354:
177:
86:
431:
elections under the guidance and overview of the OSCE, to be followed by the establishment of a commission including both
Moldovan and Transnistrian deputies to create a new "Law on the Special Legal Status of Transnistria", also including input from Ukraine, Russia, and the OSCE, as well as potentially the European Union and United States. Third, creating a "Conciliation Committee" to settle disputes arising from the law on Transnistria's status, including Moldovan, Transnistrian, Russian, Ukrainian, and OSCE members, as well as members from the European Union and United States if necessary.
894:
144:
369:
200:
109:
884:
166:
133:
75:
353:
189:
98:
155:
64:
339:
into power. Now surrounded by pro-European governments, the government of
Transnistria found the problem of its international isolation and fragility even more pressing than in previous years, particularly as the possibility of the TransnistriaāUkraine border (Transnistria's only open border) closing
464:
Despite early support, however, the plan quickly lost steam. With
Transnistria rebuking Moldovan efforts to realize the plan, calling it an "asymmetrical federation," the Moldovan government in late 2005 had signaled unwillingness to continue negotiations. As a result, the United States and European
455:
within
Moldova, giving the Supreme Soviet of Transnistria official authority, and establishing an international commission under the auspices of the OSCE and Council of Europe to ensure the freedom and fairness of elections, as well as compliance with Moldovan law. The lack of Transnistrian input in
487:
Despite the failure of the
Yushchenko Plan, the United States continued to express support for it in 2006, and for the replacement of exclusively-Russian forces in Transnistria with an international peacekeeping contingent including Russia. By 2007, however, the plan was fully over, as negotiations
442:
in May 2005, during which both
Transnistrian and Moldovan leadership expressed support for the plan and expressed a will to see it followed through. A draft treaty for the plan was written. On 10 June 2005, the Moldovan parliament approved the Yushchenko Plan with 96 votes in favour, and passed two
483:
in June 2006, in which he called for the inclusion of
Romania in the 5+2 negotiation format (a proposal previously rejected by both Russia and Ukraine) and accused Transnistria and Russia of using threats of an economic blockade to prevent further negotiations. In response, anti-Ukrainian and
430:
Three stages for the plan's fulfillment were laid out, each lasting six months at most. First, passing a law in the
Moldovan parliament to establish the basic principles of a settlement. This law would also serve as the basis for a new Transnistrian constitution. Second, holding free and fair
426:"Ukraine is prepared to consent to short-term monitoring of the Ukraine-Moldova border by OSCE teams from Ukrainian territory, with a view to checking the movement of goods and people. We call on Transnistria to take similar steps."
450:
On 22 July 2005, the first stage of the
Yushchenko Plan was fulfilled after the Moldovan parliament passed the Law on the Basic Provisions of the Special Legal Status of Settlements on the Left Bank of the Dniester, establishing
850:
288:, a renewed effort was made by the Moldovan government to reach a settlement as part of Voronin's promise to solve the Transnistria conflict within his first term. Key to Voronin's plans, which had backing from the
1102:
465:
Union were brought into negotiations as observers by Russia and
Transnistria. This move, however, only brought further deadlock to negotiations as Moldova found itself on an equal position to Transnistria.
452:
967:
468:
The Yushchenko Plan was dealt a further blow when Moldova and Ukraine reached a border agreement. Transnistria and Russia both strongly condemned the agreement, further exacerbating the
393:
292:(OSCE), Ukraine, and Russia, was the federalization of Moldova with the inclusion of Transnistria. This proposal was opposed by the Moldovan opposition, and the 2003 Russian-developed
423:"The Administration of Transnistria to allow an international monitoring mission, with the participation of Ukrainian specialists, to military-industrial enterprises in the region."
940:
447:
and the establishment of a demilitarised zone across Transnistria. The second urged the assistance of the OSCE, European Union, and United States in democratising Transnistria.
1287:
289:
248:
181:
90:
280:
Prior to the Yushchenko Plan, multiple unsuccessful attempts to solve the Transnistria conflict. These efforts became particularly notable following the 2001 election of
389:
237:
872:
923:
312:
469:
296:, which would have granted strong powers to Transnistrian authorities within a Moldovan federation, caused backlash in Moldova and Western diplomatic circles.
1351:
1142:
1130:
1047:
1037:
1030:
444:
301:
1361:
400:"Ukraine proposes to the Administration of Transnistria to create conditions for development of democracy, civil society, and a multiparty system."
414:, Russia, the United States to participate alongside Ukraine in monitoring the free and democratic elections to Transnistria's Supreme Soviet."
456:
the creation of the law, however, as well as a lack of international guarantees, caused concerns that Transnistria would not accept the plan.
473:
417:"Ukraine supports the intentions of the European Union and the United States to contribute to the solution of the problem of Transnistria."
332:
308:
1135:
567:
420:"The existing peacekeeping format to be transformed into an international mechanism of military and civilian observers under OSCE aegis."
1269:
1057:
945:
865:
297:
979:
755:
627:
1052:
705:
384:
With Transnistria increasingly isolated, Yushchenko's government began the drafting of a plan to solve the Transnistria conflict.
997:
918:
1009:
962:
733:
666:
269:, with the primarily-Slavic region of Transnistria declaring its sovereignty from the mostly-Romanian Moldova. This led to the
1346:
858:
404:
602:
1366:
1025:
536:
1325:
1371:
1356:
1242:
1062:
909:
513:
407:, the representative body of the Transnistria region of Moldova, on the basis of a legal status of Transnistria."
1320:
1042:
957:
950:
438:
of negotiations beginning the same year. Further details were revealed at a meeting in the Ukrainian city of
1002:
266:
1082:
434:
The Yushchenko Plan was met with support from Russia, Moldova, and the OSCE, and became the basis of the
888:
316:
260:
244:
368:
1087:
671:
472:
and leading to a deterioration in relations. Relations further worsened after the visit of Ukrainian
285:
230:
1113:
635:
1252:
837:
1308:
972:
411:
359:
336:
328:
233:
1264:
1247:
1184:
1092:
989:
827:
385:
374:
293:
281:
270:
240:
763:
1313:
1189:
1179:
913:
696:
392:, played a leading role in the creation of the plan, and revealed it at the 22 April 2005
327:
position. To Moldova's east, in Ukraine, there was also a new pro-Western government; the
1206:
662:
572:
480:
476:
340:
became clear. Under these circumstances, the Yushchenko Plan was developed by Ukraine.
320:
1340:
1216:
1174:
700:
729:"Moldova: Chisinau, Tiraspol Welcome Ukrainian Plan, But Settlement Remains Far Off"
1237:
935:
893:
1109:
832:
815:
435:
928:
324:
1199:
1194:
789:
505:
544:
509:
439:
273:
in 1992, in which Transnistria, supported by Russia, successfully secured
319:. The new PCRM government was supportive of further integration with the
841:
1221:
1211:
1169:
883:
728:
315:(PCRM) was re-elected, and Voronin was re-elected as president by the
1259:
304:
the next year, leading to Voronin to declare a halt to negotiations.
568:"Moldova Marks 30 Years Since Ceasefire Ended War on Costly Terms"
1103:
Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester
667:"Poroshenko drafts, Yushchenko launches a plan for Transnistria"
854:
443:
additional resolutions. The first called for the withdrawal of
603:"Democratization as a Means of Conflict Resolution in Moldova"
488:
remained at a standstill and the 5+2 format lost relevance.
277:
independence from Moldova as part of a ceasefire agreement.
968:
Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Moldova
756:"Ukrainian plan for settling the Transdniestrian conflict"
377:, Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council
794:
George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies
247:
by peaceful means with the support of Moldova and the
27:
Ukrainian plan for settling the Transnistrian conflict
941:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
1288:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
290:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
249:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
182:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
91:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
1301:
1280:
1230:
1162:
1155:
1136:
Bureau for Reintegration of the Republic of Moldova
1123:
1071:
1018:
988:
902:
211:
120:
55:
47:
39:
31:
26:
484:anti-American protests broke out in Transnistria.
229:, was a unsuccessful 2005 plan developed by then-
390:National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine
313:Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova
866:
403:"Elections to be held soon to Transnistria's
300:further worsened after the latter closed all
265:The Transnistria conflict began prior to the
8:
21:
816:"Solving Transnistria: Any Optimists Left?"
1159:
1075:
1048:2006 Transnistrian independence referendum
873:
859:
851:
543:(in Russian). 9 March 2017. Archived from
302:Romanian-language schools on its territory
298:Relations between Moldova and Transnistria
20:
16:2005 plan to end the Transnistria conflict
1038:Russian military presence in Transnistria
1031:Romanian-language schools in Transnistria
831:
790:"Transnistria: Prospects for a Solution"
396:summit. The plan included seven points:
528:
497:
783:
781:
701:"Resolving the Transnistria Conflict"
628:"Federalism and Democracy in Moldova"
238:National Security and Defense Council
7:
691:
689:
657:
655:
653:
621:
619:
610:European Yearbook of Minority Issues
596:
594:
592:
590:
470:2005ā2006 RussiaāUkraine gas dispute
333:2004 Ukrainian presidential election
309:2005 Moldovan parliamentary election
243:in an effort to bring an end to the
1270:Operational Group of Russian Forces
1058:2012 Moldova security zone incident
1352:History of Transnistria since 1991
980:Unification of Moldova and Romania
566:Harrington, Keith (21 July 2022).
453:sweeping autonomy for Transnistria
14:
1053:2006 Transnistrian customs crisis
706:United States Department of State
539:[PMR Population Census].
919:Union of Bessarabia with Romania
892:
882:
367:
352:
323:, in contrast with its previous
198:
187:
175:
164:
153:
142:
131:
107:
96:
84:
73:
62:
1362:2005 in international relations
963:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
734:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
814:Urse, Cristian (Spring 2008).
760:Institutul de Politici Publice
445:Russian forces in Transnistria
335:had brought the government of
1:
727:Tomiuc, Eugen (18 May 2005).
1026:Human rights in Transnistria
833:10.11610/Connections.07.1.04
474:Minister of Foreign Affairs
410:"The European Union, OSCE,
1388:
1131:Reintegration into Moldova
258:
225:, also referred to as the
1078:
1063:2022 Transnistria attacks
910:First Partition of Poland
514:2015 Transnistrian census
1321:Cobasna ammunition depot
1156:Participants and figures
1112:(2005āpresent; see also
1043:Joint Control Commission
958:The Holocaust in Romania
951:Transnistria Governorate
537:"ŠŠµŃŠµŠæŠøŃŃ Š½Š°ŃŠµŠ»ŠµŠ½ŠøŃ ŠŠŠ "
504:29.1% Russian and 22.9%
344:Plan and initial support
267:independence of Moldova
125:Never signed, proposed:
1326:MoldovaāUkraine border
1083:1997 Moscow memorandum
601:Protsyk, Oleh (2004).
362:, President of Ukraine
1347:Transnistria conflict
1093:2003 Kozak memorandum
889:Transnistria conflict
479:to Moldova's capital
317:Parliament of Moldova
261:Transnistria conflict
245:Transnistria conflict
236:and Secretary of the
1367:2005 in Transnistria
1143:Annexation by Russia
1098:2005 Yushchenko Plan
1088:1999 Istanbul summit
699:(9 September 2006).
672:Jamestown Foundation
508:, compared to 28.6%
286:President of Moldova
231:President of Ukraine
1124:Potential solutions
1114:Berlin Plus package
1072:Resolution attempts
1010:Ceasefire agreement
636:European Parliament
388:, Secretary of the
23:
1253:Vadim Krasnoselsky
1372:Viktor Yushchenko
1357:Proposed treaties
1334:
1333:
1309:Gagauzia conflict
1297:
1296:
1151:
1150:
973:Moldovan language
665:(27 April 2005).
547:on 14 August 2018
412:Council of Europe
360:Viktor Yushchenko
337:Viktor Yushchenko
329:Orange Revolution
234:Viktor Yushchenko
219:
218:
1379:
1265:14th Guards Army
1248:Yevgeny Shevchuk
1231:Pro-Transnistria
1185:Vladimir Voronin
1160:
1076:
1003:Battle of Bender
990:Transnistria War
897:
896:
887:
886:
875:
868:
861:
852:
846:
845:
835:
811:
805:
804:
802:
800:
788:Urse, Cristian.
785:
776:
775:
773:
771:
762:. Archived from
752:
746:
745:
743:
741:
724:
718:
717:
715:
713:
697:Kramer, David J.
693:
684:
683:
681:
679:
659:
648:
647:
645:
643:
632:
623:
614:
613:
607:
598:
585:
584:
582:
580:
563:
557:
556:
554:
552:
533:
517:
502:
386:Petro Poroshenko
375:Petro Poroshenko
371:
356:
294:Kozak memorandum
282:Vladimir Voronin
271:Transnistria War
241:Petro Poroshenko
204:
202:
201:
193:
191:
190:
180:
179:
178:
170:
168:
167:
159:
157:
156:
148:
146:
145:
137:
135:
134:
113:
111:
110:
102:
100:
99:
89:
88:
87:
79:
77:
76:
68:
66:
65:
24:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1314:Gagauz Republic
1293:
1276:
1226:
1190:Nicolae Timofti
1180:Petru Lucinschi
1147:
1119:
1116:, 2016āpresent)
1067:
1014:
984:
898:
891:
881:
879:
849:
813:
812:
808:
798:
796:
787:
786:
779:
769:
767:
766:on 19 June 2006
754:
753:
749:
739:
737:
726:
725:
721:
711:
709:
695:
694:
687:
677:
675:
663:Socor, Vladimir
661:
660:
651:
641:
639:
630:
626:Protsyk, Oleh.
625:
624:
617:
605:
600:
599:
588:
578:
576:
565:
564:
560:
550:
548:
535:
534:
530:
526:
521:
520:
503:
499:
494:
462:
460:End of the plan
382:
381:
380:
379:
378:
372:
364:
363:
357:
346:
263:
257:
223:Yushchenko Plan
199:
197:
188:
186:
176:
174:
165:
163:
154:
152:
143:
141:
132:
130:
127:
108:
106:
97:
95:
85:
83:
74:
72:
63:
61:
22:Yushchenko Plan
17:
12:
11:
5:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1207:European Union
1204:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1166:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1005:
994:
992:
986:
985:
983:
982:
977:
976:
975:
965:
960:
955:
954:
953:
948:
943:
933:
932:
931:
924:Moldavian ASSR
921:
916:
914:Treaty of IaČi
906:
904:
900:
899:
880:
878:
877:
870:
863:
855:
848:
847:
806:
777:
747:
719:
685:
649:
615:
586:
573:Balkan Insight
558:
527:
525:
522:
519:
518:
496:
495:
493:
490:
477:Borys Tarasyuk
461:
458:
428:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
408:
405:Supreme Soviet
401:
373:
366:
365:
358:
351:
350:
349:
348:
347:
345:
342:
331:following the
321:European Union
307:Following the
259:Main article:
256:
253:
227:Ukrainian Plan
217:
216:
213:
209:
208:
207:
206:
195:
194:European Union
184:
172:
161:
150:
139:
122:
118:
117:
116:
115:
104:
103:European Union
93:
81:
70:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1384:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:United States
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:Mircea Snegur
1173:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
993:
991:
987:
981:
978:
974:
971:
970:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
952:
949:
947:
946:Moldavian SSR
944:
942:
939:
938:
937:
934:
930:
927:
926:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
911:
908:
907:
905:
901:
895:
890:
885:
876:
871:
869:
864:
862:
857:
856:
853:
843:
839:
834:
829:
825:
821:
817:
810:
807:
795:
791:
784:
782:
778:
765:
761:
757:
751:
748:
736:
735:
730:
723:
720:
708:
707:
702:
698:
692:
690:
686:
674:
673:
668:
664:
658:
656:
654:
650:
638:
637:
629:
622:
620:
616:
611:
604:
597:
595:
593:
591:
587:
575:
574:
569:
562:
559:
546:
542:
538:
532:
529:
523:
515:
511:
507:
501:
498:
491:
489:
485:
482:
478:
475:
471:
466:
459:
457:
454:
448:
446:
441:
437:
432:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
409:
406:
402:
399:
398:
397:
395:
391:
387:
376:
370:
361:
355:
343:
341:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
262:
254:
252:
250:
246:
242:
239:
235:
232:
228:
224:
214:
210:
205:United States
196:
185:
183:
173:
162:
151:
140:
129:
128:
126:
123:
119:
114:United States
105:
94:
92:
82:
71:
60:
59:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
1243:Igor Smirnov
1238:Transnistria
1097:
936:World War II
826:(1): 57ā75.
823:
819:
809:
797:. Retrieved
793:
768:. Retrieved
764:the original
759:
750:
738:. Retrieved
732:
722:
710:. Retrieved
704:
676:. Retrieved
670:
640:. Retrieved
634:
609:
577:. Retrieved
571:
561:
549:. Retrieved
545:the original
540:
531:
512:, as of the
500:
486:
467:
463:
449:
433:
429:
383:
306:
279:
274:
264:
226:
222:
220:
149:Transnistria
124:
18:
1163:Pro-Moldova
929:Moldovenism
820:Connections
799:11 December
770:11 December
740:11 December
712:11 December
678:11 December
642:11 December
579:11 December
551:11 December
541:Privyet PMR
325:Russophilic
121:Signatories
1341:Categories
1200:Maia Sandu
1195:Igor Dodon
1110:5+2 format
903:Background
524:References
436:5+2 format
255:Background
1019:Aftermath
506:Ukrainian
440:Vinnytsia
56:Mediators
1302:See also
998:Timeline
842:26323320
510:Moldovan
481:ChiČinÄu
275:de facto
251:(OSCE).
212:Language
48:Location
1281:Neutral
1222:Ukraine
1212:Romania
1170:Moldova
215:Russian
171:Ukraine
138:Moldova
80:Ukraine
32:Drafted
1290:(OSCE)
1260:Russia
840:
612:: 1ā7.
311:, the
203:
192:
169:
160:Russia
158:
147:
136:
112:
101:
78:
69:Russia
67:
40:Signed
838:JSTOR
631:(PDF)
606:(PDF)
492:Notes
394:GUUAM
912:and
801:2022
772:2022
742:2022
714:2022
680:2022
644:2022
581:2022
553:2022
221:The
35:2005
828:doi
284:as
51:N/A
43:N/A
1343::
836:.
822:.
818:.
792:.
780:^
758:.
731:.
703:.
688:^
669:.
652:^
633:.
618:^
608:.
589:^
570:.
874:e
867:t
860:v
844:.
830::
824:7
803:.
774:.
744:.
716:.
682:.
646:.
583:.
555:.
516:.
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