192:. He acknowledges the distinction between the cultures of the Whiteman and the Aboriginals, saying that is why the Aboriginals must have the ability to manage their own societies. Smith demonstrates that such a settlement can benefit the future generations. In the fourth part, titled "Tomorrow," Smith explained how the Yukon First Nations would use their independence if a settlement was reached. He noted eight different areas they would focus on:
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First
Nations ratified their land claims agreements in 1995. To date (January, 2016), eleven of the fourteen First Nations have signed and ratified an agreement. Presently, White River First Nation, Liard First Nation and Ross River Dena Council are not negotiating. They remain Indian Bands under the federal Indian Act.
289:, but it must benefit their own communities instead of the outside ones. Smith notes organizations necessary to manage land, money, and programs in Yukon. He concluded: "The first five years of the implementation will tell if this Settlement will be able to do for our children what we plan it to do".
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Each land claims agreement is also accompanied by a Self-Government agreement that gives First
Nations the right to enact legislation in a number of areas. These agreements provide First Nations with the power to control and direct their own affairs and outline the ability of a First Nation to assume
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is not relevant to the values and beliefs of the Yukon
Aboriginals. The Canadian government provides education regarding the economy, and primarily encourages students to go onto post secondary education. Smith believes that if Yukon First Nations are provided with the ability to change the education
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Negotiations resumed in the late 1980s and culminated to the "Umbrella Final
Agreement" (UFA) in 1990. The UFA is used as the framework or template for individual agreements with each of the fourteen Yukon First Nations recognized by the federal government. It was signed in 1993 and the first four
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The
Umbrella Final Agreement was the framework for negotiating individual Yukon First Nation Final and Self-Government Agreements. The UFA provided for a total amount of compensation and a land quantum amounting to about 8.5 per cent of the Yukon's area to be returned to First Nations. Most of the
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Smith also focuses on the cultural importance of the Yukon First
Nations. He states that the younger generations must be informed of their heritage in order to preserve it. In the past, the younger people were taught to be ashamed of their heritage, but this can be changed with a settlement. By
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The proposed settlement would benefit the elderly population of the Yukon society, who were living in senior citizen homes being taken care of by White administrators. He suggested they should move back into their villages and be cared for by their own people, with financial support through the
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The Final
Agreements are constitutionally-protected (section 35) modern-day treaties. They define First Nations rights on Settlement Land, and within their Traditional Territory. They address a number of matters including heritage, fish and wildlife, non-renewable resources, water management,
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Many of the communities in Yukon were extremely underdeveloped. Poor health, low income, poor housing, and unemployment are just a few factors that contributed to the poor state of these communities. Smith suggests that with the settlement, many communities will be able to create municipal
117:, the federal government regulated how they could use their land. Before the agreement, Yukon First Nations claimed the land and resources in Yukon as all under their ownership. This was based on traditional occupancy and use of that land. But, all affairs in Yukon were controlled by
257:, the majority of businesses were controlled by white employers. Smith said that Aboriginals had to be given a chance to take a bigger responsibility in the economic spectrum. He notes that the Yukon Native Brotherhood had proposed multiple economic development projects.
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Other provisions of the Land Claims agreement are the elimination of taxation exemptions for Yukon First
Nations people (effective January 1, 2001), a restriction of hunting rights of other aboriginal peoples on each First Nation's traditional territory, etc.
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land is owned outright by First Nation governments, although a number of existing reserves were also retained. It also called for the creation of a number of boards and committees to provide community-based input, recommendations, and decisions to government.
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programs that did not benefit the
Aboriginal population in Yukon, and in some cases did more harm than good. To change this, the Yukon First Nations will remove certain programs, and simultaneously implement new programs better tailored to their needs.
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121:. INAC had the responsibility to establish programs related to law, land reserves, health, social services, and housing. Yukon First Nation bands implemented these programs, but had no authority to modify them.
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highway. In the third part, he explored contemporary issues of the early 1970s. Smith tried to break the stereotype of the Yukon
Aboriginals at the time, challenging stereotypes by the
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In 1968, Chief Elijah Smith founded the Yukon Native Brotherhood with 12 Yukon First Nation bands. This brotherhood was formed in order to voice the Yukon First Nations
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In the introduction, Smith writes about the Yukon Native Brotherhood seeking a settlement that is fair and just both for the Yukon First Nations and the Government of
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Text of the Umbrella Final Agreement Between The Government Of Canada, The Council For Yukon Indians And The Government Of The Indians And The Government Of The Yukon
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Settlement Fund. This would also enable the elderly to pass down their wisdom to future generations, keeping alive the strengths of the Aboriginal culture.
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system, they would be able to create relevant and fitting programs for Aboriginal people. Programs could include education about the land, art, and craft.
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557:"Building The Future: Yukon First Nation Self-Government." Building The Future: Yukon First Nation Self-Government. AANDC, 2008. Web. 01 Apr. 2013.
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Lastly, Smith makes a point about privatized research about the progress in Yukon. He states that Yukon First Nations will conduct
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forming a settlement, the Yukon society will be able to focus on their culture without being influenced by the Whiteman.
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in 1902. Boss' letter was ignored by the federal government. It was not until the 1970s that the issue was raised again.
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He noted that Aboriginals of Yukon must have the option to create and distribute their own views through
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as the basis of the Yukon First Nations' claim to regain independence and self-governing authority.
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Horne, Marian C. "Canadian Parliamentary Review." RSS. N.p., 21 Mar. 2013. Web. 01 Apr. 2013.
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Process of negotiating and settling Indigenous land claim agreements in Yukon, Canada
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Mapping the Way - Information on Yukon Land Claim and Self-Government Agreements
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Backgrounder on Kluane First Nation Final and Self-Government Agreements
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governments. They could revive development and make better progress.
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Unlike most other Canadian land claims agreements that apply only to
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responsibility for delivering programs or services to its citizens.
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Smith, together with a delegation of other Yukon elders, including
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United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act
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585:"Elder who helped start Yukon land claim process dies at 86"
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The current process started in 1973 with the publication of
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National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
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between First Nations and the federal government. Based on
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The 11 First Nations signatories to the agreement are:
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did not conclude any treaties until the 1990s. Chief
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Richard Cardinal: Cry from a Diary of a Métis Child
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634:Together Today for Our Children Tomorrow
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1678:Foster Child
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1671:Finding Dawn
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1424:History wars
1301:Serena McKay
1190:Birth alerts
1147:Potlatch ban
1083: /
1045:
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968:Kaska Nation
962:
942:Upper Tanana
676:. Retrieved
674:. 2016-06-02
671:
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595:. Retrieved
593:. 2013-05-02
588:
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76:Elijah Smith
71:
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20:
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1736:Secret Path
1559:land claims
1475:Commissions
1222:Foster care
1142:Pass system
1137:Stereotypes
896:White River
856:Liard River
851:Kwanlin Dün
824:Governments
403:1995-02-14
97:formed the
1795:Categories
1743:This River
1627:Oka Crisis
1555:Indigenous
1076:gravesites
1047:Indian Act
1018:Background
790:Kaska Dena
678:2016-08-25
597:2013-05-12
524:2016-08-25
501:References
491:2005-10-22
481:2005-02-19
471:2003-10-18
461:2002-01-13
451:1998-07-16
441:1997-07-21
431:1997-07-21
421:1993-05-29
411:1993-05-29
400:1993-05-29
390:1993-05-29
382:In Effect
275:newspapers
1582:Land Back
1412:Responses
905:Languages
236:Education
176:of 1896,
170:Fur Trade
74:by Chief
1706:Pig Girl
1170:Specific
1063:Genocide
927:Tutchone
912:Gwich’in
780:Gwich'in
590:CBC News
287:research
281:Research
196:Programs
190:Whiteman
186:Whiteman
93:and the
57:Jim Boss
51:, Yukon
1545:Related
1494:Holiday
1419:AmINext
1370:Inquiry
937:Tlingit
871:Selkirk
810:Tlingit
773:Peoples
764:in the
153:of the
59:of the
43:History
1547:topics
1172:issues
1129:Racism
932:Tagish
846:Kluane
805:Tagish
379:Signed
273:, and
182:Alaska
172:, the
166:Canada
131:rights
49:Canada
33:Canada
1750:Taken
1651:Media
1596:
1557:
1510:Legal
1484:IRSSA
1338:
1254:
1181:
951:Other
922:Kaska
766:Yukon
494:2006
267:radio
255:Yukon
29:Yukon
1663:list
1353:2020
1081:list
19:The
1594:and
917:Hän
785:Hän
253:In
1797::
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657:^
606:^
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563:^
547:^
517:.
277:.
271:TV
269:,
137:.
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