44:
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or high official and beat a drum to voice their grievances. As such, every official court was supposed to be equipped with a drum for this sole purpose. Sometimes petitioners would throw their bodies in front of a sedan chair of the high official. When no one else at the local level was able to help,
530:
The number of petitioners in
Beijing alone has allegedly reached more than 100,000 people, not counting those that remain at provincial capitals. The number of people using the petitioning system has increased since 1993, to the extent that the system has been strained for years. Official statistics
544:
Provincial capitals have been accused of hiring people in
Beijing to abduct petitioners who have travelled from their areas and force them to go back home; this is known as "intercepting." The apparent aim of interceptors is to prevent citizens from appealing in Beijing because local officials face
522:
and local bureaus of letters and calls ("petitioning bureaus") are commissioned to receive letters, calls, and visits from individuals or groups on suggestions, complaints, and grievances. The officers then channel the issues to respective departments and monitor the progress of settlement, which
526:
Petitioning bureaus are ostensibly a communication channel between the government and the citizenry, and have been relied on since the establishment of the PRC in 1949. Petitioners may begin their attempts for redress at the local level with letters and calls to offices, which are located in
531:
indicate that petition offices annually handled around 10 million inquiries and complaints from petitioners from 2003 to 2007. However, despite its enduring nature and political support, the system has never been an effective mechanism for dealing with the complaints brought to it.
557:
or other illicit detention facilities. In 2009, Human Rights Watch produced a report alleging that large numbers of petitioners, including children, are detained in black jails, and documented several allegations of torture and mistreatment in the facilities.
509:
Petitioners in recent years sometimes search for justice through the legal system or local petitioning bureaus. However, those who feel that justice has eluded them often still travel to
Beijing as a last resort to appeal to the rulers in the age-old manner.
527:
courthouses or in township-level government offices. If unsatisfied, they can move up the hierarchy to provincial level offices and, at the highest level, the
National Public Complaints and Proposals Administration in Beijing.
162:
926:
519:
236:
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The petitions can take many forms, including phone calls, faxes, visits or even e-mails to any government office with regard to any of the issues. Under the system, the
764:
HRW's "Alleyway" citing
Jonathan K. Ocko, "I'll take it all the way to Beijing: Capital appeals in the Qing," Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 47.2 (May 1988), p.294
775:
705:
96:
407:
192:
916:
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433:
68:
58:
911:
619:
480:
467:, literally "letters and visits") is the administrative system for hearing complaints and grievances from individuals in the
468:
450:
673:
828:, "Xinfang: An Alternative to the Formal Chinese Legal System," Stanford Journal of International Law, vol. 42:1 (2006).
73:
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Human rights organizations have accused
Chinese authorities of arbitrarily imprisoning large numbers of petitioners in
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Martin K. Dimitrov, Vertical
Accountability in Communist Regimes: The Role of Citizen Complaints in Bulgaria and China
63:
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petitioners would travel to the then empire's capital to seek higher official's help.
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In ancient imperial times, petitioners were called "people with grievances" (
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776:"More than ten thousand petitioners descend on Beijing during 4th plenum"
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reprisals if citizens from their areas seek redress in the capital.
839:"Chinese petitioners held in illicit 'black jails,' report claims"
498:
865:"'I Have Seen China's Dark Side, So I am Even More Determined'"
471:. It is a common tool for dispute resolution in the country.
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520:
National Public
Complaints and Proposals Administration
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Handbook of China's
Governance and Domestic Politics
497:). Petitioners who needed justice would come to the
927:Government oversight and watchdog organizations
570:, the equivalent petition under imperial China
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8:
802:"Complaint bureau busiest office in Beijing"
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31:
656:Vincenzo R. Palmisano (22 April 2014).
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599:
289:
109:
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50:
34:
523:they feedback to the filing parties.
7:
25:
774:Wang, Cecilia (22 October 2014).
722:"Chinese official web site:国家信访局"
42:
672:James Reynolds (9 April 2009).
659:The Petitioning System in China
69:Natural rights and legal rights
59:Claim rights and liberty rights
632:
623:
493:
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29:Administrative system in China
1:
97:Economic, social and cultural
612:correspondence and reception
393:Self-determination of people
74:Negative and positive rights
64:Individual and group rights
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841:The Guardian, Nov 12 2009.
469:People's Republic of China
700:. Routledge. p. 64.
917:Complaints organizations
824:HRW's "Alleyway" citing
51:Theoretical distinctions
568:Memorial to the throne
549:Imprisonment and abuse
290:Other groups of rights
912:Human rights in China
852:"An Alleyway in Hell"
806:www.chinadaily.com.cn
694:Ogden, Chris (2013).
110:Rights by beneficiary
850:Human Rights Watch,
674:"Petitions in China"
408:Water and sanitation
92:Civil and political
922:Dispute resolution
907:Politics of China
707:978-1-85743-636-5
608:letters and calls
503:county magistrate
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102:Three generations
16:(Redirected from
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854:, Nov 12 2009.
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888:Bibliography
874:. Retrieved
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809:. Retrieved
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785:. Retrieved
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749:. Retrieved
745:
742:"ÎÞ±êÌâÎĵµ"
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725:. Retrieved
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678:. Retrieved
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540:Interception
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388:Self defense
378:Reproductive
83:Human rights
26:
574:Black jails
555:black jails
447:Petitioning
363:Development
303:Association
198:Transgender
901:Categories
876:2019-02-28
811:2019-08-23
787:2021-11-29
751:2019-08-23
727:2009-04-08
680:2009-04-08
644:References
353:Linguistic
328:Fair trial
210:Minorities
178:Indigenous
633:shàngfǎng
616:shangfang
583:ombudsman
398:Sexuality
323:Education
247:Prisoners
138:Creditors
133:Consumers
562:See also
368:Property
358:Movement
298:Assembly
262:Students
237:Peasants
232:Patients
183:Intersex
148:Disabled
128:Children
620:Chinese
501:of the
494:yuānmín
481:Chinese
475:Origins
464:xìnfǎng
451:Chinese
348:Housing
318:Digital
277:Workers
267:Victims
225:Mothers
220:Fathers
215:Parents
168:Fetuses
163:Farmers
123:Animals
118:Accused
18:Xinfang
704:
630::
628:pinyin
622::
535:Issues
514:System
491::
489:pinyin
483::
461::
459:pinyin
453::
403:Speech
373:Repair
343:Health
308:Asylum
257:States
252:Robots
242:Plants
173:Humans
158:Family
153:Elders
36:Rights
676:. BBC
614:, or
594:Notes
499:yamen
282:Youth
272:Women
188:Kings
702:ISBN
662:p. 1
333:Food
193:LGBT
143:Deaf
205:Men
903::
867:.
804:.
778:.
744:.
636:).
626:;
624:上訪
610:,
581:;
487:;
485:冤民
457:;
455:信访
879:.
814:.
790:.
754:.
730:.
710:.
683:.
618:(
449:(
435:e
428:t
421:v
20:)
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