1915:
2046:
2710:
4448:
6467:
1363:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1922:
7117:
1919:
86:
2008:
2022:
When the
Chinese government removed the prohibition on emigration in the mid-19th century, many people from rural areas in the coastal regions of Fujian and Guangdong emigrated to Southeast Asia and North America. Until the late 20th century, the vast majority of Chinese immigrants to North America
2565:
register from voiced initials. Most
Mandarin dialects retain the register distinction only in the level tone, yielding the first and second tones of the standard language (corresponding to the first and fourth tones in Cantonese), but have merged several of the other categories. Most Yue dialects
2316:
While northern and central varieties have lost some of the Middle
Chinese final consonants, they are retained by most southern Chinese varieties, though sometimes affected by sound shifts. They are most faithfully preserved in Yue dialects. Final stops have disappeared entirely in most Mandarin
1979:
Cantonese is the de facto official language of Hong Kong (along with
English) and Macau (along with Portuguese), though legally the official language is just "Chinese". It is the oral language of instruction in Chinese schools in Hong Kong and Macau, and is used extensively in Cantonese-speaking
1295:
some 190 km (120 mi) upstream in
Guangxi is much more similar to that of Guangzhou than dialects of coastal districts that are closer but separated from the city by hilly terrain. One of these coastal languages, Taishanese, is the most common Yue variety among overseas communities. Yue
1186:
Large waves of
Chinese migration throughout succeeding Chinese dynasties assimilated huge numbers of Yue aborigines, with the result that today's Southern Han Chinese Yue-speaking population is descended from both groups. The colloquial layers of Yue varieties contain elements influenced by the
1984:), which exist in isolation from the other regions of China, local identity, and the non-Mandarin speaking Cantonese diaspora in Hong Kong and abroad give the language a unique identity. Colloquial Hong Kong Cantonese often incorporates English words due to historical British influences.
2077:. In the Guangfu, Siyi and Gao–Yang subgroups, these initials have yielded aspirated consonants in the level and rising tones, and unaspirated consonants in the departing and entering tones. These initials are uniformly unaspirated in Gou–Lou varieties and uniformly aspirated in Wu–Hua.
1267:
has since led to substantial exposure of
Cantonese to China and the rest of Asia. On the mainland, the national policy is to promote Standard Chinese, which is also the medium of instruction in schools. The place of local Cantonese language and culture remains contentious. In 2010, a
1219:
rivers, which all converge at the delta. It has been the economic centre of the
Lingnan region since Qin times, when it was an important shipbuilding centre. By 660, it was the largest port in China, part of a trade network stretching as far as Arabia. During the
363:
1918:
2140:
Many
Mandarin varieties, including the Beijing dialect, have a third sibilant series, formed through a merger of palatalized alveolar sibilants and velars, but this is a recent innovation, which has not affected Yue and other Chinese varieties. For example,
1224:, it also became the cultural centre of the region. Like many other Chinese varieties it developed a distinct literary layer associated with the local tradition of reading the classics. The Guangzhou dialect (Cantonese) was used in the popular
1975:
of
Mandarin, is taught nearly universally as a supplement to local languages such as Cantonese. In Guangzhou, much of the distinctively Yue vocabulary have been replaced with Cantonese pronunciations of corresponding Standard Chinese terms.
2013:
2012:
2009:
2014:
2578:
While most Chinese varieties form compounds consisting of a qualifier followed by a qualified element, Yue dialects may use the reverse order. For example, the Standard Chinese, and widely used Cantonese word for "guest" is
1023:"Cantonese" is prototypically used in English to refer to the variety of Yue in Guangzhou, but it is also to refer to Yue as a whole. To avoid confusion, academic texts may refer to the larger branch as "Yue", following the
2027:('four counties') to the southwest of Guangzhou. The speech of this region, particularly the Taishan dialect, is thus the most common Yue variety in these areas. It is only partially understood by speakers of Cantonese.
2061:, so that the rhymes of Tang poetry are clearer in Yue dialects than elsewhere. However they have lost several distinctions in the initial consonants and medial vowels that other Chinese varieties have retained.
2011:
4860:
4851:
2553:, where the fourth category, the entering tone, consists of syllables with final stops. Many modern Chinese varieties contain traces of a split of each of these four tones into two registers, an upper or
2566:
have retained all eight categories, with a further split of the upper entering tone conditioned by vowel length, as also found in neighbouring Tai dialects. A few dialects spoken in Guangxi, such as the
996:(Kongmoon) located southwest of Guangzhou, was the language of most of the 19th-century emigrants from Guangdong to Southeast Asia and North America. Most later migrants have been speakers of Cantonese.
2202:
in words where Late Middle Chinese shows a shift to a labiodental consonant, realized in most Northern varieties of Chinese as . Nasals can be independent syllables in Yue words, e.g. Cantonese
2069:
In addition to aspirated and unaspirated voiceless initials, Middle Chinese had a series of voiced initials, but voicing has been lost in Yue and most other modern Chinese varieties apart from
6592:
1284:
Yue languages are spoken in the southern provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi, an area long dominated culturally and economically by the city of Guangzhou at the delta of the
1255:
in the city in 1715. The ancestors of most of the Han Chinese population of Hong Kong came from Guangzhou after the territory was ceded to Britain in 1842. As a result,
7152:
4245:
1240:. There was also a small amount of vernacular literature, written with Chinese characters extended with a number of non-traditional characters for Cantonese words.
2010:
2248:
Most Yue varieties have retained the Middle Chinese palatal medial, but in Cantonese it has also been lost to monophthongization, yielding a variety of vowels.
1175:
for about a century, before being incorporated into the Han empire in 111 BC. After the Tang dynasty collapsed, much of the area became part of the state of
6475:
5102:
1342:-speaking minority. Yue Chinese is spoken by 35% of the total population of Guangxi, being one of the two largest languages in that province, along with
1269:
1121:
7147:
5181:
6773:
1259:, the most widely spoken language in Hong Kong and Macau, is an offshoot of the Guangzhou dialect. The popularity of Cantonese-language media,
6012:
3914:
3895:
3778:
3759:
3740:
3703:
3684:
3657:
3634:
3612:
3593:
3570:
3497:
3076:
6823:
1031:, and either restrict "Cantonese" to the Guangzhou variety, or avoid the term altogether, distinguishing Yue from its Guangzhou dialect.
6665:
4238:
3694:
Skeldon, Ronald (2003), "The Chinese diaspora or the migration of Chinese peoples?", in Ma, Laurence J. C.; Cartier, Carolyn L. (eds.),
2648:
2194:, but Taishanese and most other Yue varieties preserve the distinction. Younger Cantonese speakers also tend not to distinguish between
4077:
4029:
4107:
3905:
Zhang, Bennan; Yang, Robin R. (2004), "Putonghua education and language policy in postcolonial Hong Kong", in Zhou, Minglang (ed.),
1124:
in 214 BC. Successive waves of immigration followed at times of upheaval in Northern and Central China, such as the collapse of the
2317:
dialects, including the Beijing-based standard, with the syllables distributed across the other tones. For example, the characters
4447:
6745:
4972:
1960:
of not only Guangdong, but also many overseas Cantonese emigrants, though in many areas abroad it is numerically second to the
1180:
5452:
3879:
Linguistic Studies in Chinese and Neighboring Languages: Festschrift in Honor of Professor Pang-Hsin Ting on His 70th Birthday
5095:
4231:
4099:
4055:
4003:
3977:
3951:
2088:
has also changed to , for example, in the native name of the dialect, "Hoisan". In Siyi and eastern Gao–Yang, Middle Chinese
1291:
The influence of Guangzhou has spread westward along the Pearl River system, so that, for example, the speech of the city of
1015:, but have lost several distinctions in the initial consonants and medial glides that other Chinese varieties have retained.
833:
702:
663:
571:
422:
383:
96:
2175:. The earlier pronunciation is reflected in historical Mandarin romanizations, such as "Peking" for Beijing, "Kiangsi" for
7157:
7061:
6515:
679:
399:
100:
4977:
4633:
7120:
7031:
6555:
5030:
3068:
2673:
1349:
In China, as of 2004, 60% of all Yue speakers lived in Guangdong, 28.3% lived in Guangxi, and 11.6% lived in Hong Kong.
4678:
4316:
7036:
6908:
6833:
6490:
5023:
4600:
2093:
1949:
1663:. Ngau–Lau is spoken by 17% of all Yue speakers, with two-thirds of them living in Guangxi and one-third in Guangdong.
985:
942:
3483:. Salaya, Thailand: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University. pp. 1806–1844.
7078:
7051:
6928:
6840:
6587:
6567:
3676:
2242:
812:
550:
2597:, in which modifiers normally follow nouns. But it is notable that the Standard Chinese word for 'married woman' (
1326:, spoken by slightly more than a half of its Han population. The other half is almost equally divided between the
1303:. Its native speakers constitute around a half (47%) of its population. The other half is equally divided between
6630:
5328:
5088:
4923:
4370:
4291:
3622:
2813:
2760:
2198:
and the zero initial, though this distinction is retained in most Yue dialects. Yue varieties retain the initial
1993:
films from Canton are filmed originally in Cantonese and then dubbed or subtitled in Mandarin, English, or both.
1953:
4420:
3644:——— (2003), "The Chinese dialects: phonology", in Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.),
1900:
is a variety displaying features of both Cantonese and Hakka, spoken by 3,000–5,500 people in Dapeng, Shenzhen.
1591:
group. The remaining Yue dialects are divided into seven groups. Three groups are found in the watershed of the
7004:
6989:
6979:
6693:
5004:
4607:
3507:
Bolton, Kingsley (2011), "Language policy and planning in Hong Kong: Colonial and post-colonial perspectives",
2601:) also follows the same structure. Gender markers for nouns are also suffixed, as in other southern varieties.
347:
4668:
5345:
3819:[Reconstruction of the Yue dialects II: initials], in Ho, D.-a.; Cheung, S.; Pan, W.; Wu, F. (eds.),
353:
7016:
5890:
5852:
5255:
4998:
4784:
2765:
2300:; 'departing'. Syllables with final stops were traditionally treated as a fourth tone category, the
2054:
1932:
1583:
1370:
1008:
323:
46:
4751:
6950:
6793:
5391:
5044:
5037:
4817:
4254:
4114:
Kwok, Bit-Chee; Chin, Andy C.; Tsou, Benjamin K. (2016), "Grammatical diversity across the Yue dialects",
2709:
2431:
2427:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2238:
2230:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2089:
2085:
2081:
1000:
861:
599:
169:
38:
1659:
dialects are spoken in inland areas of western Guangdong and eastern Guangxi, and include the dialect of
6945:
6868:
6582:
6560:
5315:
5148:
4987:
4937:
4493:
3672:
2045:
1952:
of Guangdong province and social standard of Yue. It is the most widely spoken dialect of Yue and is an
1327:
42:
6399:
6389:
3481:
Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics, Pan-Asiatic Linguistics
2589:; 'guest-person', but the same morphemes may be reversed in Cantonese versus Taishanese , and
5374:
4205:
7142:
6713:
6681:
6510:
6394:
6153:
5701:
5635:
5130:
4799:
4645:
4591:
1762:
Anne Yue-Hashimoto has proposed an alternative classification based on a wider sampling of features:
1723:
1004:
233:
6308:
5817:
6957:
6923:
6758:
6725:
6572:
6500:
6417:
6258:
6253:
6007:
5323:
4982:
4572:
4399:
4330:
2100:
2036:
1806:
1592:
1285:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1112:(roughly modern Guangxi and Guangdong), was originally home to peoples known to the Chinese as the
214:
6788:
6121:
3582:
Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects"
902:
640:
7073:
6940:
6903:
6686:
6620:
6615:
6505:
6495:
5992:
5800:
5795:
5194:
4823:
4432:
4298:
4152:
4131:
3534:
3473:
2668:
2104:
1755:
1737:
1733:
1701:
1248:
1141:
1082:
1066:
1050:
933:
883:
875:
621:
613:
204:
6344:
6099:
285:
5713:
2288:. Syllables with vocalic or nasal endings could occur with one of three tonal contours, called
1587:, some varieties spoken in western Guangxi formerly classified as Yue are placed in a separate
1007:, and they are not mutually intelligible within the Yue family either. They are among the most
6984:
6974:
6853:
6818:
6673:
6625:
6577:
6466:
6197:
6131:
5987:
5972:
5643:
5620:
5574:
5499:
5425:
5305:
5273:
5227:
5166:
5156:
5121:
4931:
4891:
4869:
4834:
4828:
4793:
4731:
4725:
4705:
4499:
4487:
4470:
4378:
4324:
4304:
4160:
4103:
4095:
4073:
4051:
4025:
3999:
3973:
3947:
3910:
3891:
3774:
3755:
3736:
3699:
3680:
3653:
3630:
3608:
3589:
3585:
3566:
3493:
3072:
2658:
2643:
2108:
2018:
A speaker of Siyi Yue Chinese providing examples of differences between Siyi Yue and Cantonese
1618:
1548:
1212:
1105:
938:
796:
788:
534:
526:
174:
142:
6349:
6339:
6324:
5738:
2773:
2614:; 'which one', for both 'who' and 'which'. Other dialects, including Taishanese, use
1272:
from Cantonese to Mandarin was abandoned following widespread backlash accompanied by public
7090:
6610:
6485:
6270:
6192:
6143:
6104:
6053:
5967:
5919:
5903:
5783:
5743:
5677:
5665:
5625:
5579:
5525:
5520:
5510:
5504:
5333:
5278:
5263:
5139:
5111:
4952:
4912:
4882:
4856:
4806:
4764:
4673:
4650:
4543:
4530:
4523:
4480:
4405:
4268:
4192:
4184:
4123:
3524:
3516:
2186:
Some Yue speakers, such as many Hong Kong Cantonese speakers born after World War II, merge
1968:
1674:
1429:
1343:
1035:
1028:
737:
461:
179:
138:
31:
6116:
5812:
5760:
5755:
5689:
3547:
30:
This article is about the language group. For the Chinese people sometimes called Yue, see
7041:
7021:
7009:
6918:
6878:
6863:
6858:
6602:
6452:
6442:
6422:
6379:
6374:
6240:
6204:
6187:
6177:
5934:
5870:
5657:
5553:
5548:
5457:
5404:
5399:
5379:
5364:
5359:
5300:
5295:
5285:
5268:
5240:
5212:
5189:
4944:
4898:
4757:
4639:
4578:
4412:
4359:
4350:
4336:
2663:
2653:
1972:
1867:
1843:
1715:
1544:
1474:
1362:
1237:
774:
686:
670:
512:
161:
7046:
6334:
5750:
758:
496:
2313:, because the stops were distributed in the same way as the corresponding final nasals.
7095:
7085:
7056:
6763:
6735:
6447:
6432:
6285:
6280:
6265:
6209:
6148:
6030:
6002:
5982:
5929:
5898:
5875:
5865:
5860:
5822:
5805:
5718:
5706:
5694:
5682:
5670:
5615:
5597:
5515:
5489:
5430:
5350:
5338:
5290:
5245:
5235:
5161:
5014:
4992:
4906:
4875:
4811:
4771:
4745:
4719:
4696:
4619:
4565:
4537:
4506:
4384:
4310:
4181:
Zhong-shan phonology: a synchronic and diachronic analysis of a Yue (Cantonese) dialect
2722:
2058:
1897:
1660:
1012:
219:
5607:
3886:
Yue, Anne O. (2015), "The Yue language", in Wang, William S.-Y.; Sun, Chaofen (eds.),
3714:
339:
7136:
6896:
6708:
6703:
6275:
6219:
6214:
6182:
6169:
6045:
5997:
5924:
5880:
5770:
5530:
5369:
5217:
5204:
4738:
4660:
4426:
4391:
4343:
4135:
3538:
2754:
2594:
2567:
2435:
2301:
1957:
1833:
1693:
1558:
1446:
1335:
1221:
1192:
1188:
1161:
964:
is often used to refer to the whole branch, but linguists prefer to reserve the name
316:
362:
6768:
6718:
6094:
5977:
5950:
5494:
5484:
4712:
4628:
4584:
4513:
2131:
are distinguished in Mandarin, but in modern Cantonese they are both pronounced as
1926:
1743:
1666:
1571:
1489:
1461:
1312:
1176:
1145:
1133:
1129:
892:
744:
630:
468:
275:
265:
260:
3907:
Language policy in the People's Republic of China: theory and practice since 1949
3721:
1288:. Cantonese, also spoken in Hong Kong and Macau, is the prestige variety of Yue.
6913:
6887:
6783:
6753:
6730:
6698:
6437:
6427:
6126:
6111:
6074:
6022:
5843:
5834:
5730:
5569:
5444:
5171:
5058:
4273:
3559:
3549:
Dapeng Dialect: An Undocumented Cantonese-Hakka Mixed Language in Southern China
2788:
2590:
2439:
2234:
1656:
1537:
1404:
1316:
1308:
1165:
1137:
1125:
1113:
406:
390:
209:
2726:
1980:
households. Cantonese-language media (Hong Kong films, television serials, and
1270:
controversial proposal to switch some programming on Guangzhou local television
6329:
6303:
6069:
6035:
5540:
5467:
3723:
Proceedings of ALS2k, the 2000 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society
2702:
2550:
2222:; 'not', although Middle Chinese did not have syllables of this type.
2070:
2040:
2002:
1961:
1729:
1705:
1502:
1216:
1196:
989:
954:
805:
543:
280:
270:
254:
240:
4164:
4143:
Yue-Hashimoto, Anne (1991), "The Yue dialect", in Wang, William S.-Y. (ed.),
3520:
2434:, but the distinction is maintained in southern varieties of Chinese such as
1171:
After the fall of Qin, the Lingnan area was part of the independent state of
6778:
6529:
6520:
6248:
6138:
5790:
5778:
5589:
5420:
5073:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
5051:
4692:
4457:
4264:
3649:
2817:
2074:
2057:
of Chinese varieties regarding the final consonants and tonal categories of
1909:
1879:
1802:
1719:
1712:
before the 1970s. Sze-yap dialects are spoken by 6.5% of total Yue speakers.
1709:
1678:
1670:
1622:
1610:
1606:
1300:
1208:
1157:
1153:
977:
969:
965:
946:
826:
720:
699:
564:
419:
332:
300:
244:
124:
112:
4151:
Monograph Series, vol. 3, Chinese University Press, pp. 292–322,
1740:. Native speakers of this variety constitute only 2.1% of all Yue speakers.
17:
4127:
3881:], Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, pp. 75–170.
2697:
2111:, which have generally maintained the distinction. For example, the words
1368:
Pinghua and Yue dialect groups in Guangxi and Guangdong identified in the
1191:
formerly spoken widely in the area and still spoken by people such as the
307:
85:
7100:
7068:
6654:
6295:
5476:
2226:
1981:
1883:
1839:
1780:
1697:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1562:
1552:
1273:
1260:
1243:
Guangzhou became the centre of rapidly expanding foreign trade after the
1149:
993:
847:
585:
482:
440:
250:
4223:
4156:
1846:) as well as the coastal Guangxi dialects classified as Qin–Lian in the
6967:
6647:
6534:
6363:
5959:
4553:
4188:
3529:
2180:
2176:
2024:
1956:
and of Macau, alongside English and Portuguese respectively. It is the
1821:
1817:
1813:
1790:
1751:
1682:
1588:
1390:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1109:
950:
899:
637:
116:
4196:
1011:
varieties with regard to the final consonants and tonal categories of
7026:
6828:
4466:
4281:
1937:
1776:
1747:
1650:
1634:
1626:
1292:
1244:
1172:
1024:
973:
444:
120:
3731:
Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Li, Rong; Baumann, Theo; Lee, Mei W. (1987),
1653:. Almost a half of all Yue speakers speak Guangfu dialects natively.
1540:'s 1962 dialect manual, Yue dialects were divided into five groups:
5080:
2549:
Middle Chinese is described in contemporary dictionaries as having
2237:, except after velar initials. In most analyses velars followed by
1785:
Interior: western part of the Pearl River catchment, including the
6539:
4462:
4277:
2044:
2006:
1989:
1913:
1772:
1614:
1361:
1304:
1296:
varieties are not totally mutually intelligible with one another.
981:
128:
1120:). Large-scale Han Chinese migration to the area began after the
3607:, translated by Wang, William W., China Intercontinental Press,
5084:
4227:
3090:
3088:
2049:
Distribution of Yue and other subgroups of Chinese in East Asia
1718:
dialects are spoken in areas of southwestern Guangdong such as
3438:
3436:
3201:
3199:
2604:
Some Yue dialects, including Cantonese, can use the same word
2904:
2902:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2363:
in Mandarin, but they are all distinct in Yue: in Cantonese,
907:
645:
2848:
2846:
2163:
in Mandarin, but in Cantonese the first pair is pronounced
2080:
In many Yue varieties, including Cantonese, Middle Chinese
3696:
The Chinese Diaspora: Space, Place, Mobility, and Identity
2789:"Cantonese language, pronunciation and special characters"
1160:
into eastern Guangdong. Yue-speakers were later joined by
2736:
2734:
2426:
Similarly, in Mandarin dialects the Middle Chinese final
1696:
or Siyi dialects are spoken in the coastal prefecture of
880:
866:
852:
838:
618:
604:
590:
576:
3387:
3385:
3360:
3358:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
2812:
Ethnologue: "Yue Chinese"; "Yue" or older "Yüeh" in the
2634:) for 'who', and words meaning 'which one' for 'which'.
1299:
Yue Chinese is the most widely spoken local language in
817:
555:
2994:
2992:
2833:
2831:
2829:
1689:
The remaining four groups are found in coastal areas:
1617:, as well as the dialects of surrounding areas in the
1054:. In Guangdong and Guangxi, people also use the terms
4219:(2), Department of Linguistics, University of Hawaii.
1866:
Xin–En: Xinhui, Taishan, Enping and the neighbouring
1746:
dialects are spoken in the southern Guangxi areas of
1641:, and in southern parts of the inland prefectures of
793:
779:
763:
749:
531:
517:
501:
487:
473:
2955:
2953:
2593:. This has been hypothesized to be the influence of
1726:. They cover around 11% of all Yue Chinese speakers.
1681:
valley in Guangxi, including the provincial capital
1322:
Yue is also the most widespread Sinitic language in
6997:
6966:
6895:
6886:
6877:
6811:
6802:
6744:
6664:
6639:
6601:
6548:
6474:
6410:
6362:
6317:
6294:
6239:
6230:
6168:
6087:
6062:
6044:
6021:
5958:
5949:
5912:
5889:
5851:
5842:
5833:
5769:
5729:
5656:
5634:
5606:
5588:
5562:
5539:
5475:
5466:
5443:
5413:
5390:
5314:
5254:
5226:
5203:
5180:
5147:
5138:
5129:
5013:
4965:
4922:
4850:
4783:
4691:
4659:
4617:
4552:
4455:
4369:
4262:
1215:, with access to the interior via the Xi, Bei, and
898:
891:
874:
860:
846:
832:
825:
811:
804:
787:
773:
757:
743:
736:
731:
715:
698:
678:
662:
657:
636:
629:
612:
598:
584:
570:
563:
549:
542:
525:
511:
495:
481:
467:
460:
455:
435:
418:
398:
382:
373:
346:
330:
314:
298:
293:
232:
197:
158:
148:
134:
108:
54:
3558:
2753:
2099:Most Yue varieties have merged the Middle Chinese
27:Primary branch of Chinese spoken in southern China
3771:Studies in Yue Dialects 1: Phonology of Cantonese
1700:to the southwest of Guangzhou. They include the
1600:
3909:, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 143–161,
3715:"Testing intelligibility among Sinitic dialects"
3094:
2559:register from voiceless initials and a lower or
1561:('four counties'), in the coastal prefecture of
37:"Yueyu" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2256:Middle Chinese syllables could end with glides
2233:has merged with the following vowel to form a
2084:has become or in most words; in Taishanese,
1838:Guan–Lian: dialects of the east delta region (
1758:. They are spoken by 6.5% of all Yue speakers.
1164:speakers following the North River route, and
1136:dynasties. The most popular route was via the
5096:
4239:
4183:(MA thesis), University of British Columbia,
3890:, Oxford University Press, pp. 173–188,
3474:"Identifying the Tai substratum in Cantonese"
3454:
3442:
3349:
3337:
3217:
3205:
3130:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3010:
2983:
2971:
2920:
2908:
2893:
2881:
2864:
2852:
1732:is spoken mainly in western Guangdong around
1038:abroad, generally refer to their language as
684:
668:
404:
388:
8:
3698:, Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 51–68,
3488:Bauer, Robert S.; Benedict, Paul K. (1997),
1685:. It is spoken by around 7% of Yue speakers.
1649:and in parts of Guangxi such as the city of
1376:
1034:People from Hong Kong and Macau, as well as
3720:, in Allan, Keith; Henderson, John (eds.),
2727:Mutual Intelligibility of Sinitic Languages
2570:, have also split the lower entering tone.
7116:
6892:
6883:
6808:
6236:
5955:
5848:
5839:
5472:
5144:
5135:
5103:
5089:
5081:
4919:
4780:
4614:
4366:
4246:
4232:
4224:
3888:The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics
2740:
728:
452:
361:
84:
51:
3528:
3022:
1179:, one of the longest-lived states of the
3118:
3241:
2690:
1605:) includes Cantonese proper, spoken in
4206:"A reconstruction of proto-Yue vowels"
3552:(Ph.D. thesis), Ohio State University.
3427:
3415:
3403:
3391:
3376:
3364:
3325:
3296:
3272:
3253:
3190:
3046:
3034:
2998:
2837:
2169:, while the second pair is pronounced
1081:
1065:
1049:
932:
882:
795:
620:
533:
370:
3229:
3065:Language atlas of China (2nd edition)
2932:
1948:, usually called "Cantonese", is the
1140:, which the Qin had connected to the
231:
7:
3752:Introduction to Chinese Dialectology
3178:
2774:participating institution membership
2442:and Yue. For example, Cantonese has
3769:Yue-Hashimoto, Anne Oi-Kan (1972),
3308:
3284:
3166:
3154:
3142:
3106:
2649:Chinese input methods for computers
1708:, which was ubiquitous in American
1568:Gao–Lei, in southwestern Guangdong.
1096:means 'Nanning colloquial speech'.
945:, particularly in the provinces of
2959:
2944:
2225:In most Yue varieties (except for
1944:The Guangzhou (Canton) dialect of
1148:, and then into the valley of the
25:
2053:Yue varieties are among the most
1853:Interior: Huazhou, Wuchuan, Yulin
1338:-speaking population and a small
1152:. A secondary route followed the
7115:
6593:Literary and colloquial readings
6465:
4446:
2708:
1577:Guinan, in southwestern Guangxi.
1380:
4145:Languages and Dialects of China
2620:
2610:
2536:
2526:
2510:
2500:
2484:
2474:
2458:
2448:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2218:
2208:
2171:
2165:
2133:
1812:Interior: Gao–Yang dialects of
1601:
1334:; there is also a considerable
1181:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
1104:The area of China south of the
1092:
1076:
1060:
1044:
908:
881:
867:
853:
839:
818:
646:
619:
605:
591:
577:
556:
91:
7148:Chinese languages in Singapore
4149:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
4116:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3822:
3811:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3773:, Cambridge University Press,
3629:, Cambridge University Press,
2630:
2585:
2561:
2555:
2542:
2516:
2490:
2464:
2359:
2309:
2159:
2127:
2117:
1954:official language of Hong Kong
1565:to the southwest of Guangzhou.
1086:; for example, the expression
794:
780:
764:
750:
685:
669:
532:
518:
502:
488:
474:
405:
389:
77:
73:
69:
65:
1:
7153:Subject–verb–object languages
4213:Working Papers in Linguistics
3557:Killingley, Siew-Yue (1993),
1816:and the Yong–Xun dialects of
1247:was lifted, with the British
1048:; 'Guangdong speech'
7121:List of varieties of Chinese
4179:Chan, Marjorie K.M. (1980),
3069:City University of Hong Kong
2674:List of varieties of Chinese
2107:sibilants, in contrast with
1236:folksong genres, as well as
3750:Yan, Margaret Mian (2006),
3350:Bauer & Benedict (1997)
3338:Bauer & Benedict (1997)
3218:Bauer & Benedict (1997)
3131:Bauer & Benedict (1997)
2094:voiceless lateral fricative
1873:Kai-He: Kaiping and Heshan.
992:, from the coastal area of
95:; 'Yue' written in
7174:
7079:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
3677:Princeton University Press
3667:Ramsey, S. Robert (1987),
3509:Applied Linguistics Review
3490:Modern Cantonese Phonology
3133:, pp. xxxvii–xxxviii.
2252:Final consonants and tones
2034:
2000:
1907:
1168:speakers arriving by sea.
1122:Qin conquest of the region
36:
29:
7113:
6463:
5118:
5068:
4444:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3472:Bauer, Robert S. (1996).
2761:Oxford English Dictionary
2625:
2615:
2605:
2598:
2580:
2531:
2521:
2505:
2495:
2479:
2469:
2453:
2443:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2304:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2213:
2203:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2122:
2112:
1886:(the eastern part of the
1418: Guinan (S Pinghua)
1397:
1383:
1087:
1080:(plain/colloquial speech)
1071:
1064:; 'Yue language'
1055:
1039:
919:
727:
711:
694:
451:
431:
414:
378:
360:
83:
64:
59:
3874:
3816:
3580:Kurpaska, Maria (2010),
3521:10.1515/9783110239331.51
1669:is spoken mainly in the
1499:
1486:
1471:
1458:
1443:
1426:
1416:
1401:
1387:
968:for the variety used in
930:Cantonese pronunciation:
664:Traditional Chinese
384:Traditional Chinese
3733:Language Atlas of China
3713:Szeto, Cecilia (2001),
3023:Zhang & Yang (2004)
2766:Oxford University Press
2296:; 'rising', or
1789:s Gou–Lou and southern
1704:variety, also known as
1584:Language Atlas of China
1371:Language Atlas of China
1280:Geographic distribution
1183:, between 917 and 971.
1051:[kʷɔ̌ːŋtʊ́ŋwǎː]
953:(collectively known as
680:Simplified Chinese
489:ㄩㄝˋ ㄩˇ
400:Simplified Chinese
103:(right) character forms
3669:The Languages of China
3646:Sino-Tibetan Languages
2229:), the rounded medial
2212:; 'five', and
2157:are all pronounced as
2050:
2019:
1941:
1533:
1211:lies in the middle of
999:Yue varieties are not
154:86 million (2022)
4973:Central Tibeto-Burman
4204:Huang, Karen (2009),
4128:10.1353/jcl.2016.0002
3788:Yue, Oi-Kan (2006), "
3673:Princeton, New Jersey
3546:Chen, Litong (2016),
3492:, Walter de Gruyter,
3340:, pp. 24, 32–33.
2935:, pp. 1835–1836.
2179:, and "Tientsin" for
2048:
2017:
1925:
1832:Zhongshan, including
1365:
1328:Southwestern Mandarin
1001:mutually intelligible
937:) is a branch of the
7158:Varieties of Chinese
3603:Li, Qingxin (2006),
3455:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
3443:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
3206:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
3011:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
2984:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
2972:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
2921:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
2909:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
2894:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
2882:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
2865:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
2853:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
2065:Initials and medials
1940:, 1058) in Cantonese
1574:in southern Guangxi.
1036:Cantonese immigrants
1005:varieties of Chinese
941:primarily spoken in
5031:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
3379:, pp. 216–217.
3299:, pp. 100–101.
3220:, pp. 431–432.
3145:, pp. 195–196.
3109:, pp. 192–193.
2764:(Online ed.).
2357:are all pronounced
2292:; 'level',
2103:sibilants with the
2037:Cantonese phonology
1807:Hong Kong Cantonese
1805:proper (Guangzhou,
1265:Cinema of Hong Kong
1257:Hong Kong Cantonese
1253:chamber of commerce
862:Canton Romanization
600:Canton Romanization
215:Eastern Han Chinese
7074:Cantonese Bopomofo
6941:Chinese characters
6869:Written Sichuanese
5453:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
5024:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
4966:Proposed groupings
4189:10.14288/1.0100261
3652:, pp. 72–83,
3605:Maritime Silk Road
3256:, pp. 99–100.
3095:Wurm et al. (1987)
2669:Languages of China
2051:
2020:
1942:
1766:Pearl River Delta
1534:
1249:East India Company
1093:Nàahmnìhng baahkwá
658:Guangdong language
205:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
7127:
7126:
7109:
7108:
6936:
6935:
6854:Written Cantonese
6849:
6848:
6631:Classical grammar
6626:Cantonese grammar
6461:
6460:
6358:
6357:
6164:
6163:
6083:
6082:
5945:
5944:
5652:
5651:
5439:
5438:
5329:Chengdu–Chongqing
5122:Sinitic languages
5078:
5077:
4961:
4960:
4846:
4845:
4687:
4686:
4442:
4441:
3916:978-1-4020-8038-8
3897:978-0-19-985633-6
3875:山高水長:丁邦新先生七秩壽慶論文集
3780:978-0-521-08442-0
3761:978-3-89586-629-6
3754:, LINCOM Europa,
3742:978-962-359-085-3
3705:978-0-7425-1756-1
3686:978-0-691-01468-5
3659:978-0-7007-1129-1
3636:978-0-521-29653-3
3614:978-7-5085-0932-7
3595:978-3-11-021914-2
3586:Walter de Gruyter
3572:978-3-929075-12-0
3565:, Lincom Europa,
3499:978-3-11-014893-0
3352:, pp. 24–25.
3157:, pp. 76–77.
3078:978-7-10-007054-6
3037:, pp. 66–68.
2947:, pp. 19–20.
2772:(Subscription or
2741:Killingley (1993)
2706:(26th ed., 2023)
2659:Written Cantonese
2644:Cantonese grammar
2109:Mandarin dialects
2015:
1923:
1619:Pearl River Delta
1549:Pearl River Delta
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1213:Pearl River Delta
1207:The port city of
1203:Rise of Cantonese
1106:Nanling Mountains
1083:[pàːkwǎː]
1067:[jỳtjy̬ː]
939:Sinitic languages
923:
922:
915:
914:
854:gwong2 dung1 waa2
834:Yale Romanization
738:Standard Mandarin
653:
652:
572:Yale Romanization
462:Standard Mandarin
369:
368:
16:(Redirected from
7165:
7119:
7118:
7091:Taiwanese Hangul
6980:Mainland Chinese
6893:
6884:
6809:
6486:Standard Chinese
6469:
6237:
5956:
5849:
5840:
5722:
5710:
5698:
5686:
5674:
5473:
5145:
5136:
5112:Chinese language
5105:
5098:
5091:
5082:
4920:
4781:
4615:
4450:
4367:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4225:
4220:
4210:
4200:
4168:
4139:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3920:
3901:
3882:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3824:
3813:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3784:
3765:
3746:
3727:
3719:
3709:
3690:
3663:
3640:
3618:
3599:
3576:
3564:
3553:
3542:
3532:
3503:
3484:
3478:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3083:
3082:
3061:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2841:
2835:
2824:
2823:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2769:
2757:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2729:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2695:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2600:
2587:
2582:
2563:
2557:
2544:
2540:versus Mandarin
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2514:versus Mandarin
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2488:versus Mandarin
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2462:versus Mandarin
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2433:
2430:has merged with
2429:
2423:, respectively.
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2311:
2306:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2240:
2232:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2016:
1969:Standard Chinese
1964:dialect of Yue.
1950:prestige dialect
1924:
1890:s Gao–Yang area)
1604:
1603:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1395:
1394:
1389: Guibei (N
1388:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1029:Standard Chinese
1027:system based on
986:prestige dialect
936:
934:[jyːt̚˨]
931:
911:
910:
887:
886:
885:
870:
869:
856:
855:
842:
841:
821:
820:
800:
799:
798:
783:
782:
769:
768:
767:
753:
752:
729:
690:
689:
674:
673:
649:
648:
647:O̍at-gí, O̍at-gú
625:
624:
623:
608:
607:
594:
593:
580:
579:
559:
558:
538:
537:
536:
521:
520:
507:
506:
505:
491:
490:
477:
476:
453:
410:
409:
394:
393:
371:
365:
356:
342:
326:
310:
303:
164:
93:
88:
79:
75:
71:
67:
52:
32:Cantonese people
21:
7173:
7172:
7168:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7163:
7162:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7123:
7105:
7042:Tongyong Pinyin
7022:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
7010:Dungan Cyrillic
6993:
6962:
6932:
6873:
6864:Written Hokkien
6845:
6804:
6798:
6774:Middle Mandarin
6740:
6660:
6635:
6597:
6544:
6477:
6470:
6457:
6406:
6354:
6313:
6290:
6226:
6160:
6079:
6058:
6040:
6017:
5941:
5908:
5885:
5829:
5765:
5725:
5716:
5704:
5692:
5680:
5668:
5648:
5630:
5602:
5584:
5558:
5535:
5462:
5435:
5409:
5386:
5310:
5250:
5222:
5199:
5176:
5125:
5114:
5109:
5079:
5074:
5064:
5015:Proto-languages
5009:
4957:
4924:Greater Siangic
4918:
4855:
4842:
4779:
4683:
4655:
4613:
4557:
4548:
4460:
4451:
4438:
4371:Greater Magaric
4365:
4292:West Himalayish
4272:
4258:
4252:
4208:
4203:
4178:
4175:
4142:
4113:
4088:广西通志: 汉语方言志(2册)
4084:广西壮族自治区地方志编纂委员会
3928:
3926:Further reading
3923:
3917:
3904:
3898:
3885:
3876:
3818:
3787:
3781:
3768:
3762:
3749:
3743:
3730:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3693:
3687:
3666:
3660:
3643:
3637:
3621:
3615:
3602:
3596:
3579:
3573:
3556:
3545:
3506:
3500:
3487:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3441:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3390:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3324:
3315:
3307:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3283:
3279:
3271:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3141:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3119:Kurpaska (2010)
3117:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3063:
3062:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3009:
3005:
2997:
2990:
2986:, pp. 5–6.
2982:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2871:
2867:, pp. 2–3.
2863:
2859:
2851:
2844:
2836:
2827:
2821:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2732:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2664:Written Chinese
2654:Lingnan culture
2640:
2576:
2254:
2241:are treated as
2067:
2043:
2033:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1973:Beijing dialect
1971:, based on the
1914:
1912:
1906:
1868:Doumen District
1860:Wuyi–Liangyang
1844:New Territories
1547:, covering the
1498:
1497:
1496:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1375:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1282:
1251:establishing a
1238:Cantonese opera
1205:
1108:, known as the
1102:
1021:
984:, which is the
929:
775:Tongyong Pinyin
765:
716:Literal meaning
513:Tongyong Pinyin
503:
436:Literal meaning
352:
338:
322:
319:
306:
299:
228:
200:
193:
165:
162:Language family
160:
151:
150:Native speakers
141:
104:
72:
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7171:
7169:
7161:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7135:
7134:
7125:
7124:
7114:
7111:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7086:Taiwanese kana
7083:
7082:
7081:
7076:
7066:
7065:
7064:
7059:
7057:Lessing-Othmer
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7001:
6999:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6970:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6948:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6899:
6890:
6881:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6859:Written Dungan
6856:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6843:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6815:
6813:
6806:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6764:Middle Chinese
6761:
6756:
6750:
6748:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6733:
6731:Wubi (Wang Ma)
6728:
6723:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6679:
6676:
6670:
6668:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6651:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6607:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6518:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6482:
6480:
6472:
6471:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6448:Xiangnan Tuhua
6445:
6440:
6435:
6433:Shaozhou Tuhua
6430:
6425:
6420:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6368:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6306:
6300:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6245:
6243:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6174:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6091:
6089:
6085:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6066:
6064:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6050:
6048:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6033:
6027:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5962:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5922:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5895:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5857:
5855:
5846:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5815:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5775:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5735:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5711:
5699:
5687:
5675:
5662:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5640:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5612:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5594:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5545:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5481:
5479:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5449:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5346:Renshou–Fushun
5343:
5342:
5341:
5331:
5320:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5271:
5266:
5260:
5258:
5256:Central Plains
5252:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5232:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5209:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5186:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5142:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5085:
5076:
5075:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5019:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5005:Tibeto-Kanauri
5002:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4978:Kuki-Chin–Naga
4975:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4941:
4928:
4926:
4917:
4916:
4909:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4879:
4866:
4864:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4831:
4826:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4789:
4787:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4701:
4699:
4697:Southeast Asia
4689:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4636:
4634:Angami–Pochuri
4631:
4625:
4623:
4612:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4588:
4576:
4569:
4561:
4559:
4558:Burmese border
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4491:
4476:
4474:
4453:
4452:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4423:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4409:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4388:
4375:
4373:
4364:
4363:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4328:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4302:
4295:
4287:
4285:
4260:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4201:
4174:
4173:External links
4171:
4170:
4169:
4140:
4122:(1): 109–152,
4111:
4081:
4078:978-7219059432
4059:
4033:
4030:978-7810293631
4007:
3981:
3955:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3915:
3902:
3896:
3883:
3785:
3779:
3766:
3760:
3747:
3741:
3728:
3710:
3704:
3691:
3685:
3664:
3658:
3641:
3635:
3619:
3613:
3600:
3594:
3577:
3571:
3554:
3543:
3504:
3498:
3485:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3447:
3432:
3420:
3408:
3396:
3394:, p. 217.
3381:
3369:
3367:, p. 101.
3354:
3342:
3330:
3328:, p. 193.
3313:
3311:, p. 204.
3301:
3289:
3287:, p. 193.
3277:
3275:, p. 216.
3258:
3246:
3242:Skeldon (2003)
3234:
3222:
3210:
3195:
3193:, p. 215.
3183:
3171:
3169:, p. 186.
3159:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3084:
3077:
3051:
3039:
3027:
3025:, p. 154.
3015:
3003:
2988:
2976:
2964:
2962:, p. 126.
2949:
2937:
2925:
2913:
2898:
2886:
2869:
2857:
2842:
2825:
2805:
2779:
2745:
2730:
2723:Victor H. Mair
2715:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2639:
2636:
2624:(cf. Mandarin
2575:
2572:
2253:
2250:
2066:
2063:
2059:Middle Chinese
2032:
2029:
2023:came from the
2001:Main article:
1998:
1995:
1908:Main article:
1905:
1902:
1898:Dapeng dialect
1894:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1810:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1783:
1779:and southeast
1775:: dialects of
1773:Sanyi–Zhaoqing
1760:
1759:
1741:
1727:
1713:
1687:
1686:
1664:
1654:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1556:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1494:
1480:
1479:
1466:
1452:
1451:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1421:
1410:
1409:
1396:
1366:
1359:
1358:Classification
1356:
1354:
1351:
1281:
1278:
1204:
1201:
1101:
1098:
1020:
1017:
1013:Middle Chinese
988:of the group.
943:Southern China
921:
920:
917:
916:
913:
912:
905:
896:
895:
889:
888:
878:
872:
871:
864:
858:
857:
850:
844:
843:
836:
830:
829:
827:Yue: Cantonese
823:
822:
815:
809:
808:
802:
801:
791:
785:
784:
777:
771:
770:
766:Kuang-tung Hua
761:
755:
754:
747:
741:
740:
734:
733:
732:Transcriptions
725:
724:
717:
713:
712:
709:
708:
705:
696:
695:
692:
691:
682:
676:
675:
666:
660:
659:
655:
654:
651:
650:
643:
634:
633:
627:
626:
616:
610:
609:
602:
596:
595:
588:
582:
581:
574:
568:
567:
565:Yue: Cantonese
561:
560:
553:
547:
546:
540:
539:
529:
523:
522:
515:
509:
508:
499:
493:
492:
485:
479:
478:
471:
465:
464:
458:
457:
456:Transcriptions
449:
448:
437:
433:
432:
429:
428:
425:
416:
415:
412:
411:
402:
396:
395:
386:
380:
379:
376:
375:
367:
366:
358:
357:
350:
344:
343:
336:
328:
327:
320:
315:
312:
311:
304:
296:
295:
294:Language codes
291:
290:
289:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
248:
236:
230:
229:
227:
226:
225:
224:
223:
222:
220:Middle Chinese
203:
201:
198:
195:
194:
192:
191:
190:
189:
188:
187:
168:
166:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
136:
132:
131:
110:
106:
105:
89:
81:
80:
62:
61:
57:
56:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7170:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7131:
7122:
7112:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7071:
7070:
7067:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7018:
7015:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7006:
7005:Cyrillization
7003:
7002:
7000:
6996:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6956:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6898:
6897:Script styles
6894:
6891:
6889:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6876:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6842:
6839:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6810:
6807:
6801:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6743:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6547:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6473:
6468:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6409:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6206:
6203:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5768:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5720:
5715:
5712:
5708:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5679:
5676:
5672:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5655:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5117:
5113:
5106:
5101:
5099:
5094:
5092:
5087:
5086:
5083:
5072:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5045:Proto-Karenic
5042:
5040:
5039:
5038:Proto-Loloish
5035:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5006:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4999:Tibeto-Burman
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4785:Burmo-Qiangic
4782:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4680:
4679:Jingpho–Luish
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4317:Baram–Thangmi
4315:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4249:
4244:
4242:
4237:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4109:
4108:9787219037232
4105:
4101:
4097:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4046:. Guangzhou:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4020:. Guangzhou:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3994:. Guangzhou:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3968:. Guangzhou:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3942:. Guangzhou:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3830:
3825:
3814:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3623:Norman, Jerry
3620:
3616:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3563:
3562:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3457:, p. 48.
3456:
3451:
3448:
3445:, p. 20.
3444:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3430:, p. 80.
3429:
3428:Norman (2003)
3424:
3421:
3418:, p. 77.
3417:
3416:Norman (2003)
3412:
3409:
3406:, p. 52.
3405:
3404:Norman (1988)
3400:
3397:
3393:
3392:Norman (1988)
3388:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3377:Norman (1988)
3373:
3370:
3366:
3365:Ramsey (1987)
3361:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3326:Norman (1988)
3322:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3297:Ramsey (1987)
3293:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3273:Norman (1988)
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3254:Ramsey (1987)
3250:
3247:
3244:, p. 57.
3243:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3211:
3208:, p. 10.
3207:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3191:Norman (1988)
3187:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3121:, p. 76.
3120:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3049:, p. 23.
3048:
3047:Ramsey (1987)
3043:
3040:
3036:
3035:Bolton (2011)
3031:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3013:, p. 70.
3012:
3007:
3004:
3001:, p. 99.
3000:
2999:Ramsey (1987)
2995:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2840:, p. 98.
2839:
2838:Ramsey (1987)
2834:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2794:
2790:
2787:Ager, Simon.
2783:
2780:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2602:
2596:
2595:Tai languages
2592:
2588:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2568:Bobai dialect
2564:
2558:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2539:
2529:
2519:
2513:
2503:
2493:
2487:
2477:
2467:
2461:
2451:
2441:
2437:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2314:
2312:
2303:
2302:entering tone
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2211:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2120:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2092:has become a
2078:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2004:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1958:lingua franca
1955:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1928:
1911:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1834:Shiqi dialect
1831:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1661:Yulin (Bobai)
1658:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1467:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1422:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1392:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1330:, Hakka, and
1329:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:Southern Song
1218:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:Tai languages
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:and then the
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1084:
1079:
1068:
1063:
1052:
1047:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
927:
918:
906:
904:
901:
897:
894:
890:
884:
879:
877:
873:
865:
863:
859:
851:
849:
845:
837:
835:
831:
828:
824:
816:
814:
810:
807:
803:
797:
792:
790:
786:
781:Guǎngdong-huà
778:
776:
772:
762:
760:
756:
748:
746:
742:
739:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
704:
701:
697:
693:
688:
683:
681:
677:
672:
667:
665:
661:
656:
644:
642:
639:
635:
632:
628:
622:
617:
615:
611:
603:
601:
597:
589:
587:
583:
575:
573:
569:
566:
562:
554:
552:
548:
545:
541:
535:
530:
528:
524:
516:
514:
510:
500:
498:
494:
486:
484:
480:
472:
470:
466:
463:
459:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
424:
421:
417:
413:
408:
403:
401:
397:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
372:
364:
359:
355:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
335:
334:
329:
325:
321:
318:
317:Linguist List
313:
309:
305:
302:
297:
292:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
256:
252:
249:
246:
242:
239:
238:
237:
235:
221:
218:
217:
216:
213:
212:
211:
208:
207:
206:
202:
196:
186:
183:
182:
181:
178:
177:
176:
173:
172:
171:
167:
163:
157:
153:
147:
144:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
102:
98:
94:
87:
82:
63:
58:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
7129:
7027:Hanyu Pinyin
7017:Romanization
6924:Semi-cursive
6769:Old Mandarin
6726:Stroke count
6653:
6646:
6568:Old National
6411:Unclassified
6231:
5316:Southwestern
5149:Northeastern
5131:Major groups
5120:
5070:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5022:
4997:
4943:
4936:
4911:
4897:
4890:
4881:
4874:
4833:
4818:Lolo-Burmese
4816:
4792:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4638:
4606:
4599:
4590:
4583:
4571:
4564:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4486:
4479:
4431:
4425:
4411:
4404:
4390:
4383:
4358:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4323:
4309:
4297:
4290:
4255:Sino-Tibetan
4216:
4212:
4180:
4148:
4144:
4119:
4115:
4044:粤西十县市粤方言调查报告
4018:粤北十县市粤方言调查报告
3906:
3887:
3878:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3821:
3820:
3810:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3770:
3751:
3732:
3722:
3695:
3668:
3645:
3626:
3604:
3581:
3560:
3548:
3515:(1): 51–74,
3512:
3508:
3489:
3480:
3450:
3423:
3411:
3399:
3372:
3345:
3333:
3304:
3292:
3280:
3249:
3237:
3232:, p. 4.
3230:Szeto (2001)
3225:
3213:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3150:
3138:
3126:
3114:
3102:
3064:
3042:
3030:
3018:
3006:
2979:
2974:, p. 5.
2967:
2940:
2933:Bauer (1996)
2928:
2923:, p. 6.
2916:
2911:, p. 4.
2896:, p. 3.
2889:
2884:, p. 2.
2860:
2855:, p. 1.
2808:
2796:. Retrieved
2792:
2782:
2759:
2748:
2743:, p. 2.
2718:
2701:
2693:
2629:
2619:
2609:
2603:
2584:
2577:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2541:
2535:
2525:
2515:
2509:
2499:
2489:
2483:
2473:
2463:
2457:
2447:
2425:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2315:
2308:
2255:
2247:
2243:labio-velars
2224:
2217:
2207:
2185:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2139:
2132:
2126:
2116:
2098:
2079:
2068:
2055:conservative
2052:
2021:
1988:
1986:
1978:
1966:
1945:
1943:
1930:
1927:Jasper Tsang
1895:
1887:
1847:
1786:
1761:
1688:
1582:
1580:
1535:
1369:
1348:
1321:
1298:
1290:
1283:
1245:maritime ban
1242:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1206:
1185:
1177:Southern Han
1170:
1146:Lingqu Canal
1117:
1103:
1091:
1075:
1059:
1043:
1033:
1022:
1009:conservative
998:
961:
959:
925:
924:
893:Southern Min
868:Guongdung wa
840:Gwóngdūng wá
819:Kuaon ton ho
813:Romanization
751:Guǎngdōnghuà
745:Hanyu Pinyin
707:Gwóngdūng wá
631:Southern Min
551:Romanization
469:Hanyu Pinyin
374:Yue language
348:Linguasphere
331:
184:
170:Sino-Tibetan
90:
7143:Yue Chinese
7096:Xiao'erjing
6958:Punctuation
6951:Traditional
6904:Oracle bone
6888:Logographic
6784:Proto-Hakka
6759:Eastern Han
6754:Old Chinese
6616:Classifiers
6583:Northern Wu
6511:Singaporean
5717: [
5705: [
5693: [
5681: [
5669: [
5059:Proto-Hakka
4988:Mahakiranti
4494:East Bodish
4274:Uttarakhand
4090:. Nanning:
4068:. Nanning:
3966:珠江三角洲方言词汇对照
3940:珠江三角洲方言字音对照
3735:, Longman,
3530:10220/38780
3465:Works cited
3179:Chen (2016)
2755:"Cantonese"
2276:, or stops
2235:monophthong
1933:the Emperor
1878:Liangyang:
1593:Pearl River
1538:Yuan Jiahua
1317:Leizhounese
1315:, but also
1309:Min Chinese
1286:Pearl River
1138:Xiang River
1114:Hundred Yue
1045:Gwóngdūngwá
1019:Terminology
1003:with other
909:Kńg-tang-oē
210:Old Chinese
199:Early forms
99:(left) and
97:Traditional
18:Yue dialect
7137:Categories
7047:Wade–Giles
6946:Simplified
6841:Vernacular
6834:in Vietnam
6687:Simplified
6674:Biaoxingma
6621:Honorifics
6556:Historical
6501:Philippine
6491:Sichuanese
6418:Badong Yao
6122:Shao–Jiang
5993:Philippine
5801:Xiangxiang
5796:Shuangfeng
5541:Taizhou Wu
5324:Sichuanese
4953:Idu–Taraon
4907:Miju–Meyor
4800:Gyalrongic
4646:Tangkhulic
4421:Raji–Raute
4197:2429/22089
4100:7219037236
4056:7810297252
4004:7540504854
3978:7540502606
3952:7540500565
3648:, London:
3309:Yan (2006)
3285:Yan (2006)
3167:Yue (2015)
3155:Yue (2006)
3143:Yan (2006)
3107:Yan (2006)
2776:required.)
2703:Ethnologue
2680:References
2574:Vocabulary
2551:four tones
2041:Taishanese
2035:See also:
2003:Taishanese
1997:Taishanese
1962:Taishanese
1931:Letter to
1710:Chinatowns
1706:Taishanese
1667:Yuhng–Cham
990:Taishanese
976:(Ngchow),
972:(Canton),
955:Liangguang
759:Wade–Giles
592:jyut6 jyu5
497:Wade–Giles
255:Taishanese
143:Taishanese
119:, western
101:Simplified
6985:Taiwanese
6975:Cantonese
6819:Classical
6779:Proto-Min
6714:Microsoft
6573:Cantonese
6549:Phonology
6530:Cantonese
6521:Singdarin
6506:Malaysian
6496:Taiwanese
6400:Rongjiang
6390:Yongjiang
6386:Southern
6371:Northern
6345:Luo–Guang
6254:Hong Kong
6249:Guangzhou
6205:Taiwanese
6198:Changting
6132:Zhanjiang
6046:Zhongshan
6013:Malaysian
6008:Singapore
5973:Zhangzhou
5925:Zhongshan
5818:Yong–Quan
5714:Jing-Zhan
5644:Xuancheng
5621:Jiangshan
5500:Changzhou
5421:Junjiahua
5274:Guanzhong
5157:Changchun
5052:Proto-Min
4983:Macro-Bai
4861:Arunachal
4854:(possible
4669:Boro–Garo
4573:Kuki-Chin
4556:and Indo-
4471:Arunachal
4458:Himalayas
4433:Tandrange
4400:Chepangic
4331:Dhimalish
4265:Himalayas
4165:600555701
4136:170745725
3992:珠江三角洲方言综述
3844:xiānshēng
3817:粵音構擬之二：聲母
3650:Routledge
3561:Cantonese
3539:154551337
2960:Li (2006)
2945:Li (2006)
2818:ISO 639-3
2685:Citations
2264:, nasals
2101:retroflex
2075:Old Xiang
2031:Phonology
1929:reciting
1910:Cantonese
1904:Cantonese
1880:Yangjiang
1829:Southern
1803:Cantonese
1793:dialects.
1769:Northern
1756:Fangcheng
1724:Lianjiang
1720:Yangjiang
1623:Zhongshan
1611:Hong Kong
1607:Guangzhou
1599:Guangfu (
1353:Varieties
1311:, mostly
1301:Guangdong
1209:Guangzhou
1158:Bei Jiang
1154:Gan River
978:Hong Kong
970:Guangzhou
966:Cantonese
962:Cantonese
960:The term
947:Guangdong
721:Guangdong
700:Cantonese
420:Cantonese
333:Glottolog
301:ISO 639-3
286:Luo–Guang
245:Cantonese
234:Varieties
139:Cantonese
135:Ethnicity
125:Hong Kong
113:Guangdong
60:Cantonese
7069:Bopomofo
6998:Phonetic
6990:Two-cell
6919:Clerical
6829:in Japan
6824:Adoption
6812:Official
6803:Literary
6678:Boshiamy
6655:Xiehouyu
6611:Numerals
6588:Mandarin
6516:Standard
6476:Standard
6350:Qin–Lian
6340:Yong–Xun
6325:Gao–Yang
6271:Jiujiang
6259:Malaysia
6193:Tingzhou
6144:Wenchang
6105:Jianyang
6095:Northern
6054:Sanxiang
5968:Quanzhou
5951:Southern
5920:Manjiang
5784:Changsha
5744:Nanchang
5739:Chang–Du
5636:Xuanzhou
5626:Qingtian
5580:Wencheng
5526:Jiangyin
5521:Jinxiang
5511:Shaoxing
5505:Hangzhou
5485:Shanghai
5426:Qinjiang
5334:Minjiang
5306:Xinjiang
5264:Dongping
5228:Jiaoliao
5167:Shenyang
5140:Mandarin
4857:isolates
4824:Mondzish
4752:Cai–Long
4500:Tshangla
4456:Eastern
4299:Tamangic
4269:Himachal
4263:Western
4257:branches
4157:23827041
4086:(1998).
4066:广西汉语方言研究
4064:(2007).
4042:(1998).
4016:(1994).
3990:(1990).
3964:(1988).
3938:(1987).
3625:(1988),
3071:, 2012,
2793:Omniglot
2725:(2009):
2638:See also
2591:Tengxian
2227:Tengxian
2105:alveolar
1982:Cantopop
1967:By law,
1884:Yangchun
1842:and the
1840:Dongguan
1798:Guangfu
1781:Zhaoqing
1744:Qin–Lian
1716:Gao–Yang
1698:Jiangmen
1657:Ngau–Lau
1647:Qingyuan
1643:Zhaoqing
1639:Shenzhen
1631:Dongguan
1621:such as
1563:Jiangmen
1553:Xi River
1490:Qin–Lian
1475:Gao–Yang
1462:Yong–Xun
1274:protests
1263:and the
1261:Cantopop
1150:Xi Jiang
1142:Li River
994:Jiangmen
848:Jyutping
586:Jyutping
557:Yoeh nyy
483:Bopomofo
441:Language
354:79-AAA-m
340:yuec1235
276:Qin–Lian
266:Yong–Xun
261:Gao–Yang
6968:Braille
6929:Cursive
6879:Scripts
6746:History
6736:ZhengMa
6682:Cangjie
6648:Chengyu
6603:Grammar
6578:Hokkien
6535:Hokkien
6443:Waxiang
6423:Danzhou
6395:Guandao
6380:Younian
6375:Tongdao
6364:Pinghua
6304:Taishan
6220:Raoping
6188:Huizhou
6178:Meixian
6154:Banqiao
6127:Leizhou
6117:Pu–Xian
6112:Central
6100:Jian'ou
6075:Longyan
6023:Teochew
5960:Hokkien
5935:Nanlang
5891:Fu–Ning
5871:Changle
5853:Houguan
5844:Eastern
5791:Loushao
5779:Changyi
5761:Da–Tong
5756:Ying–Yi
5702:Yanzhou
5570:Wenzhou
5563:Oujiang
5554:Tiantai
5549:Taizhou
5458:Zhi–Yan
5405:Nantong
5400:Nanjing
5375:Gui–Liu
5365:Nanping
5360:Kunming
5286:Luoyang
5241:Qingdao
5213:Tianjin
5190:Beijing
5182:Beijing
5071:Italics
4932:Siangic
4913:Songlin
4892:Kho-Bwa
4870:Hrusish
4852:Dubious
4835:Loloish
4829:Burmish
4794:Qiangic
4765:Longjia
4732:Karenic
4726:Nungish
4706:Sinitic
4592:Hkongso
4554:Myanmar
4524:Gongduk
4488:Tibetic
4406:Chepang
4379:Magaric
4325:Kiranti
4305:Newaric
4092:广西人民出版社
4070:广西人民出版社
4048:暨南大学出版社
4022:暨南大学出版社
3996:广东人民出版社
3970:广东人民出版社
3944:广东人民出版社
3839:Bāngxīn
3831:cháng:
3823:Shāngāo
3812:shēngmǔ
3627:Chinese
2798:5 March
2181:Tianjin
2177:Jiangxi
1822:Guiping
1818:Nanning
1814:Maoming
1791:Pinghua
1752:Qinzhou
1738:Huazhou
1734:Wuchuan
1702:Taishan
1694:Sze-yap
1683:Nanning
1589:Pinghua
1581:In the
1555:valley.
1430:Guangfu
1405:Gou–Lou
1391:Pinghua
1340:Hokkien
1332:Pinghua
1324:Guangxi
1313:Teochew
1144:by the
1110:Lingnan
1100:History
1077:baahkwá
1061:Yuhtyúh
951:Guangxi
900:Hokkien
723:speech'
638:Hokkien
578:Yuhtyúh
504:Yüeh-yü
427:Yuhtyúh
271:Gou–Lou
253:(incl.
243:(incl.
180:Chinese
175:Sinitic
117:Guangxi
92:Yuhtyúh
7037:Postal
7032:MPS II
6909:Bronze
6789:Ba–Shu
6709:Google
6704:Pinyin
6640:Idioms
6453:Yeheni
6335:Wu–Hua
6330:Goulou
6309:Xinhui
6286:Dapeng
6281:Weitou
6266:Xiguan
6241:Yuehai
6210:Sixian
6149:Haikou
6139:Hainan
6070:Zhenan
6036:Haklau
6031:Swatow
6003:Penang
5988:Taiwan
5983:Chawan
5930:Longdu
5899:Ningde
5876:Gutian
5866:Fuqing
5861:Fuzhou
5823:Qiyang
5806:Wugang
5751:Yi–Liu
5678:Xiu-Yi
5666:Ji-She
5616:Quzhou
5608:Chu–Qu
5598:Jinhua
5590:Wuzhou
5575:Rui'an
5516:Ningbo
5490:Suzhou
5380:Wuming
5351:Zigong
5339:Leshan
5301:Lanyin
5296:Dungan
5291:Xuzhou
5269:Gangou
5246:Weihai
5236:Dalian
5195:Taiwan
5162:Harbin
4945:Milang
4899:Puroik
4883:Mijiic
4807:Ersuic
4758:Caijia
4674:Konyak
4640:Meitei
4544:Chamdo
4481:Bodish
4467:Bhutan
4413:Bhujel
4360:Lepcha
4351:Lhokpu
4337:Dhimal
4282:Sikkim
4163:
4155:
4134:
4106:
4098:
4076:
4054:
4038:&
4028:
4012:&
4002:
3986:&
3976:
3960:&
3950:
3934:&
3913:
3894:
3869:lùnwén
3777:
3758:
3739:
3702:
3683:
3656:
3633:
3611:
3592:
3569:
3537:
3496:
3075:
2611:bīn-go
2520:, and
2417:, and
2353:, and
1946:Yuehai
1938:Su Xun
1888:Atlas'
1801:Core:
1787:Atlas'
1777:Foshan
1748:Beihai
1730:Wu–Hua
1651:Wuzhou
1635:Zhuhai
1627:Foshan
1572:Hamlim
1559:Seiyap
1545:Yuehai
1503:Wu–Hua
1501:
1488:
1473:
1460:
1445:
1428:
1403:
1344:Zhuang
1293:Wuzhou
1234:Nányīn
1193:Zhuang
1173:Nanyue
1118:Baiyue
1025:pinyin
974:Wuzhou
519:Yuè-yǔ
281:Wu–Hua
241:Yuehai
121:Hainan
109:Region
47:Yueyue
7101:Nüshu
6805:forms
6719:Sogou
6666:Input
6540:Hakka
6478:forms
6318:Other
6276:Shiqi
6215:Hailu
6183:Wuhua
6170:Hakka
6088:Other
6063:Other
5998:Pedan
5913:Other
5904:Fu'an
5881:Matsu
5813:Ji–Xu
5771:Xiang
5721:]
5709:]
5697:]
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