1366:...the Yurok have been dispossessed of most of their territory. The majority is now owned by timber corporations or is part of national parks and forests. Although the Yurok Reservation includes a contiguous area of fifty-six thousand acres along the Klamath River, in 1995 only scattered parcels, comprising less than five thousand acres of the reservation, are under some semblance of tribal ownership, with the rest mostly in non-Indian hands. Historically, despite the granting of a reservation and allotments to Yurok people, control of reservation and allotment natural resources has been withheld from them under the auspices of scientific forest management.
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two reservations, designating the Square as the "Hoopa Valley
Reservation" and the Extension as the "Yurok Reservation," 25 U.S.C. § 1300i-1; (2) distributing the escrow funds, 25 U.S.C. § 1300i-33; (3) confirming the statutes of the Hoopa Valley Tribe, and designating the Square or Hoopa Valley Reservation as the reservation to be held in trust for the Hoopa Valley Tribe, 25 U.S.C. § 1300i-1(b) 7; (4) recognizing and organizing the Yurok Tribe, and designating the Addition or Yurok Reservation as the reservation to be held in trust for the Yurok Tribe, 25 U.S.C. § 1300i-1(c) 8." Shermoen v. U.S., 982 F.2d 1312, 1316 (9th Cir. 1992)
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854:. An adult condor was brought in to mentor four juvenile birds who would be released. An adult not only serves as a role model but also enforces the social hierarchy that is crucial to the survival of a flock. Two condors were released in May 2022 from a pen in Redwood National Park. A third juvenile was released a few weeks later with the fourth being allowed outside the release pen in July. Each bird must leave the program area voluntarily after entering and exiting a staging pen with the birds being monitored for their safety by researchers who remain hidden in a
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Settlement Roll, 2,955 people chose Yurok membership. 227 of those members had a mailing address on the Yurok reservation, but a majority lived within 50 miles of the reservation. The Yurok Tribe is currently the largest group of Native
Americans in the state of California, with 6357 enrolled members living in or around the reservation. The Yurok reservation of 63,035 acres (25,509 ha) has an 80% poverty rate and 70% of the inhabitants do not have telephone service or electricity, according to the tribe's Web page.
627:. Sam Hodder, president and CEO of Save the Redwoods League, explained that the agreement would be starting a process of changing the present narrative about who, and for whom, natural lands are managed. The return of the 125 acres - named 'O Rew by the Yurok - demonstrates "the sheer will and perseverance of the Yurok people". Joseph L. James , Yurok chairman, said: "Together, we are creating a new conservation model that recognizes the value of tribal land management". The Yurok see
582:, had a lack of outreach from the corporations involved. In the future, tribal nations may decide to support offshore wind development, but that they "must be in leadership positions through every phase of the process". While offshore wind can help provide the clean energy America needs, unless the industry "truly engages with the Native American tribes that suffered the impacts from previous natural resource extraction, it will be as dirty as the rest of them."
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management and Yurok culture and economy are closely linked" and as a result "the increasing unsuitability of the changed forest for Yurok subsistence helped push the Yurok to sell their land." The Yurok
Fisheries Department works at reviving the streams and the runs of salmon and steelhead trout. Reforesting by tribal members helps to stabilize the banks of the waterways and reduce the sediment load.
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centre will be displaying sacred artefacts from deerskins to baskets, as well as serving as a hub for the Yurok to carry out their traditions. Rosie
Clayburn, the tribe's cultural resources said: "This is work that we’ve always done, and continued to fight for, but I feel like the rest of world is catching up right now and starting to see that Native people know how to manage this land the best".
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767:. Yurok Tribal Chairman Joe James has said that if the salmon did not survive, neither would the tribe. With the removal of four dams along the Klamath river which will open up near 400 miles of historic salmon habitat, it is hoped that the fish will return. Yurok fisherman Oscar Gensaw said "Once the dams are down, the salmon will know what to do."
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Fish census from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries suggest an estimated 650,000 to 1 million adult salmon used to make the run from the mouth of the river to Upper
Klamath Lake and beyond to spawn. Also, more than 100,000 spring-run Chinook would return each year. Yet, by August 2023,
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and how the ever-growing clean energy developments could impact on the food, culture and income for Native communities. A central point emerged from the Summit that there could not be responsible offshore wind development "in tribal areas without tribal consent" and that tribal leaders were concerned
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The participation by the Yurok in the scheme has been met with concerns and criticism. "I'm not happy with it" said Jene McCovey, a tribal elder. "It's not viable. It allows polluters to pollute". Tribal member Marty
Lamebear agreed that the carbon project had brought in money but said: "They buy our
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began, natural resource extraction had devestated indigenous communities. This has led to a great mistrust of industry, so that when the offshore wind industry tells people about the great opportunities it will bring, native peoples remain sceptical. Further, during Yurok sacred ceremonies, mountain
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The staggered releases allow the social draw of still-captive condors to keep the freed birds nearby so the team can observe the birds, who are outfitted with GPS transmitters. As of March 2024 11 birds (4 females and 7 males) have been successfully introduced, with another 5 or more being released
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The land that will be co-managed was bought by the Save the
Redwoods League in 2013 after having been a lumber mill for 50 years. Plans for 'O Rew, originally one of dozens of villages on ancestral lands, include traditional redwood plank houses, a sweat house and a visitor and cultural centre. The
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After starting negotiations in 2010, the Yurok have paid off loans, supported schools, youth programming, housing, road improvement and off-reservation businesses through carbon sequestration. Land reclamation using the cap-in-trade revenue has allowed them to take control of land management and to
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attempted to challenge the Hoopa-Yurok
Settlement Act in 1992 case Shermoen v. United States, 982 F.2d 1312, 1314 (9th Cir. 1992), but the court ruling in the case found that "In the Hoopa-Yurok Settlement Act, Congress sought to resolve the legal conflicts by: (1) partitioning the reservation into
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Men who were unable to pay the full sum of money could pay half the cost for the bride. In doing so, the couple was considered “half-married.” Half-married couples lived with the bride's family and the groom would then become a slave for them. Furthermore, their children would take on the mother's
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When daughters got married, Yurok families would receive a payment from her husband. For the most part, girls were highly valued in the family. The amount of money paid by a man determined the social status of the couple. A wealthy man, who could afford to pay a large sum, increased the couple and
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The tribe owns and operates a casino, river jet boat tours and other tourist attractions. The Yurok Tribe
Construction Corporation has several projects that it is taking part in at the moment, including Orick Mill, Coffee Creek, Heliwood, Oregon Gulch and Condor Aviation. In 2023, the construction
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Due to the cultural and ecological importance of the condor, the tribe began a program in 2008 to reintroduce the condor. While based on the latest scientific protocols, Yurok
Traditional Ecological Knowledge provided by the tribal elders informs the restoration program. In preparation, they have
592:"There is insufficient scientific research on the adverse environmental impacts associated with the massive floating wind turbines and platforms. The Tribe is gravely concerned about potential risks to the interlinked ecosystem extending from the deep ocean to the headwaters of the Klamath River."
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were the only group allowed to perform religious duties. Furthermore, they had homes at higher elevations, wore nicer clothing, and spoke in a distinctive manner. The primary reason men became slaves was because they owed money to certain families. Nonetheless, slavery was not considered to be a
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Yurok Villages ('o'loolekw - "village") were composed of individual families that lived in separate, single-family homes. The house was owned by the eldest male and in each lived several generations of men related on their father's side of the family as well as their wives, children, daughters’
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On November 24, 1993, the Yurok Tribe adopted a constitution that details the jurisdiction and territory of their lands. Under the Hoopa-Yurok Settlement Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100-580, qualified applicants had the option of enrolling in the Yurok Tribe. Of the 3,685 qualified applicants for the
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family as a place to gather. While during their menstruation cycles, women stayed in separate under-ground huts for ten days. Additionally, inheritance of land was predominantly patrilineal. The majority of the estate was passed down to the fathers’ sons. Daughters and male relatives were also
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Forest management impacts forests on Yurok lands, since the environment is interconnected despite political boundaries. In United States forestry programs, Indigenous peoples are only given the right to "alienate the land but not to manage the vegetation." In the case of the Yurok, "vegetation
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said that people from the tribes had come together "to move forward in a good way on renewable energy". Yurok Chairman Joseph L. James said that the tribes did not want to see other industries "take advantage of our natural resources and contribute little or nothing to the local community."
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were usually women. Women would become shamans after dreaming of being told to do so. Another shaman would then assist her in a ritual dance. Shamans would use plants, prayer, and rituals to heal people and also performed ceremonies to ensure successful hunting, fishing, and gathering.
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wrote of the Yurok perception of the shell: "Since the direction of these sources is 'downstream' to them, they speak in their traditions of the shells living at the downstream and upstream ends of the world, where strange but enviable peoples live who suck the flesh of univalves."
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Through oral tradition and archaeological records, it is estimated that the Yurok lands were originally some half-a-million acres. In 1855 they were confined to a reservation of around 90,000 acres: by 1993, this had declined to around 5% of the original reservation.
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748:, described in 2014 the deep connection of salmon to the Yurok people and their identity: "Salmon are a gift from the Creator. Salmon are truly the essence of Yurok existence and foundational to Yurok identity for they would not exist without them."
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counties. Although the reservation comprises some 56,000 acres (23,000 ha) of contiguous land along the Klamath River, only about 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) of scattered plots are under partial tribal ownership. Most Yurok land is owned by
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and woodcarving are important arts. A traditional hamlet of wooden plank buildings, called Sumeg, was built in 1990. The Jump Dance and Brush Dance remain part of tribal ceremonies. The tribe's involvement in condor reintroduction, along with
248:, published in 1887. These names all developed from the way the river was, and still is, centered in the worldview of the people of the Yurok Tribe. Traditionally, the people of the Yurok Tribe would refer to villages down river as
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sustainably harvest timber. Tribal Vice Chairman Frankie Myers said: "the most beneficial thing we're doing with our land is giving members access to it". Through working with companies and organisations such as New Forests and
759:, the salmon which were once plentiful now face a drastic decline in numbers linked to water quality and fish health. This poses a serious problem for the Yurok whoose life and culture is closely tied with the fish of the
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the Yurok salmon festival missed its basic ingredient - salmon. Because of the scarcity of salmon, the Yurok have been catalysed into "the need to fight for their main sources of nutrition and for their very way of life".
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In 1995, researchers observed that "control of reservation and allotment natural resources has been withheld from them under the auspices of scientific forest management." Managing the reservation for the benefit of the
449:- "shall no longer have any right or interest whatsoever in the tribal, communal, or unallotted land, property, resources, or rights within, or appertaining to, the Yurok Indian Reservation or the Yurok Tribe." The
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peaks are often used "which offer an unobstructed view of the ocean" and some of the last places that they can see the world as their ancestors had seen it. Yet the Yurok, traditional managers of their local
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of 1988, an acted passed by the 2nd Session of the 100th Congress of 1988, declared that Yurok descendants who have chosen to remain members of recognized tribes other than the Yurok Tribe of the
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or a "fine stand of timber" prevented Yurok modes of subsistence. As such the researchers note that Yurok were divested from their forest resources for the following reasons: "by straightforward
681:. Between twenty and one hundred people speak the Yurok language today. The language is passed on through master-apprentice teams and through singing. Language classes have been offered through
207:, a Yurok word simply meaning “the people.” Some historic documents, like the Yurok Tribe’s unratified treaty with the Government of the United States (GoUS), refer to the Yurok Tribe as the
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The Yurok are known globally for their arts that include basketry and regalia-making, and that salmon give the tribe the physical and mental strength for those arts. Tori McConnell,
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On 6 March 2024, the Yurok Tribal Council voted to oppose offshore wind developments near the Yurok Coast. The Council gave several reasons on their Facebook page for this stance:
266:(meaning “Coast Indian”). However, all these terms were merely practical descriptions of how to get to or from a village location within the Ancestral Land of the Yurok Tribe; the
822:. Yurok, Wiyot, and other tribes use the shed feathers in ceremonies to treat the sick. The Yurok Tribe Northern California Condor Restoration Program is working with the local
595:"The federal government has not recognized the Yurok Tribe’s unceded ocean territory or its sovereign authority to determine whether and how this territory should be developed."
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their children's rank within the community. When married, both spouses held onto their personal properties but the bride lived with the groom's family and took his last name.
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2023–2024, said that without salmon "we wouldn’t have had the brainpower or the physical power to create and maintain and preserve the beautiful culture that we see today."
421:, the Lower Klamath River Indian Reservation was created by executive order. The reservation boundaries included a portion of the Yurok's territory and some Yurok villages.
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Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. Alfred L. Kroeber put the 1770 population of the Yurok at 2500.
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An unusual feature of the language is that certain nouns change depending upon whether there is one, two, or three of the object. For instance, one human being would be
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544:, said: "The Yurok should have their land regardless of some program... The fact that they have to sell their forest to get back their land seems really backwards."
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989:, where songs and dances which had been passed on through many generations would be performed. Dancers would wear elaborate clothing for the occasion.
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Indians to distinguish the people of the Yurok Tribe from the “Upper Klamath” or “Peh-tsick” Indians, who are now known as the Karuk Tribe. The name
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has significantly disempowered the Yurok people and disrupted their ability to access natural resources, land, and practice Indigenous lifeways.
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for 10,000 years, with a lifestyle closely linked to the once abundant salmon. Some of their villages date back to the 14th century.
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and deerskins had been part of the Smithsonian's collection for almost 100 years and represent one of the largest Native American
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and how the industrialization involved might impact the local ports and surrounding areas. Robert Hemstead, vice-chairman for the
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1046:. If the woman wanted a divorce and to take the children with her, her family had to refund the husband for his initial payment.
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In February 2024, the Yurok had its first Tribal Offshore Wind Summit to help native communities gain more understanding about
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350:("down river/downstream people, i.e. River Yurok") is used to distinguish themselves from the upriver (Klamath River) living
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along rivers, gathered ocean fish and shellfish, hunted game, and gathered plants. Yurok ate varied berries and meats, with
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589:"The 900-foot-tall offshore wind turbines will indelibly tarnish sacred cultural sites from the coast to the high country."
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has enabled the Yurok to own approximately 100,000 acres by 2021. Because of this effort, the Yurok have been awarded the
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1557:"Text - S.2723 - 100th Congress (1987-1988): Hoopa-Yurok Settlement Act | Congress.gov | Library of Congress"
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in 1850, the Yurok were faced with disease and massacres that reduced their population by 75%. In 1855, following the
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significant institution. Overall, the higher a man's social ranking was, the more valuable his life was considered.
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1971:"California tribe that lost 90% of its land during the Gold Rush get back 126 acres with the world's tallest trees"
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2160:"Klamath River Salmon, the Yurok Tribe, and the Dams Coming Down: A Conversation with Miss Indian World 2023–2024"
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from many villages came together to settle tribal disputes and also hosted tribal ceremonies. At these times, the
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1779:"Nearly 2,500 Acres of Land Returned to the Yurok Tribe, Adding to 34,000 Acre Contiguous Yurok Community Forest"
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1543:"S.2723 - 100th Congress (1987-1988): Hoopa-Yurok Settlement Act | Congress.gov | Library of Congress"
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although there are descriptions of some contact being made with Californian Indians as far back as June 1579 by
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814:(Yurok name 'prey-go-neesh') are understood as beings of great spiritual power by the Indigenous people in the
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Observations on the Indians of the Klamath River and Humboldt Bay, Accompanying Vocabularies of Their Languages
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of their lands, as Yurok property rights were ignored and access to gathering sites was cut off; and through
524:(CARB) issues one offset credit ($ 12) for each metric ton the Yurok can prove its forests have sequestered.
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1877:"Yurok Tribal Council Votes to Formally Oppose Floating Offshore Wind Energy Projects Along the North Coast"
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1160:"2010 Census CPH-T-6. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010"
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Salmon is the vital source of food and nutrients for the Yurok. Kaitlin Reed (Yurok/Hupa/Oneida) from
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1042:, either spouse could initiate their split. The most frequent reason for divorce was if the wife was
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342:("Klamath River people, i.e. Klamath River Yurok") refers to Yurok who live along the Klamath River.
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came in 1827. Following encounters with white settlers moving into their aboriginal lands during a
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1625:"Why California native tribes are cautious about ending shutdown. 'We can't lose a single elder'"
1481:"Wings of the Spirit: The Place of the California Condor Among Native Peoples of the Californias"
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On March 20, 2024, the Yurok began a first-of-its-kind land deal to manage tribal lands with the
2225:"The Massive Dam Removal on the Klamath May Save Salmon but Can't Solve the West's Water Crisis"
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lived in homes at higher elevation, wore finer clothing, and sometimes spoke foreign languages.
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494:. They introduced vegetation into the channels to act as cover for juvenile salmon to hide in.
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900:. The regalia will be used in Yurok ceremonies and on display at the tribe's cultural center.
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2362:"Redbud Audubon plans talk on Yurok tribe's efforts to return condors to Northern California"
1845:"There's nothing clean about offshore wind development unless California tribes are involved"
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2441:"Launch of condors on tribal land marks the species' comeback, but a new threat looms large"
2273:"'No fish means no food': how Yurok women are fighting for their tribe's nutritional health"
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about their role in the decision making process. A major topic of conversation were the two
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By 1870, the Yurok population had declined to 1350. By 1910 it was reported as 668 or 700.
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to restore the California condor to the area where they were last spotted around 1892. The
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and western science to re-create the environmental conditions that existed in this region.
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478:, wildfire preparedness, the drought, and juvenile fish kill, was discussed with Governor
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2691:"Back home where they belong: Yurok Tribe celebrates return of dance regalia from museum"
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would supply food and shelter for the Yurok people and special clothing for the dancers.
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Cook, Sherburne F. 1956. "The Aboriginal Population of the North Coast of California".
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1813:"Native leaders at Yurok summit demand a seat at the table for offshore wind projects"
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air, so they can, you know, pollute theirs." Angela Adrar, the executive director of
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2924:"Yurok tribe revives ancestral lands by restoring salmon runs, protecting wildlife"
2013:
1385:"A Forest for the Trees: Forest Management and the Yurok Environment, 1850 to 1994"
1343:"A Forest for the Trees: Forest Management and the Yurok Environment, 1850 to 1994"
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1757:"The Yurok Tribe Is Using California's Carbon Offset Program to Buy Back Its Land"
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1599:"Gov. Gavin Newsom visits the Yurok Reservation, rides in canoe on Klamath River"
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husbands, unmarried relatives, and adopted kin. Yurok villages also consisted of
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2010:"California tribe becomes the first to manage land with National Park Service"
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as living beings and only used fallen trees to build their homes and canoes.
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Yurok society had no chiefs, but in each village, a wealthy man known as a
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850:. They built a re-introduction and handling facility and received a clear
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1434:"Massive dam removal project hopes to restore salmon to California river"
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2250:"Yurok Tribe Celebrates its Annual Salmon Festival – Without Any Salmon"
1938:"NorCal tribe to take back 125 acres, create new national park entrance"
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Karuk Tribe of California v. Ammon, 209 F.3d 1366, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2000)
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washed up onto the beach or a place near the water and dried the flesh.
230:- "downriver Indian; i.e. Yurok Indian") is derived from the Karuk word
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2492:"Condors are soaring again over Northern California's coastal redwoods"
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1321:"Yurok Tribe Scoping Comments on the Klamath Hydroelectric Project EIR"
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1718:"How Carbon Trading Became A Way Of Life For California's Yurok Tribe"
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in 1851, and mistakenly used it as the name of the tribe in his book,
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2519:"UPDATE: 'We are on A1's Time': Another Release Try is Set for Today"
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Fishing, hunting, and gathering remain important to tribal members.
338:("Coast people, i.e. Coast Yurok") refers to Yurok on the coast and
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Podcast about what the removal of the Klamath dams means to tribes.
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3194:
2896:"Archie Thompson dies at 93; Yurok elder kept tribal tongue alive"
1571:"Shermoen v. U.S., 982 F.2d 1312 | Casetext Search + Citator"
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378:) and is currently undergoing a successful revitalization effort.
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260:(meaning 'Up River Indian'), and villages on the Pacific coast as
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The Conflict between the California Indian and White Civilization
2467:"Condors to spread their wings over the Pacific North West again"
2415:"Yurok Tribe's wildlife director nominated for UCLA genius award"
1679:"Yurok tribe clears way for young salmon on the Sacramento River"
1191:"California Indians and Their Reservations: An Online Dictionary"
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The Yurok people live primarily within the exterior boundaries of
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2998:. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C.
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There were 5,793 Yurok living throughout the United States. The
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1114:(1856–1932), first indigenous Californian woman to be published
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University of California, Berkeley, Department of Linguistics.
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A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
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Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1925, pp. 22-23.
1903:"Yurok, Bear River formally oppose offshore wind development"
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is California's largest tribe, with 6357 members as of 2019.
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Every year the Yurok came together for what was known as the
1518:"How the Yurok Tribe Is Bringing Back the California Condor"
1419:
Revival of nearly extinct Yurok language is a success story
573:
In 2023, Frankie Myers of the Yurok tribe wrote that since
2545:"Fourth condor to be released, reintroduced into the wild"
2368:(Press release). Redbud Audubon Society. February 15, 2022
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initially agreed, but later raised this estimate to 3100.
443:
Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria
240:
first recorded the term as 'Yourrk' while traveling with
2494:. National Public Radio. Associated Press. May 3, 2022.
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change brought about by a shift in management regimes."
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The people of the Yurok Tribe traditionally identify as
619:
under a memorandum of understanding between the tribe,
3010:
Flutes of Fire: Essays on California Indian Languages.
933:. Sweat houses were designated for men of an extended
236:, meaning 'down-stream people'. American ethnologist
2660:"Yurok Tribe Celebrates Reclaiming Sacred Artifacts"
2631:"Sacred artifacts returned to Northern Calif. tribe"
1422:. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 7, 2013
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Yurok Tribe Song in Honor of Prey-go-neesh (Condor)
254:(meaning 'Down River Indian'), villages upriver as
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89:
79:
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2623:
358:= "up river/upstream people, i.e. Karuk people").
2032:
2030:
746:California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt
3449:Native Americans in Del Norte County, California
2685:
2683:
2596:"Humboldt ERFSA learns about California condors"
2340:"California Condors and Native American Culture"
1511:
1509:
1507:
950:acted as leader, who was trained by elders. The
790:The major currency of the Yurok nations was the
2299:"Restoring the Klamath river after dam removal"
461:Mouth of the Klamath River at the Pacific Ocean
314:or is part of national parks and forests. This
2984:16:81-130. University of California, Berkeley.
1090:(1946–2016), painter, printmaker, and sculptor
374:(therefore they are culturally similar to the
27:Indigenous people in California, United States
3071:
2722:"Traditions Revived at a Tribal Culture Camp"
1486:California Department of Parks and Recreation
1105:(1919–2013), elder who helped revitalize the
938:expected to acquire a portion of the estate.
685:and through annual language immersion camps.
8:
3005:. University of California Press, Berkeley.
2720:Brown, Patricia Leigh (September 10, 2017).
2654:
2652:
1392:American Indian Culture and Research Journal
1350:American Indian Culture and Research Journal
1025:Yurok author Che-na-wah Weitch-ah-wah (Mrs.
42:
2991:. University of California Press, Berkeley.
1623:Sabalow, Ryan; Kasler, Dale (May 6, 2020).
1383:Huntsinger, Lynn; McCaffrey, Sarah (1995).
1341:Huntsinger, Lynn; McCaffrey, Sarah (1995).
285:
279:
273:
267:
261:
255:
249:
231:
202:
182:or "Health-kick-wer-roy" (now known as the
177:
51:
45:
3078:
3064:
3056:
2889:
2887:
992:Some sources refer to it Yurok society as
60:
41:
3027:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
2465:Giardinelli, Christina (April 25, 2022).
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2129:"Yurok Tribe: Facts, History and Culture"
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
996:because communities were divided between
2218:
2216:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1896:
1894:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1474:
1472:
907:
888:were returned to the Yurok tribe by the
486:company carved out new channels for the
3444:History of Del Norte County, California
2951:"Elder leaves legacy of language, love"
1759:. YES! Media / Positive Futures Network
1462:
1460:
1151:
958:in which he would communicate with the
1652:"Yurok Tribe Construction Corporation"
1378:
1376:
1374:
1288:Super v. Work, 3 F.2d at 90–91 (1926).
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
677:spoken in California, the other being
520:. Using the cap-and-trade scheme, the
370:spoken in California, the other being
2996:Handbook of the Indians of California
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2569:Rasch, Annette McGee (July 3, 2022).
394:The Yurok have been living along the
194:south of the river’s mouth almost to
85:6,567 alone and in combination (2010)
7:
3439:Native American tribes in California
3167:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)
3046:Yurok Tribe of the Yurok Reservation
1677:Tedford, Maxwell (January 4, 2024).
1656:Yurok Tribe Construction Corporation
1219:Gray-Kanatiiosh, Barbara A. (2007).
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1193:. San Diego State University Library
409:. Fur traders and trappers from the
90:Regions with significant populations
1404:10.17953/aicr.19.4.cv0758kh373323h1
1362:10.17953/aicr.19.4.cv0758kh373323h1
725:The Yurok traditionally fished for
532:, the Yurok will employ a blend of
2922:Fimrite, Peter (October 1, 2018).
2543:Berrueta, Sergio (July 11, 2022).
912:Reconstructed Yurok plankhouse in
700:, and three human beings would be
518:United Nations Development Program
390:Traditional territory of the Yurok
326:The Yurok refer to themselves as '
25:
2697:. August 14, 2010. Archived from
2498:from the original on May 10, 2022
2439:SahagĂşn, Louis (April 11, 2022).
2387:Larson, Mark (December 9, 2021).
2277:Guardian News & Media Limited
1811:Oxendine, C. (February 3, 2024).
1416:Romney, Lee. (2013, February 6).
1223:. ABDO Publishing. pp. 4–7.
673:("Yurok language") is one of two
3094:Indigenous peoples of California
3087:
2517:Wear, Kimberly (July 13, 2022).
2271:Sherriff, L (October 20, 2021).
2252:. Active NorCal. August 25, 2023
2200:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
2037:Robbins, Jim (August 15, 2023).
1901:Alexander, S. (March 12, 2024).
1716:Kormann, C. (October 10, 2018).
824:Redwood National and State Parks
625:Redwood National and State Parks
534:Traditional Ecological Knowledge
108:
96:
2949:Spencer, Adam (April 3, 2013).
2881:Cook 1976:237; Kroeber 1925:883
1597:Carroll, Riley (July 1, 2021).
1056:Population of Native California
334:(lit. "'o'loolekw dwellers").
332:'O'loolekweesh 'o'l / 'Oolekwoh
297:and surrounding communities in
174:Indigenous people of California
3265:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute)
3012:Berkeley: Heyday Books, 1994.
1936:Harrell, A. (March 21, 2024).
1843:Myers, F. (January 13, 2023).
1516:Levy, Sharon (June 22, 2022).
1189:White, P. (January 10, 2024).
1135:Restoration of the Elwha River
856:repurposed shipping container.
522:California Air Resources Board
482:when he visited in June 2021.
1:
2894:Romney, Lee (April 7, 2013).
1969:Watson, J. (March 20, 2024).
1298:Bright, William; Susan Gehr.
733:being prized. Yuroks did not
348:Puelekuekla' / Puelekueklaa'
144:traditional tribal religion,
2413:Wipf, Carly (July 8, 2022).
2389:"Meet Turkey Vulture No. 80"
1875:LoCO Staff (March 8, 2024).
1300:"Karuk Dictionary and Texts"
1125:Yurok traditional narratives
954:'s training would include a
880:Sacred artifact repatriation
852:Environment Impact Statement
696:, two human beings would be
419:Klamath and Salmon River War
2826:ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu
2223:Breda, I. (June 11, 2023).
2194:Sawyer, S. (May 24, 2023).
2086:2011 (retrieved 1 Feb 2011)
1879:. Lost Coast Communications
1755:Beck, A. (April 19, 2021).
1002:wa's'oyowok' / wa'soyowok'
176:that has existed along the
66:Yurok man and canoe on the
3465:
1979:. Fortune Media IP Limited
1432:Tracy, B (March 5, 2024).
1272:"Yurok Tribe Constitution"
1053:
838:tested local wildlife for
662:
431:Hoopa-Yurok Settlement Act
29:
3100:
2987:Cook, Sherburne F. 1976.
2081:"Yurok Language Project."
840:organochlorine pesticides
721:19th century Yurok spoons
683:Humboldt State University
671:Saa'agoch' / Saa'agochehl
530:The Trust for Public Land
476:environmental restoration
360:Saa'agoch' / Saa'agochehl
284:were, and are, all still
156:
143:
127:
94:
84:
59:
2571:"Learning to be condors"
2342:. Visit California. 2023
2107:"Culture Summary: Yurok"
1072:Yurok Indian Reservation
621:Save the Redwoods League
542:Climate Justice Alliance
344:Pueleeklaa / Pueleekla'
336:Ner'ernerh / Nert'ernerh
228:YurĂşkvaarar / Yuru Kyara
198:along the north coast.
3363:Plains and Sierra Miwok
3222:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)
2982:Anthropological Records
2928:San Francisco Chronicle
2039:"Reviving the Redwoods"
1038:last name. In cases of
892:. The condor feathers,
890:Smithsonian Institution
286:
280:
274:
268:
262:
256:
250:
232:
203:
178:
52:
46:
2822:"eHRAF World Cultures"
2792:galeapps.galegroup.com
2788:"Gale - Product Login"
2196:"People of the Salmon"
2109:. eHRAF World Cultures
1815:. Tribal Business News
1328:www.waterboards.ca.gov
1096:, associate professor
1030:
1029:) in her wedding dress
987:World Renewal Ceremony
962:and the spirit world.
916:
876:
787:
722:
462:
391:
356:Pecheeklaa / Pecheekla
32:Yurok (disambiguation)
3332:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu)
3165:Eel River Athapaskans
3001:Kroeber, A. L. 1976.
2994:Kroeber, A. L. 1925.
2752:"Britannica Academic"
2665:National Public Radio
2105:Hester, T.R. (2011).
1024:
914:Redwood National Park
911:
874:
785:
737:, but waited until a
720:
617:National Park Service
605:Tolowa Dee-ni' Nation
460:
389:
152:Related ethnic groups
2956:Del Norte Triplicate
1479:Foster, J.W (2024).
1094:Cutcha Risling Baldy
884:In 2010, 217 sacred
510:Carbon sequestration
503:Carbon sequestration
447:Big Lagoon Rancheria
411:Hudson's Bay Company
405:and the crew of the
30:For other uses, see
3023:Pritzker, Barry M.
2930:. San Francisco, CA
2701:on December 3, 2013
2523:North Coast Journal
2393:North Coast Journal
1491:State of California
1330:. January 29, 2016.
994:socially stratified
960:natural environment
942:Social organization
607:in its opposition.
599:The Yurok join the
554:offshore wind power
472:traditional burning
451:Resighini Rancheria
439:Resighini Rancheria
312:timber corporations
56:
47:'O'loolekweesh 'o'l
2726:The New York Times
2327:Kroeber, Alfred L.
2166:. November 3, 2023
2043:The New York Times
2008:(March 20, 2024).
1907:The Times-Standard
1630:The Sacramento Bee
1130:Un-Dam the Klamath
1031:
917:
877:
812:California condors
807:Condor restoration
788:
786:Yurok basketweaver
723:
567:Trinidad Rancheria
463:
392:
3421:
3420:
3033:978-0-19-513877-1
2901:Los Angeles Times
2668:. August 13, 2010
2637:. August 14, 2010
2445:Los Angeles Times
2229:The Seattle Times
1276:Yurok Tribal Code
1098:Cal Poly Humboldt
1062:Sherburne F. Cook
872:
816:Pacific Northwest
800:Alfred L. Kroeber
772:Miss Indian World
435:Yurok Reservation
366:") is one of two
316:forest management
295:Yurok Reservation
242:Col. Redick McKee
163:
162:
16:(Redirected from
3456:
3092:
3091:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3057:
3008:Hinton, Leanne.
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2845:Kroeber 1925:883
2843:
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2366:Lake County News
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2140:
2135:. August 7, 2018
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2006:Associated Press
2002:
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1785:. April 21, 2021
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1200:
1198:
1186:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1156:
1140:Manifest destiny
1008:("slaves"). The
873:
848:exposure to lead
830:are part of the
778:Material culture
757:changing climate
492:Sacramento River
437:- primarily the
289:
283:
277:
271:
265:
259:
253:
235:
206:
181:
179:Hehlkeek 'We-Roy
114:
112:
111:
102:
100:
99:
80:Total population
72:Edward S. Curtis
64:
57:
55:
49:
21:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
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3279:Northern Paiute
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2756:academic.eb.com
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2609:
2608:. March 3, 2024
2606:MediaNews Group
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1522:Undark Magazine
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1103:Archie Thompson
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1019:
979:medicine people
944:
922:
906:
882:
862:
809:
792:dentalium shell
780:
715:
710:
675:Algic languages
667:
661:
641:timber industry
613:
601:Bear River Band
550:
505:
500:
441:, but also the
427:
384:
368:Algic languages
324:
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209:Lower Klamath,
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403:Francis Drake
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196:Crescent City
193:
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188:Pacific coast
186:) and on the
185:
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180:
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104:United States
93:
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78:
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69:
68:Trinity River
63:
58:
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37:
33:
19:
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3354:(Gabrieliño)
3338:(Fernandeño)
3243:(Bear River)
3024:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2960:. Retrieved
2954:
2944:
2932:. Retrieved
2927:
2917:
2905:. Retrieved
2899:
2877:
2868:
2863:Cook 1956:84
2859:
2850:
2841:
2829:. Retrieved
2825:
2795:. Retrieved
2791:
2759:. Retrieved
2755:
2729:. Retrieved
2725:
2715:
2703:. Retrieved
2699:the original
2694:
2670:. Retrieved
2663:
2639:. Retrieved
2610:. Retrieved
2599:
2590:
2578:. Retrieved
2575:Mail Tribune
2574:
2564:
2552:. Retrieved
2548:
2538:
2526:. Retrieved
2522:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2486:
2474:. Retrieved
2470:
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2444:
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2422:. Retrieved
2418:
2408:
2396:. Retrieved
2392:
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2370:. Retrieved
2365:
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2334:
2322:
2310:. Retrieved
2302:
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2203:. Retrieved
2170:February 28,
2168:. Retrieved
2137:. Retrieved
2132:
2123:
2111:. Retrieved
2100:
2091:
2083:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2046:. Retrieved
2042:
2017:. Retrieved
2014:The Guardian
1981:. Retrieved
1974:
1945:. Retrieved
1914:. Retrieved
1906:
1881:. Retrieved
1849:. Retrieved
1847:. CalMatters
1817:. Retrieved
1787:. Retrieved
1773:
1761:. Retrieved
1731:. Retrieved
1721:
1686:. Retrieved
1682:
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1655:
1646:
1634:. Retrieved
1628:
1618:
1606:. Retrieved
1602:
1592:
1587:Pritzker 161
1583:
1575:casetext.com
1574:
1565:
1551:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1521:
1494:. Retrieved
1484:
1466:Pritzker 159
1447:. Retrieved
1437:
1427:
1417:
1412:
1395:
1391:
1365:
1353:
1349:
1336:
1327:
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1293:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1220:
1195:. Retrieved
1166:
1154:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1059:
1050:Demographics
1036:
1032:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
991:
986:
984:
976:
971:
967:
963:
956:vision quest
951:
947:
945:
927:sweat houses
923:
883:
836:
832:Yurok Tribal
810:
795:
789:
769:
754:
750:
743:
724:
713:Food culture
701:
697:
693:
689:
687:
670:
668:
653:
637:
633:
614:
598:
584:
575:colonization
572:
551:
538:
526:
506:
484:
480:Gavin Newsom
464:
428:
425:Contemporary
400:
393:
376:Wiyot people
359:
355:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
325:
292:
281:Ner-'er-ner'
263:Ner-'er-ner'
245:
238:George Gibbs
227:
219:
215:
211:
208:
200:
166:
164:
146:Christianity
39:Ethnic group
36:
18:Yurok people
3358:TĂĽbatulabal
3176:Halchidhoma
3155:Coast Miwok
3115:Ahwahnechee
3003:Yurok Myths
2346:November 8,
2297:Krol, D.U.
2133:Only Tribal
1249:Yurok Tribe
1088:Rick Bartow
935:patrilineal
894:headdresses
859:this year.
755:But with a
739:drift whale
735:hunt whales
498:Environment
407:Golden Hind
340:Hehlkeeklaa
269:Pue-lik-lo'
251:Pue-lik-lo'
3428:Categories
3283:Kucadikadi
3226:Lake Miwok
3140:Chemehuevi
3110:Acjachemen
2975:References
2934:October 1,
2731:August 15,
2705:August 15,
2672:August 15,
2095:Hinton 120
2048:August 15,
1728:Conde Nast
1723:New Yorker
1688:January 7,
1167:census.gov
1054:See also:
1000:("rich"),
828:Bald Hills
820:California
731:whale meat
649:ecological
563:wind farms
548:Wind power
490:along the
233:Yuruq-arar
116:California
3393:Wukchumni
3297:Ramaytush
3293:Costanoan
3254:(Klamath)
3247:Mechoopda
3210:Kitanemuk
3145:Chimariko
3125:Bay Miwok
2476:April 30,
2450:April 11,
2398:March 24,
2372:March 24,
2071:Hinton 33
2062:Hinton 32
2019:March 22,
1983:March 22,
1947:March 22,
1942:Microsoft
1916:March 18,
1911:Microsoft
1883:March 18,
1851:March 11,
1819:March 11,
1608:March 24,
1444:Microsoft
1044:infertile
886:artifacts
796:terkwterm
669:Yurok or
580:ecosystem
415:gold rush
322:Etymology
303:Del Norte
123:Languages
74:, c. 1923
53:'Oolekwoh
3342:Timbisha
3336:Tataviam
3220:Kumeyaay
3205:Kawaiisu
3135:Cahuilla
3120:Atsugewi
3105:Achomawi
2831:June 29,
2797:June 29,
2761:June 29,
2641:March 7,
2612:March 6,
2580:July 14,
2554:July 14,
2528:July 14,
2496:Archived
2424:July 14,
2312:March 2,
2282:March 5,
2256:March 5,
2234:March 5,
2205:March 4,
2139:March 5,
2113:March 5,
1789:March 8,
1763:March 9,
1733:March 8,
1662:March 7,
1496:March 4,
1449:March 6,
1197:March 5,
1119:See also
1017:Marriage
1010:syahhlew
998:syahhlew
920:Villages
846:and for
842:such as
702:nahkseyt
659:Language
629:Redwoods
611:Forestry
603:and the
559:Humboldt
299:Humboldt
212:Pulikla,
192:Trinidad
139:Religion
3368:Vanyume
3325:Serrano
3320:Salinan
3314:Quechan
3274:Nomlaki
3269:Nisenan
3241:Mattole
3231:Luiseño
3189:Whilkut
3185:Chilula
3171:Esselen
3150:Chumash
2962:May 15,
2907:May 15,
2502:May 10,
2307:Gannett
1976:Fortune
1527:July 6,
1305:July 6,
1040:divorce
904:Society
834:lands.
761:Klamath
708:Culture
698:ni'iyel
516:by the
382:History
307:Trinity
216:Poh-lik
190:, from
129:English
3403:Yokuts
3378:Washoe
3352:Tongva
3347:Tolowa
3330:Shasta
3316:(Yuma)
3304:Patwin
3289:Ohlone
3258:Mohave
3160:Cupeño
3129:Saklan
3031:
3016:
1658:. 2024
1636:May 6,
1227:
1006:ka'aal
977:Yurok
972:Peyerk
968:peyerk
964:Peyerk
952:peyerk
948:peyerk
727:salmon
690:ko:ra'
113:
101:
3434:Yurok
3413:Yurok
3388:Wiyot
3383:Wintu
3373:Wappo
3252:Modoc
3236:Maidu
3200:Cahto
3195:Karuk
1388:(PDF)
1346:(PDF)
1324:(PDF)
1221:Yurok
1163:(PDF)
1146:Notes
679:Wiyot
561:area
372:Wiyot
352:Karuk
220:Yurok
167:Yurok
158:Wiyot
133:Yurok
43:Yurok
3408:Yuki
3398:Yana
3309:Pomo
3263:Mono
3215:Kizh
3181:Hupa
3029:ISBN
3014:ISBN
2964:2013
2936:2018
2909:2013
2833:2019
2799:2019
2763:2019
2733:2023
2707:2010
2674:2010
2643:2024
2614:2024
2582:2022
2556:2022
2549:KRCR
2530:2022
2504:2022
2478:2022
2471:KTVL
2452:2022
2426:2022
2419:KRCR
2400:2022
2374:2022
2348:2023
2314:2024
2284:2024
2258:2024
2236:2024
2207:2024
2172:2024
2164:NOAA
2141:2024
2115:2024
2050:2023
2021:2024
1985:2024
1949:2024
1918:2024
1885:2024
1853:2024
1821:2024
1791:2024
1765:2024
1735:2024
1690:2024
1683:KRCR
1664:2024
1638:2020
1610:2022
1603:KRCR
1529:2022
1498:2024
1451:2024
1307:2012
1225:ISBN
1199:2024
929:and
818:and
763:and
694:ko'r
623:and
445:and
429:The
328:Oohl
305:and
287:Oohl
278:and
204:Oohl
165:The
1439:CBS
1400:doi
1358:doi
844:DDT
798:).
692:or
346:or
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