Yule Marble - Knowledge (XXG)

1173:) from Quarry 3 at 125 feet (38 m) below the opening from early in 1930 to January 1931. The cap was quarried on the first try while the base required three attempts. (No data available as to quarrying the plinth). The die was worked by 75 men for one year and three attempts until a 56-ton (55.86 metric) block came out of the quarry in late January 1931. When the block was cut from the mountain it weighed 124 tons (123.69 metric). A wire saw was then brought in to cut the block down to 56 tons (55.68 metric). Because of the weight, Vermont Marble Company sent to the quarry a special derrick that was reinforced and heavily rigged. The initial lift was just enough to clear the quarry floor so the block could hang for 15 minutes while the hoist was inspected for stress. Once out of the quarry, the trip to down to Marble took four days with the die block arriving on the grounds of the mill site on 3 February 1931. On 8 February, the block was shipped to Vermont for cutting to final dimensions and carving the 1873: 1127:

completed 5 months ahead of schedule. Only a small amount of the marble quarried ever reached the finishing mill. The amount of rejection is based on summary statements given by the company president J.F. Manning. In June 1914, Manning estimated that a monthly quarrying of 80,000 square feet (7,400 m) would yield 12,000 square feet (1,100 m) to 15,000 square feet (1,400 m) of acceptable marble. In 1915, Manning stated sometimes less than 10% of the quarried marble was shipped to the Memorial site. Once delivered to the mill site, marble blocks for other than the columns were taken to Shop 3 after being sawed into multiple pieces with a wire saw and the gang saws in one of the two mills. The wire saw and 20 of the 30 gangs saws were cutting nothing but Memorial marble 24 hours a day in May 1914. Marble for the 38 columns was offloaded in front of Shop 4. Each column comprised 11 drums and the top piece, with each of the 418 marble drums taking more than 18 hours to fashion.

803:(to the left of the machine shop), and the compressor house (first building on the right of opening 2 and left of the boiler house). The boarding house (not visible to the right of opening 1) was also relocated. In 1910, a new system was finished to get the stone from the quarry down to the finishing mill in the town of Marble. Two tall wooden derricks (one to the left opening 2 and another on the east side of Yule Creek) suspended an 880 feet (270 m) long cable. The 50-ton (49.875 metric ton) electric hoist attached a block to the cable for lowering marble 225 feet (69 m) to the new loading station and onto a railroad car (on standard gauge track) towed by the new electric tram finished in 1910. The electric tram replaced the Pea Vine. After closing in October 1941, the equipment inside was removed and the wood structures fell apart. 2013: 713:(1893). The companies had different degrees of development and success with the quarry of John Osgood obtaining a major contract in 1895 to supply 140,000 square feet (13,000 m) of marble for the new state capitol in Denver, Colorado. After this initial success, little production has accomplished by Osgood or the other two companies. The Osgood operation was well financed but even he was afflicted by the problems associated with developing and operating a quarry in the Yule Creek Valley. Also the lack of transportation to move enough of the stone out of Marble added to the difficulties. Taken together, these factors resulted in high operating costs that could not be covered by marble revenue. The high cost problems would also affect the next quarry and its operators up to the present time. 1935: 965:

station where the block was transferred to a wagon for towing to the mill site. The wagons were first towed by teams of four horses then in 1908 by a 110-horsepower steam tractor previously used for logging. The road to the mill site was built in the 1890s by John Osgood to his quarry, which was just below the CYMC started quarry. By 1910, the method changed with the 50-ton hoist attaching a block to an overhead cable for lowering 225 feet (69 m) to a new loading station. Here the block was placed on a flatcar for towing by an electric tram (designed by General Electric) on standard-gauge railroad track to the town of Marble and into the mill site. Electricity to power the tram came from the CYMC-built hydro-electric plant located just east of the town.

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contracts reaching one million dollars. The marble boom also resulted in one for the town of Marble. While the CYMC overcame some quarry problems of the previous 20 years, other difficulties ultimately led to their bankruptcy in April 1917. Subsequent operations from 1922 through 1941 were on a much smaller scale with several different operators and dramatic fluctuations in quarrying until the next bust at the end of 1941 After almost 50 years the quarry reopened in September 1990. The 1905 problems of transporting marble out of the town have been largely solved (by road and trucks) but the high costs of working in a mountain environment still exist today, and there have been several operator changes with the last one in 2010.

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the right of opening 2). In front of the boiler house is a 50-ton (49.875 metric ton) electric hoist and the hoist electric power house is to the right of the boiler house. Below the boiler house area near the bottom of the photo is the Pea Vine (winch-cable powered carts on rails) used to move marble from the quarry to the loading station several hundred feet away, where it was placed on wagons for transport to the mill site. There are other facilities to the right of opening 1; compressor house, machine shop, and bunk house. To provide the needed electricity, the company built a hydro-electric plant with the generators located just east of the town limits and completed in July 1907.

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move the block away from the mountain after all sides have been cut). Next is the back cut with a wire saw followed by chain saws to cut the vertical sides. A metal bag is then inserted behind the back cut and filled with water, which pushes the block away from the rock face (on the metal rollers). The block is then rigged for lifting by forklift and placed on a haul truck and driven out of the mountain and down to the staging area on the grounds of the old mill site. When the quarry opened in 1990, a 16-by-16-foot (4.9 by 4.9 m) tunnel had been blasted through the mountain and into the quarry interior to enable marble to be driven out of the quarry.

2913: 3869: 2344: 4126: 4371: 3085: 4441: 1760: 2242: 980: 61: 4104: 3556: 4325: 2048: 752:(400 m) over 3.9 miles (6.3 km) with grades up to 54% (17% starting in 1910). In Marble, the stone entered an enormous CYMC mill site and was transformed into a variety of finished objects. The site was 150 feet (46 m) feet at its widest point and almost 1,400 feet (430 m) long under one roof, totaling 108,000 square feet (10,000 m). (It was the largest operation of its kind in the world.) Finished marble was moved into railroad cars of the CYMC-built Crystal River & San Juan Railway (CR&SJ) for shipment throughout the country. 2475: 992: 3787: 4236: 1016: 3254: 2959: 4262: 1708: 3515: 3111: 1004: 1896: 3763: 3909: 2873: 2797: 7062: 7074: 2421: 3847: 1355: 1798: 662:

generate interest. The marble became lost again, and was rediscovered 10 years later, yet again by accident. By this time, prospectors were digging into Whitehouse Mountain for silver and gold when they encountered the Treasure Mountain Dome and thick marble. This time a transition started that moved the town away from mining to one of quarrying marble, although some locals were still involved with mining in 1910. The transition enabled the town to survive while nearby towns such as

3630: 734: 2301: 1093: 2654: 2198: 821: 1181:. The work was completed in September and arrived at Arlington National Cemetery the same month. Assembly started in September but after the base piece was put in place, imperfections were discovered halting the work until a replacement was received. Three attempts were made before an acceptable piece was quarried. In December, the replacement base arrived and the assembly was completed 31 December 1931. This was followed by the carving work on the die block by the 2593: 795: 442: 4485: 3455: 2761: 1363:

other repairs. On 15 September 1990, the first marble block to come out of the quarry since 1941 arrived in Marble. Riding in the truck was Elmer Bair, the 1931 motorman of the lead electric tram that brought down the body block for the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in February 1931. But as with the original Colorado-Yule Marble Company 80 years before, the new company went bankrupt in 1997. Since that time there have been several changes of operator.

610:. In 1931, the 56-ton (55.86 metric ton) block for the die section (on which six wreaths, three Greek figures, and the inscription were carved) was the largest single piece of marble ever quarried at that time. Today, the marble is primarily shipped to Italy to supply fabricators throughout Europe. Blocks also go to Saudi Arabia, Peru, and other developing international markets. Finished marble is used for tile and slabs (walls, countertops, etc.). 3669: 475:

and the grains become rounded. As the surface grains become round, they loosen and fall off the surface of the stone. Because Yule Marble is finely grained with tight bonding, water is not likely to react as quickly as with a coarse-grained, loose-textured marble. Also the crenulated boundaries of Yule Marble crystals may account for the weathering resistance, because the spaces between grains must be widened enough to free adjoining crystals.

3991: 2512: 2070: 1622: 2092: 919:, in Cleveland, Ohio. Though intended for single men, the 1910 census recorded 66 residents of which 44 were men, 9 were women, and 13 were children. In the winter time, Quarry Town folk would ski down to Marble then return by holding onto an electric tram going up to the quarry (an early Colorado ski lift). Quarry Town was abandoned after the quarry closed in 1941 and today only a few scraps remain located behind the quarry fence. 1347: 1058:, Ohio, and set off a quarrying boom. In spite of the increased quarrying, by 1913 the company was in financial trouble due to the huge start-up debt and high operating costs not generating enough revenue to pay down the debt. A loan of $ 1,868,000 was obtained in early February 1913 and used to refinance to debt. In spite of the financial difficulty orders kept coming in with the first contract of one million dollars for the 5428: 564: 154: 1596: 726: 579:

periods of operation and the amount of marble that can be brought down from the quarry. In the early years a lack of transportation to move enough of the stone out of Marble added to the difficulties. The transportation problem was largely mitigated by the advent of a railroad (1906 through 1941) and by road and truck since 1990. The cutting rates of today's equipment are much faster than the 1911 technology.

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build the church. The foundation was laid and a cornerstone ceremony was held in 1912. However, the quarrying stopped in August 1912 when company president Channing Meek died of injuries received from an electric tram accident on the quarry road and his successor did not want to continue the marble donation. Today, much of the foundation is still present as is the cabin across the street to the right.

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the need to constantly pump out water. With the marble dust created from the cutting, the floor is covered with marble mud. The interior temperature normally varies no more than 20 °F (11 °C) ranging from 20 to 40 °F (−7 to 4 °C), although temperatures have reached from −40 °F (−40 °C) to a high of 49 °F (9 °C).

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April 1905 and subsequently became the CYMC president. The marble deposit that became the quarry of the CYMC was acquired on 14 November 1905 from Osgood. (Osgood never quarried the marble because of financial problems.) Because the three remaining quarries had no more production to speak of this leaves only the quarry started by the CYMC in 1905.

5440: 5746:(Draft) Memorandum of agreement among Arlington National Cemetery, The Virginia State Historic Preservation Office, The Advisory Council of Historic Preservation, The National Park Service, and the Department of Veterans Affairs Regard the Tomb of the Unknowns Monument replacement project Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington County, Virginia 6816: 1454:. In September 2002, he read that the quarry crew "was getting ready to look for and replace the tomb's marble and that the (Veterans Administration) and Arlington were accepting bids on the replacement piece." With that he decided to pay the $ 31,000 for the replacement block. Arlington National Cemetery Superintendent 1470:. On 26 September 2007, the Senate passed the Akaka-Webb amendment to prohibit replacing the cracked Tomb marble. On 26 June 2009, the Army and ANC announced the Tomb would be repaired. The repairs of April 2010 failed after two months and were redone in September 2011. A 21 October 2011 inspection by the 583:

started in the early 1890s) and the present-day quarry started in 1905 by the Colorado-Yule Marble Company inside the mountain. The east side quarry, started in 1904 by the Strauss brothers, was quarried inside Whitehouse Mountain. Most marble quarries in the world today are pit-type operations, such as

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A partial list of structures containing Yule marble, 1905 to 1941, from the quarry started by the Colorado-Yule Marble Company. The Colorado state capitol was an 1895 contract with the quarry of John Osgood. The dollar amount after a building name is the amount of marble. Marble ranged from a single

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In 1988, Denver oilman Stacy Dunn and another associate undertook the reopening of the quarry forming the new Colorado-Yule Marble Company. Mr Dunn though was killed in a car accident before the opening. Getting the quarry to operating condition required pumping out millions of gallons of water among

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Methods for cutting a block can vary depending on the formation and other factors, but usually involve three types of saws (wire and two chain types of which all three are diamond edged). The usual approach starts with a horizontal cut at the bottom after which metal rollers are inserted (on which to

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Reaching the mill site, the marble went into an expansive finishing mill built by CYMC from 1907 through 1910. At its widest point the mill site was 150 feet (46 m) and almost 1,400 feet (430 m) long totaling 108,000 square feet (10,000 m) (the largest finishing mill in the world under

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Cutting a block involved a channeling machine (consisting of several drill bits and powered by electricity or steam) that made vertical holes from the top down. Next the bottom was cut by drilling horizontal holes. The block was then freed from the mountainside by inserting wedges into the horizontal

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The civic-mindedness of the workers and the company is demonstrated through their donations to build the all-marble Columbus Catholic Church in Marble (on Park Street, between West 3rd Street and West 2nd Street). The company was donating the marble and the workers their time to quarry and cut it and

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for overtime, and double time on Sunday. The company management quickly won the support of the public. By September, only 20 men were working at the mill and even fewer at the quarry. The strike lasted until 2 November with the workers going back to work at reduced wages. Full operations were resumed

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Bootlegging started when Marble went dry after alcohol prohibition was passed by the voters on 3 December 1908. Prohibition was backed by the company because drunkenness was affecting the operation. Prohibition left workers in Quarry Town and folks in Marble without a close liquor supply (the town of

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The same geology that created the marble also created a host of problems in quarrying the stone. Quarrying in this high altitude environment with steep slopes, deep snow, and snow-mud slides is so expensive that advances in technology have not been able to overcome the challenges. These factors limit

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wanted to use Yule marble in spite of its higher cost because the stones "whiteness and delicate veining" placed it "above any white building marble in appearance that I have seen here or abroad". The Memorial commission voted to award the marble contract for Yule marble on 26 September 1913 but the

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The cutting rates of today are many factors greater than in 1911 when a wire saw was sometimes used before a block was removed. In 1911, such a saw was new technology and had a cut rate of about 2 inches (51 mm) an hour. A modern wire or chain saw can cut more than 50 inches (1,300 mm) in

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In the early years, the quarry was three separate caverns inside the marble formation. By 1914 a tunnel connected the three caverns. As the quarry went further down into the marble the three caverns eventually joined into one. The marble quarry is similar to coal mines and other underground mines in

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To operate the quarries, structures for various functions were built around the quarry exterior. Wooden derricks were located by and above the openings to lift blocks out of the quarries. The boiler house (providing steam power for quarrying equipment) was the last major addition (second building to

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When the Colorado-Yule Marble Company (CYMC) arrived in Marble in 1905 they developed the last Yule Marble quarry, which is still in production today. The operation showed the unrealized promise of the previous 20 years with a 10-year boom in which marble was shipped to the east and west coasts with

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In 1905, another major transfer of leases took place with acquisitions by the newly formed Colorado-Yule Marble Company (CYMC). First was Channing Meek purchasing the marble deposits of the Marble City Quarry Company on 28 February 1905. He in turn sold the deposits to the newly formed CYMC on 11

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Colorado Marble and Mining was formed in 1891, by Steven Keene with capital stock of $ 1,000,000. In 1909 the lease was transferred to Monarch Marble, in 1921 to Colorado White Marble Company (by the Morman Church of Missouri) and out of business in 1926. Attempted to restart in 1937 but were unable

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Valley in the spring of 1873 by geologist Sylvester Richardson. George Yule (for whom the marble was later named) was the prospector who "rediscovered" the marble in 1874. In the same year, an unknown person took some marble—from which polished samples were made—and appeared in Denver but failed to

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and transverse strength, but they are not unreasonably low. For ordinary uses, stone having a compressive strength of 5,000 lb per square inch is satisfactory. Test results from 1913 to 1937 ranged from 6,694 to 10,195 pounds per square inch (471 to 717 kg per square cm); in 1996, results

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When marble does break down, the cause is weak boundaries between the grains that permit water or solutions to penetrate into the marble. As water enters, the calcite grains dissolve slightly, and the opening between the grains widens. With time, as the grain openings widen, the edges become smooth,

4684:. In April 1905 he became president of the Colorado-Yule Marble Company and was the driving force behind the operation. He died 14 August 1912 from injuries sustained when he jumped from a runaway tram coming down from the quarry. "Marble Colorado: City of Stone" and "Marble: A Town Build on Dreams" 972:

Shipment of the finished marble was done by the Crystal River and San Juan Railway (created by CYMC and completed November 1906). Railroad tracks were parallel with the mill site and the marble was rolled on a cart out a mill site building and into the railroad car. In some shops the railroad cars

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By 1914 the quarry configuration had gone through several changes but from then on remained largely unchanged until the shut down in 1941. Several buildings located to the right of opening 1 had been relocated to opening 3, such as the machine shop (first building to the left of opening 2), offices

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southward reaching Redstone in June 1900. By the early 1900s, the line reached its final destination of Placita.) In 1910, the CR&SJ obtained a right-of-way to operate on the CRR line to Carbondale, 28 miles (45 km) from Marble. The railway also increased the efficiency of getting supplies

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The overall configuration of the grain is small, irregularly shaped, generally equidimensional to slightly elongated with irregular edges and does not vary significantly among the different grades (in 1992). The edges of the calcite grains are deeply crenulated (irregularly and minutely notched and

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Quarring techniques had changed since the miners initial quarrying of the mid-1880s with blasting being replaced with equipment to drill and cut. The miners were familiar with explosives plus they did not have the capital for machinery. The machinery reduced waste because blasting damaged a lot of

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the wooden bench, was lowered over the mountainside, and started cutting marble. After that no worker refused to go over the side and cut marble. Quarry 2 was followed by #3 in 1907 and #1 in 1912. A fourth opening to the left of #3 (out of view) was started but did not become a producing quarry.

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1905 development started the first of three quarry openings with #2 in 1905. When Quarry 2 cutting started, none of the workers wanted to hang off the edge of the cliff sitting on a wooden bench attached to an overhead derrick. So the company president, Channing Meek, came up to the quarry, sat on

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Building the CR&SJ solved a major problem of no viable transportation to move large quantities of the stone out of Marble. In November 1906, the CR&SJ completed a 6-mile (10 km) railway line from Marble to Placita, where it connected to the Crystal River Railway (CRR). (To support his

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The town also declined but had some revival. The marble shutdown and a 1941 flood led to a population decline to about 30 people and the post office closing in 1943. After the war ended and a 1945 flood, more people moved out leaving only Theresa Herman (the school teacher). The population did

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Once out of the quarry, a block was moved to a loading station for transport to the mill site. The first method (1906 through 1909) used the 50-ton electric hoist, which lowered the block down and onto a Pea Vine cable-powered cart. The cart then moved on rails with downgrades to 54% to a loading

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Located along and above the east and west side of Yule Creek, from an elevation of 9,000 feet (2,700 m) to 9,500 feet (2,900 m) were five quarries, of which only one on the west side is in operation today. Those on the west were the most productive being the John Osgood quarry (pit-type

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images. There are 2,000–3,000 grains to the square centimeter (0.1550 square inches). Where the marble is in direct contact with the intrusive granite, the most consistent change in the marble is that it becomes extremely coarse-grained, with the grain size in the contact zone being 10 mm to

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Today only a few people of the 110 or so full-time Marble residents make up the 15–20 quarry employees. The town does receive a monthly rent from the quarry company to use part of the old mill site grounds (West 3rd Street and the Crystal River) to store quarried blocks until they are shipped to

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The bust came barely one month after the final June 1916 shipment of marble for the Lincoln Memorial when the company went into receivership on 18 July 1916 and ceased operations 15 April 1917. The bust was caused by many factors such as the loss of skilled foreign-born craftsmen who returned to

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April 1914 – June 1916:marble blocks for Lincoln Memorial column sections (aka drums) at 8.333 feet (2.540 m) x 8.333 feet (2.540 m) x 4.5 feet (1.4 m) weighing 26.25 tons (26.18 metric tons) each. The man on the left is Henry Johnson, the photographer for the Colorado-Yule Marble

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Lifting out of the quarry required a hole to be made through the block so a cable could be inserted to pull the block away so other cables could be attached for lifting out of the quarry. The lifting was done with wooden derricks above and outside of the quarry or the 50-ton electric hoist if in

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holes, then inserting feathers until the block broke free. Sometimes in winter, water was poured into the holes so the expansion of the freezing water would break the block loose. Sometimes a wire saw would cut the quarried block inside the quarry into individual blocks before it was lifted out.

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Residence location showed only a few of the workers lived in Marble; the 1910 census recorded 14 quarry employees there, and the rest lived in Quarry Town. Built by the CYMC, Quarry Town came into existence shortly after November 1908 as a settlement of bunkhouses and shacks just to the west and

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census recorded 57 quarry workers with 50 American born, 4 Italian, 2 German, and 1 Austrian. The marble mill employed 291 people of which 110 were American born and 120 born in Italy. As a side note, of the 481 town residents who were employed in 1910, 326 (66%) worked in the marble operation.

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The number of people working in the quarry varied from 57 in 1910 to a maximum during the 1905–1917 boom of about 125. (Today that number varies between 15 and 20.) The 1910 census shows most quarry personnel were American born, although the mill site employed more Italian-born workers. The 1910

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periods since quarrying started in the mid-1880s, making the town emblematic of the economic fluctuations that beset a single-industry economy. Technology advancements in quarrying machinery and transportation have reduced, but not solved, the cost problem that afflicts the operation through the

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When the quarry reopened in 1990, the functions of the previous structures that were needed were located inside the quarry. The only structures remaining from prior to 1942 are the two cable derricks. One major 1990 alteration to the cliff was the blasting of a 16-by-16-foot (4.9 by 4.9 m)

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2nd of 3 uplifts of the present-day Rockies. Volcanic activity with magma intrusions pushing up from below crystallized the limestone into marble. When the magma cooled it crystallized turning into granite. The upward push of the magma against the limestone resulted in the marble being tilted

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at an angle into the mountain. The marble unit along with older and younger adjacent units in the Yule Valley have a north-northwest strike paralleling the valley and variable dips of 35 to 50 degrees to the west-southwest. This local contact with the heat and pressure from the intrusion of hot

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requested a letter on the donation and was sent one. Mr Haines also arranged for free transportation to Arlington National Cemetery. In 2003 a prospective block was found and quarrying began. To record the activity, Ron Bailey photographed the event. When the block came free from the mountain,

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and a decline in the demand for marble brought about by the war. But the main cause was the huge debt incurred with the development of the integrated operation during 1905–1907. Even though the quarry had received a lot of contracts and some very lucrative, the operation (quarry, mill site and

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Development of the integrated operation also created a large debt that led directly to receivership in July 1916 and bankruptcy in April 1917. Although the spending created an operation using the best equipment and was technically efficient, the company was unable to repay the debt with marble

5464:"English: A partial list of where quarried Yule Mable went and what it was used in. With a few exceptions the dates of the locations-buildings is 1905 through 1941. All came from the quary started in 1905 by the Colorado Yule Marble Company (except for the Colorado state capitol of 1893–1895)" 1156:

Though the quarry was out of bankruptcy in April 1921, quarrying did not resume until April 1922 and with divided ownership. The bankruptcy settlement resulted in the Carrara Company owning the quarry and the tram line to the mill site while Yule Marble of Colorado owned the mill site and the

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The contract was the most expensive and most demanding in the history of Yule marble at $ 1,080,000. The marble came out of Quarry 3, with the first shipment leaving Marble on 25 May 1914 and the final on 16 June 1916. The high standards resulted in a high rejection rate, yet the contract was

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Crystal River Marble Company was formed on 12 April 1904, by the Strauss brothers. The quarry was on the east side of Yule Creek inside Treasure Mountain. In support of their operation they completed the Treasury Mountain Railway in August 1910. They had little marble production with no major

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Out of bankruptcy in April 1921, the operation was on a much smaller scale than before the 1917 bust. The amount quarried was greatly reduced and experienced several fluctuations in output and changes in operators. The fortunes of the town also went up and down with the marble fluctuation as

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of 170 pounds per cubic foot (2,700 kg/m). The non-calcite inclusions were caused through penetrations along the seams created by the dome uplift rather than through metamorphic contact with the uplifted dome. Though marble is on both sides of the creek, the only visible marble is the

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The quarry was part of the integrated operation created by the CYMC during 1905 into 1907, and was retained by subsequent operators until the quarry shut down in 1941. Once marble was out of the quarry, it was lowered onto CYMC transport for movement down to Marble, a descent of 1,300 feet

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As the marble industry cycled, the town's economy, being based on a single industry, also fluctuated. At the same time, had Marble not made the transition from its origins as a mining town to quarrying Yule Marble, the town would have died, as did other Colorado mining towns such as nearby

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Meek, born in Iowa on 26 September 1865, was an industrialist in diverse activities from the Shredded Wheat Company to various railroads. As a child he had been a marble cutter. As president of Colorado Coal and Iron he merged with John C. Osgood's Colorado Fuel Company in 1893 to form

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By July 1907 the initial construction of the quarry and the rest of the system was finished but marble was being shipped out before though only in small amounts and advertising pieces. The first major contract came in late October 1907 to supply $ 500,000 worth of marble for the

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about the use of Yule marble, and a reply was sent five days later that compared to the other marbles submitted for consideration Yule "fit pre-eminently for a structure of the character of the Lincoln Memorial". The contract for Yule marble was awarded 14 March 1914.

231:. The lack of conformable boundaries in exposures along the Treasure Mountain dome explains the variation in reported thicknesses in the quarry area west of Yule Creek of 166–239 feet (51–73 m) about 2,000 feet (610 m) southeast of the quarry. The overlying 1110:

matter was not settled. Other bidders raised objections about Yule quality, ability to quarry the needed quantity and its durability. Colonel W. W. Harts, the US Army Engineer Officer in charge of Public Grounds and overseer of the project, commissioned geologist

694:, 12 miles (19 km) from the town of Marble. In the late 1890s, he formed Yule Creek White Marble Company, then reorganized in 1905 as Redstone Marble. The reorganization did not result in any quarrying and the company was out of business on 5 September 1917. 6170: 761:

to the operation from outside the Crystal River Valley. The town's residents benefited by the railroad for transportation with the depot on the grounds of the mill site. In later years, livestock was transported out of the Crystal River Valley by the railroad.

1463:. Another search started with a flawless block quarried and brought down to the storage area in Marble in 2005. Since 2005, the block has remained on the same yellow flatbed trailer in the north-west corner of the storage yard due to replacement opposition. 1015: 449:

It is the grain of Yule Marble that gives an appearance of smooth texture, a homogeneous look, and a luminous surface that polishes well. These qualities are why it has been chosen for a number of major national and state landmarks, most notably the

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1906: Looking north through the Yule Creek Valley leading down to Marble (out of view) 1,300 feet (400 m) below. Left is Quarry 2 in the mountain side. Far right-below is Yule Creek at approx. 300 feet (91 m) below the bottom of Quarry

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marble worker immigrants with most of them in the mill site. There were two newspapers, three hotels, movie theater, ice cream parlor, five ice houses, and nine stables among other businesses. In January 1910, a movie was premiered in Marble,

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Leadville Limestone formed in a shallow, warm sea that covered Central Colorado through the accumulation of calcite from the remains of marine life. Today that limestone, which became Yule Marble, is 9,300 feet (2,800 m) above sea level.

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epochs (34 to 28 million years ago) associated with the intrusion and uplift of the nearby granitic Treasure Mountain Dome. The uplift of the Treasure Mountain Dome tilted the limestone away from the intrusion resulting in the marble bed

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building in 1895. Yule Marble quarried between 1907 and 1941 can be found in banks, mausoleums, libraries, schools, hotels, and government buildings from the west coast (Seattle south to Los Angeles) to the east coast, including the

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Since 1988 Marble Colorado has been the site of annual Sculpting Symposia. These symposia are attended by professional and amateur sculptors from the US and foreign countries. These symposia utilize the marble from this mountain.

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Shortly after assembly of the Tomb was completed on 9 April 1932, cracks developed in the main block (wreaths, Greek figures and the inscription) and grew longer over time. The cracks were filled in 1974 and 1989. By 1990, the

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ostensibly ended it. In 1942 the mill site was taken apart and the railroad tracks removed. A hoped for renewed marble demand did not happen after World War II ended. The quarry sat idle and the interior filled with water.

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railroad. Both companies realized the need to cooperate and functioned as an integrated operation and later merged into Consolidated Yule Marble Company, 24 April 1924. There were other changes of owner and operators with the

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Redstone was 12 miles (19 km) away). For those purchasing liquor from a bootlegger there were no legal worries for the law only made it illegal to sell or give away liquor; it was not illegal to purchase alcohol.

478:

Included in the grains are intrusions (non-calcite material) which does not vary significantly among the four grades; tests in the late 1990s confirm the 1910 amount of 0.5%. Constant inclusions in all Yules are

109:. First discovered in 1873, it is quarried underground at an elevation of 9,300 feet (2,800 m) above sea level—in contrast to most marble, which is quarried from an open pit and at much lower elevations. 4787:. However, all marble work is on the interior of the building. The National Register of Historic Places nomination form for the courthouse discusses the use of marble, but does not state its provenance. See: 320:

Development of Yule Marble is put into context with Colorado geology by showing the passage of time from earliest rock units to the present with "Ga" = billions of years ago and "Ma" = millions of years ago.

1872: 6484: 4771: 369:

Ancestral Rockies start and eroded away. The town of Marble was located at the edge of the Ancestral Rockies. Limestone was stripped away by erosion leaving the rest buried until 72 million years ago.

6719:

for "Broken Arrow" yield no convincing evidence that a settlement of that name exists or existed. Broken Bow, Nebraska has an I.O.O.F. hall, now the Tiffany Theater: note the organization's emblem in

973:

were brought into the shop for loading. The company railroad then transported the marble 28 miles (45 km) north to Carbondale, Colorado, where the cars were connected to other railway trains.

930:, they earned 40 cents an hour. A strike lasting three months started at the mill on 4 August 1909, and by the next day quarry workers started to join. The strikers were demanding an 8-hour day, 1003: 729:

1907: Looking east at the CYMC quarry, west side of Yule Creek. Visible is the marble vein over one mile (1.6 km) wide with thickness of 169 feet (52 m)169 to 239 feet (73 m).

547: 21: 686:

Crystal Land and Development was formed in 1892, by John C. Osgood and started quarrying the same year with an open-pit quarry on west side of Yule Creek. Osgood was also the president of

5829: 5803: 1144:

The town declined rapidly to a population of 50 people in 1920 according to the 1920 census. The bank closed in 1918 as did the remaining newspaper. The last train left Marble in 1918.

135:

Yule's quality comes at a high price due to the cost of quarrying in a high-altitude mountain environment. This challenge has caused the industry and the town of Marble to undergo many

4919:"Colorado Yule Marble – Building Stone of the Lincoln Memorial"; US Geological Survey – Bulletin 2162; 1999 (Extensive technical analysis of Yule marble composition vs other marbles)" 2468: 1141:

railroad) never made enough profit to pay off the start-up funding. A final disposition of the quarry was not completed until 4 April 1921 due to various groups vying for the assets.

1189:

for the Lincoln Memorial) under the supervision of Tomb sculptor William Hudson Jones. When the Tomb assembly was completed 9 April 1932, the structure had the following dimensions.

4255: 2012: 4362: 116:, with a grain structure that gives a smooth texture, a homogeneous look, and a luminous surface. It is these qualities for which it was selected to clad the exterior of the 1114:

to make a determination. After visiting the quarry, Merrill concluded Yule marble met the needed requirements. Yet Secretary of War Lindsley Garrison called for testing by

697:

Marble City Quarry Company was formed on 29 September 1893, by Dr. R.H. Kline. The marble deposit was sold to Channing Meek, 28 February 1905 and the company was dissolved.

1973: 1358:

As of 2005: Background – inventory blocks of Yule Marble on the grounds of the former mill site. Foreground – fluted column section carved in the mill site prior to 1942.

2397: 1105:

Commission for consideration; three from Georgia (Cherokee, Southern and Amicalola), one from Vermont (Dorset White) and Yule marble. Of the samples, Memorial architect

5759: 782:

As of 1914: Quarries 1, 2 and 3 of the Colorado-Yule Marble Company. Quarry opening span is approximately 500 feet (150 m) from right side of #1 to left side of #3

5505: 292:

recrystallized the Leadville Limestone into a distinctive white marble. Although the Leadville Limestone covered hundreds of square miles and was the ore host at the

765:

revenue because of high operating costs. By 1913 CYMC was in financial trouble when a loan of $ 1,868,000 was approved early in 1913 and used to refinance the debt.

6720: 3756: 6777: 705:

Though better financed, the new companies had little success in spite of growing interest in Yule Marble generated by glowing test results from London (1887), the

1115: 4789: 4693:

Chart on right: "Marble Quarries Operators – Yule Creek Area, Marble, Colorado – 1884 to Present"; by Charles Moore, Museum Director, Marble Historical Society,

7227: 6778:"West Lawn Mausoleum, Omaha, Nebraska; National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service" 5212: 1934: 1443:(ANC) was studying options, including replacing the damaged block. ANC prepared a 15 August 2006 draft memorandum of agreement to replace the damaged marble. 4784: 2505: 1021:

110-horsepower steam tractor bringing marble to the mill site (on the right side of the bridge over the Crystal River). Rear tractor wheels are 8 feet tall.

507:(with larger grain size 0.591 inches (15 mm) to 1.379 inches (35 mm) and gray in color but less translucent than quartz inclusions); and 534:

When the physical characteristics of Yule Marble are compared to the other US marble, the results are about the same for general characteristics of weight,

1065:

As the quarry boomed, so did the town reaching its population peak from 1912 through 1914 of 1,400 to 1,500 residents, including a large number of skilled

6243: 6268: 1161:, taking over as of November 1928. They in turn formed Yule Colorado Company on 14 December 1928 which continued up to the shut down at the end of 1941. 1153:

reflected by the changes in population by climbing to 600 by 1926, 550 as 1930, then dropping to 175 by 1933 with a rise to 225 from 1939 and into 1941.

590:

Use of Yule Marble has grown through several periods of boom and bust from local to national, and today is international. The first major use was in the

7073: 7061: 1791: 1753: 926:

Wages became a source of conflict during this period. In 1909, daily wages ranged from $ 5 to $ 8 but no overtime pay was provided. During the 1930s

124:, in spite of being more expensive than other marbles. The size of the deposits enables large blocks to be quarried, which is why the marble for the 4844: 3902: 1467: 3623: 603: 125: 76: 7271: 5806:. Washington, D.C.: Office of Senator Daniel Akaka (D), Hawaii, Chairman Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs. 26 September 2007. Archived from 7348: 4119: 6459: 5833: 5807: 5147: 6938: 6016: 1471: 1119: 2912: 2343: 7323: 6639: 6513: 5832:. Washington, D.C.: Office of Senator Daniel Akaka (D), Hawaii, Chairman Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs. 26 June 2009. Archived from 3662: 2359: 1446:

While ANC was studying the situation, a donated replacement block was provided by George Haines, a retired entrepreneur and car dealer in

408:

upward and way from the intrusion, creating the 7-mile diameter Treasure Mountain Dome. The town of Marble lies at the edge of the dome.

985:

Channeling machine (a series of drills) for making vertical holes in marble. Background-block being rigged for lifting out of the quarry.

7291: 1080: 7338: 7247: 5979: 1059: 915:

north of Quarry 1. It was built to alleviate a housing shortage caused by hiring more workers for the first large CYMC contract, the

462:

scalloped). Grain sizes range primarily from 0.1 mm (0.00393 in) to 0.6 mm (0.0236 in), as determined by scanning

6338: 997:

Marble block being broken loose from the mountain with leverage. Holes have been drilled and feathers-wedges inserted into the holes.

7025: 6061: 6039: 5184:"Potassium-Argon Ages Bearing on the Igneous and Tectonic History of the Elk Mountains and Vicinity, Colorado: A Preliminary Report" 4370: 3868: 3104: 3084: 1525: 4125: 602:

in New York City. The dimension of the deposit enables large blocks to be quarried, which is why Yule Marble was selected for the

3507: 2623: 646: 296:, the Yule Creek Valley is the only known location of marble in the region. When the magma cooled, it crystallized into granite. 4716: 7248:"Collections and Personal Papers: Alumni Papers: Lorimer Rich, architect, Syracuse 1914 graduate – Tomb of the Unknown Soldier" 7101: 2273: 1589: 710: 458:

successfully urged that it be used to clad the whole exterior of the Memorial, even though it was the most expensive material.

216: 3840: 2952: 2414: 1950: 596: 471:

which are aligned so that the long axes of the grains are essentially perpendicular to the principal veining in the deposit.

6218: 2241: 1759: 6959: 6930: 6364: 5804:"Press Release: Akaka-Webb Amendment to Halt Replacement of the Monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns is Approved by Senate" 60: 6934: 6802: 4814: 1186: 255:

Dyer Dolomite Member of the Chaffee Formation was altered by the metamorphism to impure silica-rich marble and occasional

6192: 6006: 1350:

First marble block quarried since 1941 coming into Marble crossing the bridge over the Crystal River. (15 September 1990)

7358: 7353: 7333: 6716: 6084: 4440: 4229: 3884: 381:

Area was a flat coastal plain over which dinosaurs roamed and during the later part was covered by another shallow sea.

678:

The local miners never had the capital to develop marble quarries and in the 1890s they started selling marble claims:

467:

20 mm (0.3937–0.7874 inches). The grains in turn are tightly bonded in the shape of a jigsaw puzzle, forming

4103: 3555: 1701: 1440: 1051: 916: 807:

tunnel for access to the quarry interior. Today the marble is loaded onto a truck inside the mountain and driven out.

607: 129: 7231: 6588: 5949: 5654: 4761: 6715:

gives the city's name as "Broken Arrow". However, a Google search for "Broken Arrow, Nebraska" and a search of the

5216: 5201: 4324: 2047: 1482:

Because it is a working mine, casual visitors are not permitted. Marble pieces are available for purchase, however.

1400:

Rex Loesby (Sierra Minerals), who was involved in the formation of Colorado Yule Marble Company, but had pulled out

5859: 3984: 3862: 3786: 3253: 2644: 2474: 1447: 1320:

a; 52.84 tons (52.708 metric) is the calculated weight from the three dimensions while 56 tons is the cited amount.

4652:. His parents were John Yule and Janet Thompson, and in 1896 he married Lizzie McBurney. He died 8 August 1910 in 4235: 4653: 2317: 1615: 639: 531:. An example of inclusion affect is gold veining, the result of iron or manganese, that is still quarried today. 293: 5672: 5429:"Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record: Lincoln Memorial – set of 28 drawings" 1707: 7343: 6539: 3548: 1866: 1491:

item (such as the baptism font now in the Episcopal church in Glenwood Springs, Colorado) to entire exteriors.

1169:

Marble for the Tomb of the Unknowns was quarried in seven pieces for four layers; cap, die, base and sub-base (

658: 570:

Block of Yule Marble in the quarry, 1,300 feet (400 m) above and 3.9 miles (6.3 km) from the town of

503:(mica, occurs as thin gold lines and streaks, and also occurs with quartz in clouds of gray mixed with brown); 98: 6127: 1459:

imperfections were found so the block was rejected. The heart of the block was used for a statue of President

5881: 7328: 4765: 4588: 4261: 3514: 2006: 1889: 1684: 232: 204:

which did not undergo the same type of metamorphism, leaving it in a very unique property somewhere between

7173: 7149: 6733: 756:

coal and coke operations in the Redstone area, Osgood started building the CRR line in the late 1890s from

7104: 4681: 4191: 3961: 3722: 2958: 2796: 2121: 1111: 969:

one roof). Here the marble was transformed into a variety of objects for shipment throughout the country.

706: 687: 631: 591: 550:. In strength characteristics, the properties of Yule Marble are lower than most of the other marbles for 7230:. Matthews, V. by Colorado Geological Survey and Colorado Department of Natural Resources. Archived from 826:

Between 1908 and 1916: Quarry interior walls showing marble blocks removed were 7 feet (2.1 m) tall.

6544: 6534: 6272: 6247: 6222: 6196: 5432: 3448: 3329: 2420: 2213: 1567: 1158: 189: 181: 5613:

September 1914 map of Marble, Colorado by the Sanborn Map Company, 11 Broadway, New York City, New York

5318: 3908: 1895: 176:

The forces that created Yule Marble make it distinct from all other American marbles. It was formed by

7275: 6907: 5855: 4697:, Vandenbusche, Duane and Myers, Rex; Golden Bell Press, Denver, Colorado; February 1996, 6th printing 3110: 1797: 1354: 270:

deposited 350 million to 324 million years ago. The Leadville within the Yule area was transformed by

6433: 5167: 4748: 4744: 4631: 4476: 4317: 3502: 2235: 1455: 1075: 757: 643: 551: 271: 177: 4881:

Marble Quadrangle, Colorado; USGS 7.5-minute series topographic quadrangle, Dated 1960, revised 1987

4827:

Converted in 1998 to lofts, with an effort to preserve the architectural integrity of the building.

3762: 2872: 2300: 733: 7251: 7210: 6149: 5698: 5436: 3629: 2906: 2653: 2197: 1928: 1182: 1101:

Selecting the marble for the exterior was a competitive process with five samples submitted to the

1092: 1009:

The marble block hanging from the 50-ton electric hoist will be transferred to the carrier (right).

670:. The town was still a one-industry economy, and its future followed that of the marble operation. 484: 463: 263: 94: 7193: 6691: 5785: 3846: 3225: 1338:

revive with 26 registered voters in 1956 increasing to a 2011 year-round population of about 110.

7094:

Colorado Yule Marble—Building Stone of the Lincoln Memorial: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2162

6411: 5542:"Yule Marble designated as state rock of Colorado; Colorado State Archives Symbols & Emblems" 5499: 5406: 5183: 4434: 3777: 3569: 2732: 2714: 2063: 1434:

21 October 2011: inspection day of the September 2011 completed repairs of the cracks in the Tomb

1118:

which gave a positive report on the use of Yule marble. He also sent a 17 January 1914 letter to

691: 635: 6566: 5541: 5252: 4484: 3454: 820: 794: 5519: 5362: 5340: 5274: 4625:

As of 1992 there were four grades of marble sold that had variances of grain size and density.

2760: 6796: 6012: 5903: 4849: 4808: 4565: 3668: 3200: 2989: 1460: 663: 615: 267: 228: 7272:"Map GQ-512, Geological map of the Marble quadrangle, Gunnison and Pitkin Counties, Colorado" 6618:

WELCOME TO THE RESEARCH GUIDE FOR THEORIES AND METHODS OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH IN ARCHITECTURE

7121: 6712: 5927: 5494:(booklet of specific facts and details about the Marble area). Marble, Colorado. p. 28. 4039: 3990: 3801: 3685: 3056: 2866: 2751: 2592: 2511: 2085: 1102: 927: 571: 539: 451: 393: 256: 201: 117: 106: 64: 7255: 5983: 2091: 2069: 1621: 441: 5384: 5296: 4707: 4416: 4345: 4097: 3247: 3125: 931: 778: 492: 480: 7032: 4829: 312:

1-mile-long (1.6 km) seam of the present-day quarry on the west side of Yule Creek.

6838: 5170:

Leadville Limestone, Williams Canyon Limestone, Manitou Limestone, and Sawatch Quartzite

1346: 587:. The amount of Yule Marble remaining for quarrying should last for hundreds of years. 6315: 5563: 1595: 584: 563: 284: 153: 6342: 5238: 1062:, New York City, in August 1913 for 1,200,000 square feet (110,000 m) of marble. 725: 7317: 7092: 6860: 6390: 5721:"MARBLE/marble Stone Carving Symposium – America's premiere stone carving experience" 5637: 4918: 4727: 4504: 2126: 495:(SrO) while other inclusions vary by quarry location. Inclusions are in four groups: 185: 136: 121: 2629: 2365: 2279: 1956: 902: 894: 223:. This lack of conformable contact resulted in the early dating of the limestone as 6882: 4021: 3967: 1466:

Opposition to replacing the block had been growing and included such groups as the

1330: 220: 170: 7003: 6665: 4795:. National Register of Historic Places. Archived from the original on 16 June 2010 1817: 1531: 6506: 6368: 4711: 2219: 1548: 1430: 1137: 1106: 455: 209: 205: 165: 91: 299:

This local geological activity resulted in a type of marble that is 99.5% pure

6981: 5198:

Geologic map of the Marble quadrangle, Gunnison and Pitkin Counties, Colorado:

4645: 4627: 3691: 3078: 2813: 2323: 1386: 1178: 667: 627: 599: 528: 488: 6755: 5830:"Press Release: AKAKA & WEBB APPLAUD VICTORY FOR THE TOMB OF THE UNKNOWN" 132:, with its 56-long-ton (57 t) die block, was quarried from Yule Marble. 37: 23: 6293: 4710:, of the 1870s, named after the red sandstone or "Lyons Sandstone" from the 1174: 1055: 500: 279: 244: 236: 71: 5463: 4510: 2783:

Now installed at St. Barnabas Episcopal Church, Glenwood Springs, Colorado

7144: 5957: 5658: 4649: 1451: 543: 535: 504: 252: 240: 224: 102: 6613: 798:

Present-day quarry exterior with the 1990 made entry tunnel on the right

5622:

1913 Map of Marble, Colorado, by Homer Knouse (fire chief for the town)

4658: 516: 468: 308: 300: 197: 193: 158: 113: 7156: 5200:

U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-512, scale 1:24000

961:

Quarry 2 (which was Quarry 3 during the boom period of 1905 to 1916).

906:

1912: foundation cornerstone ceremony for the Columbus Catholic Church

262:

The Yule Marble is a metamorphic facies of the regionally distributed

5676: 5045:

Colorado-Yule Marble Company: Reports of Engineers and Marble Experts

1170: 524: 520: 512: 508: 496: 304: 275: 200:

of mountain ranges on a regional scale. Geologists still debate over

87: 6341:. The History of Greeley, Colorado. Greeley Colorado. Archived from 4628:"Calcite grain size of the four grades of Yule marble sold, table 4" 7177: 6929:

Harry Shipler, Shipler Commercial Photographers (24 January 1910).

6783:. Nebraska History.org. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011 1429: 1353: 1345: 1091: 1066: 901: 893: 855:

Right side of #1 to 250 feet (76 m) past the left side of #3

793: 777: 732: 724: 562: 440: 289: 248: 164: 157:

Cross Section: Yule Marble deposit of the present-day quarry. The

152: 70: 59: 5675:. The Quartermaster Review. January–February 1932. Archived from 6460:"Independence Kansas Court House Post Office NRHP Registry Form" 6367:. 7th Judicial Circuit Historical Society. 2003. Archived from 5341:"Laramide Orogeny and Sedimentation, ~72–40 Ma (23:37–23:47 h)" 5980:"Black and White photograph, Adam's Hotel, under construction" 5135:. Vol. 1, 2. Denver, Colorado: Sundance Publications Ltd. 1329:

Although there was some increased activity in the late 1930s,

630:

of Colorado. The designation was the result of petitioning by

5856:"2010 and 2011 Tomb repairs – Preserving a National Treasure" 5720: 5701:. Marble Direct Dimensions Inc, Owings Mills, Maryland. 2005 4845:"Spire buys Southern Pacific Building, to build loft condos" 4614:

Colorado Yule Marble: Building Stone of the Lincoln Memorial

4612:

Table to right: "Chemical analysis reported on Yule Marble;

346:

Colorado forms (age of oldest exposed rocks found to date).

7122:"Structures and Monuments in Which Colorado Stone Was Used" 5928:"Structures and Monuments in Which Colorado Stone was Used" 169:

Geologic Map of Yule Creek Valley – US Geological Survey.

112:

The localized geology created a marble that is 99.5% pure

6365:"U.S. Post Office and Courthouse, Pocatello, Idaho, 1911" 6040:"Hellman National Bank Building, Los Angeles, California" 4363:

Denver & Rio Grand / Western Pacific Railroad Station

4783:

Photos of the exterior of the courthouse can be seen at

7298:. Colorado Department of Transportation. September 2000 5544:. Colorado Department of Personnel & Administration 866:

Through #3 as of today, in 1931 – 125 feet (38 m)

303:, with trace amounts of non-calcite inclusions (mainly 7213:. Direct Dimension Inc, Owings Springs, Maryland. 2004 6434:"Independence Kansas Federal Building and Post Office" 6902: 6900: 6670:

Eames & Young Architectural Photograph Collection

6644:

Eames & Young Architectural Photograph Collection

2792:

Mantel & overmantel, St Paul's Clubhouse for Boys

1474:

and other experts pronounced the repairs successful.

1317:

one metric ton is 5 pounds more than one standard ton

161:

of the Treasure Mountain Dome is visible on the right

7079:

Chart: Yule Marble quarry operators, 1884 to present

5029:(6th ed.). Denver, Colorado: Golden Bell Press. 7211:"Tomb of the Unknowns, Arlington National Cemetery" 6339:"History Distilled: The Greeley Story, 1870 – 2002" 6085:"History Lesson: Evolution of the Merritt Building" 105:, 2.8 miles (4.5 km) southeast of the town of 6646:. Washington University Libraries. 16 January 1913 6062:"Merchants Bank Building, Los Angeles, California" 6011:. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 36. 5636: 445:Backscattered electron image of Yule Marble grains 7067:Table: Chemical analysis reported for Yule Marble 5025:Vandenbusche, Duane; Myers, Rex (February 1996). 4616:, US Geological Survey, 1999, Bulletin 2162, p. 4 626:On 9 March 2004, Yule Marble became the official 97:found only in the Yule Creek Valley, in the West 4706:Not to be confused with the other Quarry Town – 120:and a variety of other buildings throughout the 6614:"Office Building for Monward Realty, St. Louis" 6438:National and State Registers of Historic Places 5882:"Tomb inspection by US Army Corps of Engineers" 4644:Yule was born 30 June 1835 in Grange Parish of 4300:Southern Pacific Building (today – Bayou Lofts) 642:, who in turn passed a bill that was signed by 396:) of present-day Rockies but partially erodes. 219:found the marble is bounded above and below by 6839:"Mahoning County Courthouse, Youngstown, Ohio" 6294:"Shubert Theater (aka Denham Theater), Denver" 5748:. Arlington National Cemetery. 15 August 2006. 5601:drawing of Quarry Town (with text description) 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5213:"Metamorphic Rock – Colorado Geologic Survey" 4785:Category:Greeley County Courthouse (Nebraska) 4717:"The Stone Industry in Quarry Town, Colorado" 3137:Cost of marble: $ 10,000 (120,000 lbs.) 1411:Colorado Stone Quarries Inc. (United States) 898:Quarry Town: looking south towards the quarry 247:. Stratigraphically below the Leadville, the 8: 7274:. US Geological Survey. 1966. Archived from 6666:"Office Building for Monward Realty Company" 6640:"Office Building for Monward Realty Company" 5579: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5504:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5275:"Tropical Seas Return – Mississippian Limes" 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4830:"Historic Adaptive Restoration: Bayou Lofts" 1165:Tomb of the Unknowns: 1930 to December 1931 454:. Because of its aesthetic value, architect 215:In evaluating the marble cross-section, the 7004:"Walla Walla County Courthouse, Washington" 6861:"Northwest National Bank, Portland, Oregon" 6717:Nebraska State Historical Society's website 6316:"Thatcher Memorial Vault, Denver, Colorado" 5126: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 555:were 14,874 (1,046 kg per square cm). 430:3rd of 3 uplifts of the Rockies – Colorado 7176:. Colorado Geologic Survey. Archived from 6982:"Stock and Mining Exchange Building, Utah" 6908:"Boston Building and Newhouse Hotel, Utah" 6008:Hot Springs, Arkansas in vintage postcards 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 1088:Lincoln Memorial: March 1914 to June 1916 7292:"West Elk Loop Scenic and Historic Byway 6412:"National City Bank, Evansville, Indiana" 6193:"Hamilton Bank Building, Denver Colorado" 5655:"February " 2010 " Vermont Marble Museum" 5630: 5628: 690:, with major coal and coke operations in 6219:"Metropolitan Building, Denver Colorado" 5586:Historical Vignettes of Marble, Colorado 4256:United States Post Office and Courthouse 1493: 1468:National Trust for Historic Preservation 1426:Replace vs. repair: Tomb of the Unknowns 1365: 1191: 834: 674:First quarries come and go: 1884 to 1905 325: 7228:""Yule Marble." Pictorial presentation" 7057: 6672:. Washington University Libraries. 1913 6535:"Gas Completes Ruin of Rialto Building" 6005:Hanley, Ray; Hanley, Steven G. (1998). 5699:"Exterior scan of Tomb of the Inknowns" 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4874: 4745:Tomb of the Unknowns repair controversy 4605: 975: 499:(the most abundant and gray in color); 6794: 6593:. Bankers' Magazine. 1913. p. 409 5497: 5196:Gaskill, D.L. and Godwin, L.H., 1966, 5038: 5036: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4806: 4767:The History of Platte County, Nebraska 4749:Damage and repair to the Tomb Monument 3314:aka Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ 1078:, director of the 1903 landmark movie 7223:digital scanning of the Tomb exterior 7031:. sheridanwyoming.org. Archived from 7026:"Bank of Commerce, Sheridan, Wyoming" 6939:National Endowment for the Humanities 6692:"Rainbow Hotel, Great Falls, Montana" 6083:Richardson, Eric (10 December 2006). 5462:McCollum, Oscar D. (1 January 1992). 1120:United States Commission of Fine Arts 192:, a process more associated with the 7: 7120:Perazzo, Peggy B. (21 August 2011). 6734:"Brandeis Building, Omaha, Nebraska" 6514:National Register of Historic Places 6130:. Denver History Tours. 23 June 2009 5926:Perazzo, Peggy B. (21 August 2011). 5639:Lincoln Memorial & American Life 5047:. New York: Knickerbocker Syndicate. 3707:Forest Lawn Chapel & Crematorium 2572:Shubert Theater (aka Denham Theater) 701:contracts and were bankrupt in 1917. 7091:McGee, Elaine S. (13 August 1998). 6960:"Latter Day Saints Gymnasium, Utah" 5760:"Search for Tomb replacement block" 5673:"Nature Honors The Unknown Soldier" 4281:Commercial Trust & Savings Bank 3248:Widener Library, Harvard University 227:rather than the currently accepted 7196:. Marble Tourism Association. 2007 6883:"Enid High School, Enid, Oklahoma" 6758:. Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Omaha 6171:"Foster Building, Denver Colorado" 6150:"Empire Building, Denver Colorado" 5906:. Marble Tourism Association. 2007 5599:Johnson, Thanos (September 1945). 5363:"Post-Laramide Magmatism, 36–5 Ma" 1912:Forest Lawn Chapel & Crematory 747:Integrated operation: 1905 to 1941 657:Yule Marble was discovered in the 14: 7294:– Corridor Management Plan, 2000" 6620:. Washington University Libraries 6567:"Rialto Building (present today)" 6465:. Kansas State Historical Society 6440:. Kansas State Historical Society 5490:Moore, Charles, Museum Director. 5407:"Exhumation and Rebound, 10–0 Ma" 4843:Bivins, Ralph (11 January 1998). 4774:can be seen at Wikimedia Commons. 4480:(aka Tomb of the Unknown Soldier) 3593:University of Nebraska at Lincoln 1654:Builder Home Association Building 1267:385.43 cubic feet (10.914 m) 1136:their native country to fight in 606:(Tomb of the Unknown Soldier) in 7143: 7072: 7060: 6984:. THE HISTORICAL MARKER DATABASE 5950:"Color photograph, Adam's Hotel" 4790:"Greeley County Courthouse form" 4764:can be found in Margaret Curry, 4509: 4483: 4439: 4369: 4323: 4260: 4234: 4124: 4102: 3989: 3966: 3907: 3867: 3845: 3785: 3761: 3690: 3667: 3628: 3554: 3513: 3453: 3312:Auditorium – Community of Christ 3252: 3109: 3083: 2957: 2911: 2871: 2795: 2776:Baptismal font, St Paul's Church 2759: 2652: 2628: 2591: 2510: 2473: 2419: 2364: 2342: 2322: 2299: 2278: 2240: 2218: 2196: 2090: 2068: 2046: 2011: 1955: 1933: 1894: 1871: 1816: 1796: 1758: 1706: 1620: 1594: 1530: 1307:255.81 cubic feet (7.244 m) 1287:198.64 cubic feet (5.625 m) 1227:100.69 cubic feet (2.851 m) 1014: 1002: 990: 978: 819: 548:coefficient of thermal expansion 274:that occurred during the latest 7107:; US Government Printing Office 7102:U.S. Department of the Interior 5635:Thomas, Christopher A. (2002). 4695:Marble, Colorado: City of Stone 3903:Third National Bank of Syracuse 2469:Immaculate Conception Cathedral 2274:Colorado State Capitol Building 2193:Capitol Life Insurance Building 1590:Arkansas State Capitol Building 1247:621.6 cubic feet (17.60 m) 217:United States Geological Survey 7169:with extensive photos and text 6569:. Northern Illinois University 6487:. Minnesota Historical Society 5954:Phoenix Arizona color pictures 5466:– via Wikimedia Commons. 5133:MARBLE, A Town Built on Dreams 5027:Marble Colorado: City of Stone 1991:American Marble & Title Co 1: 7349:Quarries in the United States 6937:; Funded by a grant from the 6935:Utah State Historical Society 5643:. Princeton University Press. 5253:"Early Proterozoic Accretion" 5043:Boughner, H.D. (March 1908). 3757:Woodmen of the World Building 721:Primary quarry: 1905 to today 653:Discovered: 1873 to mid-1880s 511:. Other minor inclusions are 67:: exterior is all Yule marble 6817:"Post Office, Wooster, Ohio" 6064:. Los Angeles Public Library 6042:. Los Angeles Public Library 5764:Glenwood Springs Independent 4230:Providence County Courthouse 4120:First National Bank Building 3806:First National Exchange Bank 2880:Cost of marble: $ 1,080,000 1929:Huntington Memorial Hospital 1776:Merchants Fireproof Building 419:Colorado Mineral Belt forms 239:unit which was converted to 7324:Arlington National Cemetery 7159:. Ron Bailey – photographer 7124:. Stone Quarries and Beyond 6756:"Forest Lawn Memorial Park" 6269:"Saint James Hotel, Denver" 5930:. Stone Quarries and Beyond 5584:McCollum, Oscar D. (2003). 5297:"Ancestral Rocky Mountains" 5239:"Colorado Geology Overview" 5131:McCollum, Oscar D. (1992). 4714:for building construction: 4457:Stock & Mining Exchange 4401:Latter Day Saints Gymnasium 4316:Union National Bank (today 4176:Studebaker Company Building 4078:Mahoning County Court House 3316:of Latter Day Saints (RLDS) 1486:Structures with Yule marble 1441:Arlington National Cemetery 1052:Cuyahoga County Court House 917:Cuyahoga County Court House 608:Arlington National Cemetery 130:Arlington National Cemetery 126:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier 79:at Arlington is Yule marble 77:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier 7375: 7206:with photos and Quarry FAQ 6244:"Pioneer Building, Denver" 5860:US Army Corps of Engineers 4762:account of the Evans Hotel 4448:Cost of marble: $ 167,000 4307:Cost of marble: $ 13,000 3998:Cost of marble: $ 500,000 3985:Cuyahoga County Courthouse 3975:Cost of marble: $ 125,000 3863:Metropolitan Museum of Art 3747:Cost of marble: $ 104,000 3676:Cost of marble: $ 111,000 3663:Douglas County Court House 3273:Office Building – 43 story 2932:Post Office and Courthouse 2889:Real Estate Trust Building 2373:Cost of marble: $ 533,000 2318:Daniels & Fisher Tower 2308:Cost of marble: $ 118,200 2287:Marble from Osgood Quarry 1738:Goodfellow Office Building 1645:Cost of marble: $ 200,000 188:, which are the result of 7339:Gunnison County, Colorado 6819:. New York Public Library 6801:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6391:"Otis Building (Chicago)" 4813:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4654:Gunnison County, Colorado 4535:Cost of marble: $ 10,000 4425:Cost of marble: $ 10,000 3794:Cost of marble: $ 10,000 3782:Howard County Court House 3770:Cost of marble: $ 64,000 3731:Cost of marble: $ 25,000 3637:Cost of marble: $ 23,500 3538:Cost of marble: $ 10,000 3419:Cost of marble: $ 30,000 3382:German-American Institute 3372:Cost of marble: $ 28,000 3341:Cost of marble: $ 10,000 3299:Cost of marble: $ 18,582 3234:Cost of marble: $ 12,500 3118:Cost of marble: $ 30,000 3014:Cost of marble: $ 76,000 2998:Cost of marble: $ 50,000 2905:Colorado Memorial Stone, 2841:Cost of marble: $ 15,000 2670:Federal Building (floors) 2637:Cost of marble: $ 10,000 2579:Cost of marble: $ 22,000 2459:Cost of marble: $ 20,000 2443:Cost of marble: $ 20,000 2415:Fitzsimmons Army Hospital 2339:Denver Gas & Electric 2264:Cost of marble: $ 85,000 2099:Cost of marble: $ 21,000 1964:Cost of marble: $ 25,000 1919:Cost of marble: $ 10,000 1849:Judson D. River residence 1825:Cost of marble: $ 50,000 1616:Los Angeles Athletic Club 1526:Mohave County Court House 640:Colorado General Assembly 294:Leadville mining district 7254:archives. Archived from 6612:Vecchiola, Rina (1913). 6318:(photo). Knowledge (XXG) 6128:"Colorado National Bank" 5786:"100,000+ Quarry Images" 5319:"Mesozoic Sedimentation" 4332:Cost of marble: $ 1,000 4201:Cost of marble: $ 4,360 4192:Tulsa County Court House 4051:Cost of marble: $ 6,000 3647:Brandeis Subway Building 3581:Cost of marble: $ 1,125 3486:United Savings and Trust 3334:Chambers Office Building 3226:Commercial National Bank 3212:Cost of marble: $ 7,000 3174:Cost of marble: $ 2,000 3157:Cost of marble: $ 3,000 3068:Cost of marble: $ 8,000 2896:Cost of marble: $ 5,540 2857:Cost of marble: $ 1,619 2822:Cost of marble: $ 2,182 2744:Cost of marble: $ 3,550 2737:Santa Fe Office Building 2236:City and County Building 1767:Cost of marble: $ 6,000 1702:Herald Examiner Building 1629:Cost of marble: $ 4,800 1579:Cost of marble: $ 9,500 1557:Cost of marble: $ 2,500 1342:Revival: 1988 to present 1072:Bear Hunt in the Rockies 953:the surrounding marble. 171:Full-size map, zoomable. 6173:. Denver Public Library 6108:. Denver Public Library 5916:(photos and Quarry FAQ) 5385:"Colorado Mineral Belt" 4589:List of types of marble 4141:Northwest National Bank 3841:Equitable Life Building 3412:Monward Realty Building 3150:Court House Post Office 2608:Thatcher Memorial Vault 1792:Merchants National Bank 1685:Los Angeles County Fair 1669:Citizen's National Bank 1472:Army Corps of Engineers 1081:The Great Train Robbery 877:Through #3 as of today 235:Molas Formation was an 7105:U.S. Geological Survey 6931:"Holmes-Knox Building" 6736:. Omaha Public Library 5790:Ron Bailey Photography 5439:. 1993. Archived from 4682:Colorado Fuel and Iron 4555:Cost of marble: $ 309 4518:Cost of marble: $ 698 4068:Cost of marble: $ 777 3951:Cost of marble: $ 707 3723:Union Pacific Building 2661:Cost of marble: $ 899 2649:Citizens National Bank 2452:Hamilton National Bank 2257:Colorado National Bank 1638:Bankers Trust Building 1435: 1359: 1351: 1310:21.74 (21.685 metric) 1290:16.88 (16.837 metric) 1270:32.76 (32.678 metric) 1159:Vermont Marble Company 1112:George Perkins Merrill 1098: 907: 899: 799: 783: 739: 730: 688:Colorado Fuel and Iron 592:Colorado State Capitol 575: 446: 173: 162: 80: 68: 38:39.03600°N 107.16833°W 6545:Kansas City, Missouri 6414:. Historic Evansville 6273:Denver Public Library 6248:Denver Public Library 6223:Denver Public Library 6197:Denver Public Library 5564:"Whitehouse Mountain" 5520:"Colorado State Rock" 5433:National Park Service 4661:. Yule Family website 4008:Abbottsville Memorial 3925:Cross and seal design 3449:Montana State Capitol 2490:Metropolitan Building 2296:Colorado State Museum 2086:Sub-Treasury Building 1834:Pan-American Building 1754:Hellman National Bank 1572:Rammelsburg Bathhouse 1433: 1357: 1349: 1250:56 (55.86 metric) -a 1185:(who also carved the 1148:Revival: 1922 to 1941 1095: 905: 897: 890:Workers: 1908 to 1917 849:750 feet (230 m) 797: 781: 736: 728: 666:and Schofield became 566: 444: 190:regional metamorphism 168: 156: 74: 63: 7194:"Yule Marble Quarry" 7157:"Yule Marble Quarry" 7152:at Wikimedia Commons 7100:. Washington, D.C.: 7038:on 21 September 2004 6962:. Utah State History 6910:. SkyscraperPage.com 6345:on 29 September 2011 5904:"Yule Marble Quarry" 5661:on 27 December 2011. 5588:. Oscar D. McCollum. 4832:. Gabriel Architects 4632:US Geological Survey 4477:Tomb of the Unknowns 4386:Holmes-Knox Building 3591:Bencroft Ward School 2828:District of Columbia 2398:Federal Reserve Bank 1951:Pasadena Post Office 1230:8.56 (8.538 metric) 1076:Edwin Stanton Porter 871:225 feet (69 m) 860:300 feet (91 m) 758:Carbondale, Colorado 604:Tomb of the Unknowns 552:compressive strength 272:contact metamorphism 178:contact metamorphism 43:39.03600; -107.16833 16:Marble from Colorado 7359:Symbols of Colorado 7354:Sculpture materials 7334:Geology of Colorado 7258:on 18 February 2012 7252:Syracuse University 6540:Kansas City Journal 6507:"Chambers Building" 6485:"McKnight Building" 6106:"Cheesman Memorial" 5437:Library of Congress 5219:on 10 December 2011 4733:on 30 October 2011. 4026:First National Bank 3740:West Lawn Mausoleum 3624:Lincoln High School 3432:Montana Power House 3397:German Savings Bank 3350:Community Mausoleum 3079:Studebaker Building 3043:First National Bank 2907:Washington Monument 2850:W. Seely Hutchinson 2144:40 School Buildings 2064:Saint Francis Hotel 1298:14'-10.4" (4.531 m) 1278:13'-10.0" (4.216 m) 1183:Piccirilli Brothers 1116:Bureau of Standards 1045:Boom: 1905 to 1916 707:St Louis Exposition 464:electron microscope 264:Leadville Limestone 95:Leadville Limestone 33: / 7174:"Colorado Geology" 6547:. 24 December 1909 6296:. Cinema Treasures 5862:, Norfolk District 5679:on 20 October 2011 5443:on 16 October 2008 5148:"Tennessee Marble" 4724:Lyons-Colorado.com 4712:Fountain Formation 4435:Utah State Capitol 3885:Municipal Building 3825:Cambridge Building 3007:Telephone Building 2990:Rosehill Mausoleum 2360:Denver Post Office 2108:Trinity Natatorium 2043:Municipal Building 2028:Irvine Sarcophagus 1867:Trinity Auditorium 1851:(fireplace mantel) 1436: 1360: 1352: 1325:Bust: 1941 to 1988 1304:1'-10.9" (0.581 m) 1284:1'-11.1" (0.586 m) 1281:7'-11.9" (2.435 m) 1258:12'-3.0" (3.733 m) 1218:12'-5.4" (3.794 m) 1131:Bust: 1916 to 1921 1099: 1060:Equitable Building 908: 900: 800: 784: 740: 731: 711:Chicago Exposition 692:Redstone, Colorado 636:Lakewood, Colorado 597:Equitable Building 576: 546:, absorption, and 447: 392:1st of 3 uplifts ( 335:Geologic activity 174: 163: 81: 69: 7148:Media related to 6199:. 27 January 2010 6018:978-0-7385-3382-7 5884:. 21 October 2011 5173:, limestone names 5146:Powell, Wayne G. 4850:Houston Chronicle 4772:recent photograph 4580: 4579: 4210:Tulsa High School 3292:McKnight Building 2557:Saint James Hotel 2527:Old Customs House 2506:New Customs House 2214:Cheesman Memorial 1723:Fidelity Building 1461:George H. W. Bush 1415: 1414: 1314: 1313: 1301:9'-0.2" (2.748 m) 1264:5'-2.1" (1.577 m) 1261:6'-6.4" (1.991 m) 1241:7'-4.8" (2.255 m) 1224:1'-3.3" (0.388 m) 1221:6'-6.7" (1.998 m) 1187:statue of Lincoln 943:Quarrying methods 881: 880: 434: 433: 268:Mississippian age 259:-bearing marble. 7366: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7278:on 26 April 2012 7267: 7265: 7263: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7234:on 26 April 2012 7222: 7220: 7218: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7168: 7166: 7164: 7147: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7099: 7076: 7064: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7037: 7030: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7011: 7000: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6926: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6904: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6863:. PDXHistory.com 6857: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6800: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6782: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6730: 6724: 6723:of the building. 6710: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6590:Monward Building 6585: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6531: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6511: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6464: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6371:on 15 April 2012 6361: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6334: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5982:. Archived from 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5956:. Archived from 5946: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5923: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5657:. Archived from 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5632: 5623: 5620: 5614: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5581: 5568: 5567: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5503: 5495: 5487: 5468: 5467: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5409:. CliffShade.com 5403: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5387:. CliffShade.com 5381: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5365:. CliffShade.com 5359: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5343:. CliffShade.com 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5321:. CliffShade.com 5315: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5299:. CliffShade.com 5293: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5277:. CliffShade.com 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5255:. CliffShade.com 5249: 5243: 5242: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5215:. Archived from 5209: 5203: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5180: 5174: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5128: 5049: 5048: 5040: 5031: 5030: 5022: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4923: 4915: 4882: 4879: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4812: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4794: 4781: 4775: 4758: 4752: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4726:. Archived from 4721: 4704: 4698: 4691: 4685: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4630:. Bulletin 2162 4623: 4617: 4610: 4513: 4487: 4443: 4373: 4366:(Union Building) 4327: 4264: 4238: 4128: 4106: 3993: 3970: 3911: 3871: 3849: 3789: 3765: 3694: 3686:Fontenelle Hotel 3671: 3632: 3608:Chaplin Building 3558: 3517: 3457: 3256: 3113: 3087: 2961: 2915: 2875: 2867:Lincoln Memorial 2799: 2763: 2685:Taylor Mausoleum 2656: 2645:Glenwood Springs 2632: 2595: 2542:Pioneer Building 2514: 2477: 2423: 2368: 2346: 2326: 2303: 2282: 2244: 2222: 2200: 2094: 2072: 2050: 2015: 1974:Federal Building 1959: 1937: 1898: 1875: 1820: 1813:Merritt Building 1800: 1762: 1710: 1624: 1598: 1534: 1494: 1448:Glenwood Springs 1366: 1238:14'-0" (4.267 m) 1192: 1103:Lincoln Memorial 1018: 1006: 994: 982: 928:Great Depression 835: 823: 572:Marble, Colorado 540:specific gravity 452:Lincoln Memorial 394:Laramide orogeny 326: 202:Tennessee marble 118:Lincoln Memorial 107:Marble, Colorado 65:Lincoln Memorial 57: 56: 54: 53: 52: 50: 45: 44: 39: 34: 31: 30: 29: 26: 7374: 7373: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7344:Types of marble 7314: 7313: 7301: 7299: 7290: 7281: 7279: 7270: 7261: 7259: 7246: 7237: 7235: 7226: 7216: 7214: 7209: 7199: 7197: 7192: 7183: 7181: 7172: 7162: 7160: 7155: 7140: 7127: 7125: 7119: 7110: 7108: 7097: 7090: 7087: 7085:Further reading 7080: 7077: 7068: 7065: 7056: 7051: 7041: 7039: 7035: 7028: 7024: 7023: 7019: 7009: 7007: 7002: 7001: 6997: 6987: 6985: 6980: 6979: 6975: 6965: 6963: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6943: 6941: 6928: 6927: 6923: 6913: 6911: 6906: 6905: 6898: 6888: 6886: 6881: 6880: 6876: 6866: 6864: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6844: 6842: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6822: 6820: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6793: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6775: 6771: 6761: 6759: 6754: 6753: 6749: 6739: 6737: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6711: 6707: 6697: 6695: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6675: 6673: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6649: 6647: 6638: 6637: 6633: 6623: 6621: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6596: 6594: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6572: 6570: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6550: 6548: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6518: 6516: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6490: 6488: 6483: 6482: 6478: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6457: 6453: 6443: 6441: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6417: 6415: 6410: 6409: 6405: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6384: 6374: 6372: 6363: 6362: 6358: 6348: 6346: 6337:Ford, Peggy A. 6336: 6335: 6331: 6321: 6319: 6314: 6313: 6309: 6299: 6297: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6277: 6275: 6267: 6266: 6262: 6252: 6250: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6227: 6225: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6202: 6200: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6176: 6174: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6133: 6131: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6111: 6109: 6104: 6103: 6099: 6089: 6087: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6067: 6065: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6045: 6043: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6004: 6003: 5999: 5989: 5987: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5963: 5961: 5960:on 12 July 2003 5948: 5947: 5943: 5933: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5920: 5909: 5907: 5902: 5901: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5828: 5827: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5769: 5767: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5729: 5727: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5704: 5702: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5682: 5680: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5634: 5633: 5626: 5621: 5617: 5612: 5608: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5583: 5582: 5571: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5547: 5545: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5525: 5523: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5496: 5489: 5488: 5471: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5446: 5444: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5412: 5410: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5390: 5388: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5368: 5366: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5346: 5344: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5324: 5322: 5317: 5316: 5312: 5302: 5300: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5280: 5278: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5195: 5191: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5168:USGS.gov : 5166: 5162: 5152: 5150: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5130: 5129: 5052: 5042: 5041: 5034: 5024: 5023: 4936: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4916: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4866: 4856: 4854: 4842: 4835: 4833: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4805: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4778: 4759: 4755: 4742: 4738: 4730: 4719: 4715: 4708:Lyons, Colorado 4705: 4701: 4692: 4688: 4678: 4674: 4664: 4662: 4657: 4643: 4639: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4585: 4479: 4365: 4346:Boston Building 4098:Bedell Building 3592: 3365:Rialto Building 3315: 3313: 3105:Davenport Hotel 3027:Davis Mausoleum 2834:Barnes Hospital 2436:Foster Building 2382:Empire Building 2163:Barth Mausoleum 1850: 1488: 1480: 1428: 1387:Bath Stoneworks 1344: 1327: 1244:6"-0" (1.828 m) 1167: 1150: 1133: 1090: 1047: 1042: 1036:the same time. 1029: 1022: 1019: 1010: 1007: 998: 995: 986: 983: 950: 945: 935:within a week. 932:time-and-a-half 892: 831: 830: 829: 828: 827: 824: 813: 776: 771: 749: 723: 709:(1890) and the 676: 655: 624: 618:and Schofield. 561: 493:strontium oxide 485:manganese oxide 481:magnesium oxide 439: 437:Characteristics 318: 151: 146: 48: 46: 42: 40: 36: 35: 32: 27: 24: 22: 20: 19: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7372: 7370: 7362: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7329:Building stone 7326: 7316: 7315: 7312: 7311: 7288: 7268: 7244: 7224: 7207: 7190: 7170: 7153: 7139: 7138:External links 7136: 7135: 7134: 7117: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7078: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7017: 6995: 6973: 6951: 6921: 6896: 6874: 6852: 6830: 6808: 6769: 6747: 6725: 6705: 6683: 6657: 6631: 6604: 6580: 6558: 6526: 6498: 6476: 6451: 6425: 6403: 6382: 6356: 6329: 6307: 6285: 6260: 6235: 6210: 6184: 6162: 6141: 6119: 6097: 6075: 6053: 6031: 6017: 5997: 5986:on 15 May 2012 5971: 5941: 5918: 5895: 5873: 5847: 5821: 5795: 5777: 5766:. January 2003 5751: 5737: 5725:marbleinst.org 5712: 5690: 5664: 5646: 5624: 5615: 5606: 5591: 5569: 5555: 5533: 5511: 5469: 5454: 5420: 5398: 5376: 5354: 5332: 5310: 5288: 5266: 5244: 5230: 5204: 5189: 5175: 5160: 5138: 5050: 5032: 4934: 4883: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4820: 4776: 4753: 4736: 4699: 4686: 4672: 4637: 4618: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4507: 4502: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4437: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417:Newhouse Hotel 4414: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4367: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4343: 4342:Salt Lake City 4340: 4334: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4321: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4258: 4253: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4232: 4227: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4122: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4100: 4095: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3987: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3964: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3905: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3865: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3843: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3783: 3780: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3688: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3665: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3626: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3574:Masonic Temple 3572: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3552: 3549:Greeley County 3546: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3511: 3505: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3451: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3310: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3250: 3245: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3223: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3167:Public Library 3165: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3107: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3081: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2955: 2953:Field Building 2950: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2909: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2757: 2754: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2650: 2647: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2589: 2588:Symes Building 2586: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2320: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127:Hearst Mansion 2124: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1892: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1592: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1528: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1487: 1484: 1479: 1476: 1427: 1424: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1343: 1340: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1255:Die (finished) 1252: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1235:Die (quarried) 1232: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1166: 1163: 1149: 1146: 1132: 1129: 1089: 1086: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1001: 999: 996: 989: 987: 984: 977: 949: 946: 944: 941: 891: 888: 883: 882: 879: 878: 875: 872: 868: 867: 864: 861: 857: 856: 853: 850: 846: 845: 842: 839: 825: 818: 817: 816: 815: 814: 812: 809: 775: 772: 770: 767: 748: 745: 722: 719: 703: 702: 698: 695: 684: 675: 672: 654: 651: 623: 620: 585:Carrara, Italy 560: 557: 438: 435: 432: 431: 428: 425: 421: 420: 417: 414: 410: 409: 405: 402: 398: 397: 390: 387: 383: 382: 379: 376: 372: 371: 367: 364: 360: 359: 355: 352: 348: 347: 344: 341: 337: 336: 333: 330: 317: 314: 221:unconformities 186:Georgia marble 182:Vermont marble 150: 147: 145: 142: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7371: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7310: 7307: 7296: 7295: 7289: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7212: 7208: 7195: 7191: 7180:on 7 May 2009 7179: 7175: 7171: 7158: 7154: 7151: 7146: 7142: 7141: 7137: 7123: 7118: 7106: 7103: 7096: 7095: 7089: 7088: 7084: 7075: 7070: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7034: 7027: 7021: 7018: 7005: 6999: 6996: 6983: 6977: 6974: 6961: 6955: 6952: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6925: 6922: 6909: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6884: 6878: 6875: 6862: 6856: 6853: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6818: 6812: 6809: 6804: 6798: 6779: 6773: 6770: 6757: 6751: 6748: 6735: 6729: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6709: 6706: 6693: 6687: 6684: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6658: 6645: 6641: 6635: 6632: 6619: 6615: 6608: 6605: 6592: 6591: 6584: 6581: 6568: 6562: 6559: 6546: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6530: 6527: 6515: 6508: 6502: 6499: 6486: 6480: 6477: 6461: 6455: 6452: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6426: 6413: 6407: 6404: 6392: 6386: 6383: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6357: 6344: 6340: 6333: 6330: 6317: 6311: 6308: 6295: 6289: 6286: 6274: 6270: 6264: 6261: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6236: 6224: 6220: 6214: 6211: 6198: 6194: 6188: 6185: 6172: 6166: 6163: 6151: 6145: 6142: 6129: 6123: 6120: 6107: 6101: 6098: 6086: 6079: 6076: 6063: 6057: 6054: 6041: 6035: 6032: 6020: 6014: 6010: 6009: 6001: 5998: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5942: 5929: 5922: 5919: 5905: 5899: 5896: 5883: 5877: 5874: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5848: 5836:on 7 May 2012 5835: 5831: 5825: 5822: 5810:on 7 May 2012 5809: 5805: 5799: 5796: 5791: 5787: 5781: 5778: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5726: 5722: 5716: 5713: 5700: 5694: 5691: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5616: 5610: 5607: 5602: 5595: 5592: 5587: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5565: 5559: 5556: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5521: 5515: 5512: 5507: 5501: 5493: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5465: 5458: 5455: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5421: 5408: 5402: 5399: 5386: 5380: 5377: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5342: 5336: 5333: 5320: 5314: 5311: 5298: 5292: 5289: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5240: 5234: 5231: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5193: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5164: 5161: 5149: 5142: 5139: 5134: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4920: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4875: 4869: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4831: 4824: 4821: 4816: 4810: 4791: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4773: 4770:, p. 554. A 4769: 4768: 4763: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4673: 4660: 4659:"Yule Marble" 4655: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4622: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4599: 4594: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548:Private Vault 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822:New York City 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471:Rainbow Hotel 3470: 3467: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3240:Massachusetts 3238: 3237: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974:Otis Building 2973: 2971: 2969: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2624:Union Station 2622: 2620: 2618: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2330: 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1945: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1891: 1890:Tribune Tower 1888: 1885: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1485: 1483: 1478:Quarry access 1477: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1432: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1389:(of England) 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1356: 1348: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1324: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1154: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1094: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1026: 1017: 1012: 1005: 1000: 993: 988: 981: 976: 974: 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Retrieved 7297: 7293: 7280:. Retrieved 7276:the original 7260:. Retrieved 7256:the original 7236:. Retrieved 7232:the original 7215:. Retrieved 7198:. Retrieved 7182:. Retrieved 7178:the original 7161:. Retrieved 7126:. Retrieved 7109:. Retrieved 7093: 7040:. Retrieved 7033:the original 7020: 7008:. Retrieved 6998: 6986:. Retrieved 6976: 6964:. Retrieved 6954: 6942:. Retrieved 6924: 6912:. Retrieved 6887:. Retrieved 6877: 6865:. Retrieved 6855: 6843:. Retrieved 6833: 6821:. Retrieved 6811: 6785:. Retrieved 6772: 6760:. Retrieved 6750: 6738:. Retrieved 6728: 6708: 6696:. Retrieved 6686: 6674:. Retrieved 6669: 6660: 6648:. Retrieved 6643: 6634: 6622:. Retrieved 6617: 6607: 6595:. Retrieved 6589: 6583: 6571:. Retrieved 6561: 6549:. Retrieved 6538: 6529: 6517:. Retrieved 6501: 6489:. Retrieved 6479: 6467:. Retrieved 6454: 6442:. Retrieved 6437: 6428: 6416:. Retrieved 6406: 6394:. Retrieved 6385: 6373:. Retrieved 6369:the original 6359: 6347:. Retrieved 6343:the original 6332: 6320:. 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