566:
329:) beginning in 1686 was likely in pursuit of trading opportunities with English colonists, or to escape the Spanish. In Charles Town, some Yamasee families looked toward Christian missionaries to educate their children in reading and writing as well as converting them to Christianity. Christian missionaries in Carolina may have had some success in converting the Yamasees and Guale because they had both become familiar with Spanish missionaries and were more open to conversion than other tribes.
446:. Historians have noted that the motivation of the "prince" to visit London was a form of "religious diplomacy" on the part of the missionaries to further ties between the Yamasee and British colonists. The missionaries hoped that if the "prince" converted to Christianity while in London, it would ensure the Yamasee would become firm allies of the British colonists. Around the period that the "prince" travelled to London, the Yamasees were largely unwilling to be
64:
247:
426:
colonists in order to maintain their own independence. It was typical of Native
Americans to take captives during warfare, particularly young women and children, though the Yamasees soon began to transport their captives to Carolina to sell in Charles Town's slave markets. They soon began to conduct raids specifically to take captives and sell them in Carolina.
379:, where they formed an alliance with the Spanish colonial administration. These Yamasees continued to inhabit Florida until 1727, when the combination of a smallpox epidemic and raids by Col. John Palmer (leading fifty Carolinian militiamen and one hundred Indians) eventually led many of the remaining Yamasees to disperse, with some joining the
646:, for they share many words. Many Spanish missionaries in La Florida were dedicated to learning native languages, such as Yamasee, in an effort to communicate for the purpose of conversion. It also allowed the missionaries to learn about the people's own religion and to find ways to convey Christian ideas to them.
355:
Many
Yamasees soon became indebted to the colonists they traded with, as a result of duplicitous colonial mercantile practices. Infuriated by the practices of the colonists, the Yamasees resolved to go to war against them, forming a pan-tribal coalition and initiating a two-year long war by attacking
702:
A document in a
British colonial archive suggests that the Yamasees originally spoke Cherokee, an Iroquoian language, but had learned another language. For a time they were allied with the Cherokee but are believed to have been a distinct people. In 1715 Col. George Chicken stated that he was told
359:
Bolstered by the large number of Indian tribes they had managed to enlist into their coalition, the
Yamasees staged large-scale raids against other colonial settlements in Carolina as well, leading to most colonists abandoning frontier settlements and seeking refuge in Charles Town. South Carolina
425:
tribes in the
American Southeast during the late 17th century, and have been described as a "militaristic slaving society", having acquired firearms from European colonists. Their use of slave raids to exert dominance over other tribes is partially attributed to the Yamasee aligning with European
343:
For decades, Yamasee raiders (frequently equipped with
European firearms and working in concert with Carolinian settlers) conducted slave raids against Spanish-allied Indian tribes in the American Southeast. The Yamasees also conducted raids on the Spanish colonial settlement of
213:
The
Yamasees lived in coastal towns in what are now southeast Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina. The Yamasees migrated from Florida to South Carolina in the late 16th century, where they became friendly with European colonists. The Yamasees were joined by members of the
413:, and Cussita Creek. Historian Chester B. DePratter describes the Yamasee towns of early South Carolina as consisting of lower towns, consisting mainly of Hitchiti-speaking Indians, and upper towns, consisting mainly of Guale Indians.
462:
The
Yamasee Archeological Project was launched in 1989 to study Yamasee village sites in South Carolina. The project hoped to trace the people's origins and inventory their artifacts. The project located a dozen sites. Pocosabo and
262:
in
Yamasee territory. The Yamasees were later included in the missions of the Guale province. Starting in 1675, the Yamasees were mentioned regularly on Spanish mission census records of the missionary provinces of
739:
1129:
348:. Indian captives of the Yamasees were transported to colonial settlements throughout Carolina, where they were sold to white colonists; frequently, many of these captives were then resold to
1921:
271:(present-day southeastern Georgia and northeastern Florida). The Yamasees usually did not convert to Christianity and remained somewhat separated from the Catholic Christian Indians of
1931:
1447:
Bossy, Denise I. (2014). "Spiritual
Diplomacy, the Yamasees, and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel: Reinterpreting Prince George's Eighteenth-Century Voyage to England".
1039:
Bossy, Denise I. (2014). "Spiritual Diplomacy, the Yamasees, and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel: Reinterpreting Prince George's Eighteenth-Century Voyage to England".
278:
Pirate attacks on the Spanish missions in 1680 forced the Yamasees to migrate again. Some moved to Florida. Others returned to the Savannah River lands, which were safer after the
438:
missionaries in South Carolina sponsored the journey of a Yamasees man (whose actual name is unknown, as he was generally referred to as the "prince" or "Prince George") from
387:. Still others remained near St. Augustine until the Spanish relinquished control of the city to the British. At that time, they took with them around 90 Yamasees to Havana.
1936:
450:
by the Spanish, choosing to maintain stronger contacts with British colonists instead. The "prince" returned to Charles Town in 1715, right around the period when the
1941:
1690:
1646:
664:
a summary of two 1688 letters, sent by the Spanish Florida governor, that mentions prisoners speaking the "ydioma Yguala y Yamas, de la Prova de Guale" ; and
185:
1819:
Hann, John H. (1994). "Leadership nomenclature among Spanish Florida natives and its linguistics and associational implications", In P. B. Kwachka (Ed.),
1790:
Boyd, Mark F. (1952). "Documents describing the second and third expeditions of lieutenant Diego Peña to Apalachee and Apalachicolo in 1717 and 1718,"
1926:
1752:
1531:
1324:
1290:
1256:
1221:
1183:
1139:
1105:
1015:
189:
151:
1403:
Dr. Chester B. DePratter, "The Foundation, Occupation, and Abandonment of Yamasee Indian Towns in the South Carolina Lowcountry, 1684-1715"
468:
395:
Steven J. Oatis and other historians describe the Yamasees as a multi-ethnic amalgamation of several remnant Indian groups, including the
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1362:
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259:
837:
784:
439:
322:
315:
1348:
1916:
1745:
Another's Country: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on Cultural Interactions in the Southern Colonies.
1354:
763:
712:
687:
Linguists note that the Spanish documents are not originals and may have been edited at a later date. The name
599:
311:
31:
820:
594:
Little record remains of the Yamasee language. It is partially preserved in works by missionary Domingo Báez.
170:
with other native groups and Europeans living in North America, specifically from Florida to North Carolina.
1740:
454:
broke out, and shortly after his family had been taken captive by Carolinian raiders and sold into slavery.
173:
The Yamasees, along with the Guale, are considered from linguistic evidence by many scholars to have been a
635:, or common trading languages. In 1716-1717, Diego Peña obtained information that showed that Yamasee and
345:
716:
447:
364:
led a force which defeated the Yamasees at Salkechuh (also spelled Saltketchers or Salkehatchie) on the
219:
1741:"The Yamasee in South Carolina: Native American Adaptation and Interaction along the Carolina Frontier"
294:
as slaves. The tribe revolted against the Spanish missions and their Native allies, and moved into the
883:
University of South Carolina, Institute for Southern Studies. 7 July 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
920:
Howard, James H. (August 1960). "The Yamasee: A Supposedly Extinct Southeastern Tribe Rediscovered".
326:
299:
155:
72:
192:. Captives from other Native American tribes were sold into slavery, with some being transported to
1901:
1682:
578:
1868:
The struggle of the Georgia coast: An eighteenth-century Spanish retrospective on Guale and Mocama
1610:
1602:
1499:
1464:
1064:
983:
727:
585:
376:
174:
1826:
Hann, John H. (1996). "The seventeenth-century forebears of the Lower Creeks and Seminoles",
1748:
1721:
Chicken, George (1894) "Journal of the march into the Cherokee Mountains in the Yemasse War",
1594:
1527:
1521:
1491:
1456:
1420:
1383:
1358:
1320:
1314:
1286:
1252:
1246:
1227:
1217:
1189:
1179:
1135:
1101:
1056:
1021:
1011:
975:
958:
Sturtevant, William C. (April 1994). "The Misconnection of Guale and Yamasee with Muskogean".
937:
843:
790:
643:
636:
464:
240:
1880:
Worth, John E. (2000). "The Lower Creeks: Origins and early history", In B. G. McEwan (Ed.),
1402:
1280:
1095:
715:, in the Lowcountry close to where the Yamasee War began. It is also used for the title of
1586:
1048:
967:
929:
743:
696:
680:
626:
495:
236:
877:
565:
642:
The Yamasee language, while similar to many Muskogean languages, is especially similar to
507:
369:
272:
177:
people. For instance, the Yamasee term "Mico", meaning chief, is also common in Muskogee.
1839:
Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando de Soto and the South's Ancient Chiefdoms
368:. Eventually, Craven was able to drive the Yamasees across the Savannah River back into
1779:
Boyd, Mark F. (1949). "Diego Peña's expedition to Apalachee and Apalachicolo in 1716",
1517:
1417:
A Colonial Complex: South Carolina's Frontiers in the Era of the Yamasee War, 1680-1730
1282:
A Colonial Complex: South Carolina's Frontiers In The Era Of The Yamasee War, 1680-1730
1248:
The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717
1097:
The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717
649:
There is limited, inconclusive evidence suggesting the Yamasee language was similar to
622:
618:
614:
516:
375:
After the war, the Yamasees migrated southwards to the region around St. Augustine and
365:
361:
303:
251:
159:
80:
1870:. Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History (No. 75). New York.
556:
306:). They established several villages, including Pocotaligo, Tolemato, and Topiqui, in
1910:
1614:
1068:
987:
631:
595:
422:
68:
63:
904:
1808:
Hann, John H. (1992). "Political leadership among the natives of Spanish Florida,"
196:
plantations. Their enemies fought back, and slave trading was a large cause of the
1760:
The Juan Pardo Expeditions: Explorations of the Carolinas and Tennessee, 1566-1568
1577:
Broadwell, George A. (1991). "The Muskogean Connection of the Guale and Yamasee".
933:
1316:
The Yamasee War: A Study of Culture, Economy, and Conflict in the Colonial South
747:
451:
435:
349:
338:
291:
246:
197:
193:
167:
17:
1590:
1231:
1025:
742:
Yamasee descendants in Florida and elsewhere, and the black supremacist group
609:
languages. This was based upon a colonial report that a Yamasee spy within a
1598:
1495:
1460:
1193:
1060:
979:
941:
239:
expedition of 1540 traveled into Yamasee territory, including the village of
606:
549:
530:
406:
181:
1052:
1882:
Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical archaeology and ethnohistory
1821:
Perspectives on the Southeast: Linguistics, archaeology, and ethnohistory
692:
610:
384:
380:
125:
121:
1503:
1468:
657:
a copy of a 1681 Florida missions census that states that the people of
1891:(Vol. 14, pp. 245–253). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
1845:
1606:
1482:
Klingberg, Frank J. (1962). "The Mystery of the Lost Yamassee Prince".
401:
163:
113:
76:
668:
443:
410:
268:
1728:
Goddard, Ives. (2005). "The indigenous languages of the Southeast",
613:
town could understand Hitichiti and was not detected as a Yamasee.
1661:
971:
892:
650:
396:
290:
In 1687, some Spaniards attempted to send captive Yamasees to the
279:
264:
245:
215:
117:
1647:"UNF professor tries to shed light on Southeastern Indian tribe."
699:. Thus, the connection of Yamasee with Muskogean is unsupported.
154:
who lived in the coastal region of present-day northern coastal
1877:(Vols. 1 & 2). Gainesville: University of Press of Florida.
570:
Tribal territory of the Yamasees during the seventeenth century
621:. He also noted that many Indians throughout the region used
1884:(pp. 265–298). Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
703:
that the Yammasses were the ancient people of the Cherokee.
1739:
Green, William, Chester B. DePratter, and Bobby Southerlin.
1887:
Worth, John E. (2004). "Yamasee". In R. D. Fogelson (Ed.),
1823:(pp. 94–105). Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
356:
the colonial settlement of Charles Town on April 15, 1715.
188:. They raided other tribes to take captives for sale to
1846:"The Misconnection of Guale and Yamasee with Muskogean"
1405:, National Register Submission, National Park Service
467:
have since been listed as archeological sites on the
1774:
The Yamasee Indians: From Florida to South Carolina.
605:
Hann (1992) asserted that Yamasee is related to the
1861:
Indians of the South Carolina lowcountry, 1562-1751
1747:Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2001.
1662:
Yamassee Nation: Yamassee Indian Tribe of Seminoles
893:
Yamassee Nation: Yamassee Indian Tribe of Seminoles
547:
528:
523:
504:
494:
486:
481:
314:counted 1,220 Yamasees living in ten villages near
107:
97:
87:
55:
45:
1319:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 101–103.
1214:The Yamasee Indians from Florida to South Carolina
1008:The Yamasee Indians from Florida to South Carolina
752:Yamassee Native American Moors of the Creek Nation
695:, as it seems also to have been absorbed into the
1762:. Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press.
1716:A guide to Cherokee documents in foreign archives
711:The name of the Yamasees survives in the town of
675:, which is probably related to the Muscogee word
1922:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands
915:
913:
1714:Anderson, William L. and James L. Lewis (1983)
1523:Native American placenames of the United States
653:. It is based on three pieces of information:
1932:Native American tribes in Georgia (U.S. state)
1902:Yamasee artifacts found in South Carolina dig
1889:Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast
1850:International Journal of American Linguistics
1579:International Journal of American Linguistics
1526:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 578.
1089:
1087:
960:International Journal of American Linguistics
27:Multiethnic confederation of Native Americans
8:
1285:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 47.
310:. A 1715 census conducted by Irish colonist
186:Indian slave trade in the American Southeast
40:
1805:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.
1251:. Yale University Press. pp. 127–134.
617:stated in 1711 that the Yamasee understood
598:was told in 1716-1717 that the Cherokee of
1841:. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
1382:. University Press of Florida. p. 5.
1216:. Lincoln, Nebraska: U of Nebraska Press.
907:at SCIWAY.net. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
659:Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de la Tama
564:
478:
222:chiefdom, and their cultures intertwined.
39:
1875:The Timucuan chiefdoms of Spanish Florida
1100:. Yale University Press. pp. 73–74.
584:, meaning "tame, quiet"; or perhaps from
1937:Native American tribes in South Carolina
1863:. Spartansburg, SC: The Reprint Company.
1652:15 May 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
905:Yemassee Indians: Native Americans in SC
842:. Oxford University Press. p. 149.
1627:Anderson & Lewis (1983) p. 269
1212:Bossy, Denise I., ed. (November 2018).
1176:Encyclopedia of Native American History
1006:Bossy, Denise I., ed. (November 2018).
775:
731:, the official literary journal of the
661:speak "la lengua de Guale, y Yamassa" ;
258:In 1570, Spanish explorers established
1776:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
1484:The South Carolina Historical Magazine
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1169:
1167:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
786:Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes
577:The name "Yamasee" perhaps comes from
166:. The Yamasees engaged in revolts and
150:) were a multiethnic confederation of
1942:Unattested languages of North America
1693:from the original on 8 September 2015
1001:
999:
997:
863:
861:
859:
421:The Yamasees were one of the largest
7:
1664:website. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
1563:
1561:
1559:
953:
951:
895:website. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
836:Campbell, Lyle (21 September 2000).
639:were considered separate languages.
469:National Register of Historic Places
56:Regions with significant populations
1131:Native American History of Savannah
722:The Yemassee: A Romance of Carolina
180:After the Yamasees migrated to the
184:, they began participating in the
25:
1927:History of the Thirteen Colonies
1837:Hudson, Charles M., Jr. (1997).
1810:The Florida Historical Quarterly
1792:The Florida Historical Quarterly
1781:The Florida Historical Quarterly
1758:Hudson, Charles M., Jr. (1990).
1419:. University of Nebraska Press.
789:. Checkmark Books. p. 323.
62:
1844:Sturtevant, William C. (1994).
1178:. New York, NY: Facts On File.
1174:Mancall, Peter C., ed. (2011).
821:"Yamasee Indian Tribe History."
1772:Bossy, Denise I., ed. (2018).
783:Waldman, Carl (15 July 2006).
591:, literally "people-ancient".
1:
934:10.1525/aa.1960.62.4.02a00120
321:Migration by the Yamasees to
128:, and other Muskogean tribes
881:South Carolina Encyclopedia.
733:University of South Carolina
267:(central Georgia coast) and
1730:Anthropological Linguistics
1723:City of Charleston Yearbook
1687:Southern Poverty Law Center
1675:"Nuwaubian Nation of Moors"
1313:Ramsey, William L. (2008).
1958:
667:the Guale referred to the
336:
250:Image of Roberto, Yamasee
162:and later in northeastern
93:Yamasee language (extinct)
29:
1591:10.1086/ijal.57.2.3519769
1415:Oatis, Steven J. (2004).
1378:Covington, James (1993).
1347:Hoffman, Paul E. (2002).
1279:Oatis, Steven J. (2004).
1128:Freeman, Michael (2018).
839:American Indian Languages
602:Town also spoke Yamasee.
563:
333:Yamasee War and aftermath
112:
102:
92:
60:
50:
1828:Southeastern Archaeology
1650:The Florida Times-Union.
1380:The Seminoles of Florida
1355:Indiana University Press
719:' 1835 historical novel
713:Yemassee, South Carolina
32:Yamasee (disambiguation)
1873:Worth, John E. (1998).
1866:Worth, John E. (1995).
1859:Waddell, Gene. (1980).
1636:Chicken 1715:330 (1894)
1010:. U of Nebraska Press.
922:American Anthropologist
826:(retrieved 20 Nov 2010)
750:has also used the name
458:Archaeological research
103:Yamasee tribal religion
1803:Missions to the Calusa
1801:Hann, John H. (1991).
1449:Early American Studies
1134:. Arcadia Publishing.
1041:Early American Studies
515:unclassified; perhaps
448:culturally assimilated
255:
1245:Gallay, Alan (2003).
1094:Gallay, Alan (2003).
1053:10.1353/eam.2014.0010
717:William Gilmore Simms
249:
226:European colonization
220:Mississippian culture
108:Related ethnic groups
738:There are currently
725:, and by extension,
282:had been destroyed.
30:For other uses, see
1683:Montgomery, Alabama
1350:Florida's Frontiers
876:Michael P. Morris.
352:slave plantations.
42:
327:colony of Carolina
256:
190:European colonists
175:Muskogean language
1753:978-0-8173-1129-2
1533:978-0-8061-3598-4
1326:978-0-8032-3972-2
1292:978-0-8032-3575-5
1258:978-0-300-10193-5
1223:978-1-4962-1227-6
1185:978-1-4381-3567-0
1141:978-1-4396-6449-0
1107:978-0-300-10193-5
1081:Green et al 14-15
1017:978-1-4962-1227-6
824:Access Genealogy.
637:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
575:
574:
132:
131:
16:(Redirected from
1949:
1917:Muskogean tribes
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744:Nuwaubian Nation
697:Timucua language
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254:martyr (d. 1740)
237:Hernando de Soto
152:Native Americans
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51:Extinct as tribe
46:Total population
43:
21:
18:Yamasee language
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1357:. p. 188.
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878:"Yamassee War."
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740:self-identified
709:
679:, meaning "Red
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508:Language family
506:
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370:Spanish Florida
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308:Beaufort County
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286:English contact
273:Spanish Florida
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1896:External links
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1756:
1737:
1726:
1719:
1718:. p. 269.
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1666:
1654:
1645:Matt Soergel.
1638:
1629:
1620:
1585:(2): 267–270.
1569:
1555:
1546:
1532:
1509:
1474:
1455:(2): 366–401.
1432:
1425:
1407:
1395:
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1370:
1364:978-0253340191
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1339:
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1237:
1222:
1199:
1184:
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1120:
1106:
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1074:
1047:(2): 366–401.
1031:
1016:
993:
972:10.1086/466226
966:(2): 139–148.
947:
928:(4): 681–683.
909:
897:
885:
869:
867:Green et al 13
855:
849:978-0195140507
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828:
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796:978-0816062744
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769:
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691:is probably a
685:
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632:lingua francas
615:Francis Le Jau
573:
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366:Combahee River
362:Charles Craven
337:Main article:
334:
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304:South Carolina
296:English colony
287:
284:
252:Roman Catholic
232:
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160:Savannah River
138:(also spelled
130:
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81:South Carolina
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1816:(2), 188-208.
1815:
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1798:(2), 109-139.
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764:John Barnwell
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346:St. Augustine
340:
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312:John Barnwell
309:
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302:(present day
301:
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1867:
1860:
1856:(2), 139-48.
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1838:
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1827:
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1695:. Retrieved
1678:
1669:
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1641:
1632:
1623:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1567:Goddard 2005
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1522:
1512:
1490:(1): 18–32.
1487:
1483:
1477:
1452:
1448:
1416:
1410:
1398:
1379:
1373:
1349:
1342:
1330:. Retrieved
1315:
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1281:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1247:
1240:
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1175:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1130:
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1111:. Retrieved
1096:
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963:
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630:
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536:
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433:
420:
400:
394:
374:
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354:
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323:Charles Town
320:
289:
277:
257:
234:
212:
179:
172:
147:
143:
139:
135:
133:
37:Ethnic group
1553:Hudson 1990
748:Dwight York
452:Yamasee War
350:West Indian
339:Yamasee War
292:West Indies
198:Yamasee War
194:West Indian
75:, northern
1911:Categories
1787:(1), 2-32.
1736:(1), 1-60.
1709:References
1232:1053888273
1026:1053888273
596:Diego Peña
316:Port Royal
1697:1 January
1689:. 2022 .
1615:148411757
1599:0020-7071
1496:0038-3082
1461:1543-4273
1194:753701389
1069:144549578
1061:1559-0895
988:143736985
980:0020-7071
942:0002-7294
607:Muskogean
550:Glottolog
531:ISO 639-3
434:In 1713,
430:Diplomacy
407:Apalachee
377:Pensacola
360:Governor
182:Carolinas
158:near the
148:Yemassees
140:Yamassees
88:Languages
1834:, 66-80.
1691:Archived
1539:11 April
1520:(2004).
1504:27566384
1469:24474885
1147:12 April
758:See also
728:Yemassee
693:loanword
689:Chiluque
677:čiló·kki
673:Chiluque
611:Hitchiti
600:Tuskegee
589:yį musí:
586:Catawban
579:Muskogee
557:yama1265
475:Language
465:Altamaha
436:Anglican
381:Seminole
325:(in the
300:Carolina
260:missions
241:Altamaha
209:Overview
144:Yemasees
136:Yamasees
126:Hitchiti
122:Seminole
98:Religion
1725:- 1894.
1607:3519769
1332:14 July
1298:14 July
1264:14 July
1113:14 July
627:Shawnee
496:Extinct
490:Georgia
482:Yamasee
417:Slavery
402:La Tama
391:Culture
298:of the
204:History
164:Florida
156:Georgia
114:La Tama
77:Florida
73:Georgia
41:Yamasee
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1530:
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681:Moiety
669:Cusabo
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487:Region
444:London
411:Coweta
269:Mocama
79:, and
1611:S2CID
1603:JSTOR
1500:JSTOR
1465:JSTOR
1065:S2CID
984:S2CID
771:Notes
651:Guale
644:Creek
623:Creek
619:Creek
517:Guale
397:Guale
385:Creek
280:Westo
265:Guale
216:Guale
118:Guale
1749:ISBN
1699:2022
1595:ISSN
1541:2011
1528:ISBN
1492:ISSN
1457:ISSN
1421:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1334:2012
1321:ISBN
1300:2012
1287:ISBN
1266:2012
1253:ISBN
1228:OCLC
1218:ISBN
1190:OCLC
1180:ISBN
1149:2020
1136:ISBN
1115:2012
1102:ISBN
1057:ISSN
1022:OCLC
1012:ISBN
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791:ISBN
625:and
537:None
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218:, a
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