Yugoslav colonization of Kosovo

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along the Albanian border "represent an important national and military problem". Milkić stated that the focus should be on Albanians, as sending them to Albania became unfeasible due to financial and political issues in the country that resulted in rejecting newcomers. Suspicions were held that Albania did not want more Albanians to leave Yugoslavia as to keep future territorial claims active. Milkić preferred not to have any Muslim Slavs leave the state for Turkey or Turks as both communities were not perceived as problematic. He suggested that "to crush the compactness of Albanians", Serb families ought to be settled in Albanian villages and Milkić called for "cleaning the border zone from Albanians completely. Proposed measures included the purchase of Albanian property, assisting Albanians to the Yugoslav border or to Thessaloniki, pressuring them through financial means, placename changes, a public employment ban, forced labour and compulsory military enrollment.

810:

financial incentives such as tax exemptions to strengthen the Slavic element. Settlers and their families originating from anywhere within the country or overseas were allowed to settle in the area and, once there, land could only be obtained from the local district where they resided. The families of settlers were each granted some 5 hectares of land that became their property after 10 years. Settlers could gain an additional 2–5 hectares of land if there were multiple males within a family that were 16 and older. Albanian land was illegally confiscated and often through expropriations, whereas Serb settlers gained possession of prime land. From 1918 to 1940, the government expropriated 154,287 acres and distributed it among the mainly Serb settler population and kept 57,704 acres for use by the military, government schools, police and for other agencies of the state.

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expulsions of Albanians reduced their numbers from around 800,000 – 1,000,000 within Kosovo down to some 439,500. Between 1923 and 1939, some 115,000 Yugoslav citizens migrated to Turkey and both Yugoslavian and Turkish sources state that Albanians composed most of that population group. Albanian scholars from Albania and Kosovo place the number of Albanian refugees from 300,000 upward into the hundreds of thousands and state that they left Yugoslavia due to duress. Other estimates given by scholars outside the Balkans for Kosovan Albanians who emigrated during 1918–1941 are between 90,000 and 150,000 or 200,000–300,000. To date, access is unavailable to the Turkish Foreign Ministry archive regarding this issue and as such the total numbers of Albanians arriving to Turkey during the interwar period are difficult to determine.

823: 894:

published in a book described colonisation as a "cultural and economic task of a national character" that had a particular focus on Kosovo, due to public security concerns and the "important factor" for the "nationalisation and assimilation of these regions". Additional aims entailed serbianising urban centres through "nationalisation" and development, increasing hygiene standards in rural areas and targeting "patriarchal and primitive" modes of life and work. Krstić outlined that these measures aimed for a fastened process and complete "rebirth of south Serbia". He described colonisation as a success within the Kosovo and

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to Kosovo. Two weeks later Tito issued another decree and followed it with a law in August 1945 that permitted a conditional return for a minority of the colonists. In total, cases of return numbered 11,168, with 4,829 cases confirmed, 5,744 cases partially confirmed alongside 595 cases being denied. A small proportion of the previous colonist population came back to Kosovo and repossessed land, with a greater part of their number (4,000 families) later leaving for other areas of Yugoslavia. Taken from 1912 onward, confiscated land, numbering 16,000 out of a total of 200,000 hectares was returned to local former owners.

915:

formations. By the 1930s, Serbianisation efforts and attempts at increasing the Serb population had failed as the Yugoslav census (1931) showed Albanians were 62 percent of the Kosovan population. Colonisation had managed to partially change the demographic situation in Kosovo and the share of Albanians had decreased from 65 percent (289,000) in 1921 to 61 percent (337,272) in 1931 and Serbs increased from 28 percent (114,000) to 32 percent (178,848). State authorities attempted to decrease the Albanian population through "forced migration", a process that grew during the decade.

2735:(Faksimile të marra nga gazeta “ Dajti”, emri i gazetës dhe një tabelë, ku tregohen mizoritë e serbëve mbi shqiptarët më 1918–1921). (Translation: (Facsimiles taken from the newspaper "Dajti", the name of the newspaper and a table, showing the atrocities of Serbs on Albanians in 1918–1921). Albanian paper "Dajti". Title: Summary of the atrocities of the Serbian forces in Kosovo (October 15, 1918-June 1, 1921). The number killed in Pristina: 4,600. Inmate casualties: 3,569. (Extracted from the Archive of the Kosovo Committee). Volume 53. "Sold wherever you want". 1051:. The Italians were viewed as liberators by Kosovo Albanians whom sought to redress the past policies of colonisation and slavisation and power relations between Albanians and Serbs were overturned in the new administration. It resulted in local Serbs and other Serbs that had arrived previously as part of the colonisation plan to be targeted by groups of armed Albanians. Campaigns aimed toward Serbs followed and included the destruction of property, killings, murders and deportations. The majority of Montenegrin and Serb settlers consisting of bureaucrats and 814:

security problems, state authorities placed settlers in strategic locations. Other parts of the Serbianisation policy in Kosovo included establishing an effective government administration and refusing autonomous Albanian cultural development in the region. The Serb settlers were viewed as "foreigners" and "robbers" by Kosovan Albanians and local Serbs were apathetic to their presence. The arrival of Serb settlers to Kosovo affected the stable communal relations that existed between local Albanians and Serbs which resulted in conflict. The

1234:(Greater Serbia) a memorandum that outlined the Serbianisation of Kosovo. Šešelj called for violence and expulsion against Albanians and their leadership with aims toward discrediting them within Western public opinion. The Serbian Association of Professors and Scientists held a conference in Pristina (1995) that discussed concerns about the high Kosovo Albanian birthrate. As a solution, they proposed that 400,000 Serbian refugees in Yugoslavia be resettled in Kosovo and that the government introduce a "family planning law". Serb academic 342:(1912–1913), the western area was included in Montenegro and the rest within Serbia. Beginning from 1912, Montenegro initiated its attempts at colonisation and enacted a law on the process during 1914 that aimed at expropriating 55,000 hectares of Albanian land and transferring it to 5,000 Montenegrin settlers. Some Serb colonisation of Kosovo took place during the Balkan Wars. Serbia undertook measures for colonisation by enacting a decree aimed at colonists within "newly liberated areas" that offered 9 hectares of land to families. 400:. Aiming to achieve a favourable political outcome, the state pursued various measures through violence and administrative avenues such as expulsions and replacing Albanians with another population. At the time in the Yugoslav census of 1921, Albanians formed the majority population of Kosovo at around 64 percent with some 72 percent belonging to the Muslim faith. Government sponsored colonisation of Kosovo and Vardar Macedonia was initiated in 1920 when on 24 September the Assembly of the Yugoslav Kingdom passed the 903: 978: 3067:(Un detachement montenegrin do comitadjis a esanye de dearmer un ommercant albanais. Vers le decembre 15 ont eu lieu les massacres Podgur. On a detruit 138 maisons; 400 maisons pillees. Villeards et enfante massacres. (Translation: A Montenegrin detachment from comitadjis tried to disarm an Albanian trader. Around December 15, the Podgur massacres took place. 138 houses were destroyed; 400 houses looted. Villers and child massacres.) ed.). Archive Editions Limited. p. 165. 1282:(March–June 1999), Serb forces expelled between 800,000 and 1,000,000 Albanians from Kosovo employing tactics such as confiscating personal documents to make it difficult or prevent any future return. Kosovo Albanians later returned following NATO intervention and the end of the war. Post-war, less than one hundred of the Serb refugees from Croatia remained in Kosovo, as they along with over half of the Serb and other non-Albanian population were expelled from the region. 838:. Apart from the conflict between the Kosovar Albanian Kachak resistance movement and Yugoslav authorities, other motivations for Albanian migration to Turkey were over land confiscations and their redistribution to Serb colonists. Yugoslav authorities viewed Albanians as a hostile population and preferred to reduce their presence in Yugoslavia, whereas Turkey wanted to repopulate areas of Anatolia that had been emptied of its previous Orthodox Greek speaking and 1126: 417:(volunteers) and were a politically reliable group for the state. The colonisation process also entailed the arrival of Serbian bureaucrats to Kosovo along with their families. During 1919–1928 some 13,000 to 15,914 Serbian families came to live in Kosovo as stipulated in the conditions of the decrees. The process involved the construction of 106 colonies and 245 new settlements in Kosovo and due to serbianisation efforts some were named Lazarevo, 1036: 1265:

area. There were tense relations and instances of violent incidents between the Serb refugee population and local Albanians. As the conflict intensified Serb refugees from Krajina competed with Kosovo Albanian internally displaced persons for limited resources and living space in Pristina. In early 1997, the number of resettled Serb refugees in Kosovo was 4,000 and 6,000 in early 1999. Local Albanians opposed their presence.

706: 1257:. In 1995, the government attempted to alter the ethnic balance of the region through the planned resettlement of 100,000, later reduced to 20,000 Serbian refugees from Krajina to Kosovo. Many countries reacted negatively to this plan and urged the Serbian government to cease the forced resettlement of Krajina Serbs to Kosovo. Some of the Serb refugees opposed going to Kosovo. In Babaloc and 899:

English Society of Friends of Serbia that funded homes for the colonists and procured equipment. Due to a lack of state assistance toward most settlers, part of that population went back to their place of origin. Krstić stated that another significant goal of colonisation was to assimilate Albanians of the Kosovo region, a task reserved for settlers to undertake.

886:. From 1925 onward Yugoslavia sought an agreement with Turkey to allow for the migration of Muslims and Albania was concerned that it entailed the removal of Albanians from the Balkans for intended resettlement in depopulated parts of Turkey. Turkey reiterated to Albania its disinterest in Albanians from Yugoslavia coming to 1223:. At the time, for Serb nationalists the process of Serbianisation entailed the resettlement of Serbs to Kosovo and limiting the favorable demographic position Albanians held. The Serbian media and education system perspective of history held that Kosovo was for the Serbs and the region did not belong to the Albanians. 438:

of Yugoslav policy. Public services were closed to them and religious offices were politicised. Yugoslav authorities also intended to replace Albanians in the region with Chetniks, war veterans and police men, as well as border police, refugees and party activists. In 1930, there existed no Albanian schools in Kosovo.

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had more than a child, whereas Kosovo Serbs were rewarded for having multiple children. Serbianisation of the Kosovo economy also occurred with areas inhabited by Serbs receiving investment, new infrastructure and employment opportunities. Albanians overall were either excluded or had limited economic participation.

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forces killed 12,346 civilians, burned 320 villages, looted 50,000 houses, imprisoned 22,16 and burned roughly 6000 houses. Between 1913 and 1920, Serb colonists were given special privileges by the authorities to settle in areas, previously inhabited by Albanians, who had been vanished or killed numbering 60 000.

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had emigrated to Kosovo after accepting the government offer. At the time, the government under Milošević pursued colonisation amidst a situation of financial difficulties and limited resources. Following 1989, the government according to some estimates used over 6 billion dollars to keep Kosovo

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that officially was stated as aimed at curbing Albanian nationalism. Kosovo under the control of Ranković was viewed by Turkey as the individual that would implement "the Gentleman's Agreement". At the same time, a new phase of colonisation occurred in the region as Montenegrin and Serb families were

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After the Second World War and the Yugoslavia-Albania split, Yugoslav authorities attempted to downplay links between Albanians of Albania and Kosovo and to implement a policy of "Turkification" that encouraged Turkish language education and emigration to Turkey among Albanians. In 1953, an agreement

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was a response to those debates and it became widely used among the Serbian intelligentsia as a source and reference on the Kosovo question. As one of a number of revisionist publications at the time, Bogdanović aimed to depict the Serbs as the only victims of past persecution and to counter Albanian

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In our examination of colonisation in the south, we hold the view that the only effective means of solving this problem is the mass expulsion of the Albanians. Gradual colonisation has had no success in our country, nor in other countries for that matter. If the state wishes to intervene in favour of

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would be funded mainly by Turkey with a joint Turkish-Yugoslav commission monitoring the situation. Archival and printed documentation from the era show the agreement to have been a misleading and deceptive text in its written composition and intent, as the outcome was for the removal of the Albanian

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and targeting municipalities in Kosovo and western Vardar Macedonia for the migration process. It envisioned the emigration of 200,000 Muslims from Kosovo and Macedonia that included Albanians, Turks and others. Rural communities were the main targets of the measures and properties of deported people

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Other aims of the colonisation policy were to curb emigration by citizens from Yugoslavian Montenegro and Serbia to North America through offers of free land grants. The state wanted to punish Albanian Kachak rebels by expropriating and assigning their properties to the settler population. Addressing

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opposed family planning measures and suggested the deportation of Albanians to Albania and the resettlement of empty houses in Kosovo with Serbs. During this period, varied definitions of terms such as "ethnic cleaning" and "genocide" were employed in the country to condone removing Kosovo Albanians

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was issued on 11 July. The colonisation was regulated with decrees (1919 and 1931) and laws (1922, 1931 and 1933), while the Ministry for Agrarian Reform (that is, the High Agrarian Trustee Office in Skopje) and the controversial Alliance of Agrarian Cooperatives of Southern Serbia were in charge of

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On December 25, 1919, the Montenegrin commander Savo Pjetri arrived at Hoti in the region of Kushë in Gjytetzë with his army. 72 Albanians were arrested and sent to Prekaliaj, kept all night and then executed the following morning, and thrown in a mass grave, hoping to hide the crime. On December 7,

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Both the decrees of 24 September 1920 and 11 July 1931 outlined the types of land that could be colonised and it included state land deemed not in use, communal land that went beyond the requirements of a community, land belonging to outlaws, land classified as abandoned, and large estate properties

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Laws were passed by the parliament of Serbia that sought to change the power balance in Kosovo relating to the economy, demography and politics. The Serbs replaced Albanians in government jobs and the police, whereas Serbian was made the only official language in the region. Serb policies and their

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wanted to avoid sectarian and ethnic conflicts. Tito enacted a temporary decree in March 1945 that banned the return of colonists, which included some Chetniks and the rest that left during the war seeking refuge. Serbian nationalists protested the decision as Serb settlers were forbidden to return

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In the twenty-first century, Arben Qirezi writes that data from the interwar period regarding the region shows a different situation to the one presented by Bogdanović. Qirezi describes that state policy aimed at creating equality, in addition to altering the demographic structure, was sidelined by

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in 1930 by three Albanian Catholic priests. The document gave a detailed account of the situation in Kosovo regarding state policies of property expropriation, forced migration, removal of Albanian municipal staff, limitations on dress and Albanian education and grievances against Serb paramilitary

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regions and less so in other areas due to "incompetence", poor leadership, lack of trained personnel, ad hoc and speedy measures, legal issues and so on. Krstić wrote that in the early years of colonisation, settlers did not receive support from the state and instead it was the American Mission and

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On March 25, 1919, the Kosovo Committee sent a report in French to the British Foreign office reporting that between February 17–23, 1919, Serbo-Montenegrin troops massacred the population of Plav and Gusinje. The Yugoslav authorities massacred 333 women, children, and elderly men by March of 1919.

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In June 1919, the Serbian Chetniks led by Colonel Katanic, Babic and Stanko assaulted the village of Llapusha, allegedly in pursuit of Kachaks who were residing in the mountains of Gurabardhi. The inhabitants were massacred. The Serbian detachment had just arrived after the massacre in Zatriq where

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After 1918, all Albanian schools in Montenegro, Macedonia and Kosovo were closed and around 400,000 ethnic Albanians were denationalised. According to Vladan Jovanovic, Yugoslav authorities opened Turkish schools and not Albanian. Around 60% of Albanians were left without an income as a consequence

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Serbs selling property to Albanians was made illegal by the government and fines existed for Albanians that did not undertake their military service in Bosnia and Croatia. The government also made it difficult for Albanians living overseas to return and penalties existed for Albanian families that

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was in agreement with Šešelj's sentiments and added that "a special fund" was needed "to finance the repopulation of Kosovo by Serbs". The autonomy of Kosovo was scaled down in 1989 and in 1990, Serbia gained control of the local police and abolished the province's parliament and government. A new

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and Serb elites have expressed similar sentiments that colonisation was a failure due to state mismanagement and use of ineffective Western methods in Kosovo and that different solutions were needed toward addressing "this problem". According to some Serbian historiography, the colonisation was an

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The document was not selected as policy by the state, nor was it translated or published at the time and it remained the personal view of Čubrilović that was presented to a non-government organisation. Nevenka Tromp states that the memorandum "did reveal the pattern of thought" that existed at the

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Albanians engaged in armed resistance to Yugoslavia in the form of the Kaçak movement, whose forces numbered around 10,000 armed rebels by 1919... Serbian troops in Kosovo killed 6,040 people and destroyed 3,873 houses in January-February 1919.. One Albanian source claimed that by 1921 the figure

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and Serb forces. As the Kosovo conflict escalated, in 1999 the international community intervened to end hostilities through negotiations and later war. In January 1999, the Serb police and army initiated a planned offensive against Kosovo Albanians that involved the violent liquidation of assets

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In 1996, official government statistics placed the number of refugees in Kosovo at 19,000. After the outbreak of conflict in early 1997, an estimated 9,000 Serb refugees and 20,000 local Serbs left Kosovo. Most of the Serb refugees left thereafter and a few remained that increased tensions in the

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The issue of Muslims, their expulsion and the Albanian problem was discussed at an interministerial meeting attended by members of the military and state in 1935. Ilija Milkić, a representative from the Foreign Affairs Ministry described that sizable numbers of "compact" Albanian inhabited areas

656:. The massacred had ended and Montenegro was "entirely cleared" of Albanians two months prior to his visit to the province. According to Albanian refugees, around 30,000 Albanians were killed in Montenegro by May 1919. The British Mission in Shkodër, however, placed this figure at 18,000–25,000. 489:

As the Yugoslav forces pushed through the Albanian inhabited villages there were series of expulsions and massacres being carried out. According to Albanian sources, between 1913 and 1939, flying detachment of Serbian forces acted and punished the civil population. Between 1918 and 1921, Serbian

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organization. Among their demands were the re-opening of Albanian language schools, recognition of Albanian as a co-official language and autonomy, with the goal of uniting Kosovo with Albania. The Kachaks engaged in uprisings, targeting Serbian army and administrative formations but forbade its

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based on the national secret files, in the period 1918-40 around 80,000 Albanians were exterminated, between 1944 and 1950, 49,000 Albanians were killed by the communist Yugoslav forces, and in the period 1981-97, 221 Albanians were killed by the Serbian police and military forces. During these

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1086:

In Yugoslavia, the Albanian intelligentsia of the communist period stated that a policy for the recolonisation of Kosovo and its repopulation with Montenegrins and Serbs was undertaken by the "Greater Serbian bourgeoisie". They described that it included the removal of Albanians through various

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The intent of the colonisation policy attempted to achieve specific political and national aims. To restore order, Đorđo Krstić, a Supreme Court judge was placed in charge of overseeing the colonisation process during 1927–1928 as Senior Commissioner for Agriculture. His reflections of the time

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The government associated colonisation with improving the agricultural sector and implemented policies such as the Agrarian Reform. It was a settlement plan to encourage Serb and Montenegrin settlers from other parts of Yugoslavia to resettle in Kosovo through preferential treatment of land and

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became a very large landowner in the country due to expropriation of Albanian land in Kosovo and other areas. Qirezi states that the main goal of colonisation did not only entail creating equality between locals and settlers, but that it also included demographic changes whereby authorities in

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Kosovo was strategically important for the state, its elite and security with the Albanian population deemed as "unreliable" and concerns existed over possible future rebellions by locals that did not approve of its governance. The stance of Serbian political elite held that Kosovo was an late

312:

The colonisation of Kosovo is generally considered an unsuccessful project because it satisfied neither the state nor the settlers, nor the home population. The politics related to the colonisation process and its effects upon various population groups of Kosovo remains a topic of interest and

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Based in Ankara, the data gathered for 1919–1940 by the Yugoslav Legation shows 215,412 Albanians migrated to Turkey, whereas data collected by the Yugoslav army shows that until 1939, 4,046 Albanian families went to live in Albania. For 1918 to 1921, Sabrina Ramet cites the estimate that the

200:

at certain periods of time from the interwar era (1918–1941) until 1999. Over the course of the twentieth century, Kosovo experienced four major colonisation campaigns that aimed at altering the ethnic population balance in the region, to decrease the Albanian population and replace them with

849:

By the mid-1920s, large numbers of Albanian refugees were present in Turkey and an understanding had arisen with Albania to cooperate and stem Albanian migration from Yugoslavia that decreased substantially during the remainder of the decade. An arrangement between Turkey and Albania allowed

301:. At the end of the war, government of Yugoslavia prohibited return of colonist and stopped the colonization programme. Forced migration of Albanians to Turkey resumed and Serb settlers were installed in Kosovo until the ouster of Ranković in 1966. In the 1990s, the government of President 1272:

As the sociopolitical situation deteriorated, Kosovo Albanians numbering some 300,000 fled during this period for Western Europe. By 1997–1998, the failure of Kosovo Albanian political resistance and negotiations for a solution between both sides gave way to an armed conflict between the

997:

viewed the colonisation programme as unsuccessful. He wrote a memorandum and presented it at the Serbian Cultural Club (May 1937) to an audience of intellectuals, prominent military personnel and politicians who were influential in politics and held sway over public opinion. The text

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willingly complied with the government who used them for the purposes of monitoring and intimidating local Albanians. Kosovo exceeded Vardar Macedonia in the amount of colonies it contained and their success rate was due to high quality land, water availability and good climate.

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installed in Kosovo. The situation ended in 1966 with the removal of Ranković from his position. During the late communist period of Yugoslavia, the colonisation and demographic change attempts and other measures undertaken in times of Serb control was highlighted by Albanians.

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published an article on September 25, 1921, by Louis Rochard, mentioning the Yugoslav atrocities on the Albanian population. In June 1919, the Italian Commander Piacentini sent a telegram reporting that the Serbian troops “burned villages and massacred women and children".

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to raise the Serb population within Kosovo. As such, the state made available loans for building apartments and homes along with employment opportunities for Montenegrins and Serbs that chose to relocate to the region. In March 1992, nearly 3,000 people from the

2708:(in Albanian) (1918-1921, sont tues beaucoup d'albanais ainsi que leurs maisons brulees. Dans la prefecture de Peja 1563 personnes tuees et 714 maisons brulees; a Mitrovica 1330 personnes et 42 maisons brulees. ed.). Arkivi Shtetëror i Kosovës. p. 33. 245:

captured from the Ottoman Empire in 1912. In addition to them, numbers of state bureaucrats and their families also settled in Kosovo. Along with Serb colonisation, a policy of forced migration of ethnic Albanians was implemented, enlisting the participation of

1149:, the foreign minister of Turkey that promoted the emigration of Albanians to Anatolia. Forced migration to Turkey increased and numbers cited by Klejda Mulaj for 1953–1957 are 195,000 Albanians leaving Yugoslavia and for 1966, some 230,000 people. Historian 473:

members from targeting unarmed Serbs and churches. The Serbian authorities regarded them as mere bandits and in response to their rebellion, retaliated by conducting operations against them as well as the civilian population. In 1919, a large-scale revolt in

1196:

By 1992, the situation in Kosovo deteriorated and politicians from both sides were at an impasse toward solutions for the future of the region. Concerns increased among Serbs and an organisation was created called the Serb Block for Colonizing Kosovo in

1246:. It outlined government benefits for Serbs who desired to go and live in Kosovo with loans to build homes or purchase other dwellings and offered free plots of land. Few Serbs took up the offer due to the worsening situation in Kosovo at the time. 408:

that could be subdivided through agricultural reform. Land that was considered abandoned and land expropriated from Albanians amounted to some 228,000 hectares of mainly farmable land. The decrees were intended as a reward to former soldiers and

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the government as the constitution was suspended and Kosovo administered under military control in 1912. The region was dealt with differently as a special territory where the state applied particular measures in Kosovo. Serbian Prime Minister

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its implementation. This phase of colonisation was considered unsuccessful because only 60 to 80 thousand people (some 17–20 thousand families) showed a willingness to become settlers and gained land, of whom many failed to follow through.

640:

According to the Albanian newspaper "Dajti" from November 7, 1924, and data retrieved from the Archives of the National Defense Committee of Kosovo, between 1918 and 1921, multiple massacres have occurred against the Albanian population.

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measures such as deportation, land confiscations, "permanent terror" and an agrarian policy that was exploitative. Examples they highlighted included the 1938 Yugoslav-Turkish convention and the memorandum by Vaso Čubrilović.

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for their service during the Balkan Wars and World War One, with incentives offered to settle in Kosovo that allowed them to claim between 5 and 10 hectares of land. The military veterans that settled in Kosovo were known as

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who defended and upheld interwar Yugoslavia's policy of Albanian migration to Turkey and the attempted Serbian colonisation "to redress the ethnic and national balance" toward making local conditions favourable for Serbs.

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that "Gusinje, Plav, Peja, Gjakova, Podjur and Roshji, have been scenes of terrorism and murder by Serbian troops and Serbian agents, whose policy appears to be extermination of the Albanian inhabitants of the region".

273:

reported that between 18,000 and 25,000 Albanians had been killed in Montenegro, according to the British Mission in Shkodër and as many as 30,000 according to Albanian estimates. In July 1919, the French consulate in

520:, terror against the Albanian population continued between 1912 and 1915. According to a statistics published later in Italy, Serbian troops alone killed 6,040 in January and February 1919, destroying 3,873 homes. 213:

that following the Ottoman conquest was settled by Albanians. As such, the colonisation process along with the displacement of Albanians and purchasing of their property was understood as "a logical sequel to the

208:

Fears over Albanian separatism and the need to secure Kosovo, a strategic territory for the country drove the state to pursue colonisation as a solution. The Serbian political elite held that Kosovo was a former

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In 1935, a document outlined methods the government planned to undertake toward expelling Albanians from Yugoslavia that differed from measures such as violence and eviction through force between 1912 and 1915.

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had been settled by Albanians. Vasa Šaletić, the head of the governing body for the colonisation process described the process of displacing Albanians and purchasing their property as "a logical sequel to the

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for ratification. Five months prior to the death of Atatürk, the Turkish Assembly during July 1938 refused to ratify the agreement and with the onset of the Second World War, the matter was not reopened.

846:. The Albanian population was encouraged to leave the region, as they were perceived to be immigrants in need of repatriation to either Turkey, Albania or expected to assimilate within Yugoslavia. 690:, approximately 12,000 Albanians were killed in Kosovo between 1918 and 1921, which coincides with the Albanian claim that 12,346 people were killed. More than 6,000 Albanians were killed by 3982: 269:, triggering a conflict that lasted until 1921 when the movement was suppressed. As a result, more than 12,000 Albanians were killed in Kosovo from 1918 to 1921. In 1919, U.S. Army colonel 237:. Following the end of the wars and the creation of Yugoslavia, the interwar period experienced the most colonisation activity. Between 60,000 and 65,000 colonists, of whom over 90% were 305:

attempted the colonisation of Kosovo using various financial and employment incentives to encourage Serb settlement and later through forceful resettlement of Serb refugees from the

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Likic, the village of Dubnica was surrounded and burned on 10 February 1924. The Yugoslav authorities massacred 25 people: ten women, eight children under eight-years, and six men.

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had a plan to colonise Kosovo with 100,000 Serbs, though the plan did not get fulfilled. Milošević thought that the re-colonisation of Kosovo would start Serbia's economic growth.

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became popular in Serbia during the 1990s and their content called for the dislocation of Albanians through mass resettlement. In 1995, Vojislav Šešelj wrote in the publication

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Serbian colonisation in Kosovo and Vardar Macedonia between 1920 and 1930. Colonised areas are in thick hatched black lines and colonised settlements are shown as black squares

574:

In 1921, there was a massacre carried out by Serbo-Montenegrin military and paramilitary Chetniks against the Albanian population in the village of Jabllanica in the region of

1063:. One estimate places the number of Serbs that were forced to leave at 70,000-100,000. Serbian historiography estimates that some 100,000 Serbs left Kosovo during 1941–1945. 2673:

The Practice of Bourgeois Class Justice in the Struggle Against the Revolutionary Movement of the Workers, the National Minorities and the Colonial and Semi-colonial Peoples

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Factors involved in the upsurge of migration were intimidation and pressure toward the Albanian population to leave through a campaign headed by Yugoslav police chief

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constitution in Serbia rescinded the autonomous status of Kosovo and Vojvodina that had been granted under the 1974 federal Yugoslav constitution. In 1990 President

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made several visits to the Yugoslav Foreign Ministry in Belgrade and discussed the deportation of Muslims from the area of Yugoslavia that had been designated as

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Colonisation was attempted by settling Serbs in Kosovo that involved some Serbian refugees originating from Croatia and Bosnia. Around 10,000 Serb refugees from

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Linguistic structure of Kosovo by settlements 1931. Brown – Albanian; Blue – Serbian and other south Slavic; Yellow – Turkish, Pink – Romani; Purple – Circassian

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Albanians arriving from Yugoslavia to Turkey the option of migrating to Albania. Turkey attempted to resettle Albanians in eastern Anatolia within areas such as

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in January and February in 1919. Around 2,000 'Albanian patriots' were killed in Kosovo between 1919 and 1924. This number rose to 3,000 between 1924 and 1927.

294: 4720: 951:

The agreement referred to the proposed relocation of 40,000 families during 1939–1944 in accordance with regulations and requirements such as being fluent in

546:, the Serbian troops had killed 4,600 people between 1918 and 1921, imprisoned 3,659 people, beat 353 people, destroyed 1,346 houses and looted 2,190 houses. 3095: 469: 930:

existed in the country and solutions for the Kosovo question were put forward that involved large-scale deportation. In 1933, the Turkish foreign minister

354:. Serbian control over Kosovo was restored and the state attempting to counteract Albanian separatism pursued a policy to alter the national and religious 362:

treaty, yet Albanians were not extended the rights of recognition as a minority or to Albanian language education. Kosovo, along with northern region of

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was quelled by the Yugoslav army. By 1924, military confrontations between Albanians and Serbs ended as the Kachak movement was effectively suppressed.

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Cakaj, Gent; Krasniqi, Gëzim (2017). "The role of Minorities in the Serbo-Albanian Quagmire". In Mehmeti, Leandrit I.; Radeljić, Branislav (eds.).

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of Albanians, a population Čubrilović perceived as a demographic, territorial and security concern for the state and Slavs within the wider area.

679:

reported 9 massacres with 30,000–40,000 victims and that the Albanian primary schools had been closed down again and replaced by Serbian schools.

4833: 325:

within Serbian nationalism was used as a justification for Serbian claims to the territory. However, it was not a central theme until the 1860s.

31: 1871: 513: 4576:"Kosovo/Kosova, As Seen, As Told, An analysis of the human rights findings of the OSCE Kosovo Verification Mission, October 1998 to June 1999" 3327:(more than 12,000 Kosovar Albanians were killed by Serbian forces between 1918 and 1921, when pacification was more ... ed.). Routledge. 1725:(more than 12,000 Kosovar Albanians were killed by Serbian forces between 1918 and 1921, when pacification was more ... ed.). Routledge. 384: 4828: 3390: 3332: 3298: 3264: 3230: 3197: 3124: 3072: 3008: 2821: 2713: 2580: 2078: 1819: 1730: 1316: 582:, Milić Krstić, Spire Dobrosavlević, Arseni Qirković, Gal Milenko, Nikodim Grujici and Novë Gilici. 63 civilians were killed during the day. 509: 503: 1108:

complaints stated that the colonisation by Serbs was a failure and that success could only be achieved through the expulsion of Albanians.

3585:

La question nationale en Europe du Sud-Est: genèse, émergence et développement de l'indentité nationale albanaise au Kosovo et en Macédoine

1925: 1080: 2222: 4838: 3837: 1083:

commented that "in the ethnic plan only partially was the structure corrected" and that disruptions of the process disadvantaged Serbs.

624:, which resulted in 138 houses being burned down and 400 being pillaged. Additionally, women, children, and elderly men were massacred. 4298: 822: 3738: 2519: 367: 4243:

Lukić, Reneo (2002). "A failed transition in the Balkans: The case of Serbia". In Hoós, János; Haba, Kumiko; Palánkai, Tibor (eds.).

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Following the Second World War and establishment of communist rule in Yugoslavia, the colonisation programme was discontinued, as

830:

Between 1918 and 1923, as a result of state policies 30,000 and 40,000 mainly Muslim Albanians migrated to the Turkish regions of

4813: 4166: 3615: 1999: 697:

According to Kosovo Albanian politician Haki Demolli, 80,000 Albanians were "exterminated" in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by 1940.

370:. A new decree issued in 1919 and later in 1920 restarted the colonization process in places where Albanians lived in Kosovo and 4661: 4202: 535:

In 1924 two villages were destroyed and 300 families killed. Between 1919 and 1921, around 1,330 Albanians were killed in

3355: 3037: 2998: 2768: 1785: 560:. From 25 December 1918 to early March 1919 around 842 Albanians were killed including women, elderly, children, and infants. 3322: 3288: 3114: 2648: 1720: 999: 620:

On December 15, 1919, a Montenegrin detachment of Chetniks tried to disarm an Albanian tradesmen in the village of

2946:"Përkujtohet masakra e Hotit/ "Jam pasardhës i një prej viktimave", prokurori shqiptaro-amerikan: Fund heshtjes 100-vjeçare" 1905: 4358: 4271: 3187: 3906: 2869: 1301: 1207: 1076: 512:

kingdoms had signed the international acts of the time, which defined the rights of national minorities, according to the

3380: 2209: 2972: 2095: 1146: 4444: 2638: 1250: 3445:

periods hundred of thousands of Albanians have been forcibly displaced towards Turkey and Western European countries.

1849:

periods hundred of thousands of Albanians have been forcibly displaced towards Turkey and Western European countries.

969:

met with Yugoslav authorities as the bilateral convention was negotiated and later he presented the agreement to the

936: 366:

were areas where Serbs were not a majority population and the state sought demographic change in those areas through

2671: 529:

27 Albanians were bayonetted and one of the village elders was beaten to death and another had his eyes gouged out.

4690: 4615: 1030: 589:

1,563 Albanians were massacred and 714 homes were destroyed from 1919 and 1921. There were roughly 4,600 killed in

447: 1424:

Just or Unjust War?: International Law and Unilateral Use of Armed Force by States at the Turn of the 20th Century

1261:, the government established shelter facilities for some 1,500 Serb refugees originating from Bosnia and Croatia. 1090:

In the 1980s Albanian scholars participated in historical debates on Kosovo and its identity. A book by historian

931: 3583: 3414: 3254: 3220: 2238:

di Valdalbero, Domenico Rossetti; Thérasse, Martine (1995). "Aspects géopolitiques de la "question albanaise"".

1809: 4823: 2811: 2509: 1547:"Prostorni raspored Srba i Crnogoraca kolonizovanih na Kosovo i Metohiju u periodu između 1918. i 1941. godine" 1422: 1129:

In 1945, the decree temporarily banning the return of the colonists was published in the government periodical

593:

along with 2,194 homes torched between 1919 and 1921. From 1919 to 1921, around 1,694 people were massacred in

4412: 3324:

Balkan Babel: The Disintegration Of Yugoslavia From The Death Of Tito To The Fall Of Milosevic, Fourth Edition

1722:

Balkan Babel: The Disintegration Of Yugoslavia From The Death Of Tito To The Fall Of Milosevic, Fourth Edition

1190: 966: 452:

Parts of the Albanian population that resisted Serbian rule in Kosovo began military maneuvers and formed the

302: 4204:

Politics of ethnic cleansing: nation-state building and provision of in/security in twentieth-century Balkans

2627:

Jetish Kadishani "Masakra e Gurbardhit" (The Massacre of Gurabardhi). Bujku, Prishtina. August 28, 1997, p-8.

1561: 532:

In 1924, Yugoslav forces entered the village of the Albanian Konjuhi family and massacred the entire family.

4763: 3952: 3096:"Shkrim i vitit 1921, për krimet serbe në Kosovë: Tokat u dogjën, popullata u masakrua, pronat u plaçkitën!" 2894: 2844: 1176: 1091: 1079:

of Kosovo was constantly being changed in favor of Albanians, since the end of the seventeenth century. The

927: 902: 168: 4748: 2792: 977: 4509: 1296: 1274: 1157: 1071: 652:

in May of 1919. Information was obtained by Albanian refugees in Shkodër, collected by Lieutenant Colonel

649: 355: 4297:

Miall, Hugh (2006). "The Albanian communities in the post-communist transition". In Cordell, Karl (ed.).

2919: 2542:(4) (JOURNAL ARTICLE ed.). International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 1999 Brill: 496 (14). 4474: 262: 189: 157: 153: 68: 44: 1235: 1227: 1181: 994: 941: 205:

formed the ethnic majority in the region when it became part of Yugoslavia in early twentieth century.

3062: 1394: 4756: 4387:

The Former Yugoslavia at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century: A guide to the economies in transition

2287:"Scattered Graves, Ordered Cemeteries: Commemorating Serbia's Wars of National Liberation, 1912–1918" 4385: 2747:"The Situation of the Albanian Minority in Yugoslavia Memorandum Presented to the League of Nations" 2746: 4244: 2920:"Hoti massacre commemorated; Albanian-American prosecutor Gjon Junçaj: End of 100 years of Silence" 1321: 1170: 691: 422: 265:. Albanian armed resistance to Kosovo's incorporation into Yugoslavia following WWI emerged in the 1346: 1185: 4596: 3385:(Serbian troops cracked down, killing more than 6,000 Albanians ed.). MIT Press. p. 5. 2551: 2247: 1021:

time toward altering the demographics of Kosovo as a solution to maintain Serb rule in the area.

621: 4246:

The Enlargement of the European Union Toward Central Europe and the Role of the Japanese Economy

2068: 1175:

In the 1980s the Kosovo question was a topic among some Serb writers. Figures included academic

1104: 4800:

The Čubrilović memorandum, "The expulsion of the Albanians" (republished by Elsie online here).

2291:

Staging the Past: The Politics of Commemoration in Habsburg Central Europe, 1848 to the Present

1125: 4780: 4726: 4696: 4669: 4623: 4480: 4418: 4391: 4364: 4304: 4277: 4250: 4208: 4174: 4145: 4139: 4115: 4084: 3990: 3958: 3912: 3843: 3797: 3752: 3742: 3621: 3589: 3538: 3532: 3386: 3328: 3294: 3260: 3226: 3193: 3120: 3068: 3004: 2817: 2709: 2644: 2576: 2515: 2485: 2479: 2458: 2454:

Politics of Ethnic Accommodation: Decentralization, Local Governance, and Minorities in Kosovo

2422: 2294: 2286: 2178: 2103: 2074: 2007: 1879: 1815: 1760: 1754: 1726: 1666: 1428: 1352: 1291: 911: 776: 536: 517: 418: 359: 193: 149: 40: 4476:

Balkan Holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian Victim Centered Propaganda and the War in Yugoslavia

4109: 3789: 2514:, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, vol. 79 (2 ed.), Scarecrow Press, p. 64, 2452: 2172: 4336: 3464: 2703: 2543: 2534:

DASKALOVSKI, ZHIDAS (1999). "Towards an Integral Theory of Nationalism? Case-Study Kosovo".

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Europe from the Balkans to the Urals: The disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union

3703:"Marrëdhëniet shqiptaro-turke (1925–1928) [Albanian-Turkish relations (1925–1928)]" 3534:

Social currents in Eastern Europe: The sources and consequences of the great transformation

2100:

Exchange, Dialogue, New Divisions?: Ethnic Groups and Political Cultures in Eastern Europe

557: 457: 266: 258: 254: 234: 64: 30: 4797:

Stein, Stuart D. 1999. Expulsions of Albanians and Colonisation of Kosova. (1997 version)

1583:"Settlement of Macedonia, Kosovo and Metohia between Two World Wars – Course and Outcome" 1184:, a Serb nationalist made calls for 360,000 Albanians to be deported from Kosovo. Writer 3735:

Saviours of the Nation?: Serbia's Intellectual Opposition and the Revival of Nationalism

3702: 3987:

State collapse in South-Eastern Europe: New perspectives on Yugoslavia's disintegration

1582: 1137: 714: 664: 660: 617:

and 800 in the region of Gjakova, and used artillery to destroy 15 villages in Rugova.

568: 397: 242: 229:

The first brief attempts at colonisation were made by Montenegro and Serbia during the

223: 172: 111: 36: 1215:

implementation aimed at altering the population structure of Kosovo were cited by the

1007:

its own people in the struggle for land, it can only be successful by acting brutally.

613:

In the month of February in 1917, Serbo-Montenegrin troops massacred 700 Albanians in

4807: 4340: 4327:

Mertus, Julie A. (2009). "Operation allied force: Handmaiden of independent Kosovo".

1254: 956: 859: 653: 393: 306: 270: 219: 2210:. Political parties of Eastern Europe: a guide to politics in the post-Communist era 1153:

placed the number of Albanians leaving for Turkey at 100,000 between 1953 and 1966.

709:

Ethnic composition of Kosovo in 1911, with the modern border of Kosovo superimposed.

4023: 2394: 2384:"History Today" 1 December 1991; Hall 1994. p.201. The Financial Times 29 June 1989 1906:"History of Kosovo from the First Balkan War to the End of World War II (1912–1945" 1150: 1044: 961: 839: 461: 279: 99: 4080:

Sorrowful Shores: Violence, Ethnicity, and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1912–1923

3458: 1099:

narratives of victimisation regarding the Yugoslav interwar period of Serb rule.

863: 855: 705: 4774: 4575: 4505: 3173: 3160: 3147: 3116:

Less than Nations: Central-Eastern European Minorities after WWI, Volumes 1 and 2

2570: 278:(North Macedonia) reported nine massacres of 30,000-40,000 victims. According to 1242:

Following similar themes the parliament of Serbia on 11 January 1995 passed the

944:

after five years of negotiations signed a convention regarding the migration of

871: 478: 339: 322: 230: 103: 48: 890:

and stated that the matter mainly related to ethnic Turks of Vardar Macedonia.

606:

2019, a memorial was held for the victims by relatives of the Hoti in the USA.

2547: 2096:"Small Numbers, Big issues: The Border areas as Social Arena of Legal Systems" 1279: 960:

were to be liquidated in Yugoslavia. The journey to Anatolia from the port of

683: 465: 351: 350:

In the aftermath of the First World War, Serbia and Montenegro became part of

210: 197: 196:

in the early twentieth century and later implemented by their successor state

3790:"The Kingdom of God or the Kingdom of Ends: Kosovo in the Serbian Perception" 3756: 2606:

Jusuf Osmani - Kolonizimi Serbi Kosoves (The Serbian colonisation of Kosovo)

564: 363: 202: 87: 4792: 4592: 2481:

Paramilitarism in the Balkans: Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania, 1917-1924

614: 358:

and to Serbianise the area through colonization. Yugoslavia had signed the

1876:

The Emerging Strategic Environment: Challenges of the Twenty-first Century

1253:

in Croatia and over 2000 from Bosnia were resettled in Kosovo, due to the

1221:

From Autonomy to Colonization: Human Rights Violations in Kosovo 1989–1993

1278:

aimed at their displacement and Serbianisation of the region. During the

1202: 1198: 1075:

attempt to correct "the historical injustice", given the belief that the

887: 883: 875: 835: 786: 575: 543: 409: 4578:. OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. p. 540. 3617:

Yugoslavia and Macedonia Before Tito: Between Repression and Integration

2555: 2251: 563:

In January 1921, atrocities were reported against Albanian civilians in

4722:

Gathering clouds: the roots of ethnic cleansing in Kosovo and Macedonia

2418:

Founding a Balkan State: Albania's Experiment with Democracy, 1920–1925

1244:

Decree for Colonisation of Kosovo of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

756: 746: 736: 594: 590: 550: 474: 453: 426: 2874:(in Albanian). Akademia e shkencave dhe e arteve e Kosovës. p. 37 2895:"MALESIA.ORG - Tuz, Malësi - JUNÇAJ: 100 VJETORI I MASAKRËS SË HOTIT" 895: 851: 676: 672: 275: 247: 60: 2604: 334:

First phase: Balkan Wars and First World War (Montenegro and Serbia)

3000:

Kosovo, A Documentary History: From the Balkan Wars to World War II

4776:

Kolonizimi Serb i Kosovës [Serbian colonization of Kosovo]

1258: 1124: 1034: 976: 901: 879: 831: 821: 704: 402:

Decree on the Colonisation of the Southern Provinces of Yugoslavia

238: 107: 1527:

Hadri, Ali (1967). "Kosovo i Metohija u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji".

4571: 766: 586: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1145:

which revived the 1938 convention was reached between Tito and

16:

Attempts to bring Kosovo under control of Serbia and Montenegro

4171:

Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative

2004:

Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative

1239:

through force and supplanting them with a Serbian population.

3413:

RSH), Instituti i Historisë (Akademia e Shkencave e) (1993).

3039:

Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States

2973:"MASAKRA E HOTIT, PROKURORI SHQIPTAR I SHBA: S'KA MË HESHTJE" 2770:

Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States

1787:

Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States

374:. Between 1918 and 1945, over 100,000 Albanians left Kosovo. 4666:

Kosovo and Serbia: Contested Options and Shared Consequences

3954:

Kosovo and Serbia: Contested Options and Shared Consequences

3382:

Liberating Kosovo: Coercive Diplomacy and U. S. Intervention

3189:

Liberating Kosovo: Coercive Diplomacy and U. S. Intervention

1589:(in Serbian) (3). Institut za noviju istoriju Srbije: 25–44. 4765:

Dëbimet e shqiptarëve dhe kolonizimi i Kosovës (1877-1995)

2233: 2231: 2073:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 4–5. 918:

The second phase of colonisation began in 1931, when the

3796:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 32. 3161:

Një shekull e gjysmë publicistikë shqiptare ( 1848–1997)

2997:

Elsie, Robert; Destani, Bejtullah D. (30 January 2018).

2705:

Der Terror der Besatzungsmacht Serbien gegen die Albaner

663:

wrote to British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs

338:

Kosovo was part of the Ottoman Empire and following the

257:, tens of thousands of Albanians were killed in Kosovo, 4664:. In Mehmeti, Leandrit I.; Radeljić, Branislav (eds.). 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3253:

Division, Library of Congress Federal Research (1994).

3148:

Gjenocidi serbomadh dhe qëndresa shqiptare ( 1844–1990)

542:

According to an Albanian newspaper, in the province of

494:

Atrocities against Albanians during the Interwar Period

2640:

The Terror of Invading Serbia over Albanians 1844-1999

1872:"The Balkans: Of What is Past, or Passing, or to Come" 556:

In 1919, Yugoslav forces committed many atrocities in

282:, 80,000 Albanians were killed in Yugoslavia by 1940. 3792:. In Buckley, Mary E. A.; Cummings, Sally N. (eds.). 3287:

Bieber, Florian; Daskalovski, Zidas (2 August 2004).

2572:

Endgame in the Balkans: Regime Change, European Style

1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1465: 1463: 1327:

Persecution of Albanians in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia

940:

to Anatolia. Foreign ministers Aras and the Yugoslav

4587: 4585: 4111:

The bridge betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia

3957:. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 154–155. 3908:

Prosecuting Slobodan Milošević: The Unfinished Trial

4662:"Settling the self-determination dispute in Kosovo" 4360:

Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century – And After

4169:. In Ingrao, Charles W.; Emmert, Thomas A. (eds.). 4048: 4046: 3042:. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 740–741 2773:. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 740–741 2637:Pllanaj and Emin Kabashi, Prof. Dr. Nusret (2001). 2002:. In Ingrao, Charles W.; Emmert, Thomas A. (eds.). 1899: 1897: 1895: 1790:. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 740–741 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1596: 164: 145: 121: 93: 83: 75: 56: 23: 4668:. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 51–53. 3983:"The Legacy of Two World Wars: A Historical Essay" 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3259:. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. 2536:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 2312: 2310: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1217:International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights 920:Decree on the Colonisation of the Southern Regions 4593:"Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the new Kosovo" 4414:The media were American: US mass media in decline 3985:. In Cohen, Lenard; Dragović-Soso, Jasna (eds.). 1998:Janjić, Dušan; Lalaj, Anna; Pula, Besnik (2013). 1625: 1623: 981:Memorandum presented on March 7, 1937 in Belgrade 293:and the colonist population fled to neighbouring 4436: 4434: 4141:Yugoslavia as History: Twice there was a Country 4083:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 161. 3976: 3974: 3225:. Faculty of Law, University of Belgrade. 2000. 1814:. Faculty of Law, University of Belgrade. 2000. 1576: 1574: 1226:The interwar period works of nationalist writer 4620:The Kosovo Tragedy: The Human Rights Dimensions 4500: 4498: 4496: 4468: 4466: 4453: 4451: 4352: 4350: 4300:Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe 3609: 3607: 3605: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 2395:"The colonization of Kosovo – Vladan Jovanović" 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2289:. In Bucur, Maria; Wingfield, Nancy M. (eds.). 1416: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1004: 862:, whereas many Albanians eventually settled in 4695:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 102. 4655: 4653: 4651: 4609: 4607: 4226: 4224: 4114:. University of California Press. p. 54. 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3768: 3766: 3696: 3694: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3505: 3503: 3119:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 221. 1390: 910:A memorandum was written and submitted to the 4322: 4320: 4064: 4052: 3900: 3898: 3896: 2280: 2278: 2197: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1614: 1540: 1538: 1469: 8: 4768:(in Albanian), Qendra për Informim e Kosovës 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4133: 4131: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3794:Kosovo: Perceptions of war and its aftermath 3222:Aggression against Yugoslavia correspondence 2575:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 101. 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 1926:sh:Datoteka:Zabrana povratka kolonistima.jpg 1811:Aggression against Yugoslavia correspondence 1702: 686:as a result of the atrocities. According to 470:Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo 4530: 4528: 4526: 4506:"Chronology for Kosovo Albanians in Serbia" 4479:. Manchester University Press. p. 78. 4144:. Cambridge University Press. p. 228. 4103: 4101: 3577: 3575: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3036:Department of State, United States (1947). 2767:Department of State, United States (1947). 2421:. University of Toronto Press. p. 14. 2410: 2408: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2122:Anna Di Lellio – The Case for Kosova, p. 55 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1784:Department of State, United States (1947). 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1522: 1520: 1201:that aimed to get state officials based in 549:Under the orders of commander Petrovic and 4755:(full online copy available at rastko.rs: 3783: 3781: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 2871:Lugu i Baranit: monografi etno-gjeografike 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1351:. Columbia University Press. p. 212. 659:On 18 April 1919, U.S. Secretary of State 20: 4791:(full online copy available on wikibooks 4457: 3494: 3321:Ramet, Sabrina Petra (19 February 2018). 2849:(in French). L'Institut. 1981. p. 74 2643:. Prishtina: Arkivi Shtetëror i Kosovës. 2603:Horvat, Dr. Jusuf Osmani, Mislav (2010). 2335: 2316: 1719:Ramet, Sabrina Petra (19 February 2018). 1486: 1312:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 1047:, a large area of Kosovo was attached to 500:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 241:, settled on the territory of the former 188:was a programme begun by the kingdoms of 4417:. Oxford University Press. p. 447. 4276:. Oxford University Press. p. 154. 4230: 3823: 3772: 3685: 3640: 2503: 2501: 2484:. Oxford University Press. p. 161. 2293:. Purdue University Press. p. 254. 2006:. Purdue University Press. p. 290. 1629: 965:population to Turkey. Turkish President 719: 4173:. Purdue University Press. p. 50. 3989:. Purdue University Press. p. 82. 3842:. Oxford University Press. p. 46. 2070:Kosovo's Refugees in the European Union 2043: 1904:Gulyás, László; Csüllög, Gábor (2015). 1337: 425:. Other places such as Ferizović (Alb: 383:medieval Serb territory that after the 4642: 4440: 4009: 3887: 3875: 3620:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 168. 3537:. Duke University Press. p. 198. 3031: 3029: 3027: 2702:Pllana, Nusret; Kabashi, Emin (2001). 2609:. Pristina: REND Prishtinë. p. 70 2372: 2347: 2269: 2131: 1972: 1706: 1511: 1348:Kosovo: In the heart of the powder keg 1165:Fourth phase: The Milošević government 477:involving 10,000 people instigated by 429:) had their name changed to Uroševac. 4753:. Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti. 3931: 3664: 3652: 3566: 3509: 2762: 2760: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2143: 1949: 1659:Leurdijk, Dick; Zandee, Dick (2001). 1454: 1317:Massacres of Albanians in World War I 510:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 504:Massacres of Albanians in World War I 368:land reform and a colonization policy 7: 4692:Coercive Diplomacy of NATO in Kosovo 4558: 4546: 4534: 4390:. Routledge. pp. 84, 105, 464. 3442:. Prishtina: Law Faculty Prishtina. 3174:Histori e shtypit shqiptar 1848-2005 3150:, Lumi-T, Gjakovë, 1991, p. 225-375. 1846:. Prishtina: Law Faculty Prishtina. 1307:Expulsion of the Albanians 1877–1878 1081:Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts 713:The table shows the total number of 456:. Under the political leadership of 250:to resettle them in its territory. 4750:Knjiga o Kosovu: razgovori o Kosovu 4270:Lukić, Reneo; Lynch, Allen (1996). 3839:Kosovo: What everyone needs to know 3463:. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 3379:Phillips, David L. (20 July 2012). 2793:"Statistics of the Rugova Massacre" 2000:"Kosovo under the Milošević Regime" 433:Closing of schools and colonisation 4167:"Kosovo under Autonomy, 1974–1990" 4022:Jovanović, Vladan (8 April 2013). 2893:Camaj, Albert (24 December 2019). 2457:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 62. 1878:. Praeger Publishers. p. 15. 261:(modern-day North Macedonia), and 14: 4616:"Human wrongs in Kosovo, 1974–99" 3113:Motta, Giuseppe (25 March 2014). 2508:Robert Elsie (15 November 2010), 1121:Third phase: Communist Yugoslavia 648:reported widespread massacres in 646:United States Department of State 346:Second phase: Interwar Yugoslavia 4725:. Peja: Dukagjini Balkan Books. 4341:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2009.00808.x 4207:. Lexington Books. p. 139. 3419:. Encyclopaedia Publishing House 2971:K, Star Plus (7 December 2019). 1421:Karoubi, Mohammad Taghi (2017). 717:settlers in each Kosovo county: 682:Around 35,000 Albanians fled to 29: 4473:Macdonald, David Bruce (2002). 4108:Sells, Michael Anthony (1996). 3739:McGill-Queen's University Press 3290:Understanding the War in Kosovo 2511:Historical Dictionary of Kosovo 1913:West Bohemian Historical Review 1874:. In Murray, Williamson (ed.). 1427:. Routledge. pp. 175–176. 464:, the movement based itself in 136:Montenegro: 18–30,000 (by 1919) 24:Yugoslav colonization of Kosovo 4747:Bogdanović, Dimitrije (1985). 3981:Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2008). 3176:, Onufri, Tiranë, 2005, p. 60. 139:Macedonia: 30–40,000 (by 1919) 1: 4561:, pp. 273, 280, 473, 713 4357:Crampton, Richard J. (2002). 3733:Dragović-Soso, Jasna (2002). 3457:Shepherd, William R. (1911). 2676:. Mopr Publishing House. 1928 2415:Austin, Robert Clegg (2012). 1662:Kosovo: From crisis to crisis 1581:Jovanović, Vladan Z. (2006). 1545:Pavlović, Aleksandar (2008). 1302:Demographic history of Kosovo 421:, Miloševo after heroes from 125: 4829:Settlement schemes in Europe 4024:"The colonization of Kosovo" 3102:(in Albanian). 2 March 2020. 1753:Hoare, Marko Attila (2024). 211:late medieval Serb territory 133:Kosovo: >12,000 (by 1921) 3911:. Routledge. p. 6566. 3588:. Peter Lang. p. 313. 3186:Phillips, David L. (2012). 2177:. Pluto Press. p. 10. 2098:. In Schüler, Sonja (ed.). 844:population exchange of 1923 313:discussion in scholarship. 4855: 4839:Ethnic cleansing in Europe 4622:. Routledge. p. 116. 4363:. Routledge. p. 457. 4303:. Routledge. p. 135. 4165:Pavlović, Momčilo (2013). 3788:Ramet, Sabrina P. (2001). 3531:Ramet, Sabrina P. (1995). 3163:, Tiranë, 1997, p. 84-85. 3061:Jarman, Robert L. (1997). 2174:Civil resistance in Kosovo 2102:. LIT Verlag. p. 84. 1391:Leurdijk & Zandee 2001 1168: 1049:Italian controlled Albania 1031:Kosovo during World War II 1028: 497: 448:Drenica-Dukagjin Uprisings 445: 291:Italian controlled Albania 4834:Serbian–Albanian conflict 4614:Bellamy, Alex J. (2012). 4411:Tunstall, Jeremy (2008). 3293:. Routledge. p. 17. 3003:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2899:MALESIA.ORG - Tuz, Malësi 2816:. Sandstone. p. 35. 2810:Sherifi, Remzije (2007). 2548:10.1163/15718119920907848 2285:Bokovoy, Melissa (2001). 2198:Gulyás & Csüllög 2015 2067:van Selm, Joanne (2000). 1665:. Routledge. p. 14. 1615:Gulyás & Csüllög 2015 1470:Gulyás & Csüllög 2015 800: 722: 360:Protection for Minorities 289:, Kosovo was attached to 28: 4819:Modern history of Kosovo 3614:Boškovska, Nada (2017). 3256:Albania: A Country Study 3192:. MIT Press. p. 5. 2569:Pond, Elizabeth (2007). 2094:Bardhoshi, Nebi (2016). 1870:Sullivan, Brian (1999). 1756:Serbia: A Modern History 1219:in a 1993 report called 1208:Serb minority in Albania 1025:Aftermath: World War Two 578:. The perpetrators were 201:Montenegrins and Serbs. 4814:Anti-Albanian sentiment 4618:. In Booth, Ken (ed.). 4138:Lampe, John R. (2000). 4077:Gingeras, Ryan (2009). 3905:Tromp, Nevenka (2016). 3701:Musaj, Fatmira (2013). 3582:Iseni, Bashkim (2008). 2868:Krasniqi, Mark (1984). 2797:www.albanianhistory.net 2451:Lenhard, Hamza (2022). 1772:reached 12,371 killed.. 928:anti-Albanian sentiment 723:Colonisation of Kosovo 514:Treaty of Saint Germain 169:Anti-Albanian sentiment 47:(purple) following the 4773:Osmani, Jusuf (2000). 4762:Maloku, Enver (1997), 4719:Elsie, Robert (2002). 4689:Bytyçi, Enver (2015). 4660:Qirezi, Arben (2017). 4510:University of Maryland 4384:Jeffries, Ian (2002). 4201:Mulaj, Klejda (2008). 3707:Gjurmime Albanologjike 3438:Demolli, Haki (2002). 2977:STAR PLUS TV - SHKODER 2478:Tasić, Dmitar (2020). 2171:Clark, Howard (2000). 1842:Demolli, Haki (2002). 1345:Elsie, Robert (1997). 1297:Demographics of Kosovo 1275:Kosovo Liberation Army 1133: 1072:Serbian historiography 1040: 1018: 1000:proposed the expulsion 982: 926:Throughout the 1930s, 907: 842:Christians during the 827: 710: 628:Reports and casualties 516:, also unified by the 356:demographics of Kosovo 220:the four Balkan states 186:colonization of Kosovo 4329:International Affairs 3064:Yugoslavia: 1918-1926 2813:Shadow Behind the Sun 2134:, pp. 38, 45, 53 1560:: 235. Archived from 1211:in a state of peace. 1128: 1038: 993:Serbian intellectual 980: 967:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 905: 825: 708: 158:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 154:Kingdom of Montenegro 45:Kingdom of Montenegro 4779:(in Albanian). Era. 4443:, pp. 131–132. 3737:. Montreal, Canada: 1759:. Hurst Publishers. 1177:Dimitrije Bogdanović 1092:Dimitrije Bogdanović 1057:Axis occupied Serbia 1055:fled from Kosovo to 731:Number of colonists 295:Axis occupied Serbia 3836:Judah, Tim (2008). 3643:, pp. 161–162. 3512:, pp. 312–313. 3416:The Truth on Kosova 2751:albanianhistory.net 2319:, pp. 163–164. 2223:The Case for Kosova 1632:, pp. 162–163. 1322:Operation Horseshoe 1171:Operation Horseshoe 1158:Aleksandar Ranković 1147:Mehmet Fuat Köprülü 634:La Jeune République 468:and was led by the 423:Serbian epic poetry 259:the Vardar province 4597:Human Rights Watch 4067:, pp. 127–128 4065:Dragović-Soso 2002 4053:Dragović-Soso 2002 2200:, pp. 230–231 1567:on 26 August 2011. 1529:Istorijski Glasnik 1472:, pp. 221–222 1191:Slobodan Milošević 1134: 1041: 983: 942:Milan Stojadinović 908: 828: 711: 394:four Balkan states 303:Slobodan Milošević 3655:, pp. 45–46. 3392:978-0-262-30512-9 3334:978-0-429-97503-5 3300:978-1-135-76155-4 3266:978-0-8444-0792-0 3232:978-86-80763-91-0 3199:978-0-262-30512-9 3126:978-1-4438-5859-5 3074:978-1-85207-950-5 3010:978-1-78672-354-3 2950:www.balkanweb.com 2926:. 7 December 2019 2823:978-1-905207-13-8 2715:978-9951-404-00-6 2582:978-0-8157-7161-6 2080:978-1-85567-641-1 1821:978-86-80763-91-0 1732:978-0-429-97503-5 1292:History of Kosovo 1012:Vaso Čubrilović, 932:Tevfik Rüştü Aras 912:League of Nations 807: 806: 671:In July 1919 the 518:League of Nations 508:Despite that the 372:Vardar, Macedonia 182: 181: 150:Kingdom of Serbia 41:Kingdom of Serbia 4846: 4790: 4769: 4754: 4736: 4707: 4706: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4657: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4611: 4602: 4600: 4589: 4580: 4579: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4502: 4491: 4490: 4470: 4461: 4455: 4446: 4438: 4429: 4428: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4354: 4345: 4344: 4324: 4315: 4314: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4219: 4218: 4198: 4185: 4184: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4135: 4126: 4125: 4105: 4096: 4094: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4019: 4013: 4012:, pp. 47–48 4007: 4001: 4000: 3978: 3969: 3968: 3948: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3902: 3891: 3890:, pp. 48–49 3885: 3879: 3873: 3854: 3853: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3808: 3807: 3785: 3776: 3770: 3761: 3760: 3730: 3711: 3710: 3698: 3689: 3683: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3611: 3600: 3599: 3579: 3570: 3564: 3549: 3548: 3528: 3513: 3507: 3498: 3492: 3469: 3468: 3460:Historical atlas 3454: 3448: 3447: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3183: 3177: 3170: 3164: 3157: 3151: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3033: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3017: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2764: 2755: 2754: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2699: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2505: 2496: 2495: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2448: 2433: 2432: 2412: 2403: 2402: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2351: 2350:, pp. 53–54 2345: 2339: 2333: 2320: 2314: 2305: 2304: 2282: 2273: 2267: 2256: 2255: 2235: 2226: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2168: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2064: 2047: 2041: 2018: 2017: 1995: 1976: 1970: 1953: 1947: 1928: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1910: 1901: 1890: 1889: 1867: 1852: 1851: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1677: 1676: 1656: 1633: 1627: 1618: 1612: 1591: 1590: 1578: 1569: 1568: 1566: 1551: 1542: 1533: 1532: 1524: 1515: 1509: 1490: 1484: 1473: 1467: 1458: 1452: 1439: 1438: 1418: 1397: 1388: 1363: 1362: 1342: 1077:ethnic structure 1016: 971:Turkish Assembly 840:Turkish speaking 787:Vushtrri/Vučitrn 747:Gjakova/Đakovica 737:Ferizaj/Uroševac 728:Regional centre 720: 688:Sabrina P. Ramet 632:The Swiss paper 385:Ottoman conquest 287:Second World War 177:Ultranationalism 130: 127: 116:ethnic cleansing 43:(green) and the 33: 21: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4824:Yugoslav Serbia 4804: 4803: 4787: 4772: 4761: 4746: 4743: 4741:Further reading 4733: 4718: 4715: 4710: 4703: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4659: 4658: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4613: 4612: 4605: 4591: 4590: 4583: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4533: 4524: 4514: 4512: 4504: 4503: 4494: 4487: 4472: 4471: 4464: 4456: 4449: 4439: 4432: 4425: 4410: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4356: 4355: 4348: 4326: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4222: 4215: 4200: 4199: 4188: 4181: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4137: 4136: 4129: 4122: 4107: 4106: 4099: 4091: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4051: 4044: 4033: 4031: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4008: 4004: 3997: 3980: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3950: 3949: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3904: 3903: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3874: 3857: 3850: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3811: 3804: 3787: 3786: 3779: 3771: 3764: 3749: 3741:. p. 128. 3732: 3731: 3714: 3700: 3699: 3692: 3684: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3613: 3612: 3603: 3596: 3581: 3580: 3573: 3565: 3552: 3545: 3530: 3529: 3516: 3508: 3501: 3493: 3472: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3172:Blendi Fevziu, 3171: 3167: 3158: 3154: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3045: 3043: 3035: 3034: 3025: 3015: 3013: 3011: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2846:Studia Albanica 2843: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2766: 2765: 2758: 2745:Elsie, Robert. 2744: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2701: 2700: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2507: 2506: 2499: 2492: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2465: 2450: 2449: 2436: 2429: 2414: 2413: 2406: 2401:. 8 April 2013. 2393: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2371: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2334: 2323: 2315: 2308: 2301: 2284: 2283: 2276: 2268: 2259: 2237: 2236: 2229: 2221:Anna Di Lellio 2220: 2216: 2208: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2185: 2170: 2169: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2110: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2066: 2065: 2050: 2042: 2021: 2014: 1997: 1996: 1979: 1971: 1956: 1948: 1931: 1924: 1920: 1908: 1903: 1902: 1893: 1886: 1869: 1868: 1855: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1767: 1752: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1705: 1680: 1673: 1658: 1657: 1636: 1628: 1621: 1613: 1594: 1587:Tokovi Istorije 1580: 1579: 1572: 1564: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1536: 1526: 1525: 1518: 1510: 1493: 1485: 1476: 1468: 1461: 1453: 1442: 1435: 1420: 1419: 1400: 1389: 1366: 1359: 1344: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1288: 1236:Veselin Đuretić 1228:Vaso Čubrilović 1182:Vojislav Šešelj 1173: 1167: 1123: 1118: 1096:Knjiga o Kosovu 1069: 1033: 1027: 1017: 1011: 995:Vaso Čubrilović 955:, exclusion of 703: 692:Yugoslav forces 630: 603: 526: 506: 496: 487: 458:Hasan Prishtina 454:Kachak movement 450: 444: 442:Kachak movement 435: 380: 348: 336: 331: 319: 267:Kachak Movement 255:Interwar period 235:First World War 128: 96: 65:Vardar Banovina 52: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4852: 4850: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4785: 4770: 4759: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4731: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4701: 4681: 4674: 4647: 4635: 4628: 4603: 4599:. August 1999. 4581: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4522: 4492: 4485: 4462: 4458:Macdonald 2002 4447: 4430: 4423: 4403: 4396: 4376: 4369: 4346: 4316: 4309: 4289: 4282: 4262: 4255: 4235: 4220: 4213: 4186: 4179: 4157: 4150: 4127: 4120: 4097: 4089: 4069: 4057: 4042: 4014: 4002: 3995: 3970: 3963: 3936: 3924: 3917: 3892: 3880: 3855: 3848: 3828: 3826:, p. 163. 3809: 3802: 3777: 3775:, p. 162. 3762: 3747: 3712: 3709:(43): 244–246. 3690: 3688:, p. 164. 3669: 3667:, pp. 247 3657: 3645: 3633: 3626: 3601: 3594: 3571: 3550: 3543: 3514: 3499: 3497:, p. 163. 3495:Boškovska 2017 3470: 3449: 3430: 3405: 3391: 3371: 3347: 3333: 3313: 3299: 3279: 3265: 3245: 3231: 3212: 3198: 3178: 3165: 3159:Hamit Boriçi, 3152: 3146:Shaban Braha, 3139: 3125: 3105: 3087: 3073: 3053: 3023: 3009: 2989: 2963: 2937: 2911: 2885: 2860: 2836: 2822: 2802: 2784: 2756: 2737: 2728: 2714: 2687: 2663: 2649: 2629: 2620: 2595: 2581: 2561: 2526: 2521:978-0810872318 2520: 2497: 2490: 2470: 2463: 2434: 2427: 2404: 2386: 2377: 2352: 2340: 2336:Boškovska 2017 2321: 2317:Boškovska 2017 2306: 2299: 2274: 2257: 2227: 2214: 2202: 2190: 2183: 2148: 2136: 2124: 2115: 2108: 2086: 2079: 2048: 2046:, p. 115. 2019: 2012: 1977: 1954: 1929: 1918: 1891: 1884: 1853: 1834: 1820: 1801: 1776: 1765: 1745: 1731: 1711: 1678: 1671: 1634: 1619: 1592: 1570: 1534: 1516: 1491: 1487:Jovanović 2013 1474: 1459: 1457:, p. 312. 1440: 1433: 1398: 1364: 1357: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1287: 1284: 1166: 1163: 1138:President Tito 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1068: 1067:Historiography 1065: 1039:Kosovo in 1941 1029:Main article: 1026: 1023: 1009: 805: 804: 799: 793: 792: 789: 783: 782: 779: 773: 772: 769: 763: 762: 759: 753: 752: 749: 743: 742: 739: 733: 732: 729: 725: 724: 702: 699: 661:Robert Lansing 629: 626: 602: 599: 525: 522: 495: 492: 486: 483: 443: 440: 434: 431: 398:Ottoman Empire 390:liberation war 379: 376: 347: 344: 335: 332: 330: 327: 323:cult of Kosovo 318: 315: 243:Kosovo Vilayet 224:Ottoman Empire 216:liberation war 180: 179: 173:Greater Serbia 166: 162: 161: 147: 143: 142: 141: 140: 137: 134: 123: 119: 118: 112:discrimination 97: 94: 91: 90: 85: 81: 80: 77: 73: 72: 58: 54: 53: 37:Kosovo vilayet 34: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4851: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4788: 4786:9789951040525 4782: 4778: 4777: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4752: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4732:9781507882085 4728: 4724: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4702:9781443876681 4698: 4694: 4693: 4685: 4682: 4677: 4675:9780822981572 4671: 4667: 4663: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4636: 4631: 4629:9781136334764 4625: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4552: 4549:, p. 273 4548: 4543: 4540: 4537:, p. 226 4536: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4486:9780719064678 4482: 4478: 4477: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4460:, p. 77. 4459: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4437: 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Peščanik 3932:Elsie 2002 3665:Musaj 2013 3653:Judah 2008 3567:Mulaj 2008 3510:Iseni 2008 3440:Terrorizmi 2650:9951404006 2246:(4): 709. 2212:p. 448-449 2144:Tromp 2016 1950:Mulaj 2008 1844:Terrorizmi 1455:Iseni 2008 1393:, p. 1333:References 1280:Kosovo war 1169:See also: 1116:After WWII 1061:Montenegro 1014:Memorandum 860:Diyarbakır 715:registered 675:consul in 650:Montenegro 601:Montenegro 498:See also: 446:See also: 352:Yugoslavia 299:Montenegro 263:Montenegro 198:Yugoslavia 190:Montenegro 69:Montenegro 4601:para. 35. 4559:OSCE 1999 4547:OSCE 1999 4535:OSCE 1999 3757:704745756 3423:19 August 3398:19 August 3364:19 August 3340:19 August 3306:19 August 3272:19 August 3238:19 August 3132:19 August 3100:Telegrafi 3080:19 August 3046:19 August 3016:19 August 2982:21 August 2956:21 August 2930:21 August 2904:21 August 2878:19 August 2853:19 August 2829:19 August 2777:19 August 2721:19 August 2680:19 August 2656:21 August 2588:1 January 1915:(2): 236. 1827:19 August 1794:19 August 1738:19 August 864:Eskişehir 777:Mitrovica 565:Keqekollë 537:Mitrovica 364:Vojvodina 317:Rationale 203:Albanians 88:Albanians 79:1918–1940 4574:(1999). 4249:. Aula. 4040:para. 4. 3205:27 March 2613:29 March 2556:24674644 2399:Peščanik 2252:43101606 1286:See also 1203:Belgrade 1199:Pristina 1010:— 888:Anatolia 884:Istanbul 872:Tekirdağ 836:Anatolia 767:Peja/Peć 576:Dushkajë 544:Pristina 410:Chetniks 156:(1918), 152:(1918), 57:Location 4713:Sources 1554:Baština 1251:Krajina 1094:titled 1043:During 953:Turkish 868:Kocaeli 791:10,169 771:13,376 757:Prizren 751:15,824 741:15,381 684:Shkodër 595:Ferizaj 591:Prizren 551:Prefect 475:Drenica 466:Shkodër 427:Ferizaj 4783: 4729: 4699: 4672: 4626: 4483: 4421: 4394: 4367: 4307: 4280: 4253: 4211: 4177: 4148: 4118: 4087: 3993: 3961: 3915: 3846: 3800: 3755: 3745: 3624: 3592: 3541: 3389: 3360:. 1921 3331: 3297: 3263: 3229: 3196: 3123: 3071: 3007: 2820: 2712: 2647: 2579: 2554: 2518: 2488: 2461: 2425: 2297: 2250: 2181: 2106: 2077: 2010: 1882: 1818: 1763: 1729: 1669: 1431: 1355: 957:Romani 896:Skopje 858:, and 856:Elazığ 852:Yozgat 802:58,263 761:3,084 677:Skopje 673:French 622:Podgur 615:Rožaje 558:Rugova 524:Kosovo 419:Obilić 378:Kosovo 276:Skopje 248:Turkey 194:Serbia 165:Motive 122:Deaths 84:Target 67:, and 61:Kosovo 2552:JSTOR 2248:JSTOR 2225:p, 61 1909:(PDF) 1565:(PDF) 1550:(PDF) 1259:Junik 880:Bursa 876:İzmir 832:Izmir 797:Total 239:Serbs 108:arson 4781:ISBN 4727:ISBN 4697:ISBN 4670:ISBN 4624:ISBN 4572:OSCE 4517:2013 4481:ISBN 4419:ISBN 4392:ISBN 4365:ISBN 4305:ISBN 4278:ISBN 4251:ISBN 4209:ISBN 4175:ISBN 4146:ISBN 4116:ISBN 4085:ISBN 4036:2019 3991:ISBN 3959:ISBN 3913:ISBN 3844:ISBN 3798:ISBN 3753:OCLC 3743:ISBN 3622:ISBN 3590:ISBN 3539:ISBN 3425:2023 3400:2023 3387:ISBN 3366:2023 3342:2023 3329:ISBN 3308:2023 3295:ISBN 3274:2023 3261:ISBN 3240:2023 3227:ISBN 3207:2020 3194:ISBN 3134:2023 3121:ISBN 3082:2023 3069:ISBN 3048:2023 3018:2023 3005:ISBN 2984:2023 2958:2023 2932:2023 2906:2023 2880:2023 2855:2023 2831:2023 2818:ISBN 2779:2023 2723:2023 2710:ISBN 2682:2023 2658:2023 2645:ISBN 2615:2020 2590:2020 2577:ISBN 2516:ISBN 2486:ISBN 2459:ISBN 2423:ISBN 2295:ISBN 2179:ISBN 2104:ISBN 2075:ISBN 2008:ISBN 1880:ISBN 1829:2023 1816:ISBN 1796:2023 1761:ISBN 1740:2023 1727:ISBN 1667:ISBN 1429:ISBN 1353:ISBN 1059:and 882:and 834:and 781:429 644:The 587:Peja 567:and 502:and 460:and 321:The 297:and 233:and 192:and 184:The 76:Date 51:1913 4337:doi 3465:165 2544:doi 585:In 4810:: 4650:^ 4606:^ 4595:. 4584:^ 4525:^ 4508:. 4495:^ 4465:^ 4450:^ 4433:^ 4349:^ 4333:85 4331:. 4319:^ 4223:^ 4189:^ 4130:^ 4100:^ 4045:^ 4026:. 3973:^ 3939:^ 3895:^ 3858:^ 3812:^ 3780:^ 3765:^ 3751:. 3715:^ 3705:. 3693:^ 3672:^ 3604:^ 3574:^ 3553:^ 3517:^ 3502:^ 3473:^ 3098:. 3026:^ 2975:. 2948:. 2922:. 2897:. 2795:. 2759:^ 2749:. 2690:^ 2550:. 2538:. 2500:^ 2437:^ 2407:^ 2397:. 2355:^ 2324:^ 2309:^ 2277:^ 2260:^ 2244:60 2242:. 2230:^ 2151:^ 2051:^ 2022:^ 1980:^ 1957:^ 1932:^ 1911:. 1894:^ 1856:^ 1769:. 1681:^ 1637:^ 1622:^ 1595:^ 1585:. 1573:^ 1558:24 1556:. 1552:. 1537:^ 1519:^ 1494:^ 1477:^ 1462:^ 1443:^ 1401:^ 1395:13 1367:^ 878:, 874:, 870:, 866:, 854:, 597:. 571:. 539:. 404:. 309:. 226:. 175:, 171:, 126:c. 114:, 110:, 106:, 102:, 4794:) 4789:. 4758:) 4735:. 4705:. 4678:. 4632:. 4519:. 4489:. 4427:. 4400:. 4373:. 4343:. 4339:: 4313:. 4286:. 4259:. 4217:. 4183:. 4154:. 4124:. 4095:. 4093:. 4038:. 3999:. 3967:. 3934:. 3921:. 3852:. 3806:. 3759:. 3630:. 3598:. 3547:. 3467:. 3427:. 3402:. 3368:. 3344:. 3310:. 3276:. 3242:. 3209:. 3136:. 3084:. 3050:. 3020:. 2986:. 2960:. 2934:. 2908:. 2882:. 2857:. 2833:. 2799:. 2781:. 2753:. 2725:. 2684:. 2660:. 2617:. 2592:. 2558:. 2546:: 2540:6 2494:. 2467:. 2431:. 2303:. 2254:. 2187:. 2112:. 2083:. 2016:. 1888:. 1831:. 1798:. 1742:. 1675:. 1437:. 1361:. 71:)

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Knowledge (XXG)

Yugoslav colonization of Kosovo

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