414:
703:
62:
863:
807:
757:, but the Saffarid army was able to get through this and he entered Wasit on 24 March. Leaving Wasit, he set out for the town of Dayr al-`Aqul, which was about fifty miles from Baghdad. According to one source, Ya'qub did not actually expect the caliph to offer battle; instead he would give in to any demands that the Saffarid had. Al-Mu'tamid, however, sent al-Muwaffaq to stop him. The two armies met at Istarband, between Dayr al-`Aqul and Sib Bani Kuma.
695:
385:
413:
466:
441:
446:
488:
461:
456:
451:
726:, and to appoint him as head of security in Baghdad. Ya'qub, sensing that the offer was made due to the weakness of the caliph, rejected it and wrote back that he would be advancing to the capital. The offer also alienated the Turks of Samarra, who felt that Ya'qub represented a threat to their interests. Seeing that an agreement with the Saffarid was impossible, the
61:
768:
The fighting raged on for most of the day. The
Saffarid army was somewhat reluctant to directly fight the caliph and his army. Despite this, there were heavy losses on both sides, and several Abbasid and Saffarid commanders were killed. Ya'qub himself was wounded, but he did not leave the field. As
764:
took place on 8 April. Before the battle, Ya'qub reviewed his troops, who apparently numbered about ten thousand. The
Abbasids, however, had a numerical superiority and the additional advantage of fighting on familiar territory. The center of the Abbasid army was commanded by al-Muwaffaq. Musa bin
814:
The motivation behind the
Saffarids' initial campaigns remains unknown and highly debated in secondary scholarship. Some scholars believe that Ya'qub fought as a ghazi warrior for the purpose of spreading proto-Sunni Islam, others support the notion that he was motivated by his Persian identity,
560:
in the East. After having defeated the Ammar, Ya'qub held a celebration. During the celebration, one of the members of the court made a speech in Arabic. Ya'qub asked the latter why he made a speech in a language which he could not understand. One of Ya'qub's secretaries, Muhammad ibn Vasif, then
925:
was introduced as an official language, and Ya'qub reportedly did not know Arabic. Ya'qub has been accorded the historical status of a popular folk hero since his court began the revitalization of the
Persian language after two centuries in which the Arabic language flourished in Persian lands.
818:
The religion of the
Saffarid's founder, Ya'qub, has been a topic of debate. Most of the primary sources were written during or after the fall of the Samanid dynasty and view the Saffarids through Samanid eyes. These primary sources depict Ya'qub either as a religious rascal or a volunteer Sunni
790:
Eventually the
Saffarid army began to flee from the battle. Ya'qub and his bodyguards continued to fight, but were forced to leave the field as the army retreated, leaving them behind. The caliph had apparently flooded the lands behind the Saffarids before the battle, and this made a retreat
930:. Ya'qub is also sometimes perceived as one of the first autonomous rulers in Khurasan since the Islamic conquests. Ya'qub's campaigns in fact also marked the early stage in the decline of caliphal political unity in the Islamic world, which was further worsened by the
650:
with the intention of subjugating the province. Sources disagree on what happened next, but Ya'qub was eventually dissuaded from continuing his expedition, and he turned back toward Sistan. His withdrawal is described as having been caused either by the governor
655:'s submission to him, or by the arrival of emissaries sent by the caliphal government to convince him to abandon his westward advance. In either case, Muhammad soon afterwards reached a rapprochement with the central government, and in 872 he handed over the
791:
difficult; many men drowned attempting to escape the
Abbasid army. With the Saffarids making their hasty exit, al-Muwaffaq was able to capture Ya'qub's baggage. Several political prisoners that Ya'qub had brought with him, such as the Tahirid
1019:
The provincial
Persian Ya'kub, on the other hand, rejoiced in his plebeian origins, denounced the Abbasids as usurpers, and regarded both the caliphs and such governors from aristocratic Arab families as the Tahirids with
690:
in August 875, and in the resulting battle, Muhammad, despite having a numerically superior army, was defeated. Muhammad was forced to flee; Ya'qub looted
Muhammad's stronghold at Sa'idabad and took control of Fars.
702:
638:, which led to conflicts with the Abbasid caliphate. During one of Ya'qub's numerous battles, his face was disfigured to the point that he could only eat through a pipe in his mouth for twenty days.
1163:
1161:
321:
governor of Sistan. Another ayyar leader, Dirham ibn Nasr, succeeded in unseating Salih as the king of Sistan in 858. However, in 861, Ya'qub overthrew Dirham, and gave himself the title of
823:. Yet Kharijism prospered in Sistan longer than anywhere else in eastern Iran, and it was believed the Saffarids held Kharijite sympathies. Ya'qub even won Kharijite support in Sistan.
862:
285:
According to numerous sources, he was extremely poor, and because of this, he occasionally consumed bread and onions. His family moved to the city of Zaranj due to the occasional
356:
351:
360:
765:
Bugha had command of the right wing, and Masrur al-Balkhi the left. A final appeal was made to the
Saffarids to restore their loyalty to the caliph, and the battle began.
343:
540:, killing him and securing an immense booty." He also managed to capture several family members of the Zunbils, including the Zunbil king's son. He then vanquished the
889:. Although he was not viewed as a gentleman, he also did not exercise any special cruelty. It was reported that he did not smile much, and was called "the
991:
According to D.G. Tor, the Samanids vilified the Saffarids in order to increase their own legitimacy since they were competing against them for territory.
2347:
317:
under Salih ibn al-Nadr, who had opposed the Abbasids and began ruling in Bost. By 854, the ayyars managed to expel Ibrahim ibn al-Hudain, who was the
2237:
866:
574:
Ya'qub claimed the inheritance of the kings of Persia and sought "to revive their glory," and thus in 867 he sent a poem written by himself to the
2332:
2153:
2086:
1927:
347:
2352:
2132:
1985:
1965:
1134:
2058:
2032:
2006:
2304:
926:
Several poets, like Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Mamshadh, fabricated Ya'qub's genealogy, tracing it back to the legendary Iranian king
339:
556:, winning a decisive victory and killing their leader Ammar ibn Yaser in 865. Ya'qub's campaigns marked the decline of militant
599:, and defeated another Khariji leader who was named Abd al-Rahman. Ya'qub then pardoned Abd al-Rahman and made him governor of
815:
while others believed he had a love for military conquest. Ya'qub's hostility towards the Abbasid caliphs was easily seen.
282:". However, these claims came roughly a century after Yaqub's death, and most sources agree on Ya'qub's ascetic lifestyle.
2286:
698:
Map showing the location of the battle, as well as the routes taken by the Saffarid (red) and main 'Abbasid (blue) armies
2046:
734:
decided upon war and pronounced a formal curse upon Ya'qub. On 7 March 876, al-Mu'tamid left Samarra, leaving his son
2274:
2230:
1041:
141:
1977:
The History of al-Tabari, Vol. 37: The 'Abbasid Recovery: The War Against the Zanj Ends A.D. 879-893/A.H. 266-279
2223:
2042:
2016:
1185:
842:, Ya'qub even said that the Abbasids were liars, and also said: "Haven't you seen what they did to Abu Salama,
255:
422:
Coinage of the Saffarid Governor of Kabul after the capture of the city, issued around 870 CE in Kabul on the
982:
D.G. Tor states S.M Stern's thesis work, which concerned Ya'qub's Persian nationalism, was based on one poem.
745:
Ya'qub traveled through Khuzistan, during which he gained the defection of a former general of the caliph's,
2246:
1941:. Vol. 4:The Period from the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–135.
1194:
659:(tax revenues), and possibly the government of Fars, to a caliphal representative. Ya'qub later traveled to
313:
Ya'qub, along with his brothers Amr ibn al-Layth, Tahir ibn al-Layth and Ali ibn al-Layth, later joined the
761:
1037:
2357:
1258:
806:
792:
854:, despite everything which these men had done on the dynasty's behalf? Let no one ever trust them!"
630:
was now under Ya'qub's control, which made him able to mint silver coins. In 873, Ya'qub ousted the
2342:
2337:
2178:
Violent Order: Religious Warfare, Chivalry, and the ʻAyyār Phenomenon in the Medieval Islamic World
746:
615:
910:
829:
states the early Saffarid emirs did not appear to have significant religious beliefs. The vizier
652:
635:
286:
881:
and refused treatments when advised to do so. As a result, he died on Wednesday, 5 June 879, in
17:
2298:
2149:
2128:
2082:
2054:
2028:
2002:
1981:
1961:
1923:
1189:
1130:
739:
668:
575:
528:
by first battling Kharijites in his homeland of Sistan. In 864, "Yaʿqub led an expedition to
2310:
2268:
2250:
2215:
2207:
2197:
2163:
Rahmati, Mohsen (2020). "The Saffarid Ya'qub b. Layth and the Revival of Persian Kingship".
1126:
922:
750:
568:
302:
227:
183:
175:
99:
52:
1913:(in French). Vol. 8. Translated by C. Barbier de Meynard. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.
833:, obsessed with the integrity of the Seljuk Empire, depicts Ya'qub as an Ismaili convert.
694:
838:
627:
584:
116:
1980:. SUNY series in Near Eastern Studies. Translated by Philip M. Fields. SUNY Press. 2015.
678:
Ya'qub ibn al-Layth once again set out for Fars, this time, invading it and advancing to
262:
sources were invariably hostile to Ya'qub because of the disrespect he showed toward the
384:
2292:
2070:
The History of the Saffarids of Sistan and the Maliks of Nimruz (247/861 to 949/1542-3)
731:
687:
67:
973:
The actual date is given variously in the Arabic sources, such as 1 April and 10 April
2326:
1960:. SUNY series in Near Eastern Studies. Translated by David Waines. SUNY Press. 2015.
941:
937:
894:
851:
830:
826:
647:
579:
496:
435:
275:
271:
1068:
1957:
The History of al-Tabari, Vol. 36: The Revolt of the Zanj A.D. 869-879/A.H. 255-265
541:
207:
199:
79:
738:
in charge of the capital. On 15 March he arrived at Baghdad, before arriving near
377:
2143:
2122:
2115:
2111:
2020:
1975:
1955:
502:
66:
Ya'qub ibn Layth standing on the roof in full armour, folio from a manuscript of
1253:
1123:
Philosophy in the Renaissance of Islam: Abū Sulaymān Al-Sijistānī and His Circle
886:
882:
735:
715:
619:
529:
423:
397:
393:
294:
259:
251:
198:). Under his military leadership, he conquered much of the eastern portions of
195:
129:
440:
2079:
Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter
2051:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
2025:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
945:
843:
660:
623:
533:
445:
290:
247:
215:
211:
1152:
The Book of government or Rules for kings: The Siyāsat-nāma or Siyar al-Mulūk
906:
847:
775:
Nusayr created a diversion by attacking the Saffarid rear from boats on the
723:
683:
557:
465:
279:
1154:. Translated by Hubert Darke. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 15.
1937:
Bosworth, C.E. (1975). "The Ṭāhirids and Șaffārids". In Frye, R.N. (ed.).
487:
460:
455:
450:
238:
Ya'qub was born in 840, of eastern Iranian origin, in a small town called
2280:
784:
780:
631:
626:
and by 870 AD the whole of Khorasan was brought under their control. The
622:, and appointing Muslim governors. From there they moved to north of the
549:
522:
389:
314:
219:
182:; 25 October 840 – 5 June 879), was a coppersmith and the founder of the
155:
964:
Ibn Khallikān adds Kirman, Adharbayjan, Qazwin and al-Sind to this list.
932:
927:
769:
evening approached, reinforcements arrived to support al-Muwaffaq. The
727:
679:
600:
537:
512:
478:
318:
267:
263:
150:
902:
870:
776:
719:
664:
656:
607:
596:
563:
553:
525:
427:
243:
191:
187:
112:
75:
1709:
1707:
254:. Information about his genealogy and social background is lacking.
686:, and returned to Fars in an attempt to stop Ya'qub. They met near
1679:
1677:
1675:
890:
878:
861:
805:
771:
754:
707:
701:
693:
611:
592:
545:
383:
1119:
Bosworth, "The Armies of the Saffarids", pp. 536, 541. Cited in
898:
672:
474:
322:
223:
203:
48:
2219:
1526:
1524:
753:
managed to slow down his progress by flooding the land outside
682:, seizing Muhammad's treasuries there. Muhammad departed from
2105:
Ibn Khallikān, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad.
1920:
The History of Central Asia: The Age of Islam and the Mongols
2053:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 595–633.
798:
Ya'qub then withdrew from Iraq and died three years later.
718:
offered Ya'qub governorship of Khurasan, Tabaristan, Fars,
634:
from their own capital of Nishapur, and captured its ruler
2027:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–135.
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
532:
against his former master Salih, and then into Rukkaj and
2124:
Persian Historiography to the End of the Twelfth Century
1100:
1098:
1694:
1692:
1511:
1509:
373:
369:
365:
1999:
The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B
591:
In 870/871, Ya'qub marched against the Kharijites of
1878:
Yaqub the Coppersmith and Persian National Sentiment
1763:
1761:
1736:
1734:
161:
149:
136:
123:
105:
95:
87:
34:
1115:
1113:
671:. Ya'qub collected taxes in Tabaristan's capital
2001:. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 452–453.
266:caliph. "Some sources accused Ya'qub of being a
795:, also fell into Abbasid hands and were freed.
2180:. Wurzburg, Germany: Orient-Institut-Istanbul.
1683:
1654:
1530:
1287:Central Asian:Pre-historic to Pre-Modern Times
2231:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1032:
1030:
595:, and defeated them. He then marched towards
588:, through which I hope to rule the nations."
36:
8:
1922:. Vol. Three. I.B. Tauris. p. 24.
500:
2238:
2224:
2216:
2187:
60:
38:
31:
1997:Barthold, W. (1986). "ʿAmr b. al-Layth".
1863:
1827:
1815:
1713:
1666:
1611:
1575:
1542:
1479:
1455:
1407:
1272:
1239:
1215:
1180:
1178:
1176:
749:, and entered Iraq. The caliphal general
1880:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
1779:
1630:
1599:
1563:
1500:
1467:
1443:
1419:
1395:
1371:
1335:
1299:
1167:
905:, although all other sources, including
618:, conquering these territories from the
27:Emir of the Safarid Dynasty from 861–879
2107:Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary
1839:
1803:
1791:
1104:
1004:
957:
2047:"The rise of the new Persian language"
1909:al-Mas'udi, Ali ibn al-Husain (1874).
1289:. Shipra Publications. pp. 53–54.
1089:
893:" by one of his enemies. According to
406:Saffarid coinage in Kabul, with Arabic
144:, Gundeshapur, Dezful, Khuzestan, Iran
1725:
1698:
1642:
1587:
1515:
1431:
1383:
1359:
1323:
1227:
521:Ya'qub attracted the attention of an
7:
1894:. Greenwood Press. 2005. p. 27.
242:(Qarnin), which was located east of
2077:Flood, Finbarr B. (20 March 2018).
1851:
1767:
1752:
1740:
1347:
1311:
714:In 876, the Abbasid representative
536:against the local ruler there, the
226:. He was succeeded by his brother,
179:
2072:. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publisher.
1892:Culture and Customs of Afghanistan
913:, claim that Yaqub never married.
885:. He was succeeded by his brother
25:
2348:Rebels from the Abbasid Caliphate
1948:The History of Prophets and Kings
921:It was during Ya'qub's rule that
810:Silver Dirham of Ya'qub al-Layth.
582:. The poem said: "With me is the
1071:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
486:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
412:
340:Conquest of Kabul and Zabulistan
334:Campaigns in Sistan and Khorasan
218:as well as portions of western
18:Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar
2333:Rulers of the Saffarid dynasty
2127:. Edinburgh University Press.
2081:. Princeton University Press.
1022:– Ya'kub b. al-Layth al Saffar
606:His army would later march to
481:mark on the hump of the bull.
1:
2287:Muhammad ibn Ali ibn al-Layth
2263:Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar
2165:Journal of Persianate Studies
2145:Sketches from Eastern History
2121:Meisami, Julie Scott (1999).
1939:The Cambridge History of Iran
1016:. Vol. XI. p. 255.
548:. He later moved against the
278:claimed that he converted to
274:labeled him a Christian, and
250:(Lashkargah), in what is now
194:(a city now in south-western
172:Ya'qūb ibn al-Layth al-Saffār
2021:"The Ṭāhirids and Ṣaffārids"
1669:, pp. 314–316, 318–319.
1190:"YAʿQUB b. LAYṮ b. MOʿADDAL"
1038:"Yaʿqūb ibn Layth al-Ṣaffār"
2096:Ibn al-Athir, 'Izz al-Din.
867:Tomb of Ya'qub ibn al-Layth
675:before departing for Rayy.
544:, conquering their capital
2374:
2353:9th-century Iranian people
2275:Tahir ibn Muhammad ibn Amr
1918:Baumer, Christoph (2016).
1014:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
783:baggage train, giving the
142:Tomb of Yaghub Leys Safari
2258:
2204:
2195:
2190:
2142:Noldeke, Theodor (2007).
1121:Kraemer, Joel L. (1986).
940:in armies throughout the
642:Campaigns in Western Iran
501:
293:. Ya'qub began work as a
202:consisting of modern-day
59:
46:
37:
1716:, pp. 315–316, 319.
779:and setting fire to the
663:in 874, and battled the
646:Ya'qub set out west for
305:worked as a mule-hirer.
256:Clifford Edmund Bosworth
119:, Abbasid Caliphate
2068:Bosworth, C.E. (1994).
2049:. In Frye, R.N. (ed.).
2023:. In Frye, R.N. (ed.).
1042:Encyclopædia Britannica
473:, "The fortunate small
289:between the Sunnis and
35:Ya'qūb-i Layth-i Saffār
1285:Gafurov, B.G. (2005).
1150:Niẓām al-Mulk (1960).
874:
811:
762:Battle of Dayr al-Aqul
711:
699:
515:") in Arabic to right.
434:: Recumbent bull with
400:
258:explains that several
190:, with its capital at
2198:Emir of the Saffarids
2098:Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh
1259:Encyclopaedia Iranica
877:Ya'qub suffered from
865:
809:
787:a further advantage.
742:and setting up camp.
705:
697:
387:
301:), while his brother
1876:Stern, S.M. (1970).
1590:, pp. 170, 172.
1458:, pp. 313, 316.
1326:, pp. 119, 137.
1254:"FLAGS i. Of Persia"
1252:A. Shapur Shahbazi.
1195:Encyclopædia Iranica
706:Statue of Ya'qub in
222:and a small part of
127:5 June 879 (aged 38)
1645:, pp. 170–171.
1614:, pp. 313–314.
1602:, pp. 159–160.
1446:, pp. 260–261.
1434:, pp. 169–170.
1422:, pp. 158–159.
1386:, pp. 168–169.
1374:, pp. 153–155.
1338:, pp. 150–152.
1314:, pp. 132–133.
1302:, pp. 148–149.
2305:Ahmad ibn Muhammad
2176:Tor, D.G. (2007).
1218:, p. 109-111.
1186:C. Edmund Bosworth
1069:"Saffarid Dynasty"
897:, his wife was an
875:
812:
793:Muhammad bin Tahir
712:
700:
653:Muhammad ibn Wasil
636:Muhammad ibn Tahir
401:
287:sectarian violence
2320:
2319:
2214:
2213:
2205:Succeeded by
2155:978-1-4067-7014-8
2088:978-0-691-18074-8
1929:978-1-78453-490-5
1911:Les Prairies D'Or
1686:, pp. 44–45.
1657:, pp. 43–44.
1125:. Brill Archive.
836:According to the
669:al-Hasan ibn Zayd
430:weight standard.
169:
168:
16:(Redirected from
2365:
2311:Khalaf ibn Ahmad
2269:Amr ibn al-Layth
2251:Saffarid dynasty
2240:
2233:
2226:
2217:
2208:Amr ibn al-Layth
2188:
2181:
2172:
2159:
2138:
2110:
2101:
2092:
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2064:
2038:
2012:
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1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1756:
1755:, p. 85-87.
1750:
1744:
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1291:
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1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1230:, p. 25-26.
1225:
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1207:
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1024:
1012:C. E. Bosworth.
1009:
992:
989:
983:
980:
974:
971:
965:
962:
751:Masrur al-Balkhi
747:Abi'l-Saj Devdad
506:
505:
490:
485:: horseman with
471:Śrī Khūdarayakah
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
416:
381:
363:
303:Amr ibn al-Layth
228:Amr ibn al-Layth
184:Saffarid dynasty
181:
132:, Saffarid State
117:Tahirid Khorasan
100:Amr ibn al-Layth
72:Akhlaq-i Muhsini
64:
53:Saffarid dynasty
42:
41:
40:
32:
21:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2254:
2244:
2210:
2201:
2185:
2175:
2171:. Brill: 36–58.
2162:
2156:
2141:
2135:
2120:
2104:
2095:
2089:
2076:
2067:
2061:
2041:
2035:
2015:
2009:
1996:
1988:
1974:
1968:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1930:
1917:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1890:
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1874:
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1766:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1705:
1697:
1690:
1684:al-Mas'udi 1874
1682:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1655:al-Mas'udi 1874
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1531:al-Mas'udi 1874
1529:
1522:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1454:
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1442:
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1426:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1378:
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1358:
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1306:
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1294:
1284:
1283:
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1271:
1267:
1251:
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1246:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1184:
1183:
1174:
1166:
1159:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1127:fn. 15, pp. 6–7
1120:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1057:
1047:
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1036:
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996:
995:
990:
986:
981:
977:
972:
968:
963:
959:
954:
919:
860:
848:Barmakid family
839:Tarikh-i Sistan
804:
644:
628:Panjshir Valley
585:Derafsh Kaviani
519:
518:
517:
516:
426:model. Abbasid
419:
418:
417:
408:
407:
354:
338:
336:
331:
325:at that point.
311:
236:
206:, Afghanistan,
180:یعقوب لیث صفاری
145:
128:
110:
83:
39:یعقوب لیث صفاری
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2371:
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2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2299:Amr ibn Ya'qub
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2194:
2183:
2182:
2173:
2160:
2154:
2148:. Read Books.
2139:
2134:978-0748612765
2133:
2118:
2102:
2093:
2087:
2074:
2065:
2059:
2043:Bosworth, C.E.
2039:
2033:
2017:Bosworth, C.E.
2013:
2007:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1987:978-1438402734
1986:
1972:
1967:978-1438423043
1966:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1915:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1883:
1868:
1866:, p. 330.
1856:
1854:, p. 182.
1844:
1842:, p. 193.
1832:
1830:, p. 125.
1828:Bosworth 1975a
1820:
1818:, p. 108.
1816:Bosworth 1975a
1808:
1806:, p. 120.
1796:
1784:
1782:, p. 107.
1772:
1757:
1745:
1730:
1718:
1703:
1701:, p. 171.
1688:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1633:, p. 160.
1616:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1578:, p. 314.
1568:
1566:, p. 261.
1547:
1535:
1520:
1518:, p. 170.
1505:
1503:, p. 159.
1484:
1482:, p. 315.
1472:
1470:, p. 161.
1460:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1410:, p. 312.
1400:
1398:, p. 260.
1388:
1376:
1364:
1362:, p. 166.
1352:
1350:, p. 157.
1340:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1277:
1275:, p. 110.
1273:Bosworth 1975a
1265:
1244:
1242:, p. 595.
1240:Bosworth 1975b
1232:
1220:
1216:Bosworth 1975a
1208:
1172:
1157:
1142:
1136:978-9004072589
1135:
1109:
1107:, p. 170.
1094:
1082:
1055:
1026:
1003:
1002:
1000:
997:
994:
993:
984:
975:
966:
956:
955:
953:
950:
938:slave-soldiers
918:
915:
859:
856:
803:
800:
688:Lake Bakhtegan
643:
640:
421:
420:
411:
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335:
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109:25 October 840
107:
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102:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
82:, 16th century
68:Husayn Kashifi
65:
57:
56:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2166:
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2157:
2151:
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2136:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2060:0-521-20093-8
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2034:0-521-20093-8
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2008:90-04-08114-3
2004:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1925:
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1916:
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1907:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1864:Ibn Khallikān
1860:
1857:
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1841:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1794:, p. 44.
1793:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1780:Bosworth 1975
1776:
1773:
1770:, p. 90.
1769:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1743:, p. 87.
1742:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:Ibn Khallikān
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1667:Ibn Khallikān
1663:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1631:Bosworth 1994
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:Ibn Khallikān
1608:
1605:
1601:
1600:Bosworth 1994
1596:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1576:Ibn Khallikān
1572:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1545:, p. 31.
1544:
1543:Ibn Khallikān
1539:
1536:
1533:, p. 43.
1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:Bosworth 1994
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:Ibn Khallikān
1476:
1473:
1469:
1468:Bosworth 1994
1464:
1461:
1457:
1456:Ibn Khallikān
1452:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1420:Bosworth 1994
1416:
1413:
1409:
1408:Ibn Khallikān
1404:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1372:Bosworth 1994
1368:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1336:Bosworth 1994
1332:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1300:Bosworth 1994
1296:
1293:
1288:
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1278:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1245:
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1217:
1212:
1209:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1181:
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1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:Bosworth 1994
1164:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1092:, p. 24.
1091:
1086:
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1070:
1064:
1062:
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1056:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1027:
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1021:
1015:
1008:
1005:
998:
988:
985:
979:
976:
970:
967:
961:
958:
951:
949:
947:
943:
942:Islamic world
939:
935:
934:
929:
924:
916:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
895:Ibn Khallikan
892:
888:
884:
880:
872:
868:
864:
857:
855:
853:
852:Fadl ibn Sahl
849:
845:
841:
840:
834:
832:
831:Nizam al-Mulk
828:
827:C.E. Bosworth
824:
822:
816:
808:
801:
799:
796:
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788:
786:
782:
778:
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773:
766:
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743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
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721:
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709:
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692:
689:
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681:
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658:
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637:
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621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
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581:
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547:
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531:
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510:
504:
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494:
489:
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467:
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457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
433:
429:
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415:
399:
395:
391:
386:
382:
379:
376: |
375:
372: |
371:
368: |
367:
364: |
362:
359: |
358:
355: |
353:
350: |
349:
346: |
345:
341:
333:
328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
309:Rise to power
308:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
276:Nizam al-Mulk
273:
272:Ibn Khallikan
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
233:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
177:
173:
164:
160:
157:
154:
152:
148:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:Karnin (near
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
77:
74:. Created in
73:
69:
63:
58:
55:
54:
50:
45:
33:
30:
19:
2358:Coppersmiths
2262:
2196:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2168:
2164:
2144:
2123:
2106:
2097:
2078:
2069:
2050:
2024:
1998:
1976:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1919:
1910:
1891:
1886:
1877:
1871:
1859:
1847:
1840:Noldeke 2007
1835:
1823:
1811:
1804:Meisami 1999
1799:
1792:Rahmati 2020
1787:
1775:
1748:
1721:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1564:Ibn al-Athir
1538:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1444:Ibn al-Athir
1439:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1396:Ibn al-Athir
1391:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1295:
1286:
1280:
1268:
1257:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1193:
1151:
1145:
1122:
1105:Noldeke 2007
1085:
1073:. Retrieved
1046:. Retrieved
1018:
1017:
1013:
1007:
987:
978:
969:
960:
931:
920:
876:
837:
835:
825:
820:
819:warrior - a
817:
813:
797:
789:
770:
767:
759:
744:
713:
677:
645:
605:
590:
583:
573:
562:
552:in northern
542:Hindu Shahis
520:
508:
492:
482:
470:
431:
337:
312:
298:
284:
246:and west of
239:
237:
208:Turkmenistan
200:Greater Iran
171:
170:
80:Safavid Iran
71:
47:
29:
2293:al-Mu'addal
1946:al-Tabari.
1728:, p. .
1201:6 September
1170:, p. .
1090:Baumer 2016
901:woman from
887:Amr Saffari
883:Gundeshapur
736:Al-Mufawwad
732:al-Mu'tamid
716:Al-Muwaffaq
620:Hindu Shahi
424:Hindu Shahi
398:Tokharistan
394:Transoxiana
295:coppersmith
252:Afghanistan
196:Afghanistan
130:Gundeshapur
2343:879 deaths
2338:840 births
2327:Categories
2313:(963–1002)
2253:(861–1002)
2116:Volume III
1228:Flood 2018
999:References
946:Dailamites
944:) and the
844:Abu Muslim
661:Tabaristan
624:Hindu Kush
580:Al-Mu'tazz
550:Kharijites
534:Zamindāvar
291:Kharijites
234:Early life
216:Tajikistan
212:Uzbekistan
2307:(923–963)
2301:(912–913)
2289:(910–911)
2283:(909–910)
2277:(901–908)
2271:(879–901)
2265:(861–879)
2192:New title
2045:(1975b).
2019:(1975a).
1726:al-Tabari
1699:al-Tabari
1643:al-Tabari
1588:al-Tabari
1516:al-Tabari
1432:al-Tabari
1384:al-Tabari
1360:al-Tabari
1324:al-Tabari
1020:contempt.
907:Ibn Athir
821:mutatawwi
684:Khuzestan
558:Kharijism
499:to left,
280:Ismailism
96:Successor
2281:al-Layth
2202:867–879
2112:Volume I
1852:Tor 2007
1768:Tor 2007
1753:Tor 2007
1741:Tor 2007
1348:Tor 2007
1312:Tor 2007
802:Ideology
785:Abbasids
781:Saffarid
740:Kalwadha
632:Tahirids
390:Khurasan
299:"saffar"
220:Pakistan
156:Saffarid
2249:of the
1903:Sources
1075:15 July
1048:15 July
933:ghulams
928:Jamshid
923:Persian
911:Juzjani
869:, near
730:caliph
728:Abbasid
680:Estakhr
667:leader
601:Isfizar
578:caliph
576:Abbasid
569:Persian
561:made a
523:Abbasid
513:Justice
483:Reverse
479:trisula
438:legend
432:Obverse
388:Map of
357:protect
352:history
319:Tahirid
268:Khariji
264:Abbasid
176:Persian
91:861–879
51:of the
2247:Rulers
2152:
2131:
2085:
2057:
2031:
2005:
1984:
1964:
1926:
1133:
1044:Online
917:Legacy
903:Sistan
871:Dezful
846:, the
777:Tigris
722:, and
720:Gurgan
710:, Iran
665:Zaydid
657:kharaj
616:Bamyan
614:, and
608:Ghazna
597:Karukh
564:qasida
554:Sistan
538:Zunbil
526:caliph
497:Nagari
436:Nagari
428:dirham
361:delete
315:ayyars
244:Zaranj
240:Karnin
192:Zaranj
188:Sistan
162:Father
137:Burial
113:Zaranj
76:Shiraz
2295:(911)
952:Notes
891:anvil
879:colic
858:Death
772:mawla
755:Wasit
708:Zabol
612:Kabul
593:Herat
546:Kabul
495:) in
378:views
370:watch
366:links
329:Reign
260:Sunni
165:Laith
151:House
88:Reign
2150:ISBN
2129:ISBN
2083:ISBN
2055:ISBN
2029:ISBN
2003:ISBN
1982:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1203:2012
1131:ISBN
1077:2007
1050:2007
909:and
899:Arab
850:and
760:The
673:Amul
648:Fars
530:Bost
509:’adl
477:"),
475:Raja
396:and
374:logs
348:talk
344:edit
323:Emir
248:Bost
224:Iraq
204:Iran
124:Died
106:Born
49:Amir
724:Ray
567:in
511:, "
503:عدل
186:of
115:),
70:'s
2329::
2169:13
2167:.
2114:,
1760:^
1733:^
1706:^
1691:^
1674:^
1619:^
1550:^
1523:^
1508:^
1487:^
1256:.
1192:.
1188:.
1175:^
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