873:: Hanba is a kind of mountain ghost. When it stays in a place, no rain will fall there. When a female Ba enters a house, it may steal things. When a male Ba enters a house, it kidnaps the woman. Li Shizhen's comment: The above books recorded creatures that are more or less similar. All of them are ghosts and devils. Now such a creature is called "one-legged ghost" In the past it was reported that such creatures existed everywhere. They hid themselves and sneaked into houses to copulate with the women in the house, causing trouble and disease. They might set fires or steal things from houses. Taoist masters could not drive them away, and no medicine could treat these diseases. So people worshipped it as a spirit to plead for peace. But nobody knew the nature of such things. This is recorded here for reference. When such a thing appears, one of the ways to throw off its evil is to call out its name. In this way it will not harm people. A 1,000-year-old toad can eat it. These are ways to control it, and there must be other ways to control it too. There is also a kind of Zhiniao, a bird recorded in the "Category of the Fowls" that is also a creature that harms people. There are plenty of such harmful spirits and ghosts in this world. Such things are recorded in the books
691:
the men are absent, and steal their salt, to eat their frogs and crabs with. They are called hill-sao, because they cry out this sound themselves. People have cast bamboo in their fires, which, on exploding therein, leapt out of it and scared the sao away altogether. When an attack is made on them, they cause their assailants to catch fever. Although these beings have a human shape, they take other forms, and thus belong also to the class of kwei and mei . Nowadays their abodes occur everywhere in the mountains.
776:
may use both these names together. There is another mountain power, this one in the shape of a drum, colored red, and also with only one foot. Its name is Hui. Still another power has the shape of a human being nine feet tall, dressed in fur-lined clothes and wearing a large straw hat. Its name is Chin-lei. Another is like a dragon, variegated in color and with red horns, the name being Fei-fei. Whenever one of these appears, shout its name, and it will not dare harm you.
1078:
loving music, being more like an imp or good-natured goblin than truly malicious. In my opinion the descriptions leave no room for doubt that these goblins hung together with monkeys, just like the mu-k'o . The original carriers of these stories seem to have been Yao peoples, because only Yao were distributed over this whole area. There seems to be some indication that the shan-hsiao were a kind of spirit of the dead.
1050:(山都, "metropolis"). De Groot suggests, "All those terms are applied by Chinese authors indifferently to whatever demons play tricks upon man and disturb his peace, and which we may take to represent for China the broad class of sprites, elves, fairies and hobgoblins, with which mankind generally peoples forests; rocks and hills, increasing their ranks daily with souls of the dead buried abroad."
103:
111:
567:, besides actual human beings, mountaineers alien to Chinese culture, perhaps a dying race of aborigines, who, occasionally making raids upon their more refined neighbours, were chastised and victimized by merciless mandarins. No doubt the Chinese rank among them human monsters and mongrels which strike the imagination by their oddity.
775:
The mountain power in the form of a little boy hopping backward on one foot likes to come and harm people. If you hear a human voice at night in the mountains talking loud, its name is Ch'i. By knowing this name and shouting it, you will prevent it from harming you. Another name for it is Jo-nei; you
690:
Deep in the mountains of the West human beings exist, more than a chang in size. They go naked, and catch frogs and crabs. They are not shy of men, and when they see them halt to pass the night, they betake themselves to their fire, to roast their frogs and crabs. They also watch the moment on which
1283:
If you do a web search for "Hsigo", you will find thousands of references and hundreds of images. I won't give specific references, because they're all complete and utter nonsense, but you can read detailed descriptions of these fake, mythical
Chinese monkeys—including pseudo-learned discussions of
1178:
Hsiao (Guardian Owl) The hsiao (sh-HOW) are a race of peaceful cleric-philosophers who inhabit woodlands and forests. Hsiao look like giant owls with broad feathered wings and large intelligent golden eyes. These creatures live in trees, making earthen nests and tunnels high above the forest floor.
818:
tall. It is naked. It catches shrimp and crabs, and roasts them over fire and eats then. Such an animal is called
Shanxiao. It cries in a way as if it is calling its own name. When a man offends such an animal, he will suffer from chills and fever. This is a disease caused by evil. The animal may
1077:
since early times. The belief seems to have originated in the west because the older sources emphasized that the shan-hsiao lived in the western mountains. Their characteristics were: being one-legged and of short stature, similar to monkeys, living in trees, being afraid of crashing noises but
413:
Three hundred and fifty leagues further north is a mountain called Mount
Bridgedrain. … There is a bird here which looks like the boastfather; it has four wings, one eye, and a dog's tail. Its name is the hubbub. It makes a noise like a magpie. If you eat it, it will cure a bellyache, and it is
601:
There is an animal on this mountain which looks like a dog but it has a human face. It is good at throwing. When it sees a human being, it laughs. Its name is the mountain-monkey. It moves like the wind. Whenever it appears, there will be typhoons over all under the sky. (Yufa
Mountain 獄法之山)
868:
tall. It is naked, and its eyes are on the top of its head. It runs as fast as the wind. When such an animal is sighted, there will be a major drought. When such a thing is encountered, the person should throw it into a manure pit. In this way the drought can be avoided. The book
1179:
The hsiao know and work closely with other woodland creatures (including actaeons, centaurs, dryads, elves, treants, and unicorns), and may call on them for aid. Their goals include the preservation of woodland wilderness against intrusions by dangerous humanoids.
909:, Eberhard says, "This information proved that one of the two series of names for the imps (hsiao, ch'ao, ts'ao, etc.) came from the languages of the Yue and Yao, while the second series (k'ui, kui, hui) came from a more western language". Mentioned above are the
456:
The first peak of the
Classic of the Western Mountains, Part III, is called Mount Worshipmy. … There is an animal here which looks like an ape but its forearms have markings like a leopard or tiger, and it is good at throwing things. Its name is the liftfather.
1159:
notes Xiao Yang was "an anthropoid monster whose upper lip covers his face when he laughs. His laughter was sinister, it was said, being an indication that he was about to eat human flesh"; and glosses, "A hideous man-eating demon living in solitary places."
462:
The first mountain along the third guideway through the
Western Mountains is called Mount Chongwu. … There is a beast here who form resembles a Yu-Ape with leopard and tiger markings on its arms. It is adept at throwing things and is called the Jufu … Lifter
860:: There is a kind of animal in the area south of the Five Ridges that has one leg and a reversed heel. There are three digits on each hand and foot. The male is called Shanzhang, and the female Shangu. It knocks on doors at night to beg for things. The book
1284:
their name—in works like the following: Erudite Tales, Creepy
Hollows Encyclopedia, Mythical Creatures Guide, Encyclo, Societas Magic, Monstropedia, etc., etc. Hsigo are supposedly flying monkeys with bird-like wings, the tail of a dog, and a human face.
901:"were referred to by a great variety of names, some of which were different writings of a dialectical word in one of the southern dialects while others probably were variant readings". Regarding names for the mythological one-legged mountain creatures
419:
There is a bird dwelling here whose form resembles Kuafu the
Boaster but with four wings, one eye, and a dog's tail. It is called the Raucous-Bird, and it makes a sound like a magpie. Eating it will cure abdominal pain, and it can also stop diarrhea.
1151:; I join Wang Qiao as his companion. We send the Xiao Yang in front to guide us; The White Tiger runs back and forth in attendance. Floating on cloud and mist, we enter the dim height of heaven; Riding on white deer we sport and take our pleasure.
839:
tall. It steals salt from woodcutters to eat with the stone crabs that it roasts over fire. Human beings dare not offend it. If a person offends or hurts such a creature, the person may become sick or his house will be burned down. The book
595:
There is a bird here which looks like an owl and it has a human face, a monkey's body, and a dog's tail. Its name comes from its call: . Whenever it appears, that town will have a severe drought. (Yanzi
Mountain 崦嵫之山, where the sun sets)
852:: Shanjing looks like a baby. It has only one leg, which is turned backwards. It attacks people at night. It is called a Ji. When it attacks, one should just call out its name. Then it will not able to attack a person. The hook
1266:. I think they are probably based on fruit bats, or "flying foxes," of India, Asia, Indonesia and Australia. These monkey-size bats are not related to the other insectivorous bats, but are genetically closer to primates.
346:
One hundred ninety li farther west stands Black-Ewe
Mountain … There is a beast here whose form resembles a Yu-Ape but with longer arms. It is adept at throwing things and is called the Xiao … Noisy-Ape.
340:
Seventy leagues further west is a mountain called Mount Ewenext. … There is an animal on this mountain which looks like an ape, but it has longer arms and it is good at throwing things. Its name is the
325:"Classic of Mountains and Seas" uses Xiao (some editions write the graphic variant 嚻) as the name of a river (Xiaoshui 囂水), a mountain (Beixiao zhi shan 北囂之山), and two mythical creatures.
856:: There is a kind of mountain spirit called Kui that is shaped like a drum. It is red and walks on its single leg. People drive it to catch tigers and leopards. The book
831:
long. It shouts loudly. It is very difficult to sight one. It turns over stones in streams to catch shrimp and crabs, which it roasts over a fire and eats. The book
483:
particularly implies a type of monkey with yellowish hair color): and also, in this case, the meaning of "fly" extends metaphorically to "go quickly; dart; high".
1888:
1367:
The Religious System of China: Its Ancient Forms, Evolution, History and Present Aspect, Manners, Customs and Social Institutions Connected Therewith
1788:
1170:
636:
is a bird similar to a hawk, but it has the head of a man, the body of a monkey, and the tail of a dog. Its appearance presages harsh droughts.
1883:
645:
947:
889:. We have to know about them. But if a man behaves virtuously, such ghosts dare not approach him. This is one way to protect oneself.
1652:
823:
by Liu Yiqing: Among the mountain cliffs in Dongchang County, there is an animal that looks like a human being. It is four to five
532:'mountain imp') referred to "a short, one-legged, crayfish-eating simian creature that lived in the western mountains". In
444:"monkey; ape". The sub-commentary of Hao Yixing (郝懿行; 1757–1825) notes the association may be owing to the similar sounding names
848:
tall. It eats mountain crabs. It hides itself during the day and comes out at night. A 11,000-year-old toad can eat it. The book
1215:. The creature is depicted as a foot-high humanoid that lives in bamboo thickets, works with tigers, and cooks a valuable stew.
84:) "mischievous, one-legged mountain spirit". Furthermore, some Western sources misspell and misconstrue the older romanization
814:
by Dongfang Shuo: In the deep mountains in the west, there is a kind of animal in the form of a human being but just over one
1318:
134:
67:
33:
1329:
1308:
126:
266:
211:
835:: There is a kind of Shangui in Anguo County. It looks like a human being but has only one leg. It is just over one
1262:
1124:
802:
1386:
1156:
1343:
1294:
624:
556:
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752:
732:
533:
1863:
649:
584:
1200:
1023:
766:
402:
1648:
1339:
1314:
1210:
640:
Although Borges cites "T'ai Kuang Chi" as the Chinese source, referring to the (10th-century)
619:
288:) "head", thus signifying "many voices". The first Chinese character dictionary, the (121 CE)
254:
17:
1252:
A Chinese composite creature, having a man's face, a monkey's body, dog tail and bird wings.
1118:
clan in southwestern China were supposedly descended from monkeys. The variant transcription
409:(夸父) the legendary giant who chased the sun, is found on the northern mountain Liangqu (梁渠),
1353:
894:
499:
195:
517:
182:
152:
51:
1383:
The Songs of the South: An Anthology of Ancient Chinese Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets
1128:狒狒 "a man-eating monkey with long hair", which is the modern Chinese name for "baboon".
1270:
790:
1877:
939:
785:
663:
290:
203:
1833:
1396:
A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the guideways Through Mountains and Seas
1275:
705:
467:
The flying monkey in ancient China was sometimes simply referenced by the term 飛猱 (
819:
appear anywhere. But it is afraid of the piercing noise of firecrackers. The book
1133:
864:: There is a kind of animal called Ba or Hanmu in the south. It is two to three
437:
364:
321:
1828:
844:: Shanjing looks like a human being. It has one leg and is about three to four
191:), is a mythological creature described as resembling either an ape or a bird.
102:
1224:
780:
711:
564:
309:
223:
363:(夒 "a kind of monkey"). The historical linguist Axel Schuessler reconstructs
1065:
The concept of the shan-hsiao, very common among Miao tribes in present-day
237:
215:
110:
424:
Although this passage compares the Xiao bird with the humanoid Kuafu, the
1074:
999:
541:
359:(囂) is a copyist's error for the graphically and phonologically similar
202:(囂) means "noise; clamor; hubbub; haughty; proud; arrogant". During the
1066:
723:
718:
476:
472:
352:
1786:
Allston, Aaron, Steven E. Schend, Jon Pickens, and Dori Watry (1991),
333:
285:
277:
273:
258:
1374:
1148:
1070:
660:山魈 "mountain elf"—none of which mention a hawk, man, monkey, or dog.
507:
429:
406:
172:
142:
75:
41:
1398:. Translated by Strassberg, Richard. University of California Press.
1139:
1098:(lit. 梟楊 "owl poplar") is a final example of Chinese mythological
219:
1870:
illustration (de Groot 1908, Plate IV, between pages 514 and 515)
563:… the Chinese place in their great class of hill-spirits certain
1348:. Translated by Andrew Hurley. Illustrated by Peter Sis. Viking.
1313:. Translated by Birrell, Anne (illustrated ed.). Penguin.
1229:
90:
1147:
Above, I seek out holy hermits. I enter into friendship with
336:) "monkey; ape", is found on the western mountain Yuci (羭次),
1641:
Alchemy, Medicine and Religion in the China of A.D. 320: The
1143:("Songs of the South") is the first reference to Xiao Yang.
452:. The relevant passage concerns the mountain Chongwu (崇吾),
304:
1260:–The Chinese Hsigo are much like the flying monkeys from
1183:
Note this D&D name's evident connection with Chinese
312:'s commentary explains as (聲出而气隨之) "noise is emitted and
1829:
Hsigo, the imaginary flying monkeys of Chinese mythology
827:
tall. It is naked and has disheveled hair, five to six
471:, literally meaning "flying monkey"), as in the poem
1223:
Numerous modern print and internet resources give a
1371:
The Soul and Ancestral Worship: Part II. Demonology
432:(276–324) says an early textual version writes the
1053:After discussing numerous Chinese accounts of the
302:(聲) "sound; noise", and cryptically says (气出頭上) "
60:) "a long-armed ape" or "a four-winged bird" and
1484:, University of Hawaii Press. pp. 180, 197, 149.
26:is the name of several creatures, including the
1227:of Chinese "Hsigo" "a flying monkey" [
806:狒狒 "a man-eating monkey with long hair" entry.
1114:貓頭鷹 "cat-head hawk" in modern usage), and the
682:character (combining the 犭"dog" radical and a
1851:The Legendary Creatures of the Shan hai ching
1108:
1088:
1055:
1044:
1036:
1034:(治烏 "manage crow"). Additional names include
1028:
1012:
1004:
992:
984:
976:
968:
960:
952:
608:
577:
328:The first Xiao, which supposedly resembles a
8:
1668:, 6 vols., Foreign Languages Press. p. 4130.
1666:Bencao Gangmu: Compendium of Materia Medica
1137:"Alas That My Lot Was Not Cast" poem in the
727:"Master who Embraces Simplicity" lists four
648:", this description is not found there. The
210:1600–1046 BCE), Xiao was both the name of a
527:
236:1421–1396 BCE), and the given name of King
162:
1541:
1517:
1505:
1451:
1358:The Local Cultures of South and East China
167:'clamor'), alternately pronounced
1482:Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese
670:(神異經 "Classic of Divine Marvels") writes
106:夒, náo, oracle ("shell and bone") writing
1738:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1689:
1677:
1627:
1554:
1042:(山繅, with "reel silk from cocoons") and
109:
101:
1789:Dungeons & Dragons Rules Cyclopedia
1578:
1566:
1529:
1493:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1408:
1334:. Translated by Birrell, Anne. Penguin.
1171:Dungeons & Dragons Rules Cyclopedia
551:After analyzing numerous stories about
522:
187:
157:
56:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1241:, is a common typographical error for
308:is emitted on top of the head", which
1889:Monkeys and apes in Chinese mythology
555:"hill-spirits", the Dutch sinologist
7:
950:"), lists ten other variant names –
709:(丈 "3.3 meters") while others say a
646:Extensive Records of the Taiping Era
1816:Companion for the Apprentice Wizard
1365:de Groot, Jan Jakob Maria (1908).
1122:梟羊 "owl goat" names the legendary
1109:
1089:
1056:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1013:
1005:
993:
985:
977:
969:
961:
953:
948:Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang
609:
578:
14:
1803:Symbolic and Mythological Animals
1394:Strassberg, Richard, ed. (2002).
1331:The Classic of Mountains and Seas
1310:The Classic of Mountains and Seas
1069:existed only in South China from
656:database lists 10 occurrences of
222:province) during the era of King
1814:Zell-Ravenheart, Oberon (2006),
1864:An Attack of a Mountain-Spectre
1467:(山海經校注), Shanghai Guji. p. 27.
1418:, p. 16, passim "River Hubbub".
1196:Advanced Dungeons & Dragons
242:
228:
1106:is an archaic name for "owl" (
512:
177:
147:
138:
130:
80:
71:
46:
37:
1:
614:description with the Chinese
540:is the name for the African "
265:ideographically combines the
247:
233:
207:
1849:Schiffeler, John W. (1978),
1805:, Aquarian/Thorsons. p. 133.
1430:, p. 43 "Mount Northhubbub".
1345:The Book of Imaginary Beings
1219:Non-Chinese mistaken "Hsigo"
934:(熱內 "hot inside"), etc. The
625:The Book of Imaginary Beings
575:has two early references to
440:), who is also described as
1884:Chinese legendary creatures
1328:Birrell, Anne, ed. (2000).
1307:Birrell, Anne, ed. (1999).
414:effective for indigestion.
1905:
1237:, which is not a possible
583:, named with a manuscript
1639:Tr. Ware, James R. 1966.
1480:Schuessler, Axel (2009),
503:
94:] "a flying monkey".
1827:Mair, Victor H. (2013),
1295:Simians (Chinese poetry)
1208:, which also appears in
557:Jan Jakob Maria de Groot
351:The Chinese mythologist
1818:, Career Press. p. 178.
1664:Luo Xiwen, tr. (2003),
1239:romanization of Chinese
1155:The British sinologist
958:(山蕭, with "desolate"),
761:(金累 "gold weary"), and
747:(熱內 "hot inside"), the
666:'s (c. 2nd century CE)
534:Modern Standard Chinese
479:(though, in this case,
276:"mouth", quadrupled as
1801:Cooper, J. C. (1992),
1286:
1268:
1254:
1181:
1153:
1080:
1061:, Eberhard concludes
891:
778:
693:
638:
604:
598:
569:
465:
459:
422:
416:
349:
343:
115:
107:
1792:, first edition, TSR.
1463:Yuan Ke (袁珂) (1980),
1281:
1255:
1247:
1245:. For two examples,
1176:
1145:
1063:
966:(山臊, "urine smell"),
808:
773:
771:飛龍 "flying dragon").
743:(蚑 "crawl; walk") or
688:
630:
599:
593:
561:
460:
454:
417:
411:
344:
338:
113:
105:
650:Chinese Text Project
473:"On the White Horse"
401:The second Hsiao, a
88:as "hsigo" [
1465:Shanhaijing Jiaozhu
1201:Oriental Adventures
765:(飛飛 "fly fly", cf.
606:Compare the former
403:mythological hybrid
135:traditional Chinese
114:夒, náo, seal script
1837:, 14 October 2013.
1340:Borges, Jorge Luis
1010:(濯肉 "wash meat"),
982:(山暉, "sunshine"),
703:are taller than a
212:historical capital
127:simplified Chinese
116:
108:
1647:. Dover. p. 287.
1354:Eberhard, Wolfram
1211:The Book of Lairs
1018:(熱肉 "hot meat"),
974:(山魅, "a demon"),
715:(尺 "0.3 meter").
620:Jorge Luis Borges
546:Mandrillus sphinx
530:
255:Chinese character
165:
18:Chinese mythology
1896:
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1389:. Penguin. 1985.
1385:. Translated by
1378:
1361:
1349:
1335:
1324:
1263:The Wizard of Oz
1233:]. However,
1112:
1092:
1083:Chinese Xiaoyang
1059:
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1040:
1032:
1016:
1008:
996:
988:
980:
972:
964:
956:
923:(山and 犭+參), and
895:Wolfram Eberhard
893:The sociologist
612:
581:
559:believes that,
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528:
524:
514:
505:
487:Chinese Shanxiao
250:1170–1147 BCE).
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1844:Further reading
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1542:Strassberg 2002
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1452:Strassberg 2002
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1393:
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1364:
1352:
1338:
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1321:
1306:
1303:
1291:
1221:
1191:meaning "owl".
1166:
1164:Popular culture
1085:
990:(山駱, "camel"),
938:諾皋記, copied in
654:Taiping guangji
642:Taiping guangji
489:
241:
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100:
12:
11:
5:
1902:
1900:
1892:
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1858:External links
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1845:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1820:
1807:
1794:
1779:
1777:, p. 339.
1767:
1765:, p. 268.
1755:
1753:, p. 266.
1743:
1731:
1719:
1717:, p. 499.
1707:
1705:, p. 502.
1694:
1682:
1670:
1657:
1632:
1630:, p. 500.
1619:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1557:, p. 505.
1546:
1544:, p. 104.
1534:
1522:
1520:, p. 259.
1510:
1508:, p. 129.
1498:
1486:
1473:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1379:
1362:
1360:. E. J. Brill.
1350:
1336:
1325:
1319:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1271:Victor H. Mair
1220:
1217:
1165:
1162:
1084:
1081:
793:discusses the
791:materia medica
731:(山精 "mountain
652:'s searchable
488:
485:
428:commentary of
355:suggests that
99:
96:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1901:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1741:, p. 53.
1740:
1739:Eberhard 1968
1735:
1732:
1729:, p. 57.
1728:
1727:Eberhard 1968
1723:
1720:
1716:
1715:de Groot 1908
1711:
1708:
1704:
1703:de Groot 1908
1698:
1695:
1692:, p. 58.
1691:
1690:Eberhard 1968
1686:
1683:
1680:, p. 54.
1679:
1678:Eberhard 1968
1674:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1653:0-486-24088-6
1650:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1628:de Groot 1908
1623:
1620:
1617:, p. 82.
1616:
1611:
1608:
1605:, p. 81.
1604:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1581:, p. 41.
1580:
1575:
1572:
1569:, p. 31.
1568:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1555:de Groot 1908
1550:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1496:, p. 44.
1495:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1454:, p. 99.
1453:
1448:
1445:
1442:, p. 15.
1441:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1387:Hawkes, David
1384:
1380:
1377:: E.J. Brill.
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1204:contains the
1203:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1024:flying dragon
1021:
1017:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1001:
997:
995:
989:
987:
981:
979:
973:
971:
965:
963:
957:
955:
949:
945:
941:
940:Duan Chengshi
937:
933:
930:(蚑 "crawl"),
929:
926:
922:
919:
915:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
813:
807:
805:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
787:
786:Bencao Gangmu
782:
777:
772:
770:
769:
764:
760:
756:
755:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:
720:
716:
714:
713:
708:
707:
702:
699:editions say
698:
692:
687:
686:參 phonetic).
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:Dongfang Shuo
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
637:
635:
629:
627:
626:
621:
617:
613:
611:
603:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
580:
574:
568:
566:
560:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
525:
519:
515:
509:
501:
497:
493:
486:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
464:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
421:
415:
410:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
366:
362:
358:
354:
348:
342:
337:
335:
331:
326:
324:
323:
317:
316:follows it".
315:
311:
307:
306:
301:
297:
293:
292:
291:Shuowen Jiezi
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
239:
225:
221:
217:
214:(near modern
213:
205:
204:Shang dynasty
201:
197:
192:
190:
184:
180:
174:
170:
160:
154:
150:
144:
136:
128:
124:
120:
112:
104:
97:
95:
93:
92:
87:
83:
77:
69:
65:
64:
59:
53:
49:
43:
35:
31:
30:
25:
24:
19:
1867:
1850:
1834:Language Log
1832:
1823:
1815:
1810:
1802:
1797:
1787:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1710:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1665:
1660:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1579:Birrell 1999
1574:
1567:Birrell 1999
1562:
1549:
1537:
1530:Birrell 2000
1525:
1513:
1501:
1494:Birrell 1999
1489:
1481:
1476:
1469:(in Chinese)
1464:
1459:
1447:
1440:Birrell 2000
1435:
1428:Birrell 2000
1423:
1416:Birrell 2000
1411:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1382:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1344:
1330:
1309:
1282:
1276:Language Log
1274:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1167:
1157:David Hawkes
1154:
1146:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1003:
991:
983:
975:
967:
959:
951:
944:Youyang zazu
943:
935:
931:
927:
924:
920:
917:
913:
910:
906:
902:
898:
892:
887:Youyang Zaju
886:
882:
879:Xuanzhong Ji
878:
874:
871:Wenzi Zhigui
870:
865:
861:
858:Hailu Suishi
857:
853:
849:
845:
842:Xuanzhong Ji
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
811:
809:
801:
798:
794:
784:
779:
774:
767:
762:
758:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:"), meaning
728:
722:
721:'s (c. 320)
717:
710:
704:
700:
696:
694:
689:
683:
679:
678:with a rare
675:
671:
667:
662:
657:
653:
641:
639:
633:
631:
623:
615:
607:
605:
600:
594:
588:
576:
572:
570:
562:
552:
550:
545:
537:
521:
511:
495:
491:
490:
480:
468:
466:
461:
455:
449:
445:
441:
433:
425:
423:
418:
412:
400:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
360:
356:
350:
345:
339:
329:
327:
320:
318:
313:
303:
299:
295:
289:
281:
269:
262:
252:
199:
193:
186:
176:
168:
156:
146:
122:
118:
117:
98:Chinese Xiao
89:
85:
79:
62:
61:
55:
45:
28:
27:
22:
21:
15:
1853:, Hwa Kang.
1775:Hawkes 1985
1763:Hawkes 1985
1751:Hawkes 1985
1615:Borges 2005
1603:Borges 2005
1591:Borges 2005
1198:sourcebook
1134:Ai shi ming
911:Shanhaijing
862:Shenyi Jing
812:Shenyi Jing
573:Shanhaijing
426:Shanhaijing
405:resembling
365:Old Chinese
322:Shanhaijing
1878:Categories
1645:of Ko Hung
1320:0140447199
1301:References
1225:ghost word
1110:maotouying
1096:Hsiao-yang
1000:"a dragon"
918:Shenyijing
821:Youming Lü
797:under the
783:'s (1578)
781:Li Shizhen
697:Shenyijing
668:Shenyijing
565:quadrumana
523:shan-hsiao
518:Wade–Giles
496:Shan-hsiao
310:Duan Yucai
224:Zhong Ding
183:Wade–Giles
153:Wade–Giles
52:Wade–Giles
1404:Footnotes
1369:. Vol. 5
1273:noted on
942:'s (863)
833:Yongji Ji
810:The book
390:(囂), and
238:Geng Ding
216:Zhengzhou
1868:shanxiao
1643:Nei Pien
1356:(1968).
1342:(2005).
1289:See also
1206:shan sao
1149:Red Pine
1120:xiaoyang
1102:s. This
1090:Xiaoyang
1075:Chekiang
1057:shanxiao
1026:"), and
994:shanjiao
954:shanxiao
936:Nuogaoji
899:shanxiao
875:Baize Tu
854:Baize Tu
795:shanxiao
789:classic
757:夔), the
751:(暉) (or
737:shanxiao
729:shanjing
701:shanxiao
672:shanxiao
658:shanxiao
610:shanxiao
579:shanxiao
553:shanxiao
544:monkey;
542:mandrill
538:shanxiao
513:shānxiāo
492:Shanxiao
294:defines
267:radicals
81:shānxiāo
63:shanxiao
1174:lists:
1067:Kuichou
1038:shansao
1020:feilong
986:shanluo
978:shanhui
970:shanmei
962:shansao
925:Baopuzi
921:shansao
916:(山𤟤),
914:shanhui
883:Baopuzi
850:Baopuzi
768:Feilong
733:essence
724:Baopuzi
719:Ge Hong
676:shansao
589:shanhui
536:usage,
500:Chinese
477:Cao Zhi
382:(囂) or
353:Yuan Ke
341:hubbub.
298:(囂) as
245:
231:
196:Chinese
68:Chinese
34:Chinese
1651:
1375:Leyden
1317:
1279:that,
1125:feifei
1071:Yünnan
1046:shantu
1006:zhorou
803:feifei
799:Feifei
763:Feifei
759:Jinlei
739:: the
585:lacuna
520::
510::
508:pinyin
502::
469:fēináo
430:Guo Pu
394:< *
386:< *
378:< *
370:< *
280:) and
261:) for
185::
175::
173:pinyin
155::
145::
143:pinyin
137::
129::
78::
76:pinyin
70::
54::
44::
42:pinyin
36::
20:, the
1258:Hsigo
1250:Hsigo
1243:Hsiao
1235:hsigo
1185:hsiao
1140:Chuci
1030:zhiwu
1022:(飛龍 "
1014:rerou
998:(山蛟,
932:renei
897:says
745:Renei
706:zhang
695:Some
634:Hsiao
616:hsiao
591:山𤟤.
475:, by
446:Kuafu
407:Kuafu
398:(禺).
374:(夒),
300:sheng
220:Henan
198:word
158:hsiao
123:Hsiao
86:hsiao
57:hsiao
1701:Tr.
1649:ISBN
1626:Tr.
1553:Tr.
1315:ISBN
1194:The
1189:xiao
1168:The
1131:The
1116:Yang
1104:xiao
1100:xiao
905:and
903:xiao
885:and
632:The
587:and
571:The
529:lit.
450:Jufu
448:and
434:Jufu
376:xiao
357:xiao
319:The
296:xiao
263:xiao
253:The
200:xiao
194:The
164:lit.
148:xiāo
119:Xiao
47:xiāo
29:xiao
23:xiao
1230:sic
1187:or
1094:or
1073:to
1002:),
907:kui
866:chi
846:chi
837:chi
829:cun
825:chi
816:chi
754:Kui
749:Hui
712:chi
684:can
680:sao
674:as
628:,
622:'s
618:in
548:".
494:or
481:náo
396:ŋoh
388:ŋâu
380:hâu
368:nao
361:nao
270:kou
218:in
121:or
91:sic
16:In
1880::
1866:,
1831:,
1373:.
1213:II
946:("
928:qi
881:,
877:,
741:Qi
526:;
516:;
506:;
504:山魈
442:yu
438:舉父
392:yu
384:ao
372:nû
330:yu
314:qi
305:qi
282:ye
248:c.
243:r.
234:c.
229:r.
208:c.
188:ao
181:;
178:aó
169:Ao
161:;
151:;
141:;
133:;
74:;
72:山魈
50:;
40:;
1655:.
1593:.
1471:.
1323:.
644:"
498:(
436:(
334:禺
332:(
286:頁
284:(
278:㗊
274:口
272:(
259:囂
257:(
240:(
226:(
206:(
171:(
139:囂
131:嚣
125:(
66:(
38:囂
32:(
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