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penetrated the imperial government. The group at this time was deeply associated with other secret societies in their efforts to eliminate
Christians, as can be seen in the 4 July 1896 with attacks on German missionaries in the regions of Western Shandong that later were controlled by the Boxers.
1048:
During 1898, the previously separate Boxer groups in
Shandong and Hebei would fall under much more direct leadership, with the establishment of structure into the group in the form of ranks. This would also involve the renaming of the group into the "Plum Blossom Fists". However, the name-change was
1044:
The movement first began in these areas in the mid-1880s as various group with similar aims, led by local influences such as Zhang
Decheng in Hebei, and Zhu Hongdeng in Shandong, both leading small but devoted groups directly under their personal control. These small groups served as local enforcers
1120:
The Boxers multiplied their murderous actions against foreigners and
Chinese Christians. In Beijing, the Boxers were officially placed under command of members of the Court, such as Prince Duan. During the Rebellion, the Boxers, fighting troops of the Eight-Nation Alliance with close combat weapons
1056:
into disturbances in the
Shandong-Zhili border region by a supposed "National Righteousness Group", with the possibility of 10,000 Boxer soldiers being under group command in this region. A representative of the monarchy, Zhang Rumei, would be sent along with an army to put down any unrest in
1097:
After a battle with the
Imperial troops in October 1899, the Boxers focused mainly on missionaries and Christian activities, as they were considered "tainting the purity of the Chinese culture". The Qing government was divided towards how to react to the Boxer's activities. The conservative
1040:
Though the Boxer movement would originate in
Shandong and Hebei intent on lessening governmental influence throughout China by means of violence, the group would quickly include its directive to attempt to eliminate all foreign influence also, which was considered at the time to have already
1029:, often exerted significant influence and force. These groups often took advantage, through armed members, of the lack of imperial order in many areas of China, along with rampant corruption that enabled the societies to function even in well-controlled areas.
849:
The movement was made up of independent local village groups, many of which kept their membership secret, making the total number of participants difficult to estimate, but it may have included as many as 100,000. They originally attacked the
1032:
Yi-he boxing, as it was later practised by the Fists of
Harmony and Justice, long predated the movement. In 1779, the Qing government already investigated rumours according to which a man named Yang practised this martial arts style in
1706:
1060:
The movement was primarily composed of peasants, to which were added idle youth, ruined artisans, and laid-off workers. Some Boxer recruits were disbanded imperial soldiers and local militiamen.
1798:
1121:
or even their own hands, were decimated. After the conflict, The
Empress Dowager Ci Xi ordered the repression of the remaining Boxers, in an attempt to calm the foreign nations.
1057:
the region. The result of the meeting was not negative, with Zhang reporting that there was no trouble in the region, along with more accurate reports on the group's smaller numbers.
1102:, a fervent supporter of their cause, arranged a meeting between Cao and Empress Dowager Ci Xi. At the meeting, the crown prince even wore a Boxer uniform to show support.
1714:
881:, at the time called "Chinese boxing". Though the group had existed since the mid-1880s, it was first reported externally as the "National Righteousness Group" (
1828:
1074:
In March 1898, the Boxers started to agitate the population in the streets with the slogan "Uphold the Qing, destroy foreigners!". Their main leader was
1117:. The Boxers were at their peak, now supported by some elements of the Imperial Army. They changed their slogan to "Support the Qing, destroy foreigners!".
1045:
of the Boxers' efforts to control the populace, to curtail the influence of both the Qing government and that of foreigners, particularly
Christians.
61:
971:
In more recent English publications, the name of the group from 1899, variously translated as "Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists" or "
1278:
1114:
1001:-based name. The group is also sometimes known in English by any one of its Chinese names, with more recent publications tending to use
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20. Introduction to a special issue of the journal devoted to translations of recent research on the Boxers in the People's Republic.
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1681:"Chinese monarchs – Zaiyi (26 August 1856 – 24 November 1922) was a Manchu prince and statesman of the late Qing Dynasty"
857:
In the summer of 1900, groups of Boxer fighters destroyed foreign owned property, such as railroads and telegraphs, and murdered
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Provinces. This is later clarified in a follow-up report to have been a mistake, and that the actual name is in fact "
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Muramatsu, Yuzi (April 1953). "The "boxers" in 1898–1899, the origin of the "I-Ho-Chuan" (義和拳) uprising, 1900".
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1365:
The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900
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In the English-speaking world, the group came to be known as the "Boxers", due to its members' practice of
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At the beginning of June 1900, about 450 men of the Eight-Nation Alliance arrived in
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1199:(2024) uses their name and parts of their ideology in its plot for a major protagonist group.
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Some Did It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country: A Revised View of the Boxer War
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by World Northal Corporation in 1980. The Boxers are also featured in the films
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The Boxer Rebellion is graphically depicted in the Shaw Brothers production of
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not used past 1898, with the name "Fists of Harmony and Justice" used instead.
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During the rule of the Qing dynasty, non-state secret societies, such as the
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contradictory statements, incomplete coverage, and lack of recent sources.
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229:"Kill the foreigners! Slaughter the followers of the foreign devils!"
1037:, though state authorities were unable to confirm this at the time.
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1296:
History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth
1284:
Buck, David D. (1987). "Recent Studies of the Boxer Movement",
38:
1113:
under siege by the Boxers and Imperial Army, in what was the
861:
missionaries and Chinese Christians. They then supported the
968:), though this name would not be used into 1899 and after.
854:, but soon called upon it to resist foreign influence.
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Besieged in Peking: The Story of the 1900 Boxer Rising
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On 23 May 1898, an investigation was made by the
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Chinese secret society active from the 1880s to 1901
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1799:Chinese history articles needing expert attention
54:needs attention from an expert in Chinese history
30:"The Boxers" redirects here. For other uses, see
1763:"La révolte des Boxeurs, un autre son de cloche"
1630:"Le movement des boxers in china (1898-1900)"
905:report intent on solving disturbances in the
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1129:The Boxer Rebellion is depicted in the film
1098:element of the court was in favour of them.
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127:Righteous and Harmonious Fists (1899–1901)
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790:Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists
946:During 1898, the group was known as the
1395:
1323:. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
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1655:"China, Japan, and the Ryukyu Islands"
1520:The Boxer Uprising: A Background Study
1487:The Annals of the Hitotsubashi Academy
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64:may be able to help recruit an expert.
7:
1829:19th-century establishments in China
1707:"China's Confession: Episode 4"
1512:
1510:
1508:
1427:
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1405:"The Meaning of the Unrest in China"
1273:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
1115:Siege of the International Legations
124:League of Harmony and Justice (1899)
772:Captured Boxer fighters during the
1461:China in Transformation, 1900–1949
25:
1598:The origins of the Boxer Uprising
1342:The Origins of the Boxer Uprising
1271:The Boxers, China, and the World
1223:
1209:
939:), alternatively translated as "
169:
96:
43:
1517:Purcell, Victor (3 June 2010).
1005:, and older publications using
941:Militia United in Righteousness
1616:University of California Press
1523:. Cambridge University Press.
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1403:Foord, John (25 March 1900),
1254:Red Lanterns (Boxer Uprising)
997:), tends to be used over the
915:League of Harmony and Justice
393:League of Harmony and Justice
1594:Esherick, Joseph W. (1987).
1338:Esherick, Joseph W. (1987).
1190:Once Upon a Time in China IV
1142:The Boxers are portrayed in
973:Fists of Harmony and Justice
635:Fists of Harmony and Justice
265:National Righteousness Group
1193:(1993). The Netflix series
62:WikiProject Chinese history
56:. The specific problem is:
1850:
1385:(London: Constable, 1999).
1286:Chinese Studies in History
1174:Legendary Weapons of China
1163:, a 1976 film directed by
1067:
867:resulting foreign invasion
831:
788:, officially known as the
29:
1458:MacKerras, Colin (2008).
1433:"Australian War Memorial"
1346:. U of California Press.
1319:Elliott, Jane E. (2002).
1302:Columbia University Press
1082:were Liu Chengxiang, and
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121:Plum Blossom Fists (1898)
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1819:Anti-imperialism in Asia
1809:Chinese secret societies
1549:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1249:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
1152:. The main character of
641:Traditional Chinese
399:Traditional Chinese
271:Traditional Chinese
1741:Encyclopedia Britannica
1659:Encyclopedia Britannica
1361:Preston, Diana (2000).
1292:Cohen, Paul A. (1997).
655:Simplified Chinese
413:Simplified Chinese
285:Simplified Chinese
32:Boxers (disambiguation)
1132:55 Days at Peking
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1093:Boxer soldiers in 1900
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202:Anti-Western sentiment
1834:19th century in China
1570:"Google Ngram Viewer"
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1035:Guan County, Shandong
842:that carried out the
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1604:Berkeley, California
1369:. New York: Walker.
1300:(Revised ed.).
1265:Bickers, Robert A.;
1244:Red Turban Rebellion
1148:, a comic series by
879:Chinese martial arts
160:1890s–September 1901
1814:Chinese nationalism
1661:. history-geography
1464:. Pearson Longman.
1439:on 18 February 2011
1169:The Bloody Avengers
1078:. Other leaders in
1027:White Lotus Society
846:from 1899 to 1901.
794:traditional Chinese
192:Chinese nationalism
1409:The New York Times
1125:In popular culture
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1023:Big Swords Society
948:Plum Blossom Fists
802:simplified Chinese
782:
521:Plum Blossom Fists
156:Dates of operation
106:, inspired by the
1773:on 31 August 2011
1743:. Boxer Rebellion
1717:on 31 August 2017
1711:www.chinasoul.org
1685:www.nouahsark.com
1545:"Boxer Rebellion"
1279:978-0-7425-5394-1
1145:Boxers and Saints
1111:foreign legations
865:in resisting the
834:, were a Chinese
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16:(Redirected from
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557:Hanyu Pinyin
443:Hanyu Pinyin
335:ㄧˋ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄟˋ
315:Hanyu Pinyin
70:January 2022
67:
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1767:tao-yin.com
1608:Los Angeles
1554:29 February
1177:(1981) and
1100:Prince Duan
993:I-ho-ch'üan
832:other names
826:I-ho-ch'üan
735:Yì-hé-cyuán
720:I-ho-ch'üan
705:ㄧˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄑㄩㄢˊ
463:ㄧˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄊㄨㄢˊ
365:Yì-mín-huèi
1793:Categories
1777:2 December
1747:2 December
1721:2 December
1690:2 December
1665:3 December
1639:2 December
1579:18 January
1443:2 December
1260:References
1165:Chang Cheh
1076:Cao Futian
1007:Wade–Giles
957:Méihuāquán
935:I-ho-t'uan
820:Wade–Giles
713:Wade–Giles
585:Wade–Giles
563:Méihuāquán
493:Yì-hé-tuán
478:I-ho-t'uan
471:Wade–Giles
343:Wade–Giles
217:Xenophobia
197:Monarchism
139:Cao Futian
1239:Katipunan
898:I-min-hui
859:Christian
838:based in
350:I-min-hui
145:Commander
135:Commander
1499:43751277
1203:See also
1139:(1963).
1064:Conflict
999:yìhétuán
986:Yìhéquán
928:Yìhétuán
907:Shandong
892:Yìmínhuì
830:) among
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699:Bopomofo
691:Yìhéquán
571:Bopomofo
457:Bopomofo
449:Yìhétuán
329:Bopomofo
321:Yìmínhuì
184:Ideology
104:war flag
102:A Boxer
18:Yìhéquán
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527:Chinese
165:Country
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226:Slogan
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84:Boxers
1495:JSTOR
1415:3 May
1390:Notes
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873:Names
177:China
1779:2017
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798:義和拳
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