299:) played a functional role in dance. The role of shaman as the primary leader, petitioner, and a trans-mediator between the human and non-human spiritual worlds in association with music, dance, and masks. The shaman’s professional responsibility was to enact ancient forms of prayers to request for the survival needs of the people. The specified masks depicted survival essentials requested in ceremonies. Shamans often carved the symbolic masks that were vital to many Yup'ik ceremonial dances and this masks represented spirits that the shaman saw during visions.
426:
47:
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744:, an intervillage ceremony associated with the performance of masked dances usually at the end of the winter season, were abandoned. Masked dances and the Kelek (masquerade) dances were among the first to be removed from Yup'ik practice. Because of their highly spiritual content, dances were considered dangerous by missionaries who called them "heathen idol worship, devil's frolic and black art".
31:
772:), fostering a revival of the traditions of the Yup’ik people. Concerned about the survival of Yup’ik cultural heritage, the Negeqliq first brought together artists where traditional dancing was still practiced to participate in a festival designed to pass on dance traditions to younger generations. Nine villages in
792:). Traditional dancers from all over Alaska and beyond participate every March in the Cama-i dance festival. Bethel is unique in the region in having an astounding diversity of cultures, including a large contingent of Koreans. The Cama-i dance festival, an annual event in Bethel in the spring, hosts
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There are now many dance groups who perform Eskimo dances in Alaska. There are many performances and festivals, however, that are more traditional in their role. Masked dances especially have served as a strong reminder of the connection to the worlds of animals and spirits. Dances embody the Yup'ik
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activity. Along with the expansion of
Europeans and Americans into Alaska were accompanying hardships for the indigenous people: epidemic diseases, strong Christian missionary activities, and western educational policies such as English language-only rules. Ancestral Eskimo dancing and non-Christian
165:
dance festival is a cultural celebration that started in the mid 1980s with a goal to gather outlying village Inuit dancers to share their music and dances. There are now many dance groups who perform Inuit dances in Alaska. Most popular activity in the Yup'ik-speaking Inuit area is rediscovered
134:. Yup'ik dancing is set up in a very specific and cultural format. Typically, the men are in the front, kneeling and the women stand in the back. The drummers are in the very back of the dance group. Dance is the heart of Yup’ik spiritual and social life. Traditional dancing in the
611:) is use generic term for Yup'ik/Cup’ik regular dance. Also, yuraq is concerned with animal behaviour and hunting of animals, or with ridicule of individuals (ranging from affectionate teasing to punishing public embarrassment). But, use for inherited dance is
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conception of the world. The beliefs that stem from this conception are the models by which Yup'iks live. Today, a dance festival, both in preparation and the actual event, consumes an entire village with its significance, just as it did in pre-contact times.
532:): Hand-held fans accentuate the fluid movements of a dancer’s arms. They were used in traditional winter ceremonies and continue as part of contemporary Yup’ik dance regalia. Men’s fans, like this pair, have feathers inserted into wooden hoops.
398:) in ceremonies are composed and choreographed differently. The ceremonies are accompanied with music and must adhere to specific composition formalities as practiced by Yup’ik ancestors. This musical forms of songs are warm-up chorus (
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came to that intervillage festival. The success of that event stimulated the creation of dance festivals throughout the lower Yukon River region. The Yupiit
Yuraryarait is a dance festival that is now held every three or four years.
632:, lit. "real dance") and yurapik long story dance performed by women, or is a dance style that relates to dance sequences that have no associated song are owned by individuals and passed down through family lines.
376:) was made out of fine mammal stomach lining. The drum was to be treated with respect and used for ceremonial purposes. The Yup'ik calendar clearly marks the seasons and seasonal rounds of activity. The November (
303:(powerful ceremonial masks) were empowered by shamans. Shamans wearing masks of bearded seal, moose, wolf, eagle, beaver, fish, and the north wind were accompanied with drums and music.
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in the south); and the considerable musical ceremonialism that still survives (which never developed as much in the south and southwest of Alaska, although it certainly existed there).
193:) are in the beating of the frame-drum from below, rather than from above; the standing, rather than the kneeling of the male dancers; the very small use of decorative dance fans (
966:
1103:
Kerry D. Feldman (1978), Occupancy and Use of Naknek Area From Late 19th
Century. Unpublished Manuscript, on file Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska Anchorage.
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is where people danced in ancient times. The qasgiq, was the community center for ceremonies and festivals which included singing, dancing, and storytelling.
480:(decorated boots), and ivory/beaded earrings. Men wear round wooden fans with waterfowl or owl feathers. Today, both female and male dancers wear designed
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The reasons of the discrediting of traditional native dances are the effects of social changes that came about in the late 19th century as a result of
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655:(slow dances). Rhythmic dances combined distinct gestures, story-telling, songs and the use of drums and masks. There were six styles of yuraq:
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720:. Shamanistic rituals are no longer practiced, although some elders have information about these rites. Song and dance have remained. The
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form usually performed to songs in Yup'ik, with dances choreographed for specific songs which the
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The changing faces of tradition: a report on the golk and traditional arts in the United States
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forbade it at the end of the 19th century. Many of these spiritual ceremonies, such as the
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784:(lit. "hello; greetings; pleased to meet you; good to see you again") started in 1984 in
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1164:"Yupiit Yuraryarait dance festival celebrates living Yup'ik - Timeline - Native Voices"
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dances, which were slow, old-style dances performed by women following berry harvests;
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had banned dancing from the villages. Yuraq dancing feasts between villages in the
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221:(lit. "Yup'ik ways of dancing") embrace six fundamental key entities identified as
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The most obvious ways in which the Eskimo dancing of northwestern Alaska (known as
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The Living
Tradition of Yup'ik Masks: Agayuliyararput (Our Way of Making Prayer)
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The
Dwellers Between: Yup'ik Shamans and Cultural Change in Western Alaska
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priests as of 1933. Dancing as part of Yup'ik feasts no longer existed as
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in Kotlik dialect, lit. "place for drumming”) is the time for drumming.
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dancers, and dancers from other regions of the world and the nation.
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Jerry Lipka (1998) with Gerald V. Mohatt and the
Ciulistet group.
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Yuraryararput
Kangiit-llu: Our Ways of Dance and Their Meanings
348:
frame crafted with a designed handle and is accompanied with a
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To dance is to be: heritage preservation in the 21st century
1092:
Transforming the
Culture of Schools: Yup’ik Eskimo Examples
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The
Journal for the Anthropological Study of Human Movement
34:
Alaska Native dance troupe with skirtled
Kuskokwim style
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of the Nunivak Cup’ig style in 1927 by Edward S Curtis.
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by Christian missionaries in the late 19th century as
510:) was a central element in Yup'ik ceremonial dancing.
146:) was a central element in Yup'ik ceremonial dancing.
189:) differs from that of southwestern Alaska (known as
1234:. University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska.
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Remembering the man who helped revive Yup'ik dancing
951:. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Fairbanks, Alaska.
764:(lit. "Yup'ik ways of dancing") started in 1982 at
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476:(finger mask or woven grass caribou dance fans),
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138:is a communal activity in Yup’ik tradition. The
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1037:. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
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659:dances consisting of yuraq, verse and chorus;
712:rites were discouraged or even demonized and
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1281:2014 Cama-i Dance Festival - Chevak Dancers
1046:Maria Shaa Tlaa Williams (2005) {She is an
796:dancers from all over the state as well as
468:(wolf/wolverine/caribou beaded headdress),
513:Dance fans or finger masks or maskettes (
1214:"Cama-i Dance Festival – Bethel, Alaska"
960:Ahnie Marie Al'aq David Litecky (2011).
424:
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40:University of Alaska Museum of the North
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909:The Eskimo Songs of Northwestern Alaska
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484:(hand-sewn calico pullover clothing).
313:playing a very large drum in 1927 by
149:Inuit dancing of their ancestors was
7:
780:The second Yup'ik dance festival is
671:dances, primarily performed by men;
1232:Introduction to the Kuskokwim Delta
854:Yupiit Piciryarait Cultural Center
54:dance group performing in a kuspuk
25:
1186:. National Endowment for the Arts
1133:Encyclopedia of the Arctic: A-F
915:, Vol 29, No 1 (1976), pp. 7-19
576:lit. "place for dancing”). The
27:Traditional Inuit style dancing
1118:Alaska Journal of Anthropology
708:, traditional ceremonies, and
1:
945:Theresa Arevgaq John (2010).
683:, or proper entrance dances.
1230:Delena Norris-Tull (1999 ).
898:, Vol. 9, No. 3. pp. 131-149
893:“Yup'ik Dance: Old and New,”
157:in the late 19th century as
1180:Elizabeth Peterson (1996),
973:. The University of Montana
907:Thomas F. Johnston (1976),
429:A man wearing a ceremonial
217:(lit. "way of dancing") or
130:dialect speaking Yup'ik of
118:dialect speaking Yup'ik of
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1306:Dance in the United States
1136:. Routledge. p. 348.
969:December 23, 2014, at the
380:in Nelson Island dialect,
187:Iñupiaq style Eskimo dance
178:dancing are also known as
1112:Feldman, Kerry D (2001),
984:Calendar Sample of Kotlik
732:region were forbidden by
191:Yup'ik style Eskimo dance
982:Nita Y. Rearden (2013),
1245:"Cama-i Dance Festival"
663:(storytelling dances);
651:(contemporary dances),
106:people of southwestern
1311:Native American dances
1130:Nuttall, Mark (2005).
434:
364:). Traditionally, the
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155:Christian missionaries
55:
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774:Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta
428:
410:), voiceless motion (
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33:
1201:Alaska Dispatch News
647:(fast beat dances),
635:Types of dances are
557:The dance location (
472:(beaded necklaces),
1060:Alaska Park Science
1031:Fienup-Riordan, Ann
738:Jesuit missionaries
464:(fancy fur parka),
237:(song structures),
161:. After a century,
94:) is a traditional
50:Yup'ik dancer from
18:Yup'ik dancing
1195:Tim Troll (2008),
762:Yupiit Yuraryarait
718:primitive idolatry
687:Banning of dancing
643:(motions dances),
621:yurapiaq ~ yurapik
435:
416:apalluan kinguqlia
319:
245:(dance location).
219:Yupiit Yuraryarait
159:primitive idolatry
56:
44:
1251:on March 25, 2015
1143:978-1-57958-436-8
1048:ethnomusicologist
756:The first Yup'ik
681:telciqata'arcutet
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1255:November 2,
859:Inuit music
790:Mamterilleq
726:King Salmon
710:shamanistic
706:festivities
679:songs; and
549:nasqurrutet
543:nasqurrutek
460:) includes
455:yurarcuutet
449:yurarcuutek
418:), encore (
402:), chorus (
374:cauyam ecia
239:yurarcuutet
229:(shamans),
182:in Alaska.
1290:Categories
1149:2014-04-11
1062:, Vol 4-1.
865:References
824:Inu-Yupiaq
766:St. Mary's
742:Agayuyaraq
701:missionary
653:ingulautet
645:cukaqautet
505:kegginaqut
499:kegginaquk
493:kegginaquq
437:The dance
350:drum stick
212:Yuraryarat
206:Yuraryaraq
201:Yuraryaraq
195:de rigueur
144:kegginaquq
52:Inu-Yupiaq
1218:camai.org
1054:nation}.
1050:from the
697:epidemics
693:fur trade
571:yurarviit
565:yurarviik
537:nasqurrun
466:nasqurrun
443:yurarcuun
382:Causarvik
378:Cauyarvik
267:ciuliaput
250:ancestors
227:angalkuut
1033:(1996).
967:Archived
891:(1998),
848:nakaciuq
808:See also
802:Japanese
770:Negeqliq
677:taitnauq
675:done to
661:yurapiat
649:ciuqitet
627:yurapiit
617:Yurapiaq
559:yurarvik
527:tegumiat
521:tegumiak
515:tegumiaq
478:piluguuk
474:tegumiak
366:drumskin
346:bentwood
301:Nepcetat
294:angalkut
288:angalkuk
282:angalkuq
243:yurarvik
233:(drum),
126:for the
114:for the
67:Yuraqing
1052:Tlingit
641:yagirat
613:Yurapik
439:regalia
362:mengruq
354:cauyaun
260:ciuliat
254:ciuliaq
223:ciuliat
176:Iñupiaq
100:dancing
77:/juʁaq/
65:, also
38:at the
1140:
913:Arctic
838:kevgiq
829:Pamyua
798:Korean
786:Bethel
782:Cama-i
730:Naknek
714:banned
699:, and
669:pualla
665:ingula
578:qasgiq
487:Dance
482:qaspeq
470:uyamik
420:pamyua
404:agnera
339:cauyat
333:cauyak
327:cauyaq
278:shaman
231:cauyaq
163:Cama-i
151:banned
136:qasgiq
120:Chevak
108:Alaska
104:Yup'ik
98:style
96:Eskimo
71:Yup'ik
36:kuspuk
1058:. in
728:and
673:yurat
657:arula
606:yurat
600:yurak
594:yuraq
590:Yuraq
584:Types
462:qaliq
358:mumeq
89:yurat
83:yurak
74:yuraq
63:Yuraq
1257:2014
1138:ISBN
800:and
603:dual
588:The
568:dual
546:dual
524:dual
502:dual
489:mask
452:dual
431:mask
387:The
370:eciq
336:dual
323:drum
321:The
291:dual
276:The
248:The
140:mask
122:and
86:dual
760:is
615:or
422:).
372:or
153:by
61:or
1292::
1216:.
1199:.
1166:.
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1075:.
1016:.
998:.
920:^
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873:^
695:,
630:pl
624:sg
609:pl
597:sg
574:pl
562:sg
552:pl
540:sg
530:pl
518:sg
508:pl
496:sg
458:pl
446:sg
396:sg
360:,
356:,
342:pl
330:sg
297:pl
285:sg
273:.
265:,
263:pl
257:sg
215:pl
209:sg
92:pl
80:sg
1259:.
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