1127–1279)
1044:Eastern Jin
1034:Western Jin
959:(25–220 AD)
955:Eastern Han
935:Western Han
814: 1046
794: 1046
790: 1250
767: 1600
743: 2070
684: 8500
665:Paleolithic
656:Prehistoric
557:Old Chinese
186:Preceded by
32:Xin dynasty
6197:Categories
6120:3 Kingdoms
6013:Zhong Kang
5418:Li, Xueqin
4954:Lee (2002)
4789:Lee (2002)
4753:Lee (2002)
4453:7503110155
4391:2014-08-16
4370:2014-08-16
4296:13 January
4254:2017-10-15
4090:References
3533:Zhong Kang
3144:Zhong Kang
3132:Son of Qi
3113:Son of Yu
3040:Sovereigns
3022: – c.
2896:Xu Xusheng
2865:See also:
2816:Jie of Xia
2810:), Kunwu (
2784:Shāng sòng
2745:Gu Jiegang
2729:Gu Jiegang
2694:Huangfu Mi
2628:, and the
2425:Xia County
2340:Zhong Kang
2321:Yangzhai (
2280:Pingyang (
2246:Yangzhai (
2088:and Hebei;
2048:), Liang (
1795:See also:
1616:Late Shang
1584:Hsia-ch‘ao
1579:Wade–Giles
1501:Inventions
1231:(916–1125)
1202:(960–1127)
1190:(960–1279)
857: – c.
855: 770
816: – c.
792: – c.
781:Late Shang
769: – c.
745: – c.
686: – c.
581:Zhengzhang
359:Wade–Giles
115:Government
28:Xi dynasty
6023:Shao Kang
5896:250351018
5710:163461600
5669:163543848
5554:162644060
5526:Antiquity
5494:153335285
5466:Antiquity
5310:162264919
5230:317504474
5119:206646492
5008:Li (2002)
4666:中国古代道路交通史
4643:. 法律出版社.
4618:. 华夏出版社.
4527:中国古史的传说时代
4178:156043981
4095:Citations
3614:Shao Kang
3182:Shao Kang
3106:Qi of Xia
2957:The only
2929:Zhengzhou
2854:Guo Moruo
2400:Shao Kang
2381:简明中国历史地图集
2378:, Henan (
2307:, Shanxi
2272:Jinyuan,
2263:Jinyang (
2093:Mount Tai
2036:), Jing (
2030:), Yang (
2018:), Qing (
1960:Overthrow
1949:Shao Kang
1934:Luo River
1890:Yangcheng
1870:Han River
1757:say that
1709:Sima Qian
1634:Confucian
1177:(907–979)
1138:(690–705)
1128:(618–907)
1115:(581–618)
1102:(420–589)
1070:(304–439)
1048:(317–420)
1038:(266–316)
1006:(266–420)
949:(9–23 AD)
675:Neolithic
639:Dynasties
524:Hā (
518:Hē (
94:Yangcheng
6063:Kong Jia
6048:Bu Jiang
6008:Tai Kang
5720:(2015),
5702:23351600
5661:23351672
5647:: 2–37,
5391:67818363
5328:(eds.),
5147:5 August
5111:27493183
4899:. 郭沫若学刊.
4863:Chang Fa
4824:(1992).
4422:Press.,
4337:(1982),
4046:See also
3896:Kong Jia
3835:Bu Jiang
3522:Tai Kang
3334:Kong Jia
3277:Bu Jiang
3125:Tai Kang
2947:Erlitou
2792:Chang Fa
2646:Analects
2521:, Henan
2502:Kong Jia
2492:, Henan
2478:Bu Jiang
2459:, Henan
2432:Shangqiu
2427:, Henan
2416:, Henan
2370:Shangqiu
2336:Tai Kang
2317:Tai Kang
2305:Yuncheng
2258:, Henan
2111:Zhejiang
2086:Shandong
2079:Liaoning
2012:), Yan (
1942:Han Zhuo
1916:Tai Kang
1910:Han Zhuo
1894:Gaocheng
1892:(modern
1884:(modern
1646:and the
1595:, after
1464:Timeline
1391:(Taiwan,
1371:of China
885:Imperial
634:Timeline
608:a series
606:Part of
587:/*ɡraːʔ/
474:Jyutping
331:Bopomofo
119:Monarchy
105:Shangqiu
5258:Sources
5091:Bibcode
5083:Science
4705:夏商社会生活史
4269:at the
3066:
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2937:Xinzhai
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2876:Erlitou
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2155:Qinghai
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2140:Sichuan
2133:Shaanxi
2115:Jiangxi
2100:Jiangsu
2042:), Yu (
2024:), Xu (
1926:Zhenxun
1882:Zhenxun
1763:Zhuanxu
1665:Liu Xin
1574:Xiàcháo
1559:Chinese
1135:Wu Zhou
725:Ancient
704:Yangtze
267:Chinese
135:History
99:Zhenxun
76:Capital
6160:W. Xia
5894:
5824:
5805:
5790:833918
5788:
5761:833936
5759:
5728:
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4573:
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4509:
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4318:
4198:
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3075:Notes
2953:vessel
2912:Yanshi
2892:Anyang
2622:, the
2546:tribes
2519:Anyang
2486:Laoqiu
2457:Jiyuan
2447:Yuan (
2376:Puyang
2294:Anyi (
2153:, and
2075:Shanxi
1930:Hou Yi
1906:Hou Yi
1888:) and
1886:Gongyi
1814:levees
1771:Ban Gu
1743:Chiyou
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1707:, and
1701:, the
1581::
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1569:pinyin
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6104:Shang
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5892:S2CID
5852:Kaogu
5786:JSTOR
5757:JSTOR
5706:S2CID
5698:JSTOR
5665:S2CID
5657:JSTOR
5637:(PDF)
5566:(PDF)
5550:S2CID
5490:S2CID
5387:S2CID
5306:S2CID
5181:(PDF)
5115:S2CID
4881:[
4730:中国人口史
4616:中国饮食史
4597:(PDF)
4498:[
4496:史记地名考
4470:[
4290:(PDF)
4223:[
4174:S2CID
4063:Notes
3846:Jiong
3574:Xiang
3296:Jiong
3163:Xiang
3069:Years
2986:Lajia
2888:Yinxu
2674:Guoyu
2482:Jiong
2464:Zhu,
2421:Xiayi
2404:Lun (
2368:) or
2358:Xiang
2191:Daxia
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2122:Hunan
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2071:Hebei
1938:Xiang
758:Shang
351:Shiah
247:China
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6168:Yuan
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6144:Tang
6108:Zhou
6038:Mang
6033:Huai
5919:–127
5822:ISBN
5803:ISBN
5726:ISBN
5678:Mozi
5619:ISBN
5600:ISBN
5507:ISBN
5447:ISBN
5404:ISBN
5340:ISBN
5275:ISBN
5226:OCLC
5216:ISBN
5149:2016
5138:News
5107:PMID
4734:ISBN
4709:ISBN
4645:ISBN
4620:ISBN
4571:ISBN
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4507:ISBN
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4468:夏源流史
4448:ISBN
4424:ISBN
4345:ISBN
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4298:2020
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3695:Huai
3239:Mang
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