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different from that of the pre-1949 years. Rather than seeking to resume the joint administration of the former Yale-in-China institutions, the emphasis was placed on shorter-term academic exchanges in the fields of medicine and
American Studies and a resumption of the English language instruction program. Throughout the 1980s, Yale-China's medical program brought almost 50 Chinese medical personnel to the U.S. and sent over 40 Americans to China for exchanges of medical knowledge. During the same years, nearly 100 Yale graduates participated in Yale-China's English teaching program in China. Yale-China also continued to send English teachers to the Chinese University of Hong Kong and maintained its involvement with the university's International Asian Studies Program.
205:, Nursing School and Hospital. Over the years, Hsiang-Ya (a compound of hsiang, denoting Hunan, and ya, denoting Yale-China; transliterated today as Xiangya) developed a reputation for providing the most advanced training in Western medicine in all of central and southern China. More than at other foreign-affiliated institutions, an effort was made early on to bring as many Chinese faculty and administrators on board as possible. By the late 1920s, all major leadership positions were held by Chinese, and Yale-in-China was very much a joint Sino-American enterprise.
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the possibility of resumed activity on the mainland. In the fall of 1979, Yale-China staff traveled to
Changsha to explore opportunities for academic exchange with administrators and faculty at Hunan Medical College, the successor to Hsiang-Ya, and several exchange agreements were concluded that led to the arrival of Yale-China English teachers in September 1980 and exchanges of medical personnel between Yale University and Hunan Medical College. Two English instructors were also sent to
268:, which was formally inaugurated in 1963 on its Shatin campus. Preston Schoyer played a key role in negotiating New Asia's entrance. Yale-in-China contributed to the new campus by securing funds to construct buildings, including the university health clinic, the Yali Guest House, Friendship Lodge and a student dormitory at New Asia College. Yale-in-China also contributed to the early internationalization of the campus by helping to establish the
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248:, who had been a Bachelor in Changsha before the war, worked both formally and informally to develop new programs and maintain ties with old friends. During those years, Yale-in-China devoted its resources to financing the education of Chinese students in the U.S. while looking in Asia for new projects to support. Attention soon focused on a refugee college in the British colony of Hong Kong which had been founded by
145:, and was known informally as Yale-in-China as early as 1913. It was nondenominational from its beginnings and by the 1920s had ceased to be an overtly missionary enterprise. It was re-incorporated in 1934 as a secular organization, the Yale-in-China Association, and in 1975 as the Yale–China Association.
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Despite the geographical continuities, however, the intervening years had brought substantial changes to
Chinese higher education and within Yale-China itself. Political sensitivities in China and Yale-China's own evolution determined that any new activity in China would be of a nature substantially
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Many of the
Changsha facilities were damaged by invading Japanese troops. Nevertheless, these challenges served to inspire renewed commitment on the part of both American and Chinese faculty and administrators. The Yale-in-China staff who returned to Changsha in September 1945 determined to rebuild
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The decade of the 1990s brought an expansion of Yale-China's activities into new program areas and affiliations with institutions outside of Yale-China's historical bases in Hong Kong, Changsha and Wuhan. While maintaining its
English teaching program, Yale-China initiated projects in environmental
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By the 1970s, both New Asia
College and the Chinese University of Hong Kong had achieved a level of institutional maturity and financial stability that decreased the need for Yale-China's contributions. At the same time, the normalization of diplomatic relations between the U.S. and China presented
252:(1895–1990) and other Chinese intellectuals determined to preserve traditional Chinese learning and values in the face of the Communist victory on the mainland. In early 1954, after a visit to the colony and months of negotiations, Yale-in-China's trustees formally affiliated the organization with
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Unlike in
Changsha, Yale-in-China's relationship with New Asia College was, by intention, one of support and assistance rather than direct administration. Yale-in-China secured funding from the Ford Foundation and other U.S. foundations to support the development of the college, and also provided
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which sponsors educational programs in and about China in order to further understanding between
Chinese and American people. Founded in 1901 as a Protestant missionary society, Yale-China's work now builds on long-term relationships to support Chinese institutions and Chinese initiatives in the
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and is located on the Yale campus, each year sending Yale graduates to teach or work in China, but is not formally connected with it. Yale-China is particularly interested in cultural exchange for
Chinese and American students. Publications include a regular newsletter, biennial report, and the
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as "Liberation Middle School." Dr. Dwight Rugh, Yale-in-China's last representative in
Changsha, spent most of 1950 under house arrest as the only American on campus, and was eventually expelled from China in May 1951. With his departure, the ties between Yale-in-China in New Haven and the
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276:, which now enroll hundreds of international students every year. Meanwhile, the relationship with New Asia College, where the Yale–China Association (as the organization was renamed in 1975) has maintained a representative office for fifty years, remains a strong one.
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In the late 1950s, the possibility of founding a university in Hong Kong that would use Chinese as the language of instruction was explored. In 1959, the Council of British Universities selected New Asia, United and Chung Chi colleges to federate and form the new
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fellowships for New Asia faculty to pursue further study in the United States. In 1956, Yale-in-China resumed the practice of sending Bachelors, two recent Yale graduates, to teach English, though now to New Asia College instead of the Yali School.
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the campus and resume their pre-war operations. Within four years, however, a Communist insurgency toppled the Nationalist government and Yale-in-China's future seemed uncertain in the face of growing hostility between the United States and China.
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graduates and faculty members committed to establishing a Christian missionary presence overseas. The founders chose China as the focus of their work, in part to honor the memory of a Yale graduate from the class of 1892,
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protection and pediatric cardiology and facilitated a drama collaboration between New Haven's Long Wharf Theater and the Shanghai People's Art Theater which resulted in a Chinese-language stage production of
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The war years (1937–45) placed enormous strains on the Yale-in-China institutions, especially the Hsiang-Ya Hospital, which cared for war casualties and refugees. For example, the life of paralyzed
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in 1905, medical education and care became a major focus of the endeavor. The educational compound that began with Dr. Hume's medical clinic eventually grew to comprise a preparatory school, the
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in 1994. Other areas of expansion have included the fields of American Studies, legal education, public health, nursing, and service in the non-profit sector for China and American students.
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Between 1951 and 1954, hostility against the United States on the mainland and turmoil on Nationalist-held Taiwan led to a suspension of Yale-in-China's work within China.
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had several encounters with the school: he edited its student magazine, re-focusing it on "thought reorientation," and operated a bookshop out of its medical college.
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Xiao Hong Shen, "Yale's China and China's Yale: Americanizing Higher Education in China, 1900-1927" (PhD Dissertation; New Haven, CT: Yale University, 1993). 363p.
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A reflection of the religious fervor sweeping American college campuses at the end of the 19th century, which took form in the
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and nursing, legal education, English language instruction, and American Studies. The Association works closely with
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By 1951, the new Communist government had taken possession of Yale-in-China's Changsha properties and renamed the
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Province was chosen as the base of operations in China after consultation with other foreign missionaries.
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as well as other missionaries in China, the Yale Mission early on assumed more of an educational than
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Blackboards and Bomb Shelters : The Perilous Journey of Americans in China During World War II
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institutions in Changsha and Wuhan were broken for nearly 30 years.
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Doctors East, Doctors West; an American Physician's Life in China
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American non-profit organisation promoting US-China relations
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Dauntless Adventurer : The Story of Dr. Winston Pettus
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List of Protestant missionary societies in China 1807-1953
367:, Vol. 96, No. 3, February 29, 1972, p. 1. Archived from
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The Yale-China Association was first incorporated as the
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the same year and later to Huazhong Normal University.
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The Yale-China Association : A Centennial History
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Educational organizations based in the United States
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was spared at the hospital before he was evacuated.
490:Hume, Edward H. and William Winston Pettus (1952).
270:New Asia - Yale-in-China Chinese Language Centre
509:Official Website of the Yale-China Association
494:. New Haven, Conn.: Yale in China Association.
431:Chapman, Nancy E.; Plumb, Jessica C. (2001).
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69:Learn how and when to remove this message
32:This article includes a list of general
476:. New Haven: Yale in China Association.
437:. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
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208:Between 1919 and 1920, future Chairman
485:. New York: W.W. Norton & company.
474:Yale in China; the Mainland, 1901-1951
468:. Extensive coverage of wartime years.
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539:United States friendship associations
274:International Asian Studies Programme
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181:At the urging of the home office in
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189:function. With the arrival of Dr.
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38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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456:. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military.
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425:References and further reading
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472:Holden, Reuben A. (1964).
371:. Accessed April 24, 2014.
150:Student Volunteer Movement
452:Bevill, James P. (2021).
389:Little, Brown and Company
345:Spence, Jonathan (2006).
203:Hsiang-Ya Medical College
481:Hume, Edward H. (1946).
53:more precise citations.
383:with Lee Edson (1967)
121:New Haven, Connecticut
117:nonprofit organization
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412:ChapmanPlumb (2001)
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