Japanese Antarctic Expedition

413: 377: 591:, leaving seven men on the Barrier. Two would remain at a base camp to carry out meteorological observations, while a five-man Dash Patrol marched southward; these five men were Shirase, Takeda, Miisho and the two Ainu dog drivers. The patrol's aim was to travel as far south as possible in the limited time available, over unexplored terrain. Hence, rather than heading due south, which would have placed them in Amundsen's tracks, they chose a south-easterly route. 38: 743: 608: 409:. He accepted the Japanese expedition as genuine – only their late start, he argued, had forced them to seek shelter in Australia. David formed a close friendship with Shirase, with whom he shared his knowledge and experience of Antarctic conditions. He acted as a liaison between the expedition and local authorities and businesses, and with his advocacy the Australians' attitude to their visitors improved. 506: 171: 599:

Yamato Yukihara ("Japanese Snow Plain"). After a brief ceremony and salute to the emperor, the party began its journey back to base. Weather conditions were now much more favourable, and they covered the distance in three days, possibly the fastest polar sledge journey at that time. Arriving at their base camp on 31 January, they recovered from their exertions by sleeping for 36 hours.

320: 368:, Australia, to sit out the southern winter and prepare for a second season. Of 28 dogs that had left Japan, only 12 had reached New Zealand alive, and as they set out for Sydney, only one of these was left; poor conditions, combined with tapeworm infection, had proved fatal to the rest. After enduring another very rough passage, the ship reached the Australian port on 1 May. 239:, New Zealand before proceeding to Antarctica, where they would set up winter quarters. Then: "On 15 September, when the winter will have ended, the party will proceed to the Pole", before returning to their base in late February 1912. Realistically, it was far too late in the season for this schedule to be viable, but this was not yet apparent to Shirase or his supporters. 459: 91: 74:, the expedition was privately funded. It left Japan in November 1910, and after its first season's failure was forced to spend the winter of 1911 in Australia. In its second Antarctic season, 1911–12, it made no major scientific or geographical discoveries, but could claim some significant achievements. These included the first landing on the coast of 161:, the former prime minister, a figure of great prestige and influence. Okuma formed and presided over the Antarctic Expedition Supporters Association, and the public began to contribute, mainly in small amounts from what Shirase described as the "student class". Shirase also obtained important backing from one of Japan's leading newspapers, the 567:"We saw a boundless plain of white ice stretching into infinity, meeting the blue sky and continuing beyond. Though we could sense the many secrets hidden in its depths, there was not a shadow to be seen. The sun was reflected off the white snow with dazzling brightness, and we were all struck to the very heart by a feeling of awe." 478:. Appearing first as a faint line on the horizon, as they grew closer it took on, Shirase later wrote, the appearance of "a gigantic white snake at rest". The next day, close to the Barrier edge, they turned east to look for a likely landing place in the vicinity of King Edward VII Land. As they sailed beyond the 429:

revised his expedition's goals; Scott and Amundsen – of whom there was as yet no direct news – were, he reckoned, too far ahead of him for his aim of conquering the South Pole to be tenable. Instead, he decided, the Japanese expedition would focus on more modest objectives in science, surveying, and exploring in

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did the Japanese begin to honour him and his achievements. The availability since 2011 of an English translation of Shirase's account has revealed the story of the expedition to a wider audience. The first Japanese expedition is further commemorated in the names of several geographical features in Antarctica.

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died, and public interest in the expedition withered. Shirase found himself burdened with considerable expedition debts, with no government intervention. He had hoped to raise substantial funds from the sale of his expedition account, but found that, in the rapidly-changing Japan, the taste for the

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While often treated as a footnote to the concurrent expeditions of Amundsen and Scott, the Japanese party achieved several notable distinctions. They were the first non-European team to explore in the Antarctic; they made the first landing from the sea on King Edward VII Land, where both Scott (1902)

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On their return, Shirase and his team were greeted as heroes, but interest swiftly died, and Shirase was burdened with expedition debts that took years to clear. Outside Japan, the expedition was generally dismissed, or ignored altogether. Only many years after Shirase's death in obscurity, in 1946,

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was taken further east along the coast than any previous ship; the Dash Patrol sledged faster than anyone before, and became only the fourth team up to that time to travel beyond 80°S. The scientific data brought back by the expedition included important information on the geology of King Edward VII

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After a successful plea for further funding, Nomura and Tada returned to Sydney in October with money, provisions and a fresh supply of dogs. They also brought two new expedition members, a scientist and a film cameraman, replacing original members who had withdrawn on sickness grounds. Shirase now

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Initial reactions in Wellington to this unexpected late arrival were of amusement and suspicion. Many New Zealanders found it hard to accept that this was a genuine Antarctic expedition, given the lateness in the season, the inadequate-looking vessel, the unsuitable equipment and food, the apparent

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from the far northern Japanese islands, chosen for their skills with dogs and sledges. Dogs would be the prime mode of transport in the Antarctic; Shirase's initial preference for Manchurian ponies was impractical, since the expedition's ship, acquired with the assistance of Okuna, was too small to

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In 1979 Mary Edgeworth David donated her father's samurai sword to the Australian Museum, where it is a focus of interest to many Japanese visitors. In 2002, a memorial tablet was placed in Parsley Bay, to commemorate the 90th anniversary of the Japanese expedition's sojourn there. The inscription

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attempted to drive a passage: "The crunch and crack every time we smashed through a floe were not at all pleasant." On 12 March, when the ship's position was 74°16'S, 172°7'E, it was halted by heavy ice. They could go no further south, and were in danger of being trapped, to face a wintering in the

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During the few days spent in the port, the crew scoured the town for sources that might provide them with information about ice conditions further south. More particularly, they sought up-to-date charts; all they possessed for navigation beyond 60°S was a small-scale photocopy of an admiralty chart

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Hundreds applied to join the expedition, though none with any polar experience and only one, Terutaro Takeda, with any pretensions to a scientific background – he was an ex-schoolteacher who had also served as a professor's assistant. In the absence of a proper scientific team, Shirase had to scale

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Shirase knew that other nations were developing similar plans, and that if he were to have any hope of success he would have to move quickly. Early in 1910 he presented an outline of his plans to the government, declaring that, within three years, he would raise the Japanese flag at the South Pole.

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sailed eastwards, arriving off the King Edward VII Land coast in Biscoe Bay on 23 January at 76°56'S, 155°55'W. Two land parties disembarked to explore what they thought was virgin territory, unaware that a team from Amundsen's expedition, led by Prestrud, had entered the land from the Barrier the

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would take a second party to King Edward VII Land, where it would land and explore. This decided, the ship turned westward towards the Bay of Whales; as they approached, they found to their astonishment that another ship was there. After an initial speculation about pirates, they saw as they drew

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The consequences of their late departure were now becoming evident; with the onset of winter, the sea was beginning to freeze around them. The ice "took the form of small lotus leaves, which ... gradually spread out over the sea to cover the whole surface". The small leaves turned to large disks,

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Shirase devoted most of the rest of his life to clearing the expedition's debts. He sold his house in Tokyo and moved to the Kuril Islands, where he raised money through the fox-fur business. By 1935 the last outstanding amounts had been finally paid. By then, Shirase had received belated public

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in honour of the expedition's patron. On 1 February they arrived at the Bay of Whales, but ice conditions prevented them for two days from beginning the embarkation of Shirase's party. Deteriorating weather made this operation a fraught and hurried process, and resulted in much being left behind

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By 28 January, they calculated that they had covered 250 kilometres (160 mi), and that their position was 80° 5' S, 156° 37' W. Here, they buried a canister containing the names of the group, and raised the Japanese flag. The surrounding plain was named by Shirase as

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soon ran into stormy seas, with waves among the biggest that Captain Namora had ever encountered. By 17 February, in calmer weather, the crew captured its first penguin, an item of great curiosity: "It walked upright, looking for all the world like a gentleman in an overcoat". On 26 February the

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When the ship's refurbishment was complete and the expedition ready to depart, Shirase and his officers wrote to David thanking him for all the help he had given: "You were good enough to set the seal of your magnificent reputation upon our bona fides, and to treat us as brothers in the realm of

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The government's response was lukewarm; it agreed a financial contribution and the possible loan of a ship, but in the event, parliament would not release the funds. The learned societies were uninterested; in their view, Shirase was neither a scholar nor a scientist, and his plans, despite his

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Despite the lack of experience and the unsuitability of the ship, the expedition had demonstrated conclusively that the Japanese could mount an Antarctic expedition. There were no fatalities or serious injuries among the personnel – all returned safely home. Hamre praises Nomura's seamanship as

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was brought up close to the Barrier edge and the process of landing the shore party began. This proved difficult and dangerous, involving the cutting of an ice path through the steep cliffside to the Barrier summit to enable the transfer of men, dogs, provisions and equipment. While the landing

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The initial reception in Sydney was cool, even hostile. Tension had grown following Japan's recent military victories in Russia and China, and as in New Zealand, there was considerable suspicion about the party's true purpose. One newspaper demanded their immediate expulsion, and castigated the

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In Parsley Bay, when the early suspicions had evaporated, large numbers of visitors came to see the camp and have their photographs taken with Shirase and the other team members. A member of the expedition described the camp in idyllic terms: "surrounded by dense overgrown old trees... guava,

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Clad in inadequate clothing and footwear, and with no experience of polar travel, the Dash Patrol set out at noon on 20 January. They faced severe weather, and were halted after only 13 kilometres (8.1 mi). The next day they were confined by the weather to their tents. Resuming on

768:, erected a statue in his memory, and in 1990 opened a museum dedicated to his expedition. In 2011, to mark the expedition's centenary, the Shirase Expedition Supporters Association published a full English translation, by Lara Dagnell and Hilary Shibata, of the original expedition report ( 623:

The two groups crossed the sea ice and climbed the ice wall which surrounded the coast. One party, led by Tomoji Tsuchiya, headed south but were soon stopped by impassable ice. The other party of three (Nishikawa, Watanabe and the cine-cameraman Taizumi), made better progress towards the

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sailed from the harbour, where in contrast to the mood at their arrival, they were seen off by throngs of well-wishers, "cheering and waving their white handkerchiefs and black hats in the air". Edgeworth David and other supporters accompanied them for the short distance to

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He added that his expedition would also advance the cause of science: "The powers of the world ridicule the Empire of Japan, saying we Japanese are barbarians who are strong and brave in warfare, but cowardly when it comes to the realm of science. For the sake of

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left Sydney in fair weather, and made good progress southwards. After celebrating New Year's Day in the traditional Japanese manner, on 4 January 1912 the expedition reached Coulman Island, the turning point of the previous season. The Ross Sea was open, and

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bottlebrush, evergreen oak and pine...Standing on the rising ground behind the encampment you can gaze up at the hillside or turn to look at the sea below...like a landscape painting come alive". On 22 June, the camp was decorated with flags to mark the

632:. The three men reached the foothills of this range but were then halted by an unbridgeable crevasse. They erected a sign recording their presence, and after some further exploration of the area and the collection of rock samples, returned to the ship. 259:

struggled southwards, crossing the Equator on 29 December, and arriving in Wellington, storm-battered and unannounced, on 7 February 1911. Many of the dogs had died en route. The two contemporaneous South Pole expeditions, led respectively by Scott and

255:, the ship finally left Japan on 1 December, carrying 27 men and 28 Siberian dogs, leaving behind a debt that would increase considerably during the course of the expedition, and would burden Shirase for many years. In generally poor weather, 107:

in 1868, kept it largely aloof from the growing international interest in polar exploration that escalated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. However, the idea intrigued and became a private passion for an army officer, Lieutenant

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came upon a small inlet in the Barrier edge, which appeared to offer a suitable landing place. An advance party ascended the Barrier to examine the surface and judge its suitability for travel. They reported that the terrain was full of

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was taken to the Jubilee Dock, to await repairs and refitting. Nomura and another expedition member, Keiichi Tada, went back to Japan to report on the situation, and to seek further funding for a renewed attempt in the following season.

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In the wider world the expedition attracted little notice, eclipsed by the dramas surrounding Amundsen and Scott and also because the only available reports were in Japanese, a language little understood outside Japan. In Britain, the

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statements to the contrary, were focused more on adventure than on science. Even the Tokyo Geographical Society refused its backing. Amid public indifference and press derision, Shirase's fortunes turned when he secured the support of

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The Japanese party's sledges were described as "toy things", made of bamboo and wood. Their rations, mainly rice, plum pickles, cured beans and dried cuttlefish, bore no resemblance to the usual Antarctic high-energy fare such as

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was not ready to sail that day. When she left Tokyo 24 hours later, only a few were present to see her go – "the most dismal sort of send-off ever accorded to any polar explorer", according to Shirase. After cargo trimming in

544:, paid a brief visit to the Japanese ship. Communication proved difficult, although the Norwegians were received hospitably, with wine and cigars. Shirase had apparently gone to bed, and did not meet with these visitors. 425:, and visitors were entertained with exhibitions of traditional martial arts. Nevertheless, life during the long winter months was generally frugal and monotonous, "almost a beggar's life", Shirase later wrote. 700:

On its return, the expedition was given a hero's parade through Tokyo. Shirase was received by the imperial family, and widely feted. But this fame proved short-lived; six weeks after the triumphal return, the

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and was much impressed by what he saw. The Norwegians were less flattering in their observations of the Japanese expedition, noting in particular the barbaric fashion in which wildlife was captured and killed.

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Shirase now decided to divide the expedition into two parts. One party would land at the Bay of Whales and form a "Dash Patrol" that would make a southern march across the Barrier, with the dogs. Meanwhile,

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arrived at Wellington on 23 March, where Shirase and a small party left the ship to take a faster steamer home, so they could prepare for the expedition's return. After taking on fresh coal and provisions,

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left Wellington on 2 April, and arrived in Yokohama on 19 June. The next day, 20 June 1912, after a journey of nearly 50,000 km (31,000 miles), she entered Tokyo harbour to a tumultuous reception.

486:, who soon withdrew when they realised the nature of their attempted prey, but not before they had caused considerable alarm to the deeply religious Ainus, who prayed fervently throughout the attack. 78:, the fastest recorded sledging journey, and the most easterly point along the Antarctic coast, to that date, reached by a ship. It also became only the fourth team to travel beyond the 80°S mark. 710:

account, "the wrong sort of hero". A documentary film, constructed from Taizumi's footage, was a commercial success, but this did not benefit Shirase, who had sold the rights to the film company.

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22 January, over the next few days they battled on against strong winds and blizzards, while the temperature fell to −25 °C (−13 °F). Some of the dogs fell out, lame or frostbitten.

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science ... Whatever may be the fate of our enterprise, we will never forget you". Just before their departure, as a further sign of his regard, Shirase presented David with his 17th century

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ice that it was unlikely the ship would survive. In difficult and dangerous conditions, Nomura's skilful seamanship turned the ship northwards, and they were able to escape from the danger.

167:. Still the scientific community remained aloof, and the journal of the Tokyo Geographical Society, while reporting on other countries' expeditions, ignored the Japanese venture entirely. 642:. They reached 151°20'W, thus exceeding Scott's mark by a distance calculated as 17.3 km (11 miles). On the way back to the Bay of Whales they paused at a small bay which they named 246:, Ivar Hamre describes a gala occasion, with flags and bunting flying, while others write of brass bands, speeches and around 50,000 supporters present. The event proved anticlimactic; 2886: 120:, led by Meiji Gohji. This expedition turned into a disaster, from which Shirase emerged in 1895 as one of few survivors, most of the party having succumbed to privation or 2867: 41:

Map of Antarctica, showing (red rectangle) the area of the expedition's operations. Wellington (New Zealand) and Sydney (Australia) appear on the bottom edge of the map.

385:"supineness" of the government in failing to take immediate action. However, Shirase and his party found support from a wealthy resident in the exclusive suburb of 136:, were each claiming, separately, to have reached the Pole. Undaunted, Shirase then changed his plans; he would go south instead, and aim for the still unconquered 6126: 2588: 722:, was reluctant even to acknowledge the Japanese expedition, and no report of it appeared in the Society's journal for many years. The former RGS president 312:

first iceberg was sighted, after which the ship was surrounded by ice of all kinds, from loose brash to huge bergs. On 1 March the sky produced a brilliant

4674: 2997: 63:, and has been relatively overlooked in polar history. After failing to land in its first season, the Japanese expedition's original aim of reaching the 3635: 222:, meaning "Opener-up of the South", or "Southern Pioneer". The ship was placed under the command of an experienced seafarer, Captain Naokichi Nomura. 235:

Shirase set 28 November 1910 as his departure date, and announced details of the timetable he planned to follow. The expedition would reprovision in

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was replaced by less ambitious objectives, and after a more successful second season it returned safely to Japan, without injury or loss of life.

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recognition; in 1933 he became honorary president of the newly formed Japanese Polar Research Institute. He died in relative obscurity in 1946.

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including, much to the men's distress, all the dogs. Shirase remembered these abandoned dogs in his daily prayers for the rest of his life.

116:, nursed a desire to emulate his heroes and explore the Arctic. In 1893, by way of preparation, Shirase joined an exploration party to the 4830: 2695: 208:. But she was strongly built, with a double layer hull sheathed with iron plating, and extra protection at the stem. She was rigged as a 5913: 5594: 5416: 5306: 5075: 3664: 3613: 830:. This name was used until 1953, when it was renamed the Ross Ice Shelf. In this article the name in use in 1911–1912 has been retained. 498:, some thinly covered with ice and snow, and that surface travel for any distance would be well-nigh impossible. After naming the inlet 5364: 4945: 4884: 5387: 2544: 55:, was the first such expedition by a non-European nation. It was concurrent with two major Antarctic endeavours led respectively by 5465: 6131: 659:

Shirase had intended to make a landing at Coulman Island on the way home, but the weather was poor and this idea was abandoned.

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previous year. The Japanese were, however, the first to make a successful landing on King Edward VII Land from the sea.

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stood off Dorset Point, but ice conditions made it impossible to get nearer to the shore. The ship sailed on, past the

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The name "Biscoe Bay" for this location does not appear on modern maps. The area appears to have been subsumed into

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lack of charts. While some suspected them as being part of a Japanese plan to expand its influence southwards, the

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mocked the crew as "gorillas sailing about in a miserable whaler", a remark that caused Shirase deep offence.

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On 6 March the crew sighted distant land, about 65 km (40 miles) to the south-east – the peaks of the

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The name "Yamato Yukihara" was officially accepted by the Japanese Antarctic Place Names Committee in 2012.

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sympathetically offered "the last Godspeed to the plucky little band of explorers from the Far East". The

195: 787:, was sold back to its former owners, and resumed its fishery duties; its subsequent history is unknown. 124:. The harshness of these experiences did not diminish his Arctic ambitions. He dreamt of conquering the 5992: 5961: 5766: 5719: 5618: 5422: 5341: 5284: 5033: 5027: 4877: 4835: 4797: 4777: 4372: 4147: 3983: 3893: 3875: 3792: 3763: 3753: 3641: 3578: 3352: 638:

then sailed further east, in an attempt to pass the most easterly longitude, 152°W, recorded by Scott's

212:, and her sailing power was augmented by a small (18 horsepower) auxiliary engine. At the suggestion of 4033: 2712: 286:. By the time they were ready to depart, they had earned some respect from the New Zealand public; the 194:, a former fishing industry service boat. At 30.48 m (100 ft) in length and registering 204 5846: 5838: 5781: 5369: 5233: 5214: 5159: 5151: 4951: 4891: 4850: 4463: 4454: 4325: 4320: 4224: 4088: 3845: 3807: 3624: 3619: 3602: 3414: 3184: 3152: 3096: 3076: 2667: 2554: 588: 430: 402: 75: 706:"Boys Own" type of adventure story had diminished – he had become, as Stephanie Pain puts it in her 5967: 5889: 5354: 5277: 5193: 4974: 4966: 4915: 4555: 4513: 4008: 3971: 3860: 3607: 3494: 3297: 3102: 625: 406: 348: 328: 199: 60: 5125: 198:, she was much smaller than the other Antarctic ships of the era – less than a third the size of 5688: 5580: 5561: 5100: 4642: 4536: 4500: 4476: 4367: 4214: 4189: 4185: 4175: 4081: 4059: 4038: 3919: 3909: 3656: 3544: 3472: 3145: 3136: 3128: 3039: 3019: 2683: 2603: 340: 104: 519:

nearer that the ship was flying the Norwegian flag, and realised that this was Amundsen's ship,

158: 2831:(2007) . "Lt. Shirase's calling card (translated from Nankyokuki)". In Francis Spufford (ed.). 6060: 5866: 5860: 5816: 5801: 5730: 5702: 5610: 5547: 5457: 5429: 5409: 5347: 5255: 5219: 5093: 5060: 5053: 5006: 4988: 4905: 4654: 4523: 4471: 4377: 4330: 4258: 4247: 3959: 3949: 3941: 3837: 3827: 3738: 3733: 3716: 3682: 3549: 3536: 3357: 3263: 3221: 3216: 3006: 2948: 2906: 2836: 2747: 2737: 2718: 2627: 2540: 2513: 719: 541: 277: 204: 113: 6077: 5809: 5501: 5381: 5207: 5180: 5120: 4995: 4925: 4910: 4649: 4578: 4573: 4547: 4542: 4424: 4347: 4300: 4067: 3887: 3852: 3748: 3743: 3677: 3591: 3373: 3365: 3251: 3171: 3123: 3113: 3086: 2940: 2675: 827: 723: 347:, where ice conditions were even worse. To their further discomfort, their proximity to the 252: 2791: 2760:"Memorial plaque to the Japanese Antarctic Expedition visit to Parsley Bay, Sydney in 1911" 742: 6067: 6014: 5999: 5905: 5900: 5824: 5789: 5725: 5624: 5539: 5506: 5238: 5021: 5013: 4982: 4898: 4858: 4612: 4568: 4508: 4432: 4402: 4397: 4357: 4335: 4283: 4219: 4209: 4160: 3882: 3867: 3720: 3689: 3651: 3401: 3329: 3323: 3246: 3211: 3071: 2960: 853: 780: 629: 607: 537: 398: 288: 4590: 389:, who permitted them to set up a camp in a corner of his land at Parsley Bay. Meanwhile, 2671: 6041: 6024: 5977: 5936: 5926: 5895: 5754: 5744: 5636: 5586: 5451: 5401: 5374: 5319: 5115: 5110: 4959: 4812: 4666: 4628: 4585: 4518: 4492: 4446: 4419: 4392: 4362: 4305: 4263: 4253: 4133: 4126: 4023: 4003: 3815: 3775: 3706: 3502: 3477: 3432: 3396: 3390: 3382: 3342: 3337: 3311: 3291: 3059: 2525: 849: 475: 344: 261: 129: 56: 2571: 170: 6100: 6004: 5946: 5941: 5931: 5881: 5876: 5852: 5796: 5673: 5667: 5662: 5261: 5172: 5165: 4920: 4715: 4694: 4562: 4340: 4310: 4278: 4273: 4110: 4016: 3899: 3694: 3507: 3457: 3450: 3442: 3347: 3256: 3091: 2607: 2490: 791:

describes the plaque as "a symbol of everlasting friendship between both countries".

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could not approach the Barrier edge, and had to moor to the ice some distance away.

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On departure day, large crowds gathered to see the expedition off. In his account to

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Hamre, Ivar (November 1933). "The Japanese South Polar Expedition of 1911–1912".

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proceeded swiftly south, so that on 10 January they had their first sight of the

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down his scientific programme; he would concentrate on the conquest of the Pole.

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thought they were "running it fine, even with their determination and daring".

17: 5871: 5774: 5758: 5600: 5533: 5434: 4843: 4792: 4752: 4074: 3800: 3728: 3670: 3063: 499: 236: 137: 125: 64: 2751: 2517: 112:, who, inspired by the tales that reached him of European explorers such as 5393: 4230: 3782: 3565: 643: 495: 458: 293: 2952: 2775: 90: 5325: 814: 758:. JARE has remained active since; its current research vessel is called 5952: 5332: 4119: 3597: 3573: 3561: 2687: 754:

Japan's interest in Antarctic research revived in 1956, with the first

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Several Antarctic landmarks reference Shirase or the expedition: the

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The expedition found another influential supporter, in the person of

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ignored the expedition altogether in his polar exploration history,

2929:"Science, the South Pole, and the Japanese expedition of 1910–1912" 3584: 741: 606: 504: 457: 411: 375: 335:. As they drew nearer, expectations of a landing grew; on 8 March 318: 169: 89: 36: 2711:

Launius, Roger D.; Fleming, James R.; DeVorkin, David H. (2010).

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Japan's slow emergence from isolation, following the fall of the

2406: 1090: 1088: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1002: 1000: 4775: 3017: 2979: 2572:"Ross Sea Ice Shelf – The World's Largest Body of Floating Ice" 998: 996: 994: 992: 990: 988: 986: 984: 982: 980: 264:, were by this time well established in their Antarctic bases. 2892:. In Bernadette Hince; Rupert Summerson; Arnan Wiesel (eds.). 2530:

The South Pole: An Account of the Norwegian expedition in the

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Land, and on ice and weather conditions in the Bay of Whales.

525:. Thick sea ice had formed in the inner part of the bay, so 2539:. Translated by Chater, A.G. London: C. Hurst & Company. 1206: 1204: 1202: 1200: 826:

The Great Ice Barrier, or Barrier, was discovered in 1841 by

730:. The first substantial account in English, by Ivar Hamre in 441:, a rare gift indeed to a non-Japanese. On 19 November 1911 1602: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 930: 1187: 1185: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 1405: 1403: 1401: 2298: 2296: 2149: 2147: 1826: 1824: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1451: 1449: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1172: 1170: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1045: 783:, as well as Okuma Bay and Kainan Bay. The ship itself, 683:

worthy of comparison with that of the great navigators.

351:

was causing violent disturbances to the compass needle.

2283: 2281: 2279: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2164: 2162: 2107: 2105: 2024: 2022: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1579: 1577: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1338: 1336: 1266: 1264: 1262: 323:

Ice in the Ross Sea (the small black objects are seals)

2868:"A century later, Shirase returns to Sydney a hero..." 2696:"Japanese Antarctica Expedition and the Shirase Sword" 2134: 2132: 2092: 2090: 2061: 2059: 2057: 1157: 1155: 894: 892: 153:(honour) we must correct this regrettable situation". 2491:"About JARE (Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition)" 943: 941: 939: 128:

until, in 1909, he learned that two American rivals,

2602:(2). National Institute of Polar Research: 299–307. 1742: 5753: 5484: 5071: 4811: 4184: 3715: 3560: 3058: 2894:Antarctica: Music, sounds and cultural connections 552:On 19 January, sea ice conditions having shifted, 2512:. Washington DC: US National Science Foundation. 1525: 1475: 1441: 1138: 1127: 1024: 914: 875: 2528:; Nilsen, Thorvald; Prestrud, Kristian (1976) . 2192: 2339: 1539: 1521: 565: 380:Parsley Bay, Sydney Harbour, early 20th century 2903:1912: The Year the World Discovered Antarctica 2434: 1210: 1094: 70:The brainchild of an army reserve lieutenant, 2991: 1606: 1517: 611:Map showing coastline of King Edward VII Land 8: 2927:Stevenson III, William R. (December 2011). 2833:The Ends of the Earth Vol II: The Antarctic 2589:"The Japanese Antarctic Expedition of 1912" 2474: 856:during his Antarctic expedition of 1928–30. 4785: 4772: 3027: 3014: 2998: 2984: 2976: 1506: 1409: 1142: 2438: 2258: 2212: 1938: 1878: 1638: 1568: 1306: 6056:Pole of Inaccessibility research station 2555:"Antarctica ID 247: Alexandra Mountains" 5631:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 2462: 2450: 2180: 2123: 1866: 1842: 1830: 1807: 1783: 1754: 1730: 1161: 868: 805: 573: 482:, the ship was attacked by a school of 94:Nobu Shirase, dressed for the Antarctic 2493:. National Institute of Polar Research 2418: 2394: 2382: 2370: 2351: 2318: 2302: 2270: 2224: 2204: 2153: 2077: 2040: 2013: 1974: 1950: 1902: 1815: 1766: 1718: 1682: 1670: 1650: 1630: 1618: 1556: 1502: 1471: 1455: 1437: 1421: 1367: 1327: 1241: 1176: 1146: 1111: 1079: 1067: 1055: 1036: 971: 959: 910: 756:Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition 462:An inlet on the Great Ice Barrier edge 185:Among the personnel selected were two 32:Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition 2809:"Scott, Amundsen... and Nobu Shirase" 2736:(in Japanese). Tokyo: Seizandshoten. 2643:"Our Global Neighbours: Nobu Shirase" 2624:Ordeal by Ice: Ships of the Antarctic 2570:Arlidge, Burnham (11 February 2018). 2314: 2287: 2241: 2208: 2168: 2111: 2081: 2044: 2028: 2009: 1997: 1962: 1922: 1906: 1890: 1854: 1811: 1795: 1706: 1694: 1658: 1654: 1634: 1583: 1498: 1467: 1433: 1392: 1342: 1294: 1270: 1253: 1222: 1191: 1123: 898: 883: 879: 489:On 16 January, at 78°17'S, 161°50'W, 7: 2807:Pain, Stephanie (24 December 2011). 2430: 2407:National Institute of Polar Research 2322: 2138: 2096: 2065: 2048: 1934: 1918: 1486: 1282: 947: 918: 6127:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration 5417:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 3614:Norse colonization of North America 2626:. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Sheridan House. 307:Leaving Wellington on 11 February, 4946:United States Exploring Expedition 2596:Nankyoku Shiryō (Antarctic Record) 1941:, pp. 348–349, vol. II.. 687:and Shackleton (1908) had failed. 355:four metres across, through which 25: 6020:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 5388:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 2794:. Antarctic Logistics. 2010-08-28 2557:. United States Geological Survey 2509:Geographic Names of the Antarctic 532:On 17 January, two officers from 5914:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 5307:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 2853:. Scott Polar Research Institute 2717:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. 931:Masakane 2012: Shirase biography 190:carry horses. This ship was the 2945:10.1016/j.endeavour.2010.11.002 2866:Strom, Marcus (25 March 2016). 615:After leaving Shirase's party, 6142:History of the Ross Dependency 2734:井上正鉄『日本南極探検隊長白瀬矗』極地研ライブラリー、 2641:Florek, Stan (22 March 2013). 2506:Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1981). 764:. In 1981 Shirase's hometown, 401:, professor of geology at the 30:For the later expedition, see 1: 5293:Japanese Antarctic Expedition 5228:Scottish Antarctic Expedition 734:, did not appear until 1933. 47:Japanese Antarctic Expedition 5650:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 5466:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition 5272:French Antarctic Expeditions 5202:Swedish Antarctic Expedition 5088:Belgian Antarctic Expedition 3206:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition 2871:Sydney Morning Herald online 651:left the bay on 4 February. 4735:Nuclear-powered icebreakers 4414:Austro-Hungarian Expedition 3279:Andrée's balloon expedition 2905:. London: The Bodley Head. 423:coronation of King George V 6158: 3936:Franklin's lost expedition 3636:Christian IV's expeditions 2885:Summerson, Rupert (2015). 2792:"Nobu Shirase (1861–1946)" 716:Royal Geographical Society 557:proceeded, Nomura visited 29: 4788: 4784: 4771: 4290:Great Northern Expedition 3966:Rae–Richardson expedition 3166:British Arctic Expedition 3030: 3026: 3013: 2714:Globalizing Polar Science 2574:. Antarctica Cruise Guide 583:The unloading completed, 5574:British Antarctic Survey 5568:Captain Arturo Prat Base 4813:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 2835:. London: Granta Books. 2762:. Australia for Visitors 2732:Masakane, Inoue (2012). 2660:The Geographical Journal 1743:Arlidge 11 February 2018 732:The Geographical Journal 673:Assessment and aftermath 244:The Geographical Journal 49:of 1910–12, in the ship 6132:Japan and the Antarctic 6050:Pole of inaccessibility 5713:Antarctic Treaty System 4054:2nd Grinnell expedition 1881:, p. 272, Vol. II. 454:Second Antarctic season 399:Tannatt Edgeworth David 6137:Expeditions from Japan 2901:Turney, Chris (2012). 2896:. Canberra: ANU Press. 747: 612: 569: 510: 463: 417: 381: 324: 303:First Antarctic season 178: 95: 42: 6107:Antarctic expeditions 5720:Transglobe Expedition 5619:Operation Deep Freeze 5028:Challenger expedition 3894:Coppermine expedition 3415:Drifting ice stations 2622:Bryan, Rorke (2011). 1526:Pain 20 December 2011 1476:Pain 20 December 2011 1442:Pain 20 December 2011 1309:, p. 169 Vol. I. 1139:Pain 20 December 2011 1128:Pain 20 December 2011 1025:Pain 20 December 2011 915:Pain 20 December 2011 876:Pain 20 December 2011 745: 610: 572:— Nobu Shirase , 508: 461: 415: 379: 322: 173: 93: 40: 2587:Barr, Susan (2013). 2193:US Geological Survey 1633:, pp. 155–156; 795:Notes and references 746:Nobu Shirase's grave 728:The Lands of Silence 603:King Edward VII Land 589:King Edward VII Land 502:, they sailed away. 431:King Edward VII Land 403:University of Sydney 76:King Edward VII Land 5890:South magnetic pole 4556:Brusilov expedition 3665:Danish colonization 3103:North magnetic pole 2698:. Australian Museum 2672:1933GeogJ..82..411H 2645:. Australian Museum 2465:, pp. 769–770. 2354:, pp. 171–172. 2340:Antarctic Logistics 2126:, pp. 78, 829. 1893:, pp. 417–418. 1709:, pp. 415–416. 1685:, pp. 158–159. 1673:, pp. 157–158. 1540:Strom 25 March 2016 1522:Strom 25 March 2016 1424:, pp. 152–153. 1256:, pp. 411–412. 1225:, pp. 412–413. 1194:, pp. 244–245. 1082:, pp. 146–147. 962:, pp. 145–146. 626:Alexandra Mountains 578:(2007), p. 83. 407:South Magnetic Pole 364:would now make for 349:South Magnetic Pole 200:Robert Falcon Scott 61:Robert Falcon Scott 27:Research expedition 6122:1912 in Antarctica 6117:1911 in Antarctica 5581:Operation Windmill 5562:Operation Highjump 4537:Rusanov expedition 4442:A. E. Nordenskiöld 4186:North East Passage 3990:McClure expedition 2536:(Volumes I and II) 2435:Shirase: SPRI 2012 1810:, pp. 76–78; 1661:, pp. 245–246 1211:Shirase: SPRI 2012 1095:Launius et al 2010 921:, pp. 301–302 748: 613: 511: 464: 418: 382: 341:Possession Islands 325: 216:, she was renamed 179: 105:Tokugawa shogunate 96: 43: 6094: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6086: 6085: 5548:Operation Tabarin 5410:Far Eastern Party 5256:Nimrod Expedition 4767: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4326:M. Pronchishcheva 4248:Siberian Cossacks 3717:Northwest Passage 3050:Research stations 3007:Polar exploration 2963:. Yomiuri Shimbun 2912:978-1-84792-174-1 2842:978-1-86207-964-9 2743:978-4-425-57031-7 2724:978-0-230-10533-1 2633:978-1-57409-312-4 2183:, pp. 11–12. 1845:, pp. 78–79. 1607:Australian Museum 1518:Australian Museum 974:, pp. 69–70. 770:Nankyokuki Tanken 720:John Scott Keltie 542:Kristian Prestrud 476:Great Ice Barrier 280:'s 1907 route in 278:Ernest Shackleton 270:New Zealand Times 16:(Redirected from 6149: 5595:Ronne Expedition 5080: 5074: 4938:Dumont d'Urville 4786: 4773: 4321:V. Pronchishchev 3028: 3015: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2977: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2956: 2916: 2897: 2891: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2846: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2778:. South-pole.com 2771: 2769: 2767: 2755: 2728: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2691: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2637: 2618: 2616: 2610:. 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Byrd 847: 843: 838: 834: 825: 821: 811: 807: 802: 797: 781:Shirase Glacier 740: 698: 680: 675: 657: 605: 581: 571: 550: 538:Thorvald Nilsen 456: 416:Edgeworth David 374: 329:Admiralty Range 305: 233: 228: 146: 101: 88: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Yamato Yukihara 15: 12: 11: 5: 6155: 6153: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6099: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6042:Vostok Station 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5993:Cherry-Garrard 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5833:Southern Cross 5829: 5828: 5827: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5799: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5763: 5761: 5755:Farthest South 5751: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5716: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5706: 5705: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5670: 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2141:, p. 306. 2128: 2116: 2114:, p. 420. 2101: 2099:, p. 307. 2086: 2084:, p. 420. 2070: 2068:, p. 300. 2053: 2051:, p. 306. 2033: 2031:, p. 419. 2018: 2016:, p. 164. 2002: 2000:, p. 246. 1979: 1977:, p. 164. 1967: 1965:, p. 418. 1955: 1953:, p. 163. 1943: 1927: 1925:, p. 418. 1911: 1909:, p. 417. 1895: 1883: 1871: 1859: 1857:, p. 417. 1847: 1835: 1820: 1800: 1798:, p. 416. 1788: 1771: 1769:, p. 161. 1759: 1747: 1735: 1733:, p. 725. 1723: 1721:, p. 160. 1711: 1699: 1697:, p. 415. 1687: 1675: 1663: 1643: 1639:Summerson 2015 1623: 1621:, p. 155. 1611: 1588: 1586:, p. 414. 1573: 1569:Summerson 2015 1561: 1559:, p. 154. 1544: 1529: 1510: 1507:South-pole.com 1491: 1489:, p. 304. 1479: 1460: 1458:, p. 153. 1445: 1426: 1414: 1410:South-pole.com 1397: 1395:, p. 413. 1372: 1370:, p. 152. 1347: 1345:, p. 245. 1332: 1330:, p. 151. 1311: 1299: 1297:, p. 240. 1287: 1285:, p. 303. 1275: 1273:, p. 412. 1258: 1246: 1244:, p. 150. 1227: 1215: 1196: 1181: 1179:, p. 148. 1166: 1151: 1143:South-pole.com 1131: 1116: 1114:, p. 147. 1099: 1097:, p. 127. 1084: 1072: 1070:, p. 146. 1060: 1058:, p. 149. 1041: 1039:, p. 143. 1029: 976: 964: 952: 950:, p. 302. 935: 923: 903: 901:, p. 411. 888: 867: 865: 862: 859: 858: 850:Sulzberger Bay 841: 832: 819: 804: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 739: 736: 718:'s secretary, 697: 694: 679: 676: 674: 671: 656: 653: 604: 601: 564: 549: 546: 455: 452: 373: 370: 345:Coulman Island 304: 301: 232: 231:To New Zealand 229: 227: 224: 145: 142: 130:Frederick Cook 100: 97: 87: 84: 57:Roald Amundsen 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6154: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6112:1910 in Japan 6110: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5954: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5551: 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5161: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5147: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5077: 5070: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4703:A. Sibiryakov 4700: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4675:Glavsevmorput 4672: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4058: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3977:J. Richardson 3975: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3948: 3946: 3945: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3842: 3841: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3739:M. Corte-Real 3737: 3735: 3734:G. Corte-Real 3732: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3657:C. Richardson 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3519: 3518: 3517: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3483: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3466:Georgiy Sedov 3462: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3353:Riiser-Larsen 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3334: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2996: 2994: 2989: 2987: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2883: 2872: 2869: 2864: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2829:Shirase, Nobu 2826: 2814: 2813:New Scientist 2810: 2805: 2793: 2789: 2777: 2773: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2709: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2585: 2573: 2568: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2546:0-903983-47-8 2542: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2504: 2492: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2476: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2325:, p. 307 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2264: 2261:, p. 39. 2260: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1939:Amundsen 1912 1936: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1879:Amundsen 1912 1875: 1872: 1869:, p. 79. 1868: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1836: 1833:, p. 78. 1832: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1818:, p. 162 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1789: 1786:, p. 75. 1785: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1760: 1757:, p. 74. 1756: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1571:, p. 38. 1570: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1307:Amundsen 1912 1303: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1149:, p. 147 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1003: 1001: 999: 997: 995: 993: 991: 989: 987: 985: 983: 981: 977: 973: 968: 965: 961: 956: 953: 949: 944: 942: 940: 936: 932: 927: 924: 920: 916: 912: 907: 904: 900: 895: 893: 889: 886:, p. 411 885: 881: 877: 872: 869: 863: 855: 851: 845: 842: 836: 833: 829: 823: 820: 816: 809: 806: 799: 794: 792: 788: 786: 782: 778: 777:Shirase Coast 773: 772:) from 1913. 771: 767: 763: 762: 757: 752: 744: 737: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 711: 709: 708:New Scientist 704: 703:Emperor Meiji 695: 693: 690: 684: 677: 672: 670: 667: 662: 654: 652: 650: 645: 641: 637: 633: 631: 630:British queen 627: 621: 618: 609: 602: 600: 596: 592: 590: 587:departed for 586: 580: 577: 576: 568: 563: 560: 555: 547: 545: 543: 539: 535: 530: 528: 524: 523: 517: 509:Bay of Whales 507: 503: 501: 497: 492: 487: 485: 484:killer whales 481: 480:Bay of Whales 477: 473: 468: 460: 453: 451: 449: 444: 440: 439:samurai sword 434: 432: 426: 424: 414: 410: 408: 404: 400: 395: 392: 388: 378: 371: 369: 367: 363: 358: 352: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 333:Victoria Land 330: 321: 317: 315: 310: 302: 300: 298: 297: 294:Christchurch 291: 290: 285: 284: 279: 273: 271: 265: 263: 258: 254: 249: 245: 240: 238: 230: 225: 223: 221: 220: 215: 211: 207: 206: 201: 197: 193: 188: 183: 177: 172: 168: 166: 165: 164:Asahi Shimbun 160: 154: 152: 143: 141: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 106: 98: 92: 85: 83: 79: 77: 73: 68: 66: 62: 58: 54: 53: 48: 39: 33: 19: 6048: 6036:Pole of Cold 6034: 5960: 5951: 5919: 5912: 5888: 5859: 5845: 5839:Borchgrevink 5831: 5818: 5803: 5783: 5768: 5737: 5718: 5711: 5695: 5681: 5672: 5655: 5648: 5629: 5617: 5593: 5579: 5572: 5560: 5546: 5532: 5518: 5511: 5472: 5464: 5450: 5443: 5441: 5423: 5415: 5408: 5395: 5386: 5348: 5340: 5331: 5324: 5312: 5305: 5292: 5291: 5279:Pourquoi-Pas 5278: 5270: 5262: 5254: 5249:Orcadas Base 5247: 5239: 5226: 5220:C. A. Larsen 5208: 5200: 5186: 5179: 5166: 5158: 5152:Borchgrevink 5145: 5137: 5094: 5086: 5061:C. A. Larsen 5054: 5035: 5026: 5008: 4990: 4981: 4968: 4953: 4944: 4931: 4892: 4878: 4871: 4852: 4837: 4747: 4740: 4723: 4716: 4702: 4687: 4673: 4660: 4635: 4621: 4619: 4605: 4603: 4597: 4595: 4561: 4554: 4535: 4501: 4499: 4485: 4483: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4433: 4431: 4412: 4288: 4246: 4229: 4197: 4161: 4159: 4139: 4138: 4118: 4117: 4103: 4090: 4075: 4061: 4052: 4039: 4010: 3998:Investigator 3997: 3988: 3964: 3951: 3943: 3934: 3921: 3892: 3869: 3854: 3839: 3809: 3794: 3764: 3683: 3663: 3634: 3630:Erik the Red 3612: 3590: 3583: 3540:submersibles 3537: 3531:Arktika 2007 3529: 3522: 3515: 3512: 3496: 3487: 3484: 3465: 3463: 3456: 3449: 3420: 3413: 3389: 3375: 3374: 3366: 3364: 3330: 3328: 3299: 3296: 3285:S. A. Andrée 3277: 3264: 3239: 3231: 3228: 3204: 3186: 3173: 3164: 3146: 3137: 3135: 3101: 2965:. Retrieved 2936: 2932: 2902: 2893: 2874:. Retrieved 2870: 2855:. Retrieved 2832: 2817:. 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R. Evans 5131:Dobrowolski 5101:de Gerlache 4803:Expeditions 4689:Aviaarktika 4643:Samoylovich 4514:Kolomeitsev 4408:Middendorff 4368:Gedenshtrom 3788:I. Fyodorov 3550:Chilingarov 3438:E. Fyodorov 3045:Expeditions 2967:27 November 2419:Turney 2012 2395:Turney 2012 2383:Turney 2012 2371:Turney 2012 2352:Turney 2012 2319:Turney 2012 2303:Turney 2012 2271:Turney 2012 2225:Turney 2012 2205:Turney 2012 2154:Turney 2012 2078:Turney 2012 2041:Turney 2012 2014:Turney 2012 1975:Turney 2012 1951:Turney 2012 1903:Turney 2012 1816:Turney 2012 1767:Turney 2012 1719:Turney 2012 1683:Turney 2012 1671:Turney 2012 1651:Turney 2012 1631:Turney 2012 1619:Turney 2012 1557:Turney 2012 1503:Turney 2012 1472:Turney 2012 1456:Turney 2012 1438:Turney 2012 1422:Turney 2012 1368:Turney 2012 1328:Turney 2012 1242:Turney 2012 1177:Turney 2012 1162:Florek 2013 1147:Turney 2012 1112:Turney 2012 1080:Turney 2012 1068:Turney 2012 1056:Turney 2012 1037:Turney 2012 972:Turney 2012 960:Turney 2012 911:Turney 2012 852:, named by 785:Kainan Maru 689:Kainan Maru 666:Kainan Maru 661:Kainan Maru 649:Kainan Maru 636:Kainan Maru 617:Kainan Maru 585:Kainan Maru 554:Kainan Maru 548:Dash patrol 527:Kainan Maru 516:Kainan Maru 491:Kainan Maru 472:Kainan Maru 467:Kainan Maru 443:Kainan Maru 391:Kainan Maru 362:Kainan Maru 357:Kainan Maru 337:Kainan Maru 309:Kainan Maru 257:Kainan Maru 248:Kainan Maru 219:Kainan Maru 210:barquentine 187:Ainu people 176:Kainan Maru 159:Count Okuma 52:Kainan Maru 6101:Categories 5962:Terra Nova 5867:Shackleton 5810:J. C. Ross 5769:Resolution 5759:South Pole 5534:New Swabia 5458:Mackintosh 5430:Shackleton 5349:Terra Nova 5342:Terra Nova 5076:Heroic Age 5036:Challenger 4996:J. C. Ross 4906:Bransfield 4838:Resolution 4753:icebreaker 4717:Chelyuskin 4458:expedition 4436:Expedition 4378:Matyushkin 4336:Kh. Laptev 4331:Chelyuskin 4225:Heemskerck 4215:Chancellor 4210:Willoughby 4205:Koch boats 4148:Stefansson 4082:McClintock 4046:Inglefield 3888:J. C. Ross 3795:Resolution 3647:Cunningham 3545:Sagalevich 3234:expedition 3193:Stephenson 3153:C. F. Hall 3140:expedition 3114:J. C. Ross 3077:Heemskerck 3064:North Pole 2876:19 October 2857:16 October 2819:12 October 2798:23 October 2782:16 October 2766:23 October 2702:19 October 2649:15 October 2578:20 October 2561:22 October 2534:, 1910–12 2497:23 October 2315:Hamre 1933 2288:Hamre 1933 2242:Hamre 1933 2209:Hamre 1933 2169:Hamre 1933 2112:Hamre 1933 2082:Hamre 1933 2045:Hamre 1933 2029:Hamre 1933 2010:Hamre 1933 1998:Bryan 2011 1963:Hamre 1933 1923:Hamre 1933 1907:Hamre 1933 1891:Hamre 1933 1855:Hamre 1933 1812:Hamre 1933 1796:Hamre 1933 1707:Hamre 1933 1695:Hamre 1933 1659:Bryan 2011 1655:Hamre 1933 1635:Hamre 1933 1584:Hamre 1933 1499:Hamre 1933 1468:Hamre 1933 1434:Hamre 1933 1393:Hamre 1933 1343:Bryan 2011 1295:Bryan 2011 1271:Hamre 1933 1254:Hamre 1933 1223:Hamre 1933 1192:Bryan 2011 1124:Hamre 1933 899:Hamre 1933 884:Hamre 1933 880:Bryan 2011 575:Nankyokuki 500:Kainan Bay 237:Wellington 226:Expedition 205:Terra Nova 138:South Pole 126:North Pole 99:Background 65:South Pole 6061:Tolstikov 5847:Discovery 5817:HMS 5802:HMS 5784:Adventure 5782:HMS 5767:HMS 5703:Tolstikov 5424:Endurance 5209:Antarctic 5194:Drygalski 5167:Discovery 5160:Discovery 5121:Arctowski 5034:HMS 5007:HMS 5001:Abernethy 4989:HMS 4967:USS 4954:Vincennes 4952:USS 4932:Astrolabe 4872:San Telmo 4853:Adventure 4851:HMS 4836:HMS 4831:Kerguelen 4793:Continent 4778:Antarctic 4655:Urvantsev 4613:Vilkitsky 4466:Jeannette 4464:USS 4456:Jeannette 4420:Weyprecht 4398:Pakhtusov 4348:Chichagov 4341:D. Laptev 4284:Permyakov 4259:Stadukhin 4254:Perfilyev 4231:Mangazeya 4169:H. Larsen 4134:Rasmussen 4089:HMS 4060:USS 4009:HMS 3996:HMS 3960:Collinson 3950:HMS 3942:HMS 3920:HMS 3868:HMS 3853:HMS 3838:HMS 3823:Mackenzie 3810:Discovery 3808:HMS 3793:HMS 3765:Discovery 3744:Frobisher 3707:Rasmussen 3620:Gunnbjörn 3566:Greenland 3495:USS 3486:USS 3358:Ellsworth 3300:Roosevelt 3230:Nansen's 3187:Discovery 3185:HMS 3172:HMS 3119:Abernethy 3087:Marmaduke 2933:Endeavour 2851:"Shirase" 2752:820753055 2608:165139563 2518:497666264 2431:Barr 2013 2323:Barr 2013 2139:Barr 2013 2097:Barr 2013 2066:Barr 2013 2049:Barr 2013 1935:Barr 2013 1919:Barr 2013 1487:Barr 2013 1283:Barr 2013 948:Barr 2013 919:Barr 2013 864:Citations 738:Aftermath 696:Reactions 644:Okuma Bay 640:Discovery 496:crevasses 192:Hoko Maru 6073:A. Fuchs 6030:V. Fuchs 6010:McKinley 5973:E. Evans 5932:Bjaaland 5927:Amundsen 5877:Marshall 5790:Furneaux 5642:V. Fuchs 5606:E. Ronne 5601:F. Ronne 5540:Ritscher 5394:SY 5382:Filchner 5326:Framheim 5320:Amundsen 5126:Racoviță 5111:Amundsen 5106:Lecointe 4975:Ringgold 4969:Porpoise 4859:Furneaux 4695:Shevelev 4650:Begichev 4629:Amundsen 4591:Nagórski 4569:Brusilov 4563:Sv. Anna 4477:Melville 4447:Palander 4403:Tsivolko 4363:Sannikov 4358:Billings 4301:Chirikov 4220:Barentsz 4162:St. Roch 4153:Bartlett 4127:Amundsen 4111:Sverdrup 4011:Resolute 3900:Franklin 3828:Kotzebue 3695:Sverdrup 3678:Scoresby 3652:Lindenov 3503:Plaisted 3488:Nautilus 3433:Shirshov 3407:Belyakov 3402:Baydukov 3376:Nautilus 3338:Amundsen 3298:SS 3257:Sverdrup 3252:Johansen 3222:Brainard 3217:Lockwood 3072:Barentsz 2953:21295856 815:pemmican 387:Vaucluse 276:marking 262:Amundsen 253:Tateyama 114:Franklin 86:Planning 6078:Messner 6025:Hillary 6005:Balchen 5953:Polheim 5947:Wisting 5825:Crozier 5797:Weddell 5775:J. Cook 5745:Kapitsa 5726:Fiennes 5668:Klenova 5637:Hillary 5587:Ketchum 5513:BANZARE 5488:· 5333:Polheim 5299:Shirase 5285:Charcot 5095:Belgica 5014:Crozier 4926:Morrell 4921:Weddell 4899:Lazarev 4844:J. Cook 4798:History 4748:Arktika 4724:Krassin 4709:Voronin 4681:Schmidt 4667:Ushakov 4606:Vaygach 4574:Albanov 4543:Rusanov 4524:Kolchak 4519:Matisen 4493:Makarov 4472:De Long 4373:Wrangel 4353:Lyakhov 4306:Malygin 4264:Dezhnev 4091:Pandora 4062:Advance 4029:Kennedy 4024:Belcher 4017:Kellett 4004:McClure 3928:Beechey 3922:Blossom 3915:Simpson 3883:Crozier 3876:Hoppner 3833:J. Ross 3801:J. Cook 3749:Gilbert 3642:J. Hall 3608:Ingólfr 3598:Naddodd 3592:Vikings 3579:Brendan 3574:Pytheas 3562:Iceland 3516:Arktika 3508:Herbert 3473:Badygin 3443:Krenkel 3428:Papanin 3397:Chkalov 3383:Wilkins 3348:Wisting 3292:F. Cook 3198:Markham 3158:Bessels 3147:Polaris 3138:Polaris 3109:J. Ross 3092:Carolus 3040:History 2688:1786962 2668:Bibcode 2484:Sources 761:Shirase 151:bushido 5988:Bowers 5983:Wilson 5942:Hassel 5937:Helmer 5906:Mackay 5896:Mawson 5861:Nimrod 5819:Terror 5804:Erebus 5731:Burton 5526:Rymill 5402:Mawson 5396:Aurora 5375:Lashly 5360:Wilson 5263:Nimrod 5240:Scotia 5047:Murray 5022:Cooper 5009:Terror 4991:Erebus 4960:Wilkes 4911:Palmer 4879:Vostok 4826:Bouvet 4750:-class 4730:Gakkel 4598:Taymyr 4579:Konrad 4548:Kuchin 4486:Yermak 4393:Lavrov 4311:Ovtsyn 4296:Bering 4274:Ivanov 4237:Hudson 4199:Pomors 4176:Cowper 4141:Karluk 4040:Isabel 4034:Bellot 3984:Austin 3952:Terror 3944:Erebus 3840:Griper 3816:Clerke 3776:Baffin 3759:Hudson 3690:Nansen 3603:Garðar 3524:Barneo 3391:ANT-25 3367:Italia 3343:Nobile 3312:Henson 3271:Amedeo 3247:Nansen 3212:Greely 3082:Hudson 3020:Arctic 2951: 2909: 2839: 2815:(2844) 2750: 2740: 2721: 2686: 2630: 2606: 2543: 2516: 779:, the 766:Nikaho 655:Return 366:Sydney 314:aurora 283:Nimrod 122:scurvy 6068:Crary 6015:Dufek 5978:Oates 5968:Scott 5901:David 5882:Adams 5853:Barne 5674:Mirny 5663:Somov 5473:Quest 5370:Crean 5355:Scott 5234:Bruce 5188:Gauss 5181:Gauss 5055:Jason 5042:Nares 4916:Davis 4893:Mirny 4866:Smith 4821:Roché 4741:Lenin 4661:Sadko 4586:Wiese 4531:Sedov 4502:Zarya 4425:Payer 4388:Litke 4383:Anjou 4316:Minin 4279:Vagin 4269:Popov 4242:Poole 4097:Young 3910:Dease 3855:Hecla 3846:Parry 3771:Bylot 3754:Davis 3729:Cabot 3702:Peary 3684:Jason 3671:Egede 3585:Papar 3497:Skate 3478:Wiese 3458:NP-37 3451:NP-36 3331:Norge 3319:Sedov 3307:Peary 3265:Jason 3180:Nares 3174:Alert 3129:Hayes 3097:Parry 3035:Ocean 2890:(PDF) 2684:JSTOR 2615:(PDF) 2604:S2CID 2592:(PDF) 800:Notes 296:Press 6000:Byrd 5921:Fram 5872:Wild 5554:Marr 5520:BGLE 5507:Byrd 5435:Wild 5314:Fram 5116:Cook 4637:AARI 4622:Maud 4509:Toll 4434:Vega 4120:Gjøa 4105:Fram 4068:Kane 3905:Back 3870:Fury 3861:Lyon 3783:Munk 3422:NP-1 3324:Byrd 3241:Fram 3232:Fram 3124:Kane 2969:2016 2949:PMID 2907:ISBN 2878:2019 2859:2019 2837:ISBN 2821:2011 2800:2019 2784:2019 2768:2019 2748:OCLC 2738:ISBN 2719:ISBN 2704:2019 2651:2019 2628:ISBN 2580:2019 2563:2019 2541:ISBN 2532:Fram 2514:OCLC 2499:2019 559:Fram 540:and 534:Fram 522:Fram 132:and 59:and 45:The 5697:3rd 5683:2nd 5657:1st 5490:IGY 5486:IPY 4076:Fox 3972:Rae 3538:Mir 3514:NS 2941:doi 2676:doi 331:in 202:'s 196:GRT 6103:: 4602:/ 2947:. 2937:35 2935:. 2931:. 2811:. 2746:. 2682:. 2674:. 2664:82 2662:. 2600:57 2598:. 2594:. 2437:; 2359:^ 2330:^ 2295:^ 2278:^ 2249:^ 2232:^ 2161:^ 2146:^ 2131:^ 2104:^ 2089:^ 2056:^ 2021:^ 1982:^ 1823:^ 1774:^ 1591:^ 1576:^ 1547:^ 1532:^ 1524:; 1520:; 1448:^ 1400:^ 1375:^ 1350:^ 1335:^ 1314:^ 1261:^ 1230:^ 1199:^ 1184:^ 1169:^ 1154:^ 1145:; 1141:; 1102:^ 1087:^ 1044:^ 979:^ 938:^ 917:; 891:^ 878:; 536:, 450:. 433:. 316:. 140:. 5079:" 5073:" 5016:) 5012:( 5003:) 4994:( 2999:e 2992:t 2985:v 2971:. 2955:. 2943:: 2915:. 2880:. 2861:. 2845:. 2823:. 2802:. 2786:. 2770:. 2754:. 2727:. 2706:. 2690:. 2678:: 2670:: 2653:. 2636:. 2582:. 2565:. 2549:. 2520:. 2501:. 2477:. 2409:. 2342:. 2195:. 1745:. 1609:. 1542:. 1412:. 1213:. 1164:. 1027:. 933:. 817:. 34:. 20:)

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Japanese Antarctic Expedition

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