1122:, there were little to no traces left of their genetic impact in their respective people's gene pools. According to the study, Ancient Koreans were composed of "Northeast Asian-related ancestry and indigenous Jōmon-related ancestry" where the "Northeast Asian ancestry was suggested to be related to the Neolithic West Liao River farmers in northeast China." The finding indicated that the "West Liao River-related farmers might have spread the proto-Korean language as their ancestry was found to be predominant in extant Koreans" and these "Proto-Korean groups, in turn, introduced West Liao River-like ancestry into the gene pool of present-day Japan". These people are thought to have caused the displacement of the indigenous Jōmon people, causing a significant diminishment of Jōmon genomes in the regions. It was deduced that this event (and the populations remaining genetically homogeneous since then) was what caused modern Koreans and Japanese to share the majority of their genetic makeup as the latter group "can be represented as a mixture of Koreans (91%) with a limited genetic heritage from a basal East Asian lineage related to Jōmon (9%)."
838:
modernization of Japan, which began with the Meiji
Restoration in 1868, produced a number of historical writings that tried to define the Japanese under the official scheme to create a strong nation. Imported to Canada by Japanese intellectuals, a “common myth of descent” that Japanese people belonged to the noble Yamato race headed by the Emperor since the ancient period was one of the core elements that defined Japanese-Canadian ethno-racial identity in the 1920s and the 1930s. The evolution and survival of an ethnic community, Anthony D. Smith argues, relies on the complicated “belief-system” that creates “a sacred communion of the people” with cultural and historical distinctiveness. During this period, Japanese intellectuals, scholars, and official representatives sought to keep Japanese Canadians within their sphere of influence, thereby reinforcing a transnational myth that would promote Japanese Canadians’ sense of racial pride as God’s chosen people in the world."
41:
913:
3380:
1066:. According to him, Japonic arrived in the Korean peninsula around 1500 BC and was brought to the Japanese archipelago by the Yayoi agriculturalists at around 950 BC, during the late Jōmon period. The language family associated with both Mumun and Yayoi culture is Japonic. Koreanic arrived later from Manchuria to the Korean peninsula at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and a later
876:, the Japanese government continued to adhere to the notions of racial homogeneity and racial supremacy, with the Yamato race at the top of the racial hierarchy. Japanese propaganda of racial purity returned to post-World War II Japan because of the support of the Allied forces. U.S. policy in Japan terminated the purge of high-ranking war criminals and reinstalled the leaders who were responsible for the creation and manifestation of prewar race propaganda.
921:
84:
4384:
114:
1213:
93:
820:, Imperial Japanese propaganda espoused the ideas of Japanese supremacy by claiming that the Japanese represented a combination of all East Asian peoples and cultures, emphasizing heterogeneous traits. Imperial Japanese propaganda started to place an emphasis on the ideas of racial purity and the supremacy of the Yamato race when the
1125:
A 2024 study clarified that the
Japanese people descended from indigenous Jōmon, East Asians (i.e. Han Chinese) and Northeast Asians (i.e. peoples in the Korean Peninsula and early non-Jōmon Japanese). Jōmon ancestry is dominant in South Japan, especially Okinawa (28.5%), followed by Northeast Japan
1006:
in the 5th century AD. The seal itself was discovered in northern Kyūshū in the 18th century. Early
Chinese historians described Wa as a land of hundreds of scattered tribal communities. Third-century Chinese sources reported that the Wa/early Yamato lived on raw fish, vegetables, and rice served on
1110:
population. This migrant group was said to have brought cultural advances and centralised leadership to Japan. According to
Shigeki Nakagome, co-leader of the study, "Chinese characters started to be used in this period, such as Chinese characters inscribed on metal implements, for example swords."
1085:
said that the Yayoi people, the ancestors of the Yamato people, migrated from the Korean peninsula. Watanabe et al. 2021 found that the Jōmon people were a heterogeneous population and that
Japanese from different regions had different amounts of Jōmon-derived SNP alleles, ranging from 17.3% to 24%
1077:
and less than 10% with the heterogeneous Jōmon period groups. A later study by
Gakuhari et al. 2019 estimates that the Yamato people have between 92% and 96.7% Yayoi rice-agriculturalist ancestry (with the 3.3% to 8% from the heterogeneous Jōmon period tribes) and cluster closely with other Koreans
824:
intensified. Fuelled by the ideology of racial supremacy, racial purity, and national unity between 1868 and the 1940s, the Meiji and
Imperial Japanese government carefully identified and forcefully assimilated marginalized populations, which included Okinawans, the Ainu, and other underrepresented
1101:
In 2021, research from a study published in the journal
Science Advances found that the people of Japan bore genetic signatures from three ancient populations, rather than just two as previously thought. Two of these populations were the Jōmon and the Yayoi. According to the researchers, Japanese
2399:
Siska, Veronika; Jones, Eppie Ruth; Jeon, Sungwon; Bhak, Youngjune; Kim, Hak-Min; Cho, Yun Sung; Kim, Hyunho; Lee, Kyusang; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta; Balueva, Tatiana; Gallego-Llorente, Marcos; Hofreiter, Michael; Bradley, Daniel G.; Eriksson, Anders; Pinhasi, Ron; Bhak, Jong; Manica, Andrea (1
837:
in particular, the
Emperor was the most natural symbol to promote primordial national sentiment and superiority of the Yamato race — the term that the Japanese used to distinguish themselves from others. This term meant a noble race, the members of which saw themselves as “chosen people.” The
2866:
Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki; Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten; Sato, Takehiro; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Chuinneagáin, Blánaid; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Schmidt, Ryan; Mizushima, Souichiro (March 15, 2019). "Jomon genome sheds light on East Asian population history".
969:. Genealogical research has indicated extremely similar genetic profiles between these three East Asian ethnic groups, making them nearly indistinguishable from each other and ancient samples. Yamatos were also found to share high genetic affinity with the ancient (~8,000 BC) sample from
788:
was a
Western idea that was imported from the late nineteenth century onward. Despite the notion being hotly contested by Japanese intellectuals and scholars, the false notion of racial homogeneity was used as propaganda due to the political circumstances of late nineteenth- and early
2912:
Unlike Jomon pottery, Yayoi pottery was very similar to contemporary South Korean pottery in shape. Many other elements of the new Yayoi culture were unmistakably Korean and previously foreign to Japan, including bronze objects, weaving, glass beads, and styles of tools and
1098:), while northern Jōmon had a partial distinct ancestry component, possibly deriving from Paleolithic Siberians, next to an East Asian ancestry component. The Jōmon period population, although heterogeneous, were closest to contemporary East Asians and Native Americans.
312:. Around the 6th century, the Yamato clan set up Japan's first and only dynasty. The clan became the ruling faction in the area, and incorporated the natives of Japan and migrants from the mainland. The clan leaders also elevated their own belief system that featured
1062:(from southern Manchuria) likely causing the Yayoi migration and expansion within the Japanese archipelago. Whitman (2012) suggests that the Yayoi agriculturalists are not related to the proto-Koreans but that they were present on the Korean peninsula during the
667:'bent back' signifying 'compliant' bowing/obeisance. Bowing is noted in early historical references to Japan." Examples include "Respect is shown by squatting", and "they either squat or kneel, with both hands on the ground. This is the way they show respect."
1126:(19%) and West Japan (12%). East Asian ancestry is dominant in West Japan and gradually decreases to the east. In contrast, Northeast Asian ancestry is dominant in Northeast Japan and gradually decreases to the west. These trends explain why variants of the
828:
According to Aya Fujiwara, a postdoctoral Fellow at McMaster University, in an attempt to have some influence over the Japanese diaspora in Canada, Imperial Japanese authorities used the term Yamato as race propaganda during World War II, saying that:
1192:
supported the later discredited ideological viewpoint that they were a sub-group of the Yamato people. The Ryukyuans were forcibly assimilated into Japanese (Yamato) people with their ethnic identity, tradition, culture and language suppressed by the
1160:
are considered the same as the Yamato, or identified as an independent but related ethnic group, or as a sub-group that constitutes Japanese ethnicity together with the Yamato. Ryukyuans have a distinct culture from the Yamato, with its own native
2377:
960:
is 89% East Asia, 2% Finland and Northern Siberia, 2% Central Asia, and 7% Southeast Asia & Oceania, making Japanese approximately ~100% East-Eurasian. The Yamato show a close genetic relationship with other modern East Asians such as the
1334:
Cooke, N. P.; Mattiangeli, V.; Cassidy, L. M.; Okazaki, K.; Stokes, C. A.; Onbe, S.; Hatakeyama, S.; Machida, K.; Kasai, K.; Tomioka, N.; Matsumoto, A.; Ito, M.; Kojima, Y.; Bradley, D. G.; Gakuhari, T.; Nakagome, S. (17 September 2021).
1904:
797:. Pseudoscientific racial theories, which included the false belief of the superiority of the Yamato character, were used to justify military expansionism, discriminatory practices, and ethnocentrism. The concept of "
780:
560:, "Lower Ke"). In these latter cases, the pairs of provinces with similar names are thought to have been created through the subdivision of an earlier single province in prehistoric or protohistoric times.
1102:
people have approximately 13% and 16% genetic ancestry from these two groups, respectively. The remaining 71% of genetic ancestry was found to come from migrants that arrived around 300 AD during the
1134:
genes, which are associated with herediatry breast cancer, are common in the east and west of Japan respectively. These genes came from Northeast Asian-related Japanese and continental Asians.
894:
In present-day Japan statistics only counts their population in terms of nationality, rather than ethnicity, thus the number of ethnic Yamato and their actual population numbers are ambiguous.
755:. Carr cites the historical precedence of construing Wa as "submissive people" and the "Country of Dwarfs" legend as evidence that the "little people" etymology was a secondary development.
3882:
375:
notions that have been discarded in many circles. Ever since the fall of the Empire, Japanese statistics only count their population in terms of nationality, rather than ethnicity.
2228:
Yi, SoJeong; An, Hyungmi; Lee, Howard; Lee, Sangin (2014). "Ancestry informative SNP panels for discriminating the major East Asian populations: Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean".
3691:
907:
253:
1568:
1865:
891:" or even "Japanese-Japanese" are often used instead, although these terms also have complications owing to their ambiguous blending of notions of ethnicity and nationality.
3245:
3781:
1686:"The Myth of the Emperor and the Yamato Race: The Role of the Tairiku nippô in the Promotion of Japanese-Canadian Transnational Ethnic Identity in the 1920s and the 1930s"
563:
Although the etymological origins of Wa remain uncertain, Chinese historical texts recorded an ancient people residing in the Japanese archipelago, named something like *
1011:
today), and built earthen-grave mounds. They also maintained vassal-master relations, collected taxes, had provincial granaries and markets, and observed mourning. The
4085:
3786:
3930:
1744:
3821:
2735:... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.
3849:
1086:
represented by southern Jōmon, and 3.8% to 14.9% represented by northern Jōmon. Southern Jōmon were genetically similar to contemporary East Asians (especially
4029:
3295:
2169:
2712:
2964:
4052:
3636:
846:
noted in 2020 how Yamato master race theory was included in government propaganda and schools in the decades leading up to World War II and how
439:"harmony, peace, balance". Retroactively, this character was adopted in Japan to refer to the country itself, often combined with the character
3864:
3801:
817:
3228:
3201:
2927:"Comprehensive analysis of Japanese archipelago population history by detecting ancestry-marker polymorphisms without using ancient DNA data"
2650:
1410:
1607:
4078:
1114:
In a study in 2022 conducted by the University of Xiamen, researchers discovered that despite finding evidence of the Jōmon people on the
4337:
3531:
40:
3965:
2852:
2187:
1848:
1823:
1798:
1668:
1643:
3844:
3736:
1936:
3115:"Decoding triancestral origins, archaic introgression, and natural selection in the Japanese population by whole-genome sequencing"
2640:
4042:
3902:
3711:
3561:
3536:
3255:
4420:
4388:
4071:
3922:
3288:
3137:
1081:
Based on archaeological evidence and the genetic similarity between Yamato and Koreans, the American geographer and historian
4415:
3975:
3912:
3887:
3773:
3526:
2113:
903:
299:). Generations of Japanese archeologists, historians, and linguists have debated whether the word is related to the earlier
3960:
3897:
3826:
3744:
3676:
3651:
3548:
3312:
1166:
1035:. Her younger brother was in charge of the affairs of state, including diplomatic relations with the Chinese court of the
4307:
4290:
3983:
3706:
3496:
1151:
356:
2336:"Ancestry informative SNP panels for discriminating the major East Asian populations: Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean"
4363:
3874:
3671:
3621:
1267:
988:, the direct ancestors of the Yamato and other Japonic agriculturalists. The Wa of Na received a golden seal from the
4047:
4037:
3945:
3940:
3281:
1321:, p. 272: "Wajin," which is written with Chinese characters that can also be read "Yamato no hito" (Yamato person).
1237:
912:
1718:
520:). Some other pairs of historical provinces of Japan exhibit similar sharing of one etymological element, such as
3816:
3701:
3591:
1402:
1194:
1039:. When asked about their origins by the Wei embassy, the people of Wa claimed to be descendants of the people of
3721:
3556:
2340:
2230:
821:
3666:
1147:
883:
may be seen as antiquated for connoting racial notions that have been discarded in many circles since Japan's
1031:
in the 3rd century. According to the record, Himiko assumed the throne of Wa, as a spiritual leader, after a
4285:
3754:
2709:
1685:
1277:
984:
The earliest written records about people in Japan are from Chinese sources. These sources spoke about the
809:
began circulating around 1880 in Japan, around the time some Japanese scientists began investigations into
4410:
4297:
4194:
4094:
4013:
3907:
3759:
3656:
3601:
1971:
Cui, Yinqiu; Li, Hongjie; Ning, Chao; Zhang, Ye; Chen, Lu; Zhao, Xin; Hagelberg, Erika; Zhou, Hui (2013).
1232:
989:
985:
395:
313:
218:
121:
20:
2129:
Youichi Sato; Toshikatsu Shinka; Ashraf A. Ewis; Aiko Yamauchi; Teruaki Iwamoto; Yutaka Nakahori (2014).
970:
445:, literally meaning "Great", similar to Great Qing or Great Britain, so as to write the preexisting name
4302:
3854:
3716:
3661:
3406:
998:
703:
meaning "dwarf (variety of an animal or plant species), midget, little people" has possible cognates in
256:
have shown that the Yamato are predominantly (over 80% of total genome contribution) descended from the
117:
1973:"Y Chromosome analysis of prehistoric human populations in the West Liao River Valley, Northeast China"
516:, usually meaning "mountain(s)" (but sometimes having a meaning closer to "forest", especially in some
2748:
4242:
3950:
3836:
3806:
3769:
3686:
3069:
3004:
2868:
2807:
2413:
2349:
2239:
2130:
1984:
1348:
1245:
1119:
1063:
352:
285:
4273:
3596:
2165:
2161:
1048:
957:
553:
533:
273:
249:
861:
3955:
3749:
3681:
3646:
3611:
3142:
3038:
2942:
2776:
2369:
2259:
1599:
1468:
1452:
1170:
1059:
1003:
884:
834:
639:"obedient/submissive/docile appearance", graphically explains the "person; human' radical with a
517:
501:
1184:—during which the Ryukyuan's kingdom was annexed by Japan—and onward, Japanese scholars such as
928:
The most well-regarded theory is that present-day Yamato Japanese are descendants from both the
541:
2183:"mtDNA Polymorphism in East Asian Populations, with Special Reference to the Peopling of Japan"
4332:
3811:
3606:
3388:
3224:
3197:
3095:
3030:
3022:
2926:
2825:
2768:
2646:
2600:
2582:
2541:
2490:
2439:
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2316:
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2109:
2012:
1932:
1890:
1886:
1844:
1819:
1794:
1664:
1639:
1591:
1531:
1460:
1406:
1376:
1316:
1073:
A genetic study (2019) estimated that the Yamato share more than 90% of their genome with the
953:
949:
945:
937:
920:
810:
785:
612:"Japanese" into variations on two etymologies: "behaviorally 'submissive' or physically 'short
509:
372:
96:
66:
2561:"Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations"
2510:"Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations"
2459:"Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations"
4312:
4184:
3995:
3892:
3796:
3791:
3696:
3626:
3472:
3462:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3085:
3077:
3012:
2934:
2815:
2760:
2590:
2572:
2531:
2521:
2480:
2470:
2429:
2421:
2353:
2306:
2296:
2243:
2200:
2142:
2002:
1992:
1697:
1583:
1523:
1444:
1366:
1356:
1287:
1227:
1185:
1162:
1115:
1055:
1016:
941:
505:
348:
344:
277:
3114:
2844:
2665:
2402:"Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago"
4377:
4247:
4220:
4174:
3491:
3477:
3418:
3250:
2892:
2796:"Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan"
2729:
Janhunen, Juha (2010). "Reconstructing the Language Map of Prehistorical Northeast Asia".
2716:
1293:
1157:
1032:
888:
843:
790:
764:
521:
493:
489:
364:
336:
328:
296:
292:
136:
4108:
3989:
933:
736:"lie down; crouch; sit (animals and birds)". Early Chinese dynastic histories refer to a
281:
151:
3220:
Heritage Politics: Shuri Castle and Okinawa's Incorporation into Modern Japan, 1879–2000
3073:
3008:
2811:
2417:
1988:
1352:
1058:. These Peninsular Japonic-speaking agriculturalists were later replaced/assimilated by
83:
4347:
4342:
4317:
4268:
4006:
3726:
3631:
3501:
3347:
3335:
3090:
2595:
2560:
2536:
2509:
2485:
2458:
2434:
2401:
2311:
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2278:
2205:
2182:
2007:
1972:
1371:
1336:
1198:
1189:
1143:
1091:
1067:
978:
798:
752:
748:
659:
poem. "Conceivably, when Chinese first met Japanese," Carr suggests, "they transcribed
463:
416:
324:
269:
4404:
4225:
4215:
4144:
3641:
3584:
3521:
3452:
3057:
3042:
2946:
2888:
2780:
2373:
2335:
2059:
Kun, Ho Chuan (2006). "On the Origins of Taiwan Austronesians". In K. R. Howe (ed.).
1282:
1082:
1008:
825:
non-Yamato groups, imposing assimilation programs in language, culture and religion.
618:
549:
529:
371:. After Japan's surrender in World War II, the term became antiquated for suggesting
323:
The term came to be used around the late 19th century to distinguish the settlers of
2263:
1603:
1511:
1472:
4322:
4179:
4134:
4113:
3574:
3506:
3486:
2618:
1218:
1181:
1103:
1087:
1074:
929:
873:
794:
412:
360:
340:
261:
257:
245:
141:
1745:"Language Conflict and Language Rights: The Ainu, Ryūkyūans, and Koreans in Japan"
475:; it is speculated to originally refer to a place in Japan meaning "Mountain Gate"
3218:
3191:
3165:
2749:"From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean"
2247:
1007:
bamboo and wooden trays, clapped their hands in worship (something still done in
4210:
3569:
3457:
3401:
3396:
3364:
3359:
1587:
1399:
Worlds Together, Worlds Apart Volume 1: Beginnings through the Fifteenth Century
1260:
1107:
1095:
1040:
1024:
993:
962:
857:
853:
802:
459:
433:
until the 8th century, when the Japanese found fault with it, replacing it with
332:
214:
173:
170:
146:
3081:
2301:
4189:
4019:
3616:
3579:
3413:
3017:
2992:
2938:
2820:
2795:
2673:
2577:
2526:
2475:
2196:
1208:
1044:
384:
368:
234:
113:
104:
3026:
2829:
2772:
2586:
1997:
1535:
856:. Discrimination also occurred against non-Yamato races in Japan such as the
4169:
4149:
3935:
3516:
3379:
3325:
3304:
2283:
2131:"Overview of genetic variation in the Y chromosome of modern Japanese males"
2101:
1272:
1174:
472:
265:
3099:
3034:
2604:
2545:
2494:
2443:
2425:
2365:
2320:
2255:
2016:
1595:
1464:
1380:
1361:
3193:
Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization
2764:
2214:
280:, as well as a minority (15.0 ± 3.8% of total genome) from the indigenous
92:
4278:
4154:
4118:
4063:
3859:
3354:
2686:
1722:
1661:
The Making of Monolingual Japan: Language Ideology and Japanese Modernity
655:
1527:
616:". The first "submissive; obedient" explanation began with the (121 CE)
327:
from minority ethnic groups inhabiting the peripheral areas of the then
4232:
4000:
3511:
3467:
3430:
3058:"Genomic insights into the formation of human populations in East Asia"
2559:
Wang, Yuchen; Lu, Dongsheng; Chung, Yeun-Jun; Xu, Shuhua (2018-04-06).
2147:
1767:
1250:
1036:
966:
747:"pygmy/dwarf country" located south of Japan, associated with possibly
388:
300:
2357:
2063:(3rd ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 92–93.
1702:
1456:
1432:
1023:), which is part of the Records of the three Kingdoms, first mentions
473:
cannot be formed from the sounds of its constituent Chinese characters
411:
were the names early China used to refer to an ethnic group living in
4237:
4159:
4139:
3369:
1337:"Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations"
1318:
Transcultural Japan: At the Borderlands of Race, Gender and Identity,
1078:
and Han Chinese, but are slightly shifted towards eastern Siberians.
1028:
916:
Proposed population migration routes into Japan, based on haplogroups
848:
497:
317:
87:
3113:
Liu, Xiaoxi; Koyama, Satoshi; Tomizuka, Kohei; et al. (2024).
2873:
2334:
Shi, Cheng-Min; Liu, Qi; Zhao, Shilei; Chen, Hua (March 21, 2019).
1448:
580:
ranging from feasible (transcribing Japanese first-person pronouns
4327:
3342:
3330:
3320:
2993:"Human genetics: The dual origin of Three Kingdoms period Koreans"
1426:
1424:
1422:
1131:
1127:
919:
911:
2965:"Study rewrites understanding of modern Japan's genetic ancestry"
2508:
Wang, Yuchen; Lu, Dongsheng; Chung, Yeun-Jun; Xu, Shuhua (2018).
1870:[The Wajin’s Whiteness: Law and Race Privilege in Japan]
1569:"Blood talks: Eugenic modernity and the creation of new Japanese"
781:
An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
4164:
974:
367:
in the early 20th century. The term was eventually used as race
4067:
3277:
1054:
Japonic speakers were also present on the southern and central
2691:
Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan
2457:
Wang, Yuchen; Lu Dongsheng; Chung Yeun-Jun; Xu Shuhua (2018).
508:); however, the names of both provinces appear to contain the
1486:
956:. The reference population for the Japanese (Yamato) used in
3273:
681:"winding" as "very far away" and euphemistically translates
1197:. Many modern day Japanese people today that colonized the
1070:
diminished the internal variety of both language families.
692:
as "separated from the continent". The second etymology of
419:. Ancient and medieval East Asian scribes regularly wrote
576:. Carr surveys prevalent proposals for the etymology of
608:
implying "dwarf"), and summarizes interpretations for *
1743:
Dubinsky, Stanley; Davies, William D. (January 2013).
1106:, and had genetic makeup mainly resembling the modern
291:
It can also refer to the first people that settled in
908:
Genetic and anthropometric studies on Japanese people
4356:
4261:
4203:
4127:
4101:
4028:
3974:
3921:
3873:
3835:
3768:
3735:
3547:
3387:
3311:
3166:"Okinawa: The Unique Culture of the Ryūkyū Islands"
2845:"'Jomon woman' helps solve Japan's genetic mystery"
924:
Migration routes into Japan during the Jōmon period
127:
72:
60:
50:
1315:David Blake Willis and Stephen Murphy-Shigematsu:
3138:"Fare of the country; Okinawa: Chinese Influence"
2279:"Population genomics of East Asian ethnic groups"
3787:Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia
2162:Reference Populations – Geno 2.0 Next Generation
598:"I; we; oneself") to shameful (writing Japanese
45:Yamato-no-Takeru, prince of the imperial dynasty
3931:Association of East Asian Research Universities
1841:Japan's Minorities: The Illusion of Homogeneity
446:
203:
179:
1768:"Introduction: Race and Empire in Meiji Japan"
1719:"Racial Purity and Domination in World War II"
1690:Journal of the Canadian Historical Association
789:twentieth-century Japan, which coincided with
623:
603:
593:
584:
571:
478:
453:
440:
434:
428:
305:
212:
168:
4079:
3883:China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting
3289:
1791:The Thought War: Japanese Imperial Propaganda
1156:Major disagreements exists as to whether the
742:
737:
731:
726:
720:
715:
709:
704:
698:
693:
687:
682:
676:
671:
648:
640:
634:
629:
8:
2925:Watanabe, Yusuke; Ohashi, Jun (2021-03-08).
1843:(2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. xiv–xv.
1629:
1627:
29:
1201:are a mixture of both Yamato and Ryukyuan.
224:
185:
4086:
4072:
4064:
3296:
3282:
3274:
2991:Wang, Rui; Wang, Chuan-Chao (2022-08-08).
2685:Karako-kagi Archaeological Museum (2007).
1433:"Debating Racial Science in Wartime Japan"
39:
28:
3782:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit
3136:Stinchecum, Amanda Mayer (10 June 1984).
3089:
3016:
2958:
2956:
2872:
2819:
2594:
2576:
2535:
2525:
2484:
2474:
2433:
2310:
2300:
2204:
2181:Horai, Satoshi; Murayama, Kumiko (1996).
2146:
2006:
1996:
1701:
1370:
1360:
1392:
1390:
427:with one and the same Chinese character
2084:Japanese Journal of Clinical Immunology
1308:
816:Initially, to justify Imperial Japan's
3802:East Asian Bureau of Economic Research
1929:DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史 日本人集団・日本語の成立史
1505:
1503:
653:"bent" phonetic, and quotes the above
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2710:最古級の奈良・桜井“３兄弟古墳”、形状ほぼ判明 卑弥呼の時代に相次いで築造
1636:A genealogy of 'Japanese' self-images
1516:International Journal of Lexicography
842:World War II and Holocaust historian
7:
2380:from the original on 5 November 2021
2061:Vaka Moana: Voyages of the Ancestors
1329:
1327:
1051:of China, however this is disputed.
51:Regions with significant populations
3164:Takashi, Uezato (30 October 2020).
2188:American Journal of Human Genetics
1766:Zohar, Ayelet (October 15, 2020).
1717:Rigg, Brian Mark (July 28, 2020).
1002:compiled by the Chinese historian
738:
727:
716:
705:
694:
683:
672:
641:
630:
316:into a national religion known as
254:Genetic and anthropometric studies
14:
3246:"Between a rock and a hard place"
2747:Vovin, Alexander (January 2013).
1548:Hou Han Shu, tr. Tsunoda 1951, 2.
996:. This event was recorded in the
725:"strain; sprain; bent legs", and
363:) who were incorporated into the
4383:
4382:
3966:Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute
3378:
2963:Dunham, W. (18 September 2021).
2855:from the original on 2019-06-11.
2639:Huffman, James L. (2010-02-04).
2277:Pan, Ziqing; Xu, Shuhua (2019).
1816:Year 501: The Conquest Continues
1211:
936:. Japanese people belong to the
284:that were already living on the
112:
91:
82:
2719:, Sankei Shimbun, March 6, 2008
2195:(3). Cambridge, Massachusetts:
948:, with a minority belonging to
879:In present-day Japan, the term
248:that comprises over 98% of the
3913:EAFF E-1 Football Championship
3888:East Asian Football Federation
2843:Furuichi, Yu (June 11, 2019).
2520:(published 6 April 2018): 19.
2168:. Retrieved 15 May 2017, from
1793:. University of Hawaii Press.
1557:Wei Zhi, tr. Tsunoda 1951, 13.
904:Genetic history of East Asians
743:
649:
635:
288:for thousands of years prior.
1:
3961:Journal of East Asian Studies
3898:East Asian Judo Championships
3745:East Asia Climate Partnership
3196:. Columbia University Press.
3125:(16) – via Science.org.
1864:Levin, Mark (February 2008).
1839:Weiner, Michael, ed. (2009).
1663:. Channel View Publications.
264:, who migrated from mainland
3984:Horses in East Asian warfare
3527:other ethnic groups in China
3190:Inoue, Masamichi S. (2017).
2794:Whitman, John (2011-12-01).
2248:10.1097/FPC.0000000000000075
1567:Robertson, Jennifer (2002).
1510:Carr, Michael (March 1992).
1431:Tessa Morris-Suzuki (1998).
1152:Ryukyu independence movement
818:conquest of Continental Asia
458:, e.g., such as 大淸帝國 "Great
357:Taiwanese indigenous peoples
16:Ethnic group native to Japan
4364:Ethnic nationalism in Japan
2645:. Oxford University Press.
2242:(published 2013): 477–485.
1588:10.1080/0275720022000025547
1268:Race and ethnicity in Japan
1075:Yayoi rice agriculturalists
1043:, a historic figure of the
714:"low, short (of stature)",
488:The historical province of
447:
204:
180:
4437:
4038:Needham Research Institute
3946:East Asia Image Collection
3941:East Asian Economic Review
3376:
3244:Masami Ito (12 May 2009).
3082:10.1038/s41586-021-03336-2
2302:10.1186/s41065-020-00162-w
1770:. The Asia-Pacific Journal
1659:Heinrich, Patrick (2012).
1403:W. W. Norton & Company
1141:
901:
852:were regarded in Japan as
778:
762:
504:(now the southern part of
382:
244:is a term to describe the
18:
4372:
3817:Human rights in East Asia
3702:Sino-Xenic pronunciations
3056:Wang, Chuan-Chao (2021).
3018:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.044
2939:10.1101/2020.12.07.414037
2821:10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0
2578:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5
2527:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5
2476:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5
1020:
801:" as a criterion for the
732:
721:
710:
699:
688:
677:
670:Koji Nakayama interprets
624:
604:
594:
585:
572:
479:
454:
441:
435:
429:
306:
213:
169:
132:
77:
65:
55:
38:
2341:Annals of Human Genetics
2295:] (published 2020): 49.
2231:Annals of Human Genetics
2106:異人その他 日本民族=文化の源流と日本国家の形成
2105:
2079:
2075:
2045:
2030:
1998:10.1186/1471-2148-13-216
1977:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1957:
1953:
1952:王 巍（中国社会科学院考古研究所・副所長）.
1928:
1906:国籍・地域別 在留資格（在留目的）別 在留外国人
1905:
1878:
1867:批判的人種理論と日本法―和人の人種的特権について
1866:
958:Geno 2.0 Next Generation
822:Second Sino-Japanese War
413:Japan around the time of
19:Not to be confused with
3903:East Asian martial arts
3850:Archaeological cultures
2668:, Chinese texts of the
2166:The Genographic Project
2135:Anthropological Science
1789:Kushner, Barak (2007).
1638:. Trans Pacific Press.
1397:Tignor, Robert (2013).
1278:Yamato (disambiguation)
770:After Meiji restoration
622:dictionary. It defines
373:pseudoscientific racist
4421:Ethnic groups in Japan
4095:Ethnic groups of Japan
4030:Science and technology
4014:The Book of Five Rings
3908:East Asian Youth Games
2642:Japan in World History
2426:10.1126/sciadv.1601877
1814:Chomsky, Noam (2015).
1684:Fujiwara, Aya (2011).
1362:10.1126/sciadv.abh2419
1297:—"the Japanese spirit"
1233:Ethnic groups of Japan
932:and the various local
925:
917:
840:
122:Japanese new religions
21:Wajin (ancient people)
4416:Demographics of Japan
3313:Countries and regions
3217:Loo, Tze May (2014).
2933:: 2020.12.07.414037.
2765:10.1075/kl.15.2.03vov
2621:. Fukuoka City Museum
2350:John Wiley & Sons
2240:John Wiley & Sons
2086:] (in Japanese).
1931:(in Japanese). 勉誠出版.
999:Book of the Later Han
923:
915:
831:
417:Three Kingdoms period
383:Further information:
272:beginning during the
128:Related ethnic groups
4053:Traditional medicine
3951:East Asia Law Review
3807:East Asian Community
3497:Indigenous Taiwanese
2619:"Gold Seal (Kin-in)"
2108:(in Japanese). 言叢社.
1634:Eiji, Oguma (2002).
1512:"Wa Wa Lexicography"
1246:Japanese nationalism
1238:Japanese battleship
1120:Japanese archipelago
1064:Mumun pottery period
791:Japanese imperialism
468:. The pronunciation
286:Japanese archipelago
3478:Khalkha in Mongolia
3223:. Lexington Books.
3074:2021Natur.591..413W
3009:2022CBio...32.R844W
2812:2011Rice....4..149W
2418:2017SciA....3E1877S
2048:(in Japanese). 新泉社.
1989:2013BMCEE..13..216C
1576:Hist Anthropol Chur
1353:2021SciA....7.2419C
994:Eastern Han dynasty
540:, "Lower Fusa") or
274:first millennium BC
250:population of Japan
35:
3956:East Asian studies
3652:Hip-and-gable roof
3647:Chinese characters
3143:The New York Times
2753:Korean Linguistics
2715:2008-03-08 at the
2687:"ヤマト王権はいかにして始まったか"
2148:10.1537/ase.140709
1148:Ryūkyū Disposition
926:
918:
887:in World War II. "
872:At the end of the
868:Contemporary usage
835:Japanese-Canadians
518:Ryukyuan languages
502:Yamashiro Province
492:within Japan (now
4398:
4397:
4243:Ōbeikei Islanders
4061:
4060:
3812:Four Asian Tigers
3230:978-0-7391-8249-9
3203:978-0-231-51114-8
3068:(7850): 413–419.
3003:(15): R844–R847.
2897:Discover Magazine
2731:Studia Orientalia
2652:978-0-19-970974-8
2358:10.1111/ahg.12320
2238:(10). Cambridge:
1703:10.7202/1003042ar
1528:10.1093/ijl/5.1.1
1412:978-0-393-12376-0
1060:Koreanic-speakers
971:Devil's Gate Cave
786:Scientific racism
462:" or 大英帝國 "Great
160:
159:
97:Japanese Buddhism
34:
4428:
4386:
4385:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4065:
3996:Miyamoto Musashi
3893:East Asian Games
3865:Former countries
3797:East Asia Summit
3627:Chinese knotting
3382:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3275:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3254:. Archived from
3241:
3235:
3234:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3119:Science Advances
3110:
3104:
3103:
3093:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3020:
2988:
2973:
2972:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2893:"Japanese Roots"
2891:(June 1, 1998).
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2823:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2726:
2720:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2682:
2676:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2580:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2539:
2529:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2478:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2406:Science Advances
2400:February 2017).
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2348:(2). Cambridge:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2304:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2208:
2178:
2172:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2031:ロシア極東新石器時代研究の新展開
2027:
2021:
2020:
2010:
2000:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1954:東北アジアにおける先史文化の交流
1949:
1943:
1942:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1873:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1606:. Archived from
1573:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1487:"Ž×"n'ä?'‹ã?B?à"
1483:
1477:
1476:
1428:
1417:
1416:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1364:
1347:(38): eabh2419.
1341:Science Advances
1331:
1322:
1313:
1288:Yamato nadeshiko
1228:Emperor of Japan
1221:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1195:Meiji government
1186:Shinobu Orikuchi
1177:and traditions.
1116:Korean peninsula
1056:Korean Peninsula
1022:
759:History of usage
746:
745:
741:
735:
734:
730:
724:
723:
719:
713:
712:
708:
702:
701:
697:
691:
690:
686:
680:
679:
675:
652:
651:
644:
638:
637:
633:
627:
626:
615:
607:
606:
597:
596:
588:
587:
575:
574:
506:Kyoto Prefecture
484:
482:
481:
467:
457:
456:
450:
444:
443:
438:
437:
432:
431:
331:, including the
314:ancestor worship
311:
309:
308:
278:Korean Peninsula
243:
241:
238:
232:
229:
226:
222:
221:
209:
201:
199:
196:
195:Yamato ethnicity
193:
190:
187:
183:
177:
176:
116:
95:
86:
43:
36:
32:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4378:Japanese people
4368:
4352:
4257:
4221:Menasunkur Ainu
4199:
4123:
4097:
4092:
4062:
4057:
4024:
3970:
3917:
3869:
3831:
3827:Stock exchanges
3764:
3731:
3543:
3383:
3374:
3307:
3302:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3251:The Japan Times
3243:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3055:
3054:
3050:
2997:Current Biology
2990:
2989:
2976:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2906:
2904:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2717:Wayback Machine
2708:
2704:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2412:(2): e1601877.
2398:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2160:
2156:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2107:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:澤田洋太郎 (1999).
2043:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2024:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1958:中国北方新石器文化研究の新展開
1955:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1881:(in Japanese).
1880:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1818:. Pluto Press.
1813:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1430:
1429:
1420:
1413:
1405:. p. 346.
1396:
1395:
1388:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1294:Yamato-damashii
1217:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1154:
1140:
1138:Ryukyuan people
1033:major civil war
990:Emperor Guangwu
910:
902:Main articles:
900:
889:Japanese people
870:
844:Bryan Mark Rigg
783:
777:
772:
767:
765:Yamato-damashii
761:
613:
494:Nara Prefecture
476:
451:
399:(also known as
391:
381:
365:Empire of Japan
329:Japanese Empire
303:
297:Nara Prefecture
293:Yamato Province
239:
233:
230:
227:
210:
197:
194:
191:
188:
166:
156:
137:Ryukyuan people
111:
107:
103:
99:
81:
46:
31:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4434:
4432:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4403:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4380:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4207:
4205:
4204:Post-classical
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4068:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4010:
4007:The Art of War
4003:
3998:
3993:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3727:Chinese zodiac
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3632:Chinese dragon
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3592:Blepharoplasty
3589:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3317:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3269:
3258:on 19 May 2021
3236:
3229:
3209:
3202:
3182:
3156:
3128:
3105:
3048:
2974:
2952:
2917:
2903:(6, June 1998)
2880:
2874:10.1101/579177
2867:pp. 3–5.
2858:
2835:
2806:(3): 149–158.
2786:
2759:(2): 222–240.
2739:
2721:
2702:
2677:
2658:
2651:
2631:
2610:
2551:
2500:
2449:
2391:
2326:
2293:BioMed Central
2291:(49). Berlin:
2269:
2220:
2173:
2154:
2141:(3): 131–136.
2121:
2114:
2093:
2074:徳永勝士 (1996).
2066:
2051:
2036:
2033:(in Japanese).
2022:
1963:
1960:(in Japanese).
1944:
1937:
1919:
1909:. 独立行政法人統計センター
1896:
1856:
1850:978-0203884997
1849:
1831:
1825:978-0745335476
1824:
1806:
1800:978-0824832087
1799:
1781:
1758:
1747:. ResearchGate
1735:
1709:
1676:
1670:978-1847696564
1669:
1651:
1645:978-1876843830
1644:
1623:
1582:(3): 191–216.
1559:
1550:
1541:
1499:
1478:
1449:10.1086/649291
1418:
1411:
1386:
1323:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1243:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1206:
1203:
1199:Ryukyu Islands
1190:Kunio Yanagita
1144:Ryukyu Kingdom
1139:
1136:
1092:Tibetan people
1068:founder effect
1037:Kingdom of Wei
1009:Shinto shrines
979:Northeast Asia
899:
896:
881:Yamato minzoku
869:
866:
805:of the Yamato
776:
773:
771:
768:
760:
757:
753:Ryukyu Islands
749:Okinawa Island
589:"my; our" and
464:British Empire
380:
377:
325:mainland Japan
270:Northeast Asia
181:Yamato minzoku
158:
157:
155:
154:
149:
144:
139:
133:
130:
129:
125:
124:
75:
74:
70:
69:
63:
62:
58:
57:
53:
52:
48:
47:
44:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4433:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4411:Yamato people
4409:
4408:
4406:
4391:
4390:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4226:Sumunkur Ainu
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4216:Ishikari Ainu
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3562:Architecture
3560:
3558:
3557:Age reckoning
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3389:Ethnic groups
3386:
3381:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3294:
3292:
3287:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3186:
3183:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3157:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2889:Jared Diamond
2884:
2881:
2875:
2870:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2635:
2632:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2395:
2392:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2090:(6): 541–543.
2089:
2085:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2040:
2037:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1938:9784585053941
1934:
1927:崎谷満 (2010).
1923:
1920:
1908:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1613:on 2012-12-09
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1309:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1283:Yamato period
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1083:Jared Diamond
1079:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1049:Yangtze Delta
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
922:
914:
909:
905:
897:
895:
892:
890:
886:
882:
877:
875:
867:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
850:
845:
839:
836:
830:
826:
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
782:
774:
769:
766:
758:
756:
754:
750:
740:
729:
718:
707:
696:
685:
674:
668:
666:
662:
658:
657:
647:
643:
632:
621:
620:
619:Shuowen Jiezi
611:
601:
592:
583:
579:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
474:
471:
465:
461:
449:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:
390:
386:
378:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:Austronesians
350:
346:
343:, as well as
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
236:
220:
216:
208:
207:
182:
175:
172:
165:
164:Yamato people
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
134:
131:
126:
123:
119:
115:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
85:
80:
79:Traditionally
76:
71:
68:
64:
59:
54:
49:
42:
37:
22:
4387:
4252:
4012:
4005:
3990:Bansenshūkai
3988:
3755:Rainy season
3532:unrecognized
3423:
3260:. Retrieved
3256:the original
3249:
3239:
3219:
3212:
3192:
3185:
3173:. Retrieved
3169:
3159:
3147:. Retrieved
3141:
3131:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3000:
2996:
2968:
2930:
2920:
2911:
2905:. Retrieved
2900:
2896:
2883:
2861:
2848:
2838:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2705:
2694:. Retrieved
2690:
2680:
2669:
2661:
2641:
2634:
2623:. Retrieved
2613:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2409:
2405:
2394:
2384:14 September
2382:. Retrieved
2352:]: 348–354.
2345:
2339:
2329:
2288:
2282:
2272:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2192:
2186:
2176:
2157:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2096:
2087:
2083:
2069:
2060:
2054:
2039:
2025:
1983:(216): 216.
1980:
1976:
1966:
1947:
1922:
1911:. Retrieved
1899:
1882:
1876:Hōritsu Jihō
1875:
1859:
1840:
1834:
1815:
1809:
1790:
1784:
1774:November 12,
1772:. Retrieved
1761:
1751:November 12,
1749:. Retrieved
1738:
1728:November 12,
1726:. Retrieved
1712:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1660:
1654:
1635:
1615:. Retrieved
1608:the original
1579:
1575:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1519:
1515:
1491:. Retrieved
1489:. Inoues.net
1481:
1440:
1436:
1401:. New York:
1398:
1344:
1340:
1317:
1311:
1292:
1254:
1239:
1219:Japan portal
1182:Meiji period
1179:
1155:
1124:
1113:
1104:Kofun period
1100:
1088:Tujia people
1080:
1072:
1053:
1012:
997:
983:
934:Jōmon people
930:Yayoi people
927:
893:
880:
878:
874:World War II
871:
847:
841:
832:
827:
815:
806:
795:World War II
784:
669:
664:
660:
654:
645:
617:
609:
599:
590:
581:
577:
568:
564:
562:
557:
545:
538:Simo-tu-Fusa
537:
526:Kami-tu-Fusa
525:
513:
487:
469:
424:
420:
408:
404:
400:
394:
392:
361:Micronesians
322:
295:(modern-day
290:
246:ethnic group
205:
163:
161:
152:Jōmon people
142:Yayoi people
118:Christianity
108:
100:
78:
26:Ethnic group
4102:Prehistoric
3845:Archaeology
3737:Environment
3602:Calligraphy
3446:in Sakhalin
3402:Han Chinese
3365:South Korea
3360:North Korea
2199:: 579–590.
1522:(1): 1–31.
1443:: 354–375.
1261:Nihonjinron
1108:Han Chinese
1096:Miao people
1047:around the
1025:Yamataikoku
975:Amur region
963:Han Chinese
496:in central
460:Qing Empire
147:Ainu people
4405:Categories
4376:See also:
4274:Brazilians
4262:Immigrants
4190:Tsuchigumo
4020:Yi Sun-sin
3855:Bronze Age
3792:Capitalism
3717:Typography
3712:Television
3682:Philosophy
3667:Mādhyamaka
3662:Literature
3617:Sinosphere
3537:historical
3262:5 February
3175:30 January
3170:nippon.com
3149:30 January
2907:2008-05-12
2696:2016-09-01
2674:Wikisource
2625:2007-11-10
2197:Cell Press
2164:. (2017).
2115:4905913047
2102:Oka, Masao
2080:日本臨床免疫学会会誌
2076:HLA の人類遺伝学
2046:日本語形成の謎に迫る
1913:2019-07-29
1617:2008-06-22
1493:2011-09-26
1303:References
1142:See also:
1045:Wu Kingdom
1027:and Queen
938:East Asian
803:uniqueness
799:pure blood
779:See also:
775:Propaganda
763:See also:
558:Simo-tu-Ke
554:Shimotsuke
546:Kami-tu-Ke
500:) borders
385:Wa (Japan)
369:propaganda
105:Irreligion
4248:Ryukyuans
4170:Mishihase
4150:Koshibito
3936:CrossAsia
3923:Education
3677:Mythology
3657:Languages
3637:Festivals
3585:Taiwanese
3492:Ryukyuans
3407:subgroups
3326:Hong Kong
3305:East Asia
3043:251410856
3027:0960-9822
2947:229293389
2849:NHK WORLD
2830:1939-8433
2781:170343892
2773:0257-3784
2587:1601-5223
2571:(1): 19.
2565:Hereditas
2514:Hereditas
2463:Hereditas
2374:133607679
2284:Hereditas
2104:(1979).
1696:: 37–58.
1536:0950-3846
1273:Yama-bito
1180:From the
1158:Ryukyuans
986:Wa people
940:lineages
885:surrender
864:peoples.
854:subhumans
548:, "Upper
528:, "Upper
379:Etymology
337:Ryukyuans
266:East Asia
61:Languages
4389:Category
4333:Russians
4279:Dekasegi
4185:Satsumon
4155:Kumabito
4119:Toraijin
4043:Printing
3976:Military
3860:Iron Age
3774:Politics
3722:Yogācāra
3707:Surnames
3687:Religion
3597:Buddhism
3575:Japanese
3502:Tibetans
3473:in China
3463:Mongolic
3441:in Japan
3436:in China
3419:Japanese
3355:Mongolia
3336:Mainland
3100:33618348
3035:35944486
2853:Archived
2713:Archived
2605:29636655
2546:29636655
2495:29636655
2444:28164156
2378:Archived
2366:31025319
2321:33292737
2264:43243512
2256:25029633
2017:24079706
1885:(2): 6.
1723:LinkedIn
1604:41340161
1596:19499628
1473:39701840
1465:11640198
1381:34533991
1205:See also
1175:religion
1171:language
1118:and the
811:eugenics
739:Zhūrúguó
656:Shi Jing
276:via the
109:Minority
73:Religion
67:Japanese
4357:Related
4313:Koreans
4286:Chinese
4175:Okhotsk
4128:Ancient
4001:Sun Tzu
3837:History
3770:Economy
3750:Monsoon
3692:Scripts
3642:Gardens
3612:Cuisine
3570:Chinese
3549:Culture
3512:Uyghurs
3468:Mongols
3431:Koreans
3091:7993749
3070:Bibcode
3005:Bibcode
2969:Reuters
2931:bioRxiv
2913:houses.
2869:bioRxiv
2808:Bibcode
2733:(108).
2670:Wei Zhi
2596:5889524
2537:5889524
2486:5889524
2435:5287702
2414:Bibcode
2312:7724877
2215:8751859
2206:1914908
2008:3850526
1985:Bibcode
1891:1551462
1372:8448447
1349:Bibcode
1251:Minzoku
1167:history
1163:cuisine
1017:Chinese
1013:Wei Zhi
992:of the
973:in the
967:Koreans
807:minzoku
751:or the
642:shùnmào
631:shùnmào
552:") and
534:Shimōsa
532:") and
512:etymon
510:Japonic
389:Yamatai
349:Koreans
345:Chinese
301:Yamatai
228:
202:or the
189:
101:Largely
4338:Tatars
4298:French
4253:Yamato
4238:Matagi
4160:Kumaso
4145:Hayato
4140:Emishi
4048:Swords
3875:Sports
3607:Cinema
3580:Korean
3522:Zhuang
3453:Manchu
3424:Yamato
3370:Taiwan
3348:Ryukyu
3227:
3200:
3098:
3088:
3062:Nature
3041:
3033:
3025:
2945:
2871:
2828:
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2005:
1935:
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1369:
1240:Yamato
1150:, and
1029:Himiko
1019::
1004:Fan Ye
954:N-M231
950:C-M217
946:O-M175
898:Origin
862:Ryūkyū
849:Gaijin
556:(<*
544:(<*
542:Kōzuke
536:(<*
524:(<*
522:Kazusa
498:Honshu
490:Yamato
470:Yamato
448:Yamato
425:Yamato
409:Yamato
351:, and
318:Shinto
237:people
88:Shinto
30:Yamato
4348:Turks
4343:Thais
4328:Oroks
4323:Nivkh
4318:Kurds
4303:Irish
4269:Arabs
4195:Wajin
4180:Saeki
4135:Azumi
4114:Yayoi
4109:Jōmon
3822:Ports
3760:Flora
3672:Music
3622:Dance
3507:Tujia
3487:Qiang
3343:Japan
3331:Macau
3321:China
3039:S2CID
2943:S2CID
2777:S2CID
2666:魏志倭人伝
2370:S2CID
2260:S2CID
2170:link.
2082:[
1872:(PDF)
1611:(PDF)
1600:S2CID
1572:(PDF)
1469:S2CID
1453:JSTOR
1132:BRCA2
1128:BRCA1
942:D-M55
833:"For
407:) or
396:Wajin
341:Nivkh
282:Jōmon
262:Yayoi
258:Kofun
206:Wajin
56:Japan
4308:Jews
4233:Hāfu
4211:Ainu
4165:Kuzu
3772:and
3697:Seal
3566:Art
3458:Miao
3397:Ainu
3264:2017
3225:ISBN
3198:ISBN
3177:2022
3151:2022
3096:PMID
3031:PMID
3023:ISSN
2826:ISSN
2800:Rice
2769:ISSN
2647:ISBN
2601:PMID
2583:ISSN
2542:PMID
2491:PMID
2440:PMID
2386:2021
2362:PMID
2317:PMID
2252:PMID
2211:PMID
2110:ISBN
2013:PMID
1933:ISBN
1887:SSRN
1879:法律時報
1845:ISBN
1820:ISBN
1795:ISBN
1776:2023
1753:2023
1730:2023
1665:ISBN
1640:ISBN
1592:PMID
1532:ISSN
1461:PMID
1407:ISBN
1377:PMID
1255:Volk
1188:and
1130:and
1094:and
965:and
952:and
944:and
906:and
860:and
858:Ainu
793:and
663:as *
591:ware
582:waga
569:ʼWər
567:or *
530:Fusa
514:yama
415:the
393:The
387:and
359:and
333:Ainu
268:and
260:and
225:lit.
186:lit.
162:The
90:and
33:大和民族
4291:Min
3414:Hui
3086:PMC
3078:doi
3066:591
3013:doi
2935:doi
2816:doi
2761:doi
2591:PMC
2573:doi
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2532:PMC
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2430:PMC
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