1116:. Before that shift, there were only three tones, indicated by one of these two tone marks, or their absence. The meaning of the tone marks prior to the shift is unknown, but most likely an unmarked syllable was a mid tone while the first and second tone marks probably indicated low and high tones respectively. With unmarked, first, and second tones represented as da, do, and di respectively, a typical line (the exact position of the tone-marked syllables may vary slightly) can be represented as follows:
902:
436:
27:
197:
1093:). Each stanza has four lines, and each line is five syllables with a two to four syllable tailpiece. Rhymes link one of the two final syllables in the line to the 4th or 5th syllable in the line next but one, crossing stanza boundaries throughout the poem. At certain positions in the stanza, the syllable must have a first or second
933:. The poem states that the town is screened by three hills, is flanked by rapids in the river and the Meng marsh on one side, and has a triple moat and laterite walls. The three hills, now known as Khao Yao, Khao Suwanakhiri, and Khao Phanom Phloeng, stretch across the north of the city. The rapids in the
493:
readies his army at
Phitsanulok, travels up the River Nan, and then marches towards Chiang Chuen (stanzas 175-201). The army is described, including the infantry (stanzas 203-210), the elephant brigade, portrayed in great detail (stanzas 211-248), the cavalry (stanzas 249-255), and the march (stanzas
432:. His other skills are celebrated include prediction of future events, literary composition and recitation, debating skills on religious issues, knowledge of history, and insight into the minds of others. The eulogy ends with the poet apologizing for his own shortcomings in composing the work.
1136:) meter. Two stanzas following stanza 124 are believed to have been composed by Phraya Trang in the early 19th century to fill a lacuna and are not included in the numbering scheme. A stanza 294 appeared on the end in some earlier additions but is now considered a late addition and omitted.
836:
from Indian tradition: Indra (as 'golden Meru's lord'), guardian of the east; Yama, lord of the dead, guards the south; Maruti, lord of the wind, northwest; Viruna, lord of the waters, west; Agni, fire, southeast; Kuwera, lord of the Asura demons, north; Suraya, sun, southwest; Isana, moon,
569:
Emboldened by this event, the
Ayutthaya troops fight harder. The Yuan break and flee and are 'slashed down dead / like row on row of felled banana trees' (stanza 283). Victory is then celebrated (stanzas 288-295), beginning with lines on the people and property seized (stanzas 285, 287):
1216:
produced an edition based on
Chanthit's format, with many reinterpretations devised by a 19-member committee. As many words are obscure, and parts of the manuscript may have been corrupted by damage or faulty copying, the committee offered alternative readings of several lines.
1148:, most authorities agree that it was written before the end of his reign (1488) and probably very soon after the battle. MR Suphawat Kasemsi proposed that the author was a monk named Panya Phaisan whose name appears in stanza 58 as
416:(preamble and stanzas 1-60); a summary of key events from 1431 to c.1466 (stanzas 61-82); a main narrative of events from 1451 to the battle (stanzas 83 to 266); the battle and celebration of victory (stanzas 267 to 295).
505:
In the battle (stanzas 267-287), the Yuan forces initially gain the upper hand because of the number and weight of their elephants, but the tide of the battle turns when an
Ayutthaya elephant named Songbun triumphs in an
763:
several times but could not impose control. He faced several revolts. He had his favorite son, Bunruang, executed on suspicion of disloyalty. While clearly a warlike ruler, he was also a vigorous patron of Lankan-style
711:
as twin capitals was practiced intermittently from this time until the late 16th century. There are confusing and contradictory accounts of the latter part of the reign in various sources, but the authoritative
480:
is portrayed as a bad king for overthrowing his father, killing his own son, and foolishly mistreating Muen Dong Nakhon who he had sent to rule Chiang Chuen (stanzas 105-124). Muen Dong's widow appeals to
1156:. Wipha Konkanan proposed that the author was female on grounds that a female pronoun is used, but others consider this unlikely. Phra Borihan Thepthani proposed that the author was a son of King
668:
and built a new palace to the north. The structure of the nobility and administration was overhauled, though the details are subject to different interpretations. He composed or commissioned the
925:). The identification of this location was uncertain; some believed it was at Long in Phrae province. In 1968, MC Chand Chirayu Rajani proposed that Chiang Chuen was the site now known as
1025:
is in one verse form. The only exception are a preamble and an insertion after stanza 264 to fill a lacuna in the story, both of which are probably later additions. On these grounds, the
1225:
The poem has been translated into
English by Thailand's National Team on Anthology of ASEAN Literatures (āļāļāļ°āļāļģāļāļēāļāđāļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ§āļĢāļĢāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāđāļāļĒ). The translation is featured in the
649:
or Sam Phraya, led an army to Angkor, which was 1431. Hence he was only 17 on ascending the throne in 1448. His regnal name, meaning 'refuge of the three worlds', is an epithet of the
497:
The narrative breaks off in the middle of describing the march and resumes in the thick of the battle. A section has been lost, inadequately substituted by a short insertion in prose.
981:âKarna, Arjuna, Krishna, Bhima, Duryodhanaâas well as naming the Pandava and Kaurava, the two warring clans in the Indian epic. Phraya Yutthisathian is apparently also named after a
941:, the great rapids, are on the northeast side. The Meng marsh was probably to the southeast. The main moat can still be seen, and there are remaining stretches of laterite wall.
1182:
manuscripts of all or part of the poem. However, all clearly stem from a single original as the content and obvious lacunae are the same; they differ in spelling and wording.
265:
ruling families exchanged marriage partners over several generations. People relocated between the two regions, particularly nobles from the
Northern Cities absorbed into the
1119:
da da da da di da da da da da do da da da da di da da da da da da da da do da da di do da
489:
in
Phitsanulok (stanzas 125-152). Tilokkarat appoints a new ruler in Chiang Chuen, Jae Hom, who readies strong defenses with reinforcements from Lampang (stanzas 153-174).
428:
is presented through a one-to-nine series of numbered lists of
Buddhist concepts. His skill in warfare is vaunted by comparison to the Hindu gods and characters from the
1193:) produced a critical edition of the poem with details on the variations in different manuscripts and his interpretation of each stanza in modern Thai prose. In 1976,
1822:
174:) meter. The poem is considered important as a source of historical information, as an example of poetic form and style, and as a repository of early Ayutthayan
837:
northeast. This notion that eleven gods contribute divine substance to create a king appears in the chronicles at the 1605 coronation of King
Ekathotsarot.
162:
that have survived, and may be still in its original form, without later revisions. The main body of the poem consists of 1,180 lines in a variant of the
456:. On accession, he builds a stupa for his father's remains. Yutthisathian rebels, and several skirmishes follow. On the death of his mother in 1460,
929:, although he had never visited the place. In 1970 Chanthit Krasaesin showed that the geography sketched in stanzas 169-170 fits exactly with
812:
in 1459. After this he fades from the record. In 1476 he had a bronze Buddha cast with his name in the inscription. The piece is now in the
485:
for help. Troops from
Tilokkarat's allies, Nan and Phrae, take control of Chiang Chuen, propelling many nobles and men to flee and join
1550:
1805:
1754:
1731:
1708:
1639:
1582:
800:
in 1451, he joined Tilokkarat in the campaigns into the Northern Cities through the 1450s. He was rewarded with the governorship of
743:(the 'lok' part of his name means sixth). He became king in 1443 by deposing his father, and within a year had imposed control over
1617:
Griswold, A.B.; na Nagara, Prasert (1976). "A Fifteenth-Century Siamese Historical Poem". In Cowan, C. D.; Wolters, O. W. (eds.).
1209:
chronicles. They provided a rough translation of around half the stanzas, largely following Chanthit, and a summary of the rest.
1789:
Yuan Phai Khlong Dan: Its significance in the construction of literary convention and the development of panegyric literature
1773:
930:
926:
816:. He may have been executed in 1486 among the perpetrators of a failed plot against Tilokkarat, but the source is not clear.
370:
127:
1785:
Yuan Phai Khlong Dan: khwam samkhan thi mi to kan sang khanop lae phattthana khong wannakhadi praphet yo phrakiat khong thai
154:(r. 1448-1488), the victor. The poem was probably written soon after the battle. It counts among only a handful of works of
1173:
1251:
had a formative influence on a later tradition of royal-panegyric literature in Thai including works in praise of King
1844:
1213:
1026:
833:
179:
1201:
published an article in English setting the poem into its historical context, using material culled mainly from the
657:
in this era. According to the chronicles, he received this name at a tonsure ceremony shortly before his accession.
465:
832:. Eleven gods combine to create the king. These eleven are the Hindu trinity of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva plus the
1691:
326:
or deputy king, governing the northern part of the merging domain, but reneged and made him only governor of
813:
713:
330:. Possibly this story is the way the chronicle conveys a wider opposition to the creeping merger among the
1268:
646:
1663:
1538:
1280:
1233:
191:
131:
956:
665:
350:
159:
1605:
1542:
1275:
1237:
1161:
990:
829:
669:
654:
397:
354:
254:
248:
217:
119:
476:
The same events are recapped in slightly greater detail (stanzas 83 to 104). King Tilokkarat of
396:
Although the poem presents the battle as a great victory, it did not settle the contest between
1801:
1769:
1750:
1727:
1704:
1685:
1635:
1578:
1546:
1202:
1198:
704:
700:
677:
661:
331:
297:
293:
278:
274:
266:
262:
258:
225:
221:
212:, a confederation of cities in the upper reaches of the basin with a capital usually sited at
205:
151:
139:
126:
culminating in a battle that took place in 1474/5 AD at the place then called Chiang Cheun at
1597:
696:
1021:) is a literary form which interleaves different forms of verse. However, virtually all of
773:
681:
155:
735:
Chronicle, he was the sixth child of King Sam Phraya (also known as Samfangkaen) of the
1194:
777:
342:
901:
26:
1838:
1186:
1149:
1129:
1113:
1109:
1098:
1094:
1080:
1056:
1040:
1014:
918:
910:
805:
752:
744:
507:
374:
349:. Yutthisathian encouraged him extend his power over the Northern Cities, leading to
285:
229:
175:
167:
115:
91:
57:
1628:
Phra Mahathammaracha kasatathirat: kan mueang nai prawatisat yuk Sukhothai-Ayutthaya
1047:) is the form of verse used. Chanthit Krasaesin and Chonlada Rueangraklikhit prefer
404:
over the Northern Cities which continued intermittently until the mid 16th century.
257:
gradually absorbed the Northern Cities by a process that was largely peaceful. The
1256:
1157:
1145:
793:
769:
688:
673:
636:
490:
486:
482:
457:
449:
413:
381:) became key to this struggle because of its strategic position on a route between
362:
346:
317:
309:
270:
147:
1123:
1088:
1071:
1034:
986:
982:
978:
789:
756:
717:
708:
692:
645:
is the only source of information that he was born in the year that his father,
461:
435:
429:
382:
366:
327:
313:
240:
1592:
Griswold, A.B. (1963). "Notes on the Art of Siam, No. 6, Prince Yudhisthira".
1206:
1178:
964:
909:
In the poem, the town which is the site of the battle is called Chiang Chuen (
828:
are an early and important source for one of the main theories of kingship in
797:
792:. His year of birth is unknown but the Chiang Mai Chronicle describes him and
760:
732:
477:
390:
386:
338:
301:
213:
143:
1619:
Southeast Asian History and Historiography: Essays Presented to D. G. E. Hall
796:
as "boyhood friends" so their ages may have been close. After he defected to
1791:]. Bangkok: PhD dissertation, Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University.
1632:
King Mahathammaracha: politics in the history of the Sukhothai-Ayutthaya era
934:
273:
in 1448 was a significant step in this process as he was descended from the
67:
703:. This arrangement, in which the king along with a deputy or son occupied
1252:
765:
425:
341:(r.1441-1487) had already greatly expanded the Lanna domain by absorbing
77:
196:
1609:
736:
660:
His reign appears to have been remarkable. He gave the site of the old
439:
Wat Chulamani, Phitsanulok, where King Trailokanat was ordained in 1464
322:
251:
vied to control the Northern Cities and thus dominate the whole basin.
1264:
801:
650:
453:
320:
had promised that on becoming king he would appoint Yutthisathian as
114:
for details), "Defeat of the Yuan," is a historical epic poem in the
1601:
1764:
Thailand's National Team on Anthology of ASEAN Literatures (1999).
1720:
Phojananukrom sap wannakhadi Thai samai Ayutthaya: Khlong Yuan Phai
228:
in the middle reaches, now generally known as the Northern Cities (
1747:
Early Ayutthaya literature: general characteristics and influences
1724:
Lexicon for Thai Literature of the Ayutthaya Era: Khlong Yuan Phai
1655:
Yuan Phai or Eulogy of the King of the White Elephant at Ayutthaya
1535:
Yuan Phai, the defeat of Lanna: a fifteenth-century Thai epic poem
1279:(āļāļ°āđāļĨāļāļāđāļēāļĒ, "Defeat of the Mon"), an epic poem composed by Prince
1260:
1108:
This latter rule indicates that the verse was composed before the
900:
809:
748:
740:
725:
434:
401:
358:
244:
209:
195:
138:
or Yonok, then an independent kingdom in the upper reaches of the
135:
123:
1673:(in Thai). Nawaminthrachinuthit Satriwitthaya Putthamonton School
1160:
who spent a long time in the monkhood as Phra Suriyawong. Prince
1229:(āļ§āļĢāļĢāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāđāļāļĩāļĒāļ āļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāđāļāļĒ āđāļĨāđāļĄ āđ āđāļ), first published in 1999.
1662:
Nawaminthrachinuthit Satriwitthaya Putthamonton School (n.d.).
1651:
Yuan phai khlong dan rue yo phrakiat phrajao chang phueak krung
1484:
Thailand's National Team on Anthology of ASEAN Literatures 1999
959:. Indeed, there is nothing similar in the Thai language until
204:
By the 14th century, there were three centers of power in the
1568:]. Bangkok: Faculty of Archaeology, Silpakorn University.
788:
He is possibly the only Thai historical figure named after a
220:, a confederation of cities near the coast with a capital at
1517:
Nawaminthrachinuthit Satriwitthaya Putthamonton School, n.d.
1312:
834:
eight guardians of the cardinal and sub-cardinal directions
684:
are dated to his reign, though these dates are not secure.
281:
ruling families on the male and female side respectively.
944:
The poem does not mention any buildings at Chiang Chuen.
563:
Shield clashes shield. Sword hacks at sword till death.
393:
seems to have controlled the place from the late 1460s.
1766:
Anthology of ASEAN Literatures of Thailand, Volume II a
1743:
Wannakhdi Ayutthaya ton ton: laksana ruam lae itthiphon
1227:
Anthology of ASEAN Literatures of Thailand, Volume II a
1164:
accepted that the authorship cannot be known for sure.
1122:
The preamble and insertion following stanza 264 are in
379:āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļ·āđāļ; the name for Si Satchanalai under Lanna rule
1796:
Wyatt, David K.; Wichienkeeo, Aroonrut, eds. (1995).
623:
now spreads at speed, admired through earth and sky.
542:
Troops swirl with saber, goad and shield. Sparks fly!
955:is the only martial poem to have survived from the
917:) except in one place where it is called Cheliang (
615:
When tired, they're sold away or swapped for booze.
73:
63:
53:
41:
33:
1472:
967:, composed in the 1830s with many borrowing from
452:is born in 1431 when his father leads an army to
369:, probably as part of this struggle. The city of
284:Soon after this accession, Phraya Yutthisathian (
1505:
1376:
1337:
619:The King's repute, as great as all three worlds,
538:The Lao, in flight, head lopped, collapses down.
1438:
1427:
886:to come, protect, sustain and feed this world.
602:Their countless bars of gold and childrenâlost!
611:We tie up prisoners, drag them round by horse.
551:The Lao hangs headless down the tusker's neck.
1726:]. Bangkok: Royal Institute of Thailand.
1621:. Cornell University Press. pp. 123â163.
559:Phrathep Phrahan attacks. Men dies in droves.
555:His blood wells up and floods away till gone.
546:The pikemen cheer the tusker, "Thrust again!"
8:
890:All gods vouchsafed to help Him to succeed.
598:Their weapons, kit in no small measureâlost!
594:Their ladies, lustrous skin and bosomsâlost!
178:. A definitive edition was published by the
19:
1768:. Bangkok: Amrain Printing and Publishing.
1323:
861:Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, golden Meru's lord,
534:Songbun retreats, returns in fierce attack.
1749:]. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University.
412:The poem has four parts: a eulogy of King
105:
45:
18:
1494:
1461:
1415:
993:in this era, and was the inspiration for
878:these gods eleven joined with one resolve
768:, building several monasteries including
606:Their howdahs gilt and many tuskersâlost!
269:official nobility. The accession of King
1450:
1388:
1364:
1240:published an English verse translation.
200:Map showing places mentioned in the poem
1411:
1409:
1400:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1300:
1144:As the poem is written to glorify King
977:references several characters from the
873:the sky-illuming sun and lustrous moon;
1683:
1669:[Literary Works of Ayutthaya]
1664:"Wannakhadi Samai Krung Si Ayutthaya"
1634:]. Bangkok: Sinlapa Watthanatham.
1333:
1331:
1562:Tamra kan sueksa Yuan Phai khlong dan
1005:The poem was once generally known as
905:Map of Si Satchanalai Historical Park
865:great Yama, fine Maruti on his horse,
842:āđ āļāļĢāļŦāļĄāļāļīāļĐāļāļļāļāļĢāđāļĄāļĻāļĢāđāļāđāļē āļāļāļĄāđāļĄāļĢāļļ āļĄāļēāļĻāđāļŪ
672:, another early classic based on the
361:over the next thirty years. In 1463,
7:
1718:Royal Institute of Thailand (2001).
1308:
1306:
1304:
146:. The poem was written to celebrate
971:, including the echo in the title.
882:to make a holy Lord All-Knowing one
653:applied to several of the kings of
111:
1783:Theekaprasertkul, Pattama (2013).
1741:Rueangraklikhit, Chonlada (2001).
14:
1827:at the Vajirayana Digital Library
1575:The Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya
1573:Cushman, Richard D., ed. (2000).
869:Viruna, Agni, demon-chief Kuvera,
855:āļāļĢāļ°āđāļŠāļāđāļāļāļģāļĢāļāļĢāļąāļāļĐ āļĨāđāļĒāļāđāļĨāļāļĒ āđāļŠāđāđāļŪ
581:āđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļāļąāđāļāđāļāļāļāđāļ§āļāļĢāđāļāļĒ āļĄāļēāļĻāđāļĄāļĨāļ·āļāļ āļŊ
501:Battle and celebration of victory
1313:Royal Institute of Thailand 2001
1009:but this has been challenged. A
772:and Wat Pa Daeng, and enlarging
680:. Several important laws in the
25:
1699:Ongsakul, Sarassawadee (2005).
695:and placed someone else, named
464:, and in 1464-6 is ordained at
1800:. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
1703:. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
1545:. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
851:āđ āđāļāļāļēāļāļŠāđāļāļāđāļŠāđāļ āđāļāļēāļāļāļāđ āļĄāļēāļĪāđ
243:. From the late 14th century,
1:
1566:Manual for studying Yuan Phai
1473:Griswold & na Nagara 1976
1185:In 1970, Chanthit Krasaesin (
1174:National Archives of Thailand
857:āļāļļāļāđāļāļāļāļļāļāļāđāļēāļ§āđāļŦāļāļ§āđ āļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļāļĒ āļŊ
1649:Krasaesin, Chanthit (1970).
1626:Jiajanphong, Phiset (2003).
1377:Wyatt & Wichienkeeo 1995
1338:Wyatt & Wichienkeeo 1995
1168:Manuscripts and publications
790:character in the Mahabharata
586:āđāļāļēāđāļĄāļ·āđāļāļĒāļāļģāļāļđāļāļāļēāļĒ āđāļĨāļāđāļŦāļĨāđāļē
575:āđ āđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļāļēāļāļĨāđāļāđāļāđāļāļ·āđāļ āļāļĄāđāļāļĨāļē
528:āļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļŦāļēāļĢāļŦāļąāļ āđāļŦāļĄāđāļāļĨāļ·āđāļāļ
1214:Royal Institute of Thailand
1027:Royal Institute of Thailand
853:āđāļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļĻāļĢāļĩāļŠāļĢāļĢāđāļāļāļ āļāļĩāđāļāđāļēāļ
848:āđāļĢāļ·āļāļāļĢāļ§āļĩāļ§āļĢāļāđāļē āđāļāđāļĄāļāļąāļāļāļĢ āļŊ
590:āļāļīāļāļŦāļ·āđāļāļŦāļāļĄāļāđāļēāđāļĢāđāļē āļĢāļ§āļāļāļāļĢ āļŊ
577:āđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļŠāļēāļāļĢāļēāļ§āļļāļāļŠāļĢāļĢāļāđ āđāļāđāļāđāļāļĒ
526:āļāļđāļĄāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĄāđāļŦāļĨāļāļĢ āļāļ§āļāļāļąāđāļ
521:āļŦāļāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāđāļģ āļāđāļāđāļ āļŊ
517:āļĨāļēāļ§āđāļĨāđāļāđāļāļĢāļāļēāļĒāļŦāļąāļ§ āļāļ§āļāļāļ§āđāđāļē
180:Royal Institute of Thailand
1861:
1560:Chumphon, Prathip (1999).
1483:
1063:) is a subcategory of the
716:specifies that he died in
588:āļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļĻāļāđāļāļāđāļēāļāļāļąāļ āđāļāļĢāđāļĨāļāļĒāđ
530:āđāļāļāđāļāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļ§āļāļąāđāļ āļāđāļāļāļēāļĒ āļŊ
524:āđ āļĨāļēāļ§āļŦāļąāļ§āļāļēāļāļŦāđāļāļĒāļāļīāļ āļāļāļŠāļēāļĢ
515:āđ āļāļĢāļāļāļļāļāļāļāļĒāđāļĢāđāļĢāđāļ āļĢāļļāļāđāļāļ
312:were childhood friends in
300:and took his followers to
189:
1657:]. Bangkok: Mit Siam.
1577:. Bangkok: Siam Society.
1516:
1190:
1153:
1133:
1102:
1084:
1060:
1044:
1018:
922:
914:
846:āļāļĢāļļāļāļāļāļīāļāļļāđāļāļāļāļĢāļē āļŠāļđāļĢāđāļŠāļāļĒ
584:āđ āđāļāļĨāļāļĒāļĨāļēāļāļĨāļđāđāļĄāđāļē āļĄāļ·āļāļĄāļąāļ
378:
365:relocated his capital to
308:, when Yutthisathian and
296:family, rebelled against
289:
233:
171:
106:
95:
24:
16:Historical epic Thai poem
1666:āļ§āļĢāļĢāļāļāļāļĩāļŠāļĄāļąāļĒāļāļĢāļļāļāļĻāļĢāļĩāļāļĒāļļāļāļĒāļē
1665:
579:āđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļāļēāļĨāļĒāļāļąāļŽāđāļŦāļē āļāļāļāđāļāđāļ
519:āļāļāđāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļĨāļķāļāđāļ§āļ āļ§āļĒāļāļĄāļēāļāļĢ
424:The king's knowledge of
148:King Boromma Trailokanat
142:basin with a capital at
1114:Tai family of languages
1070:The main meter used is
824:The opening stanzas of
814:Bangkok National Museum
714:Luang Prasoet Chronicle
989:had become popular in
906:
894:
844:āļĒāļģāđāļĄāļĻāļĄāļēāļĢāļļāļāļāļĢ āļāļēāļĻāļāļĄāđāļē
699:in the chronicles, in
627:
567:
440:
201:
118:about rivalry between
46:
1506:Theekaprasertkul 2013
983:Mahabharata character
904:
839:
572:
512:
444:Summary of key events
438:
239:), with a capital at
199:
186:Historical background
1798:Chiang Mai Chronicle
1690:: CS1 maint: year (
1439:Rueangraklikhit 2001
1428:Rueangraklikhit 2001
1281:Paramanuchitchinorot
1221:English translations
1191:āļāļąāļāļāļīāļāļĒāđ āļāļĢāļ°āđāļŠāļŠāļīāļāļāļļāđ
1049:Yuan Phai Khlong Dan
784:Phraya Yutthisathian
630:Principal characters
306:Chiang Mai Chronicle
192:Ayutthaya-Lan Na War
1543:Phongpaichit, Pasuk
1140:Date and authorship
1087:, an elephant-foot
1029:titles the work as
804:, and then also of
751:. He also attacked
724:King Tilokkarat of
666:Wat Phra Si Sanphet
408:Summary of the poem
351:a series of battles
337:King Tilokkarat of
304:. According to the
292:), a prince of the
224:from 1350; the old
42:Original title
21:
1845:Epic poems in Thai
1533:Anonymous (2017).
1238:Pasuk Phongpaichit
1162:Damrong Rajanubhab
907:
820:Theory of kingship
670:Mahachat Khamluang
441:
202:
134:are the people of
1701:History of Lan Na
1283:, is modelled on
1199:Prasert na Nagara
961:Lilit Taleng Phai
948:Genre and sources
731:According to the
664:palace to become
510:(stanzas 272-3).
226:Sukhothai Kingdom
206:Chao Phraya River
140:Chao Phraya River
83:
82:
74:Publication place
1852:
1831:
1811:
1792:
1779:
1760:
1737:
1714:
1695:
1689:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1672:
1658:
1645:
1622:
1613:
1588:
1569:
1556:
1537:. Translated by
1520:
1514:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1441:, pp. 59â64
1436:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1367:, pp. 77â81
1362:
1356:
1355:, pp. 16â18
1350:
1341:
1340:, pp. 74â76
1335:
1326:
1324:Jiajanphong 2003
1321:
1315:
1310:
1192:
1155:
1135:
1110:great tone shift
1104:
1086:
1062:
1046:
1031:Khlong Yuan Phai
1020:
985:. Possibly, the
963:, Defeat of the
924:
916:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
870:
866:
862:
682:Three Seals Code
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
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564:
560:
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552:
547:
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291:
235:
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98:, also known as
97:
49:
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22:
1860:
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1661:
1648:
1642:
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1602:10.2307/3248982
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1585:
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1322:
1318:
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1302:
1298:
1293:
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1223:
1170:
1142:
1120:
1007:Lilit Yuan Phai
1003:
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937:, now known as
899:
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822:
786:
774:Wat Chedi Luang
729:
678:Phra Vessantara
647:Borommaracha II
640:
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622:
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527:
525:
523:
522:
520:
518:
516:
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474:
446:
422:
410:
194:
188:
158:from the Early
156:Thai literature
101:Lilit Yuan Phai
17:
12:
11:
5:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1818:
1817:External links
1815:
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1552:978-6162151255
1551:
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1527:
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1498:
1495:Anonymous 2017
1487:
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1462:Krasaesin 1970
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1416:Krasaesin 1970
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1451:Chumphon 1999
1447:
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1429:
1424:
1421:
1418:, p. 229
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1403:, p. 199
1402:
1397:
1394:
1391:, p. 226
1390:
1389:Griswold 1963
1385:
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1366:
1365:Ongsakul 2005
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776:to house the
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753:Luang Prabang
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687:Around 1463,
685:
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635:King Boromma
634:
629:
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508:elephant duel
500:
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466:Wat Chulamani
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460:relocates to
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160:Ayutthaya era
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1700:
1675:. Retrieved
1654:
1650:
1631:
1627:
1618:
1593:
1574:
1565:
1561:
1539:Baker, Chris
1534:
1512:
1501:
1490:
1479:
1468:
1457:
1446:
1434:
1423:
1401:Cushman 2000
1396:
1384:
1379:, p. 82
1372:
1360:
1353:Cushman 2000
1319:
1284:
1274:
1273:
1257:Prasat Thong
1248:
1247:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1212:In 2001 the
1211:
1184:
1177:
1171:
1143:
1124:
1121:
1107:
1103:āđāļĄāđāđāļāļ āđāļĄāđāđāļ
1089:
1085:āđāļāļĨāļāļāļēāļāļāļļāļāļāļĢ
1076:
1072:
1069:
1067:verse form.
1064:
1052:
1048:
1035:
1030:
1022:
1010:
1006:
1004:
994:
974:
973:
968:
960:
952:
951:
943:
938:
908:
841:
825:
823:
794:Trailokkanat
787:
770:Wat Chet Yot
730:
697:Borommaracha
689:Trailokkanat
686:
659:
642:
641:
637:Trailokkanat
574:
568:
514:
504:
496:
475:
447:
423:
414:Trailokkanat
411:
395:
371:Chiang Chuen
336:
321:
305:
283:
253:
236:
203:
163:
107:āļĨāļīāļĨāļīāļāļĒāļ§āļāļāđāļēāļĒ
100:
99:
86:
85:
84:
1596:(26, 3/4).
1276:Taleng Phai
1267:, and King
1234:Chris Baker
1158:Trailokanat
1146:Trailokanat
1077:bat kunchon
987:Mahabharata
979:Mahabharata
761:Shan region
757:Chiang Rung
739:dynasty in
718:Phitsanulok
709:Phitsanulok
693:Phitsanulok
491:Trailokanat
487:Trailokanat
483:Trailokanat
462:Phitsanulok
458:Trailokanat
450:Trailokanat
430:Mahabharata
383:Phitsanulok
367:Phitsanulok
363:Trailokanat
328:Phitsanulok
318:Trailokanat
314:Phitsanulok
310:Trailokanat
271:Trailokanat
241:Phitsanulok
237:Mueang Nuea
1775:9742720428
1677:2015-07-01
1291:References
1207:Chiang Mai
1179:samut thai
1154:āđāļāļāļāļēāļāļīāļĻāļēāļĨ
939:keng luang
798:Chiang Mai
759:, and the
733:Chiang Mai
494:256-266).
478:Chiang Mai
420:The eulogy
391:Chiang Mai
387:Chiang Mai
339:Chiang Mai
334:nobility.
302:Chiang Mai
290:āļĒāļļāļāļīāļĐāđāļāļĩāļĒāļĢ
234:āđāļĄāļ·āļāļāđāļŦāļāļ·āļ
214:Chiang Mai
144:Chiang Mai
20:Yuan Phai
1830:(in Thai)
1825:Yuan Phai
1519:: online.
1296:Citations
1285:Yuan Phai
1249:Yuan Phai
1232:In 2017,
1203:Ayutthaya
1095:tone mark
1023:Yuan Phai
995:Yuan Phai
991:Ayutthaya
975:Yuan Phai
969:Yuan Phai
953:Yuan Phai
935:Yom River
915:āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļ·āđāļ
897:Geography
830:Ayutthaya
826:Yuan Phai
720:in 1488.
705:Ayutthaya
701:Ayutthaya
691:moved to
676:story of
662:Ayutthaya
655:Ayutthaya
643:Yuan Phai
398:Ayutthaya
355:Ayutthaya
332:Sukhothai
298:Ayutthaya
294:Sukhothai
279:Sukhothai
275:Ayutthaya
267:Ayutthaya
263:Sukhothai
259:Ayutthaya
255:Ayutthaya
249:Ayutthaya
222:Ayutthaya
218:Ayutthaya
182:in 2001.
152:Ayutthaya
120:Ayutthaya
112:see below
87:Yuan Phai
68:Epic poem
1839:Category
1686:cite web
1253:Naresuan
1033:, where
766:Buddhism
426:Buddhism
353:between
78:Thailand
54:Language
1610:3248982
1526:Sources
1263:, King
1259:, King
1255:, King
1176:has 24
1112:in the
737:Mangrai
323:upparat
208:basin:
96:āļĒāļ§āļāļāđāļēāļĒ
47:āļĒāļ§āļāļāđāļēāļĒ
37:unknown
1804:
1772:
1753:
1730:
1707:
1638:
1608:
1581:
1549:
1269:Rama I
1265:Taksin
1244:Legacy
1090:khlong
1073:khlong
1065:khlong
1051:where
1036:khlong
923:āđāļāļĨāļĩāļĒāļ
802:Phayao
674:Jataka
651:Buddha
454:Angkor
164:khlong
130:. The
34:Author
1787:[
1745:[
1722:[
1671:(PDF)
1653:[
1630:[
1606:JSTOR
1564:[
1261:Narai
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