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408:, which was used for determining the position of celestial objects, did not match the positions calculated on the table. He constructed five new observatories in different cities in order to create a more accurate Zij. The astronomical tables Jai Singh created, known as the Zij-i Muhammad Shahi, were continuously used in India for a century. (However, the table had little significance outside of India.) Also, it was used to measure time.
49:
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425:(r. 1750ā1768), Isvari Singh's successor, supported the observatory, although it did not see the same level of activity as under Jai Singh. Although some restorations were made to the Jantar Mantar under Pratap Singh (r.1778-1803), activity at the observatory died down again. During this time, a temple was constructed and Pratap Singh turned the site of the observatory into a gun factory.
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666:, Buddhist texts such as Sardulakarna-avadana, and Jainism texts such as Surya-prajnapti. The theories behind the instruments are found in texts by the fifth century CE Aryabhatta, sixth century CE Brahmagupta and Varahamihira, ninth century Lalla, eleventh century Sripati and Bhaskara. The texts of Bhaskara have dedicated chapters on instruments and he calls them
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662:, ancient Sanskrit texts. The gnomon (called Åaį¹
ku, ą¤¶ą¤ą„ą¤ą„) found at Jantar Mantar monument is discussed in these first millennium BCE Vedangas and in many later texts such as the Katyayana Sulbasutras. Other discussions of astronomical instruments are found in Hinduism texts such as the fourth century BCE
416:
Exactly when Raja Jai Singh began construction in Jaipur is unknown, but several instruments had been built by 1728, and the construction of the instruments in Jaipur continued until 1738. During 1735, when construction was at its peak, at least 23 astronomers were employed in Jaipur, and due to the
486:
casts a shadow, thereby giving the declination of the Sun at four specified times of the day. This data corresponds to noon at four observatories around the world (Greenwich in UK, Zurich in
Switzerland, Notke in Japan and Saitchen in the Pacific); this is equivalent of a wall of clocks registering
436:
Ram Singh (r. 1835ā1880) completed restoring the Jantar Mantar in 1876, and even made some of the instruments more durable by inserting lead into the instruments' lines and using stone to restore some of the plaster instruments. However, the observatory soon became neglected again, and was not
605:
The instruments are in most cases huge structures. The scale to which they have been built has been alleged to increase their accuracy. However, the penumbra of the sun can be as wide as 30 mm, making the 1mm increments of the Samrat Yantra sundial devoid of any practical significance.
681:
The full extent of how Jai Singh's instruments were used for astronomical observation remains unclear. While the instruments themselves were impressive, there is limited evidence of a dedicated observational program or a team of trained astronomers. This raises the question of whether the
544:
Shastansh Yantra (next to Vrihat Samrat Yantra) This instrument has a 60-degree arc built in the meridian plane within a dark chamber. At noon, the Sun's pinhole image falls on a scale below enabling the observer to measure the zenith distance, declination, and the diameter of the
453:
Jantar Mantar deploys all three ancient coordinate systems of the five celestial coordinate systems known. In the image above, the red (ecliptic) and blue (equatorial) coordinate systems are two of the three classical systems that feature in the monument's
635:, particularly in 1902, the Jantar Mantar was declared a national monument in 1948. It was restored in 2006. The restoration process in early 20th century replaced some of the original materials of construction with different materials.
630:
and mortar were also employed in building the instruments in the monument spread over about 18,700 square metres. It was in continuous use until about 1800, then fell in disuse and disrepair. Restored again several times during the
591:. Its shadow moves visibly at 1 mm per second, or roughly a hand's breadth (6 cm) every minute, The Hindu chhatri (small cupola) on top is used as a platform for announcing eclipses and the arrival of monsoons.
548:
Unnatamsa Yantra (a metal ring divided into four segments by horizontal and vertical lines, with a hole in the middle; the position and orientation of the instrument allows measurement of the altitude of celestial bodies)
506:
Jai
Prakash Yantra (two hemispherical bowl-based sundials with marked marble slabs that map inverted images of sky and allow the observer to move inside the instrument; measures altitudes, azimuths, hour angles, and
478:, tracking location of major stars as the Earth orbits around the Sun, ascertaining the declinations of planets, and determining the celestial altitudes and related ephemerides. The instruments are (alphabetical):
689:, an astronomical handbook compiled under Jai Singh's patronage, does not appear to rely heavily on data collected from his observatories. Instead, it primarily utilizes existing tables from sources like the
3746:
350:. The instruments allow the observation of astronomical positions with the naked eye. The observatory is an example of the Ptolemaic positional astronomy which was shared by many civilizations.
417:
changing political climate, Jaipur replaced Delhi as Raja Jai Singh's main observatory and remained Jai Singh's central observatory until his death in 1743. The observatory lost support under
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Additionally, the masons constructing the instruments had insufficient experience with construction of this scale, and subsidence of the foundations has subsequently misaligned them.
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Nadi Valaya Yantra (two sundials on different faces of the instrument, the two faces representing north and south hemispheres; measuring the time to an accuracy of less than a minute)
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Kapali Yantra (measures coordinates of celestial bodies in azimuth and equatorial systems; any point in sky can be visually transformed from one coordinate system to another)
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Digamsha Yantra (a pillar in the middle of two concentric outer circles, used to measure azimuth of the sun and to calculate the time of sunrise and sunset forecasts)
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mention astronomical terms, measurement of time and calendar, but do not mention any astronomical instruments. The earliest discussion of astronomical instruments,
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Jantar Mantar is managed under the
Archeological Sites and Monuments Act of Rajasthan since 1961, and protected as a National Monument of Rajasthan since 1968.
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essentially adapts these tables by incorporating adjustments for the precession of the equinoxes and the difference in longitude between Paris and Delhi.
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The theory of chakra-yantra, yasti-yantra, dhanur-yantra, kapala-yantra, nadivalaya-yantra, kartari-yantra, and others are found in the ancient texts.
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1400:
Yavari Ayin, Mostafa (2023). "Defenseless eyes against the sky. A narrative of some astronomical observations before the invention of the telescope".
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Laghu Samrat Yantra (the smaller sundial at the monument, inclined at 27 degrees, to measure time, albeit less accurately than Vrihat Samrat Yantra)
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Built from local stone and marble, each instrument carries an astronomical scale, generally marked on the marble inner lining. Bronze tablets,
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587:. Its face is angled at 27 degrees, the latitude of Jaipur. It is purported to tell the time to an accuracy of about two seconds in Jaipur
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The Vrihat Samrat Yantra, which means the "great king of instruments", is 88 feet (27 m) high, making it one of the world's largest
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is one that works in two systems and allows transformation of the coordinates directly from one system to the other. It has the biggest
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Rashi Valaya Yantra (12 gnomon dials that measure ecliptic coordinates of stars, planets and all 12 constellation systems)
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Arthur
Garrett, a keen amateur astronomer, during his appointment as Assistant State Engineer for the Jaipur District.
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The monument was damaged in the 19th century. Early restoration work was undertaken under the supervision of
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observatory's primary purpose was purely scientific or also served other symbolic or cultural functions.
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1105:. Jai Singh II, Maharaja of Jaipur, 1686-1743. (2nd ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
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Dakshin Bhitti Yantra (measures meridian, altitude and zenith distances of celestial bodies)
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The
Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement
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324:
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2100:
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571:, one of the largest in the world, used only once a year, calculates the Hindu calendar)
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1297:"Architecture in the Service of Science: The Astronomical Observatories of Jai Singh II"
48:
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357:: the horizon-zenith local system, the equatorial system, and the ecliptic system. The
331:, Rajasthan. The monument was completed in 1734. It features the world's largest stone
2039:
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Rama Yantra (an upright building used to find the altitude and the azimuth of the Sun)
17:
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sundial, measures time in intervals of 2 seconds using shadow cast from the sunlight)
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Portal to the
Heritage of Astronomy, in partnership with UNESCO World Heritage Site
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The observatory consists of nineteen instruments for measuring time, predicting
421:(r.1743-1750) because of a succession war between him and his brother. However,
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The monument features instruments operating in each of the three main classical
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Kranti Vritta Yantra (measures longitude and latitude of celestial bodies)
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THE RAJASTHAN MONUMENTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND ANTIQUITIES RULES, 1968
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1481:
Theory, Construction and
Limitations, National University of Singapore
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1965:
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59:
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Exploring
Ancient Skies: A Survey of Ancient and Cultural Astronomy
3537:
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1781:
647:
613:
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457:
448:
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304:
980:
Encyclopaedia of the
History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
3548:
2292:
Shanti Swarup
Bhatnagar Prize recipients in Mathematical Science
721:
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2761:
1969:
1540:
3253:
1494:
405:
316:
is a collection of 19 astronomical instruments built by the
2493:
Infinite series expansions for the trigonometric functions
887:"The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur - UNESCO World Heritage Centre"
2487:
499:
Dhruva Darshak Pattika (observe and find the location of
432:
Bhairav Temple - located within the Jantar Mantar Complex
392:
Sanskrit word meaning "consult, calculate"). Therefore,
3775:
Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences
1258:
Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories
745:
with the collaboration of Antonio GƔlvez for the book
3938:
2742:
Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics
3815:
Indian Initiative in Gravitational-wave Observations
1930:
Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat
810:
First Indian station 1983, converted to support base
714:
It was used as a filming location for the 2006 film
529:, it is a compilation of five different instruments)
3873:
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2012:
2003:
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1602:
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195:
185:
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152:
143:
129:
111:
103:
66:
55:
41:
1945:Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai
1059:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
482:Chakra Yantra (four semicircular arcs on which a
1803:Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana
1448:Sharma, Virendra Nath and Aditya Sharma (1995).
1422:. Twisted Music. 23 October 2009. Archived from
3913:Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope
1687:Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks
1666:Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area
1473:Official website of Rajasthan government, India
1154:Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy
3740:
2773:
1981:
1552:
937:
935:
820:Defence Research and Development Organisation
487:local times in different parts of the world.)
283:
255:
227:
8:
1133:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
835:National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research
1770:Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram
1454:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
825:Defence Institute of High Altitude Research
496:Disha Yantra (used to detect the direction)
380:The name jantar is derived from "yantra" a
4065:History of science and technology in India
3747:
3733:
3725:
3598:Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics
2780:
2766:
2758:
2509:Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics
2009:
1988:
1974:
1966:
1559:
1545:
1537:
1339:
1337:
1335:
860:List of highest astronomical observatories
730:photographed the sundial for the cover of
396:literally means 'calculating instrument'.
47:
38:
1623:Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara
1167:
1165:
1163:
1021:
1019:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
384:word, meaning "instrument, machine", and
3201:Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era
2737:Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
881:
879:
877:
875:
3945:
1028:"The Kapala Yantras of Sawai Jai Singh"
978:Yukio Ohashi (Editor: H Selin) (1997).
871:
567:Yantra Raj Yantra (a 2.43-metre bronze
503:with respect to other celestial bodies)
3845:National Centre for Radio Astrophysics
1853:Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park
1501:Architecture in the Service of Science
1126:
1005:
995:
560:Vrihat Samrat Yantra (world's largest
462:Kapali Yantra at Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
3755:Telescopes and Observatories in India
1618:Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya
1346:A History of Indian Literature, Vol 6
1150:"Observatories of Sawai Jai Singh II"
194:
184:
167:
159:
151:
142:
7:
1692:Qutub Minar and its Monuments, Delhi
1096:
1094:
1035:Indian Journal of History of Science
751:(Editorial Lumen: Barcelona, 1972).
27:UNESCO World Heritage Site in Jaipur
4085:Astronomical observatories in India
2262:Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai
1787:Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram
845:List of Antarctic research stations
235:Location of Jantar Mantar in Jaipur
4090:Buildings and structures in Jaipur
4080:Ancient astronomical observatories
2722:Institute of Mathematical Sciences
1513:The Jantar Mantar at Jaipur, India
1302:. Jantarmantar.org. Archived from
927:The Jantar Mantar at Jaipur, India
855:List of astronomical observatories
25:
2732:Harish-Chandra Research Institute
2242:K. R. Parthasarathy (probabilist)
1451:Sawai Jai Singh and his astronomy
1103:Sawai Jai Singh and his astronomy
4032:
4020:
4008:
3996:
3984:
3972:
3960:
3948:
3883:3.6m Devasthal Optical Telescope
3820:Indian Institute of Astrophysics
3805:India-based Neutrino Observatory
1808:Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas
1792:Group of Monuments at Pattadakal
1148:Johnson-Roehr, Susan N. (2014).
1101:Nath., Sharma, Virendra (2016).
282:
275:
254:
247:
226:
219:
3888:Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
3810:Indian Astronomical Observatory
1375:"Sanskrit - English Dictionary"
1073:"Sanskrit - English Dictionary"
830:Indian Astronomical Observatory
3918:National Large Solar Telescope
3840:Mount Abu InfraRed Observatory
3790:Gauribidanur Radio Observatory
2717:Chennai Mathematical Institute
2086:Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri
1775:Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur
1282:"Largest sundial world record"
889:. Whc.unesco.org. 31 July 2010
32:Jantar Mantar (disambiguation)
1:
4060:World Heritage Sites in India
4055:Tourist attractions in Jaipur
1742:Khangchendzonga National Park
1568:World Heritage Sites in India
850:List of Antarctic field camps
622:(the world's largest sundial)
4070:1738 establishments in India
3825:Kodaikanal Solar Observatory
3165:RÄjamį¹gÄį¹
ka (astronomy book)
2908:Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis
2707:Indian Statistical Institute
1863:Churches and convents of Goa
1858:Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
1612:Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
1594:Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi
1589:Khajuraho Group of Monuments
1344:David Edwin Pingree (1981).
1233:Cosmic architecture in India
1041:(2): 209ā216. Archived from
982:. Springer. pp. 83ā86.
355:celestial coordinate systems
117:; 290 years ago
107:1.8652 ha (4.609 acres)
3467:
3062:
2727:Indian Institute of Science
2712:Bhaskaracharya Pratishthana
2590:A. A. Krishnaswamy Ayyangar
2555:Shankar Balakrishna Dikshit
2482:HinduāArabic numeral system
1782:Group of Monuments at Hampi
1479:Jantar Mantar - Section III
1235:. Prestel. pp. 48ā73.
1208:Rajasthan, Delhi & Agra
736:Live at the Roundhouse 2008
404:Jai Singh noticed that the
4106:
2853:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
2222:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
1957:Mountain Railways of India
1920:Historic City of Ahmadabad
1760:Great Living Chola Temples
1584:Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka
1231:Andreas Volwahsen (2001).
816:Second Indian station 1989
803:Bharati (research station)
437:restored until 1901 under
164:Cultural: (iii), (iv)
146:UNESCO World Heritage Site
29:
3928:Pachmarhi Telescope Array
3860:Udaipur Solar Observatory
2938:Venkatraman Radhakrishnan
2232:Veeravalli S. Varadarajan
1953:
1935:The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
1868:Dholavira:a Harappan city
1530:Jantar Mantar, Jaipur on
840:Siachen Base Camp (India)
610:Materials of construction
213:
209:
205:
156:The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
139:
46:
3903:Jantar Mantar, New Delhi
2648:Henry Thomas Colebrooke
2237:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
1797:Nilgiri Mountain Railway
1737:Manas Wildlife Sanctuary
1638:Sundarbans National Park
1350:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag
1176:. Springer. p. 82.
946:. Penguin. p. 136.
798:Indian Antarctic Program
618:Observation deck of the
601:at Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
3908:Jantar Mantar, Varanasi
3865:Vainu Bappu Observatory
3619:Ancient Greek astronomy
2903:Madhava of Sangamagrama
2121:MÄdhava of Saį¹
gamagrÄma
1883:Hill Forts of Rajasthan
1732:Kaziranga National Park
1506:5 February 2009 at the
1485:Photos of Jantar Mantar
1379:Spoken Sanskrit Germany
1077:Spoken Sanskrit Germany
741:It was photographed by
134:Government of Rajasthan
3855:Trivandrum Observatory
1925:Jaipur City, Rajasthan
1676:Keoladeo National Park
1490:Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)
1206:Lindsay Brown (2008).
748:Prosa del Observatorio
700:'s astronomical tables
623:
602:
578:
556:
471:
463:
455:
433:
309:
18:Yantra mandir (Jaipur)
3898:Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
3785:Devasthal Observatory
3770:Allahabad Observatory
3624:Hellenistic astronomy
3407:Deferent and epicycle
3131:BrÄhmasphuį¹asiddhÄnta
2963:Jai Singh II of Amber
2332:BrÄhmasphuį¹asiddhÄnta
1671:Humayun's Tomb, Delhi
1520:.astronomicalheritage
633:British colonial rule
617:
597:
576:
554:
469:
461:
452:
431:
359:Kanmala Yantraprakara
308:
266:Show map of Rajasthan
263:Location in Rajasthan
88:26.92472Ā°N 75.82444Ā°E
3923:Ooty Radio Telescope
3795:Girawali Observatory
3614:Babylonian astronomy
2848:Radhagobinda Chandra
2608:T. A. Saraswati Amma
2319:Bakhshali manuscript
2287:Kannan Soundararajan
1813:Chennakeshava Temple
1765:Airavatesvara Temple
1712:Complexe du Capitole
1681:KalkaāShimla railway
1497:Articles and History
1172:David Kelly (2011).
944:Timelines of Science
620:vrihat samrat yantra
30:For other uses, see
4075:Rajput architecture
3830:Madhava Observatory
3462:Hindu units of time
3185:Vasishtha Siddhanta
3159:Paitamaha Siddhanta
3053:Shatapatha Brahmana
2968:Nilakantha Somayaji
2684:Islamic mathematics
2643:Walter Eugene Clark
2437:Vasishtha Siddhanta
2409:SiddhÄnta Shiromani
2388:Paitamaha Siddhanta
2267:Tilak Raj Prabhakar
2212:Satyendra Nath Bose
2207:Srinivasa Ramanujan
2161:Nilakantha Somayaji
1818:Hoysaleswara Temple
1426:on 20 February 2012
1026:Sharma, VN (1991).
698:Philippe de la Hire
470:Laghu samrat yantra
340:World Heritage Site
84: /
3835:Madras Observatory
3780:Colaba Observatory
3639:European astronomy
3377:Cardinal direction
3306:Equatorial sundial
3145:Pancha-Siddhantika
2843:Sandip Chakrabarti
2176:Gangesha Upadhyaya
1997:Indian mathematics
1633:Sun Temple, Konark
1352:. pp. 52ā54.
1309:on 5 February 2009
1071:mantraNa, yantra.
1008:has generic name (
704:Zij Muhammad-Shahi
687:Zij Muhammad-Shahi
658:, is found in the
624:
603:
599:Jai Prakash Yantra
579:
557:
472:
464:
456:
434:
310:
238:Show map of Jaipur
186:Reference no.
93:26.92472; 75.82444
62:, Rajasthan, India
3936:
3935:
3722:
3721:
3634:Chinese astronomy
3629:Islamic astronomy
3392:Celestial spheres
3382:Celestial equator
3152:Paulisa Siddhanta
3046:Aitareya Brahmana
2953:Jagannatha Samrat
2933:Achyuta Pisharati
2755:
2754:
2561:Sudhakara Dvivedi
2381:Paulisa Siddhanta
2300:
2299:
2156:Jagannatha Samrat
2151:Achyuta Pisharati
1963:
1962:
1381:. Koln University
1256:SC Bhatt (2006).
1112:978-81-208-1256-7
1079:. Koln University
1061:, Vol. 81, p. 257
792:Research stations
327:, the founder of
303:
302:
294:Show map of India
291:Location in India
181:
16:(Redirected from
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3726:
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3442:Geoheliocentrism
3412:Earth's rotation
3387:Celestial sphere
3321:Mural instrument
3271:Armillary sphere
3215:Vedanga Jyotisha
3171:Romaka Siddhanta
3067:
2998:Shankara Variyar
2789:Indian astronomy
2782:
2775:
2768:
2759:
2395:Romaka Siddhanta
2277:Akshay Venkatesh
2247:M. S. Narasimhan
2217:P.C. Mahalanobis
2010:
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808:Dakshin Gangotri
728:Storm Thorgerson
710:Filming location
677:Astronomical Use
555:Unnatamsa Yantra
527:mixed instrument
441:(r. 1880ā1922)
390:mantrana" also a
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3756:
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3559:
3528:Spherical Earth
3355:
3301:Equatorial ring
3281:Celestial globe
3259:
3178:Surya Siddhanta
3115:Makarandasarini
3017:
3013:Pathani Samanta
2958:Bapudeva Sastri
2923:Jayant Narlikar
2873:M. K. Das Gupta
2791:
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2693:
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2602:C. T. Rajagopal
2549:Bapudeva Sastri
2541:
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2477:Brahmi numerals
2469:
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2296:
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1834:
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1508:Wayback Machine
1475:, Jantar Mantar
1469:
1445:
1443:Further reading
1440:
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1429:
1427:
1420:"Twisted Music"
1418:
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1402:Nojum Magazine
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1260:. p. 362.
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3656:
3654:
3652:
3648:Months of the
3646:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
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3609:
3607:Other regions
3605:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
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3574:
3573:
3572:
3571:Jantar Mantar
3569:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3555:Zodiacal sign
3553:
3551:
3550:
3546:
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3526:
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3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
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3483:
3479:
3477:
3476:Kali ahargaį¹a
3474:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3457:Heliocentrism
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
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3428:
3425:
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3408:
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3398:
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3329:
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3309:
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3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
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3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3244:
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3235:
3233:
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3228:
3227:
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3210:
3209:
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3128:
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3119:
3117:
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3112:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3087:Shulba Sutras
3084:
3082:
3081:
3080:Jyotirmimamsa
3077:
3075:
3074:
3073:Ganitagannadi
3070:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3064:Bį¹hat Saį¹hitÄ
3059:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3032:
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3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2983:Govind Swarup
2981:
2979:
2978:Mahendra Suri
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:Megh Nad Saha
2946:
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2936:
2934:
2931:
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2926:
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2696:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:Other regions
2660:
2654:
2653:David Pingree
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
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2627:
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2621:
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2574:
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2568:
2567:M. Rangacarya
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2540:Historians of
2538:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2514:Jantar Mantar
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2500:
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2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
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2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:Mahendra SÅ«ri
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
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2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1940:Western Ghats
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
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1918:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
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1830:Western Ghats
1828:
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1557:
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1542:
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1533:
1532:OpenStreetMap
1529:
1526:
1523:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1495:Jantar Mantar
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1460:81-208-1256-5
1457:
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991:
985:
981:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
960:
955:
949:
945:
942:Smithsonian.
938:
936:
932:
928:
923:
921:
919:
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913:
911:
909:
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905:
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865:
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795:
791:
790:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
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772:
769:
767:
766:Jantar Mantar
764:
763:
759:
758:
754:
752:
750:
749:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
723:
719:
718:
709:
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669:
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629:
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592:
590:
586:
575:
570:
566:
563:
559:
553:
547:
543:
540:
537:
535:Palbha Yantra
534:
531:
528:
524:
521:
518:
515:
513:Kanali Yantra
512:
509:
507:declinations)
505:
502:
498:
495:
492:
489:
485:
481:
480:
479:
477:
468:
460:
451:
444:
442:
440:
430:
426:
424:
420:
411:
409:
407:
399:
397:
395:
394:Jantar Mantar
391:
387:
383:
375:
373:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
342:. It is near
341:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:
319:
315:
314:Jantar Mantar
307:
278:
250:
222:
212:
208:
204:
201:
200:Southern Asia
198:
191:
188:
179:
174:
171:
163:
155:
153:Official name
147:
138:
135:
132:
128:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
45:
42:Jantar Mantar
40:
37:
33:
19:
4015:Solar System
3897:
3699:Margashirsha
3575:
3547:
3480:
3417:Eccentricity
3252:
3247:Yavanajataka
3245:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3060:
3051:
3044:
3036:
3035:
3028:
2993:Varahamihira
2928:Parameshvara
2813:Aryabhata II
2700:institutions
2620:K. S. Shukla
2592:(1892ā 1953)
2517:
2458:Yavanajataka
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2416:Åulba SÅ«tras
2414:
2407:
2402:Sadratnamala
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2346:Kanakkusaram
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2311:
2181:VarÄhamihira
2146:Parameshvara
2101:GovindasvÄmi
2071:Äryabhaį¹a II
1893:Chittor Fort
1878:Ellora Caves
1848:Ajanta Caves
1628:Santiniketan
1449:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:the original
1414:
1408:(04): 36ā41.
1405:
1401:
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1378:
1368:
1345:
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1304:the original
1290:
1276:
1257:
1251:
1232:
1226:
1207:
1173:
1153:
1143:
1102:
1081:. Retrieved
1076:
1066:
1054:
1043:the original
1038:
1034:
1006:|last1=
979:
943:
891:. Retrieved
746:
740:
735:
726:
715:
713:
703:
696:
690:
686:
684:
680:
672:
667:
664:Arthashastra
645:
637:
625:
619:
604:
598:
582:
526:
523:Misra Yantra
473:
454:instruments.
435:
419:Isvari Singh
415:
403:
393:
389:
385:
379:
367:
358:
352:
313:
311:
36:
4003:Outer space
3991:Spaceflight
3800:Gyarah Sidi
3437:Geocentrism
3346:Water clock
3291:Cross-staff
3264:Instruments
3231:Atharvaveda
3208:VÄkyakaraį¹a
3030:Aryabhatiya
3008:Yajnavalkya
2943:J. J. Rawal
2878:Jyesthadeva
2838:Brahmagupta
2828:BhÄskara II
2818:Vainu Bappu
2808:Aryabhata I
2796:Astronomers
2636:Translators
2628:(1919ā2005)
2626:K. V. Sarma
2622:(1918ā2007)
2616:(1918ā1992)
2610:(1918ā2000)
2604:(1903ā1978)
2598:(1901ā1954)
2596:A. N. Singh
2581:(1888ā1958)
2579:B. B. Datta
2575:(1876ā1962)
2569:(1861ā1916)
2563:(1855ā1910)
2557:(1853ā1898)
2551:(1821ā1900)
2542:mathematics
2486:Symbol for
2470:innovations
2367:Lokavibhaga
2313:Aryabhatiya
2111:Jyeį¹£į¹hadeva
2096:Brahmagupta
2081:BhÄskara II
2066:Äryabhaį¹a I
2050:Yajnavalkya
1908:Kumbhalgarh
1898:Gagron Fort
1430:11 November
1313:11 November
893:11 November
786:Gyarah Sidi
445:Description
344:City Palace
335:, and is a
91: /
67:Coordinates
4049:Categories
3875:Telescopes
3684:Bhadrapada
3518:Precession
3493:Manvantara
3367:Axial tilt
3351:Yantraraja
3341:Triquetrum
3123:Siddhantas
3094:Panchangam
2883:Kamalakara
2863:P. Devadas
2833:Baudhayana
2823:BhÄskara I
2585:T. Hayashi
2468:Pioneering
2451:YuktibhÄį¹£Ä
2374:PÄtÄ«gaį¹ita
2325:Bijaganita
2282:Ravi Vakil
2136:Munishvara
2116:Kamalakara
2091:Brahmadeva
2076:BhÄskara I
2025:Baudhayana
866:References
589:local time
577:Yantra Raj
423:Mado Singh
348:Hawa Mahal
169:Designated
79:75Ā°49ā²28ā³E
76:26Ā°55ā²29ā³N
4027:Education
3967:Astronomy
3679:Shraavana
3674:Aashaadha
3581:New Delhi
3508:Nityayoga
3503:Nakshatra
3498:Moonlight
3276:Astrolabe
3038:Brahmanas
2888:Katyayana
2803:Apastamba
2614:S. N. Sen
2522:New Delhi
2444:Veį¹vÄroha
2305:Treatises
2106:Halayudha
2059:Classical
2030:Katyayana
2020:Apastamba
1955:^part of
1888:Amer Fort
1724:Northeast
1702:Taj Mahal
1656:Agra Fort
1528:542886857
1129:cite book
998:cite book
656:clepsydra
569:astrolabe
525:(meaning
501:pole star
325:Jai Singh
115:1728ā1734
3714:Phalguna
3664:Vaisakha
3591:Varanasi
3533:Sunlight
3513:Parallax
3422:Ecliptic
3360:Concepts
3326:Quadrant
3108:MahÄdevÄ«
3003:Vasistha
2913:Mahavira
2530:Varanasi
2488:zero (0)
2360:LÄ«lÄvatÄ«
2227:C.R. Rao
2191:Virasena
2171:Sridhara
2141:Narayana
2126:MahÄvÄ«ra
1504:Archived
1385:15 April
1373:gnomon.
1121:32699670
1083:15 April
755:See also
734:'s DVD,
732:Shpongle
717:The Fall
660:Vedangas
585:sundials
476:eclipses
382:Sanskrit
161:Criteria
56:Location
4039:Science
3941:Portals
3669:Jyeshta
3659:Chaitra
3564:Centres
3469:Jyotiį¹£a
3452:Gravity
3372:Azimuth
3336:Sundial
3331:Sextant
3296:Dioptra
3286:Compass
3238:Rigveda
2973:Sripati
2893:Lagadha
2669:Babylon
2502:Centres
2166:ÅrÄ«pati
2045:Pingala
2013:Ancient
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3447:Globe
3311:Globe
3223:Vedas
3022:Works
2898:Lalla
2674:China
1752:South
1648:North
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2747:TIFR
1840:West
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1522:.net
1518:www3
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