Yassin Kadi - Knowledge (XXG)

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operation of the Foundation" to Kadi, who "was the driving force behind the administration of the foundation." He "effectively conceded that he directly supervised the individual country offices." OFAC relied on Kadi's involvement in Muwafaq and, in particular, activities claimed to have occurred in Bosnia, Albania, Sudan and Pakistan, to conclude that "Kadi financially supported terrorist activities, primarily through Muwafaq, but also through other Kadi-owned entities." It considered Kadi's "relationship with and financial transfers to, designated terrorists Abdul Latif Saleh, Wa'el Julaidan, and Chariq Ayadi -- who were all involved in Muwafaq."

200:, an off-shore tax haven located near the coast of Normandy, France. Officials on the island told the Guardian that Jersey "does not appear to maintain any public record of the Muwafaq Foundation. "They said "if it was structured as a financial trust, it would not require to be registered at all." Kadi personally donated about $ 15 to $ 20 million from his fortune, and solicited donations from bin Mahfouz and other wealthy Saudi families. Bin Mahfouz became a principal donor but later said that he was not involved in the operation of the charity after its establishment. 438:

that Muwafaq "was involved in arms trafficking from Albania to Bosnia," and concluded that "as of late 2001, Kadi had continued to finance institutions and organizations in the Balkans after Muwafaq had ceased operations there, including two entities that were designated as SDGTs in early 2002 -- the Revival of Islamic Heritage Society's Pakistan and Afghanistan offices, and the Bosnia-Herzegovina branch of the Al-Haramain Foundation."

1046:, provides hyperlinks to relevant documents, namely "Council Decision 2001/927/EC Establishing the List Provided for in Article 2(3) of Council Regulation (EC) No. 2580 on specific restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities with a view to combating terrorism", 27 December 2001, "Council Common Position 2001/930/CFSP of 27 December 2001," "Council Common Position 2001/931/CFSP of 27 December 2001," etc. 2244: 450:"Brisard is the lead investigator for the US lawyers in the civil action brought in the US courts on behalf of the families of the victims of the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks and cannot therefore be regarded as independent," his lawyers said. "Of particular concern to Al-Qadi was his discovery that Brisard passed to US lawyers documents he received from Nicati’s file in his capacity as expert." 135: 475:"I am very happy to know that my friend Al-Qadi has been cleared of all charges by the Swiss court," Zuhair Fayez, a Jeddah-based architect, told Arab News on 25 December. He described Kadi as a reputable businessman and said the individuals and agencies that falsely accused Kadi of funding terrorism must be held responsible for damaging his reputation and interests. 796:

substantiated with evidence". The court stated that "since no information or evidence has been produced to substantiate the allegations, roundly refuted by Mr. Al-Qadi, of his being involved in activities linked to international terrorism, those allegations are not such as to justify the adoption, at European Union level, of restrictive measures against him."

570:, "this delisting followed a comprehensive review by the UK Treasury of the case against Mr. Kadi, including a review of the materials which had been used to support Mr. Kadi's original designation, after which the UK Treasury concluded that "the case against (Mr. Kadi) no longer meets the test set out in ... the Terrorism Order." 1446:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 121-123. The authors claim that the Muwafaq Foundation opened an office in Mogadishu, Somalia, in 1992, at a time when al-Qaeda was assisting militants fighting U.S. soldiers there, and "its purpose consisted of transporting weapons and ammunition to Islamists in the city." 408:

along with 50 more people and organizations, bringing the total number of defendants to 186. The amount of money sought was reduced to $ 1 trillion, but the number of plaintiffs soon increased to 2,500 after the suit was widely publicized. Technically, Kadi was part of the "Third Amended Complaint" in the case of

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The 1995 testimony of Talad Fuad Kassem, who said that the Muwafaq Foundation had provided logistical and financial support for a fighters' battalion in Bosnia and Herzegovina and that the Muwafaq Foundation was involved in providing financial support for terrorist activities of the fighters, as well

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reported that. "To the extent Kadi contends that newspaper articles cannot be relied upon by the government at all, that proposition is not well-grounded," Bates wrote. "As already stated, reliance on hearsay is plainly allowed. Furthermore, reliance on newspaper articles has been permitted to 'fill

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The Federal Criminal Court in Berne, Switzerland, "cleared Al-Qadi of any wrongdoing in a case stemming from the 9/11 attacks," his lawyers announced on 12 December 2005. The charges had alleged that Kadi gave money in 1998 ostensibly to construct student housing at Al-Iman University in Yemen while

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According to OFAC's findings, "Muwafaq gave logistical and financial support to Al-Gama'at Al-Islamiya, a mujahadin battalion in Bosnia that was designated as SGDT on October 31, 2001. The organization also transferred $ 500,000 to terrorist organizations in the Balkans in the mid-1990s." OFAC found

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A similarly named organization, the "Muwaffaq Society" or "Muwaffaq Ltd.," was registered in the Isle of Man in June 1991, but Kadi denied any relationship to this entity. Plaintiffs who have filed suit against Kadi and his associates claim that Muwafaq was a charitable front used to funnel money to

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decision by the European Court of Justice in July 2013 declined appeals by the European Commission and the UK against the earlier annulment of European sanctions against Kadi, saying that there was no evidence to substantiate the allegations of his being linked to terrorism. On 26 November 2014, the

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It stated that "after concluding its consideration of the delisting request submitted by this individual through the Ombudsperson established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1904 (2009), and after considering the Comprehensive Report of the Ombudsperson on this delisting request. Therefore,

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On 3 September 2008, the EU Court of Justice (higher court) ruled in favor of Kadi, "saying UN agreements cannot have the effect of prejudicing constitutional principles agreed to in the treaty establishing the European Community. The court found the EU regulation allowing listing and asset freezes

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filed a $ 116 trillion lawsuit against Osama bin Laden, the Saudi Bin Laden Group, three Saudi princes, the government of Sudan, seven international banks, eight Islamic foundations, charities and subsidiaries, and many other defendants. Kadi was added to the list of defendants on 22 November 2002,

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Yassin Kadi was never formally charged with a crime by the U.S. Department of Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control. "As is customary in such cases, Washington has presented no direct evidence linking Mr. Kadi to terrorism," the New York Times reported in 2008. "But it has made public a dense

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A few months later, in December 1998, Kadi reportedly transferred shares in the company to two other men. One was Wael Hamza Julaidan, a Saudi businessman said to be a founder of al-Qaeda (the US officially designated Julaidan a financial supporter of al-Qaeda in 2002). The other was reported to be

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On 30 September 2010, the EU General Court once again ruled in favor of Kadi, "noting that the UN procedure, despite improvements in the establishment of an Ombudsman Office to make recommendations on delisting requests, lacks fundamental due process protections, including sufficient notice of the

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On 12 October 2001 Kadi was listed as one of several dozen individuals that the United States "determined to have committed or to pose a significant risk of committing or providing material support for acts of terrorism" under Executive Order 13224. His U.S. assets were frozen. On 15 October, OFAC

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On 13 August 2009, the United Nations Security Council Committee concerning Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities (the "Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee") posted additional information and a narrative summary of their reasons for listing Yasin Abdullah Ezzeddine Kadi. The reasons included:

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On 19 March 2012, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia dismissed Kadi's 2009 lawsuit against the officers of the U.S. Department of Treasury (OFAC). Judge John D. Bates brushed off Kadi's claim that OFAC "simply ignored" his explanation that Muwafaq was an organization engaged in

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According to Glenn R. Simpson of the Wall Street Journal, Kadi's bank records show that, between January and August 1998, he transferred $ 1.25 million from his Geneva bank account through an associate to an alleged al-Qaeda front company in Turkey known as Maram. Founded as a travel agency and

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Kadi's listing as a terrorist was overturned by several European courts, and his name was removed from blacklists by Switzerland (2007), the European Union (2008 and 2010), and the United Kingdom (2008 and 2010). In September 2010, Kadi "succeeded in having dismissed in their entirety the civil

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In December 2008, the UK Treasury removed Yassin Kadi from its list of persons designated as terrorists under its Terrorism (United Nations Measures) Order 2001 (the "2001 Order"), but left him on a second list of persons designated as terrorists under separate UK legislation, the Al Qaeda and

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On 21 September 2004, the Swiss Federal Criminal Court ruled in Kadi's favor with regard to complaints brought by Kadi's lawyers against the Swiss prosecutor, Deputy Swiss Attorney General Claude Nicati. The Swiss court ordered that Kadi's lawyers be given full access to Nicati's entire file,

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On 12 March 2004, OFAC issued a 20-page unclassified memorandum denying Kadi's request for reconsideration. It determined that Kadi played "a significant leadership role" in the Muwafaq ("Blessed Success") Foundation, as one of six trustees, and the others "delegated . . . the running and the

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In December 2001, Kadi filed a challenge to the EU listing and asset freeze in the European Court of First Instance (General Court). His appeal was based on a claim that he had been denied fundamental due process. The same month, he also petitioned the U.S. Department of Treasury (OFAC) for

251:, Kadi added that he once met Osama bin Laden in Chicago. He gives the date as 1981. Steven Coll, a biographer of the Bin Laden family discovered that the date of the visit was 1979. Osama "was here for two weeks in 1979, it seems, and he visited Los Angeles and Indiana, among other places." 795:

of the Court of Justice of the European Union declined the appeal. According to Maya Lester, the decision hinged upon the court having gone through "each reason for the decision to re-list Yassin Kadi in 2008, and Mr Kadi’s evidence in response, and found none of the reasons to have been

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charges and denying 'most minimal access to the evidence against him.'" It said: "In essence the Security Council has still not deemed it appropriate to establish an independent and impartial body responsible for hearing ... decisions taken by the Sanctions Committee." (Paragraph 128).

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Kadi's acknowledgement of his role as founding trustee and director of the actions of the Muwafaq Foundation, a foundation which historically operated under the umbrella of the Makhtab al-Khidamat, an organization which was the predecessor of Al-Qaida and which was founded by Usama bin

244:, Kadi said that he met with Osama bin Laden at religious gatherings in the 1980s, but "he said the encounters were unremarkable at a time when bin Laden's battle against the Soviets in Afghanistan attracted US government support and donations from Mosques around the United States." 360:

Kadi, who has repeatedly claimed that he has given no support to terrorism, told the Times that the result was a legal paradox. When no criminal charge has been brought and the evidence on which the charges are based has been classified, "there is no way to defend yourself."

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Thus Kadi's removal from a second UK list of persons designated as terrorists "was done as the result of the finding of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom that any such designation (as was done in Mr. Kadi's case in contravention of his fundamental rights) was illegal."

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In October 2008, the EU Commission (sanctions agency) provided to Kadi's attorneys a brief summary of the UN's reasons for listing Kadi, and they gave Kadi an opportunity for comment. On 28 November 2008, the EU Commission renewed its listing and assets freeze against Kadi.

2315:" FreeLegalWeb.org, syndicated from UKSC weblog, which "brings together barristers at Matrix Chambers, solicitors at Olswang LLP and wider contributions from academics and other interested parties to report the work of the UK Supreme Court in a suitably 21st century style." 1531:"Qadi told the Times that Bin Laden "came to Chicago to recruit American-trained engineers for his family’s construction business. As Mr. Kadi remembers it, he put Mr. bin Laden in touch with a group of engineers, several of whom were eventually hired." Thomas Jr., Landon " 769:

Bates stated "the Court finds that this claim must be dismissed because (1) the bill of attainder clause does not apply to acts taken by a regulatory agency and (2) even if it did, the clause is not triggered here, because there was no action constituting 'punishment'".

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On 27 March 2006, an extraordinary prosecutor appointed to investigate the matter concluded that Kadi's allegations were baseless and dismissed the action, finding that there was no evidence that Brisard or his assistants had improperly passed on information to Nicati.

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claims brought against him in the United States on behalf of the families of the 9/11 victims", when a U.S. District Judge ruled that the District Court for the Southern District of New York had no jurisdiction over Kadi, a Saudi Arabian citizen. In October 2012, the

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to breach fundamental human rights, since no evidence was communicated to Kadi, and the right of defence and effective judicial review were prejudiced. It gave EU authorities three months to remedy these defects, leaving the sanctions in place during that time."

357:. OFAC uses its new powers to freeze assets "during the pendancy of an investigation," which means, effectively, that the government is able to stop the operations of charities suspected of being terrorist fronts "without any formal determination of wrongdoing." 632:

Based on these reasons, the U.N. Security Council resolved to continue listing Yassin Kadi as a suspected supporter of al-Qaeda terrorists and the United States Department of Treasury has continued to classify Kadi as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist.

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Yassin Abdullah Kadi v. Timothy Geithner et al., U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Civil Action 09-0108 (JDB), "Plaintiff's Request for Judicial Notice," Document 42, Filed 6/22/10, p. 2, Case 1:09-cv-00108-JDB, PDF copy retrieved 15 August

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reported that Kadi was exonerated "on all charges" and said that his money in Swiss banks and the Geneva-based Faisal bank would be unfrozen. Switzerland is not a member of the European Union and therefore had no obligation to comply with the EU listing.

704:"Absent the sponsorship of al Qaeda’s material sponsors and supporters, including the defendants named herein, al Qaeda would not have possessed the capacity to conceive, plan and execute the September 11th attacks," according to the 154-page complaint. 364:

Kadi denied all the allegations as totally untrue. "I don’t have any connection, be it close or distant, with Al-Qaeda or its leader Bin Laden, either directly or indirectly," he told Asharq Al-Awsat, a sister publication of Arab News, in an interview.

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In the 1980s, Kadi became a vice president of the Jamjoom Group, a multi-national conglomerate headquartered in Jeddah. Around 1986, Yassin Kadi became one of the principal investors in BMI Inc., a Shariah-compliant investment bank based in New Jersey.

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In May 1992, Kadi created the Muwafaq Foundation, an Islamic charity incorporated for the stated purpose of providing famine relief and education in the Islamic world, particularly Pakistan. The charity was incorporated as a trust on the island of

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UN Security Council Consolidated List "established and maintained by the Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1989 (2011) with respect to individuals, groups, undertakings and other entities associated with Al-Qaida," United Nations

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insurance syndicate on 8 September 2011 in a "landmark legal case against Saudi Arabia, accusing the kingdom of indirectly funding al-Qa'ida and demanding the repayment of £136m it paid out to victims of the 9/11 attacks." Formally titled

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Kane, David. "Declaration in Support of Pretrial Detention," USA v. Soliman S. Biheiri, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria Division, Case No. 03-365-A, 14 August 2003. Retrieved via FindLaw.com August

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The lawsuit and request for agency review challenged Kadi's designation as a terrorist and the asset freeze. Kadi raised "constitutional claims regarding due process, free speech, and protection from unreasonable seizure of assets."

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In September 2005, the EU Court of First Instance (General Court) denied Kadi's appeal, saying that compliance with EU law need not be considered because the UN Security Council has primacy. Kadi appealed to the EU Court of Justice.

223:, "Al Kadi is believed to have acted swiftly after 9/11 to restructure many of his business interests and, while retaining actual control, placed many of his own assets into the hands of nominal managers and directors." In 2005, the 804:

On 11 September 2014, OFAC unblocked the property and interests in property of Yassin Kadi pursuant to E.O. 13224, "Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions With Persons Who Commit, Threaten To Commit, or Support Terrorism."

2795: 538:"Leaving things as they are at the U.N. level ... is the least preferred option, as it would result in a wave of litigation and the credibility of the overall United Nations counterterrorism framework would be at risk." 113:, is thought to have challenged "the core framework of UN terrorist sanctions and forces UN member states to tackle difficult legal questions or else face possible collapse of the UN’s terrorist sanctions regime." 337:

countries. Saudi Arabia "supported the addition of the Jeddah-based terrorist financier, Yasin al-Qadi, to the UN's consolidated list in October 2001," according to an official press release of the U.S. Treasury.

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The U.N. Security Council created an independent ombudsman in 2009 to handle requests to get off the blacklist. The decision to delist Kadi came following his request for removal, according to a UN statement.

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at Carter-Ruck, the ruling had the effect of striking down the European asset-freezing regulation that was imposed on Kadi on 28 November 2008 after he had won his appeal to the European Court of Justice.

324:. In 2010, USA Today reported that he is an inmate of the ADX Florence facility in Florence, Colorado (reg.nr. 42426–054), sentenced to life without parole for stabbing a federal prison guard in the eye. 1041:

Marty, Dick, "United Nations Security Council and European Union Blacklists," Doc. 11454 Report, Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Parliamentary Assembly, Council of Europe, 16 November 2007,

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Yassin Abdullah Kadi, Claimant, and HM Treasury, Defendant, In the High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, Administrative Court, In the Matter of Yassin Abdullah Kadi, CO/4528/01 and CO/4532/01,

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Informally, the case is called the "911 Lawsuit," and it is a landmark case that has been examined in great detail by legal scholars. In 2005 the case was combined with several other lawsuits to become

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In February 2009, Kadi filed a new lawsuit with the EU General Court (formerly the Court of First Instance), challenging the EU's 28 November 2008 decision to renew his listing and assets freeze.

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In 1991, Kadi loaned $ 820,000 to the Quranic Literacy Institute (QLI) of Oak Lawn, IL, a group formed to disseminate the Koran and Muslim texts but later allegedly linked to Hamas. Kadi told the

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The European Commission, the European Council, and the United Kingdom appealed against the 2010 ruling of the EU General Court which had struck down the freezing of Kadi's European assets. The

2024:

OMB Watch Timeline of Kadi Litigation in EU and U.S. "The Kadi Case: Court Decisions on Due Process for Terror Listing Differ in EU, U.S," 3 April 2012, Charity & Security Network website

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Kadi's role as a major shareholder in the now closed Sarajevo-based Depositna Banka, where planning sessions for an attack against a United States facility in Saudi Arabia may have taken place

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OMB Watch Timeline of Kadi Litigation in EU and U.S. "The Kadi Case: Court Decisions on Due Process for Terror Listing Differ in EU, U.S," 3 April 2012, Charity & Security Network website

188:-compliant banking network for the bank. "We devised systems of leasing and ways to borrow money" that could be used by pious Muslims, who are not allowed to charge interest, Kadi told the 2775: 2593: 2493: 395:. Erdogan is quoted as having said "I know Mr. Kadi. I believe in him as I believe in myself. For Mr. Kadi to associate with a terrorist organization, or support one, is impossible." 1975: 153:

Around 1977, Kadi earned a bachelor's degree in architectural engineering from Alexandria University in Cairo, Egypt, and subsequently became an intern at the architectural firm

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sent a letter to Kadi notifying him of his rights to request reconsideration. Kadi was added to the UN list shortly afterward, which also resulted in his assets being frozen in

2780: 2760: 2755: 645:(the highest appellate court for the UK) annulled the listing criteria of "the 2006 Order," the Al Qaeda and Taliban (United Nations Measures) Order 2006. In the case of 66: 62: 822: 1299:

Individuals Associated with Al-Qaida: Security Council Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee Amends Entries of Thirteen Individuals on its Consolidated List

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the assets freeze, travel ban and arms embargo set out in paragraph 1 of Security Council resolution 1989 (2011) no longer apply to the following individual."

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In 1998, Kadi donated money toward the construction of housing for students at Al-Iman University in Sanaa, Yemen. The university's name is also translated as

227:

estimated that Kadi's net worth "exceeds $ 65 million." In 2010, Comras described him as a billionaire, citing his extensive international business holdings.

1842: 974: 872: 211:, a "path-breaking Saudi women's college" based in Jeddah. At the time of the 11 September attacks, he was serving as the Secretary-General of the college. 2273:" Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1989 (2011) concerning Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities, 13 August 2009 425:

filed in the Southern District of New York. The case grew to more than 6,500 plaintiffs, collectively called "9/11 Families United to Bankrupt Terrorism."

164:

Yassin Kadi married a daughter of Sheikh Ahmed Salah Jamjoom sometime before 1981. He and his wife have seven children, One of his sons is a U.S. citizen.

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Kadi's ownership of several firms in Albania which funneled money to extremists or employed extremists in positions where they controlled the firm's funds

254:

The date coincides with Kadi's arrival in Chicago in July 1979. Coll gives as his source a 2009 biography written by Osama's first wife, Najwa Bin Laden.

350:"We have not found Mr. Kadi guilty of anything," Adam J. Szubin, director of OFAC, told the Times. "But we have found that he is a supporter of terror." 59: 2325: 578:

On 16 January 2009, Kadi filed suit against officers of the U.S. Department of Treasury (OFAC) in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia (

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On 13 December 2007, based on the results of its own six-year investigation, a Swiss court removed Kadi from the country's list of blocked terrorists.

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profile of the university indicates it is run by Muslims who follow Salafist practice, that is, a strict and puritanical form of Islam practiced by the

1319:

Biographical statement provided by Kadi's attorneys, Johnson & Clifton LLP in Re Yassin Abdullah Kadi, OFAC Department of Treasury FAX Petition 175

2446: 55:, Illinois. He is the son-in-law of Sheikh Ahmed Salah Jamjoom, a former Saudi Arabian government minister with close ties to the Saudi royal family. 517:

magazine, none of the bodies that have sanctioned Kadi have made public any of the evidence upon which the sanctions were and continued to be based.

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Kadi said the money was intended to allow the institute to make a land investment, which would yield profits that would support its charitable work.

1166:

Carter-Ruck Press Release: "General Court Orders Annulment of European Regulation Freezing Funds of Sheik Yassin Abdullah Kadi," 30 September 2010

732: 181: 2466: 2158:," 3 September 2008, Cited as 47 ILM 927(2008), reproduced by American Society of International Law, JSTOR: International Legal Materials website 1826: 1020: 2800: 2099: 347:

labyrinth of associations and business and personal ties that it says establishes Mr. Kadi’s relationship with Mr. bin Laden and his allies."

2384: 1249: 184:. Kadi said that he was brought in to maintain good financial relations with pious Muslims throughout the Islamic world, by building a more 2486: 2404: 2037:

Kadi v. Paulson et al, Civil Action No. 09-0108 (JDB), Document 56 Memorandum Opinion, 19 March 2012, citing "OFAC Memorandum" of March 2004

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in Chicago from July 1979 to February 1981. He helped the firm develop a master plan and contract documentation for the Mecca Campus of the

528:, suggested greater openness and transparency for making known the reasons individuals and organizations were being sanctioned. He stated: 2156:

Yassin Abdullah Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v. Council of the European Union and Commission of the European Communities

266:

he made the loan because of his friendship with the literacy institute's president, whom he met at a Sunday lecture in the Chicago area.

2143:

Yassin Abdullah Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council of the European Union and Commission of the European Communities

642: 321: 1972: 1608: 2519: 725: 33: 313:, said to be one of al-Qaeda's founding members and to have a history of moving money and shopping for weapons for the organization. 1680:^ Copy of indictment USA v. Usama bin Laden et al., Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies 1515: 176:

Kadi inherited "several million dollars" in 1988. In 1990, he began to establish close business associations with Saudi billionaire

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in evidentiary gaps when there is corroboration,' as well as to provide background information", Bates explained in his judgement.

647: 2740: 2785: 2430: 1564: 74: 2035: 1189: 1995: 1760:

Treasury Announces Joint Action with Saudi Arabia Against Four Branches of Al Haramain in the Fight Against Terrorist Financing

525: 118: 2618:

Gerth, Jeff and Judith Miller, "On The List: Philanthropist or Fount of Funds for Terrorists?" New York Times, 13 October 2001

1062:"THE KADI CASE: RETHINKING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EU LAW AND INTERNATIONAL LAW? | the Columbia Journal of European Law" 615:

Kadi's decision in 1992 to hire Shafiq ben Mohamed ben Mohamed al-Ayadi as head the European offices of the Muwafaq Foundation

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governments, on the grounds the EU nations had not offered those sanctioned a chance for the judicial review of their matter.

792: 2217: 51:) (born 23 February 1955) is a Saudi Arabian businessman. A multi-millionaire from Jeddah, Kadi trained as an architect in 1482: 154: 95: 1272: 2185: 2107: 1375: 1110:

Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council of the European Union and Commission of the European Communities

852: 748: 1864: 2637:

Thomas Jr., Landon "A Wealthy Saudi Mired in Limbo Over an Accusation of Terrorism," New York Times, 12 December 2008

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Simpson, Glenn R. "Terror Probe Follows the Money: Investigators Say Bank Records Link Saudi Investor to al Qaeda"

1061: 984: 2770: 2142: 1532: 1113: 956: 697: 497: 158: 106: 1690: 90: 1933:

Kellman, Laurie "More than 600 Sept. 11 victims' families sue Saudis, banks," Associated Press, 15 August 2002

353:"The post-911 credo became one of pre-emption and acting on suspicion," says Marieke DeGoede in her 2012 book 320:

On 20 December 1998 Salim was extradited to the United States, where he was charged with participating in the

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committee monitoring sanctions against al-Qaeda granted Kadi's petition to be removed from its blacklist. The

701:, the civil suit was filed in Pittsburgh (the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania). 563:

Taliban (United Nations Measures) Order 2006 (the "2006 Order"), which contained different listing criteria.

85:

also applied sanctions to Kadi. In response, Kadi's lawyers brought two lawsuits now considered landmarks in

2594:"Federal Register - Unblocking of a Specially Designated Global Terrorist Pursuant to Executive Order 13224" 1201:

MacDonald, Alison. "Case Comment: HM Treasury v Ahmed UKSC2" FreeLegalWeb.org, syndicated from UKSC weblog.

1012: 658: 2520:"Security Council Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee Deletes Entry of Yasin Abdullah Ezzedine Qadi from Its List" 2443: 126:

United States Department of the Treasury removed Kadi's name from its Specially Designated Nationals list.

2790: 1887: 1595:"January – August 1998: Saudi Businessman pays money to Al Qaeda front," History Commons website, citing 1759: 1401: 651:

the court struck down the operative part of the legislation, and ruled that it must be quashed as being

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Simpson, Glenn R. "Well Connected, A Saudi Mogul Skirts Sanctions," Wall Street Journal, 29 August 2007

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After 11 September 2001, Yassin Kadi moved many of his operations to Istanbul, Turkey and Switzerland.

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Mirza, Abdul Maqsood "Saudi Execs Praise Swiss Decision in Al-Qadi Case," Arab News, 25 December 2005.

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Fact Sheet: Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, U.S. Department of State, October 11, 2002

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charitable activities. Kadi had said the government believes Muwafaq is a front for bin Laden because

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Ghafour, P.K. Abdul "Yassin Al-Qadi Wins Case Against Swiss Prosecutor," Arab News, 24 September 2004

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committee monitoring sanctions removed Kadi from its blacklist as a suspected financier of Al-Queda.

691: 404: 392: 310: 208: 1043: 2624:

Johnson, Jeff "Whistleblower Complains of FBI Obstruction," CNS News, 30 May 2002, APFN.org website

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Evidence that Bin Laden provided the working capital for up to five of Kadi's companies in Albania.

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Posch, Albert, "The Kadi Case: Rethinking the Relationship between EU Law and International Law?"

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Terror Probe Follows the Money: Investigators Say Bank Records Link a Saudi Investor to al Qaeda

1214: 177: 934: 1457: 1421:" FAQ Tab, The Events of 11 September 2001 and Their Aftermath, Bin Mahfouz Information website 2615:

Blackburn, Chris "Jamaat-i-Islam: A Threat to Bangladesh?" Secular Voice of Bangladesh website

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On 15 August 2002, firefighters, rescue workers and more than 600 relatives of victims of the

142:

Kadi was born 23 February 1955 in Cairo, Egypt. His father became a successful businessman in

2257: 1746: 1127:"The European Court of Justice Kadi Decision and the Future of UN Counterterrorism Sanctions" 472:

knowing that the funds may have ended up supporting Al-Qaeda's plan to attack New York City.

2231: 2204: 1745:

U.S. Office of Management and Budget, OMB Watch Timeline of Kadi Litigation in EU and U.S. "

1016: 293: 220: 2640:

Who's Who in the Arab World: 1981-1982 (University of Michigan: Publitec, 1981) p. 820

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U.S. Department of State, Chronology, The Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, "

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Jackson, David et al. "U.S.: Money Trail Leads to Saudi," Chicago Tribune, 29 October 2001

2470: 2450: 2408: 2138: 2103: 1999: 1979: 1664: 1298: 1221: 1087: 880: 521: 411:

Thomas E. Burnett, Sr., et al. v. Al Baraka Investment and Development Corporation, et al.

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Treasury Department Releases List of 39 Additional Specially Designated Global Terrorists

2239: 1301:," Department of Public Information, News and Media Division, New York, 15 December 2010 1176: 1720: 586:, a request for agency decision review assigned to Judge John D. Bates, Case 28–1331). 501: 334: 82: 78: 1402:

Untangling the Financial Web: Raising Money, Muslim Relief Groups Caught in Cross-fire

2749: 2358: 1550: 1088:"Consolidated list of persons, groups and entities subject to EU financial sanctions" 739: 2659:

Forbidden Truth: U.S.-Taliban Secret Oil Diplomacy and the Failed Hunt for Bin Laden

1992: 1625: 1233:

Associated Press, "UN removes Saudi businessman from al-Qaida sanctions blacklist,"

903: 420: 2258:

The Kadi Case: Court Decisions on Due Process for Terror Listing Differ in EU, U.S.

1667:

website citing Douglas Frantz,"Front Companies Seen to Keep Financing Terrorists,"

1349: 1317: 712: 147: 2728:

False Profits: The Inside Story of BCCI, The World's Most Corrupt Financial Empire

2300: 1747:

The Kadi Case: Court Decisions on Due Process for Terror Listing Differ in EU, U.S

1721:

Comprehensive List of Terrorists and Groups Identified under Executive Order 13224

1707: 1419:

What was the connection between Khalid bin Mahfouz and the Blessed Relief charity?

300:. "Its curriculum primarily concerns the study and propagation of radical Islam." 207:

In 1996, Kadi became one of the original founders and financial supporters of the

2344:

Pearson, Sophia, "Lloyd's Underwriters Sue Saudi Bank Over September 11 Claims,"

1882: 2236: 2132:

The Kadi Case: Rethinking The Relationship Between EU Law and International Law?

1942:

Geyelin, Milo. "Sept.11 Suit to Add Defendants, Including Saudi Bank, Minister"

698:

Underwriting Members of Lloyd's Syndicate 3500 v. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia et al.

653: 567: 410: 1486: 787:

July 2013: European Court of Justice upholds annulment of terrorism designation

134: 1154:

Ghafour, P.K. Abdul. "Yassin al Qadi Exonerated," Arab News, 24 December 2007.

447:

including all notes taken by Nicati of his meeting with Jean-Charles Brisard.

1376:

U.S.: Money Trail Leads to Saudi: Financier Denies Sending Funds to Bin Laden

657:, or beyond the powers of the government which were conferred under the UK's 180:, whose family owned a majority interest in Saudi Arabia's largest bank, the 17: 1583:

Growing Up Bin Laden: Osama's Wife and Son Take Us Inside Their Secret World

1215:

9/11-related U.S. Civil Claims Against Prominent Saudi Businessman Dismissed

762: 678: 484: 58:

The UN placed sanctions against Kadi in 1999 and 2000, when he was named by

2627:

Morais, Richard C., and Denet C. Tezel (2008-01-24). "The Al Qadi Affair".

32: 292:("ancestors" or first Muslims ). Al-Iman is "not a typical college," says 2131: 1418: 1138: 1065: 70: 2195:(Court Filing), no. 1:09-cv-00108, Docket 56, D.D.C., 20 March 2012 1501:

Treasury action smacks of arrogance, violates human rights, says Al-Qadi

1224:," Carter-Ruck International Law: Recent Work webpage, 13 September 2010 1192:" Law Essays and Dissertation Experts website citing London Times online 309:

import-export business, the company Maram was reportedly established by

185: 101: 52: 2571: 2271:

Narrative Summary of Reasons for Listing: Yasin Abdullah Ezzedine Qadi

1798: 1775:, U.S. Department of Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) 2700:

Secrets of the Kingdom: The Inside Story of the Saudi-U.S. Connection

1837: 979: 718:

The Saudi High Commission for Relief of Bosnia and Herzegovina (SHCR)

661:, which allowed the UK to implement UN Security Council Resolutions. 513: 289: 197: 143: 105:(2013). The case for which he is best known, a 2008 decision by the 86: 2370:

pg. 127, citing British intelligence report of 22 November 1999 and

1137:(20). American Society for International Law website. Archived from 669:

September 2010: EU Court rules in Kadi’s favor, faults UN procedures

1924:

CNN "$ 116 trillion lawsuit filed by 9/11 families," 15 August 2002

1736:," 12 October 2001, Press Center page, Treasury Department website 1500: 1370: 1368: 133: 31: 2796:

People designated by the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee

1044:

http://assembly.coe.int/documents/workingdocs/doc07/edoc11454.htm

2420:"Profile: Saudi Joint Relief Committee," History Commons website 2359:

Lloyd's Says Saudis Should Pay $ 215 Million for Sept. 11 Claims

355:

Speculative Security: The Politics of Pursuing Terrorist Monies

2688:

Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad

2677:

Speculative Security: The Politics of Pursuing Terrorist Monies

2002:," About.com Legal Management website. Retrieved 15 August 2012 1786:

Speculative Security: The Politics of Pursuing Terrorist Monies

1533:

A Wealthy Saudi, Mired in Limbo over an Accusation of Terrorism

1518:

Flawed Diplomacy: The United Nations & the War on Terrorism

957:

A Wealthy Saudi, Mired in Limbo over an Accusation of Terrorism

721:

The Saudi Joint Relief Committee for Kosovo and Chechnya (SJRC)

2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 69:

as a suspected associate of Osama bin Laden's terror network,

2666:

Flawed Diplomacy: The United Nations and the War on Terrorism

823:

On The List: Philanthropist or Fount of Funds for Terrorists?

847: 845: 843: 841: 839: 837: 835: 549:

November 2008: EU Commission renews listing and asset freeze

2326:

Lloyd's insurer sues Saudi Arabia for 'funding 9/11 attacks

2222:(Docket Report), D.D.C., 16 January 2016, no. 1:09-cv-00108 1982:," Motley Rice Law Firm web page. Retrieved 15 August 2012. 1908:

Schmidt, Susan "September 11 families join to sue Saudis,"

1311: 1309: 1307: 1177:

EU Court Annuls Funds Freeze Against Saudi 'Terror' Suspect

1150: 1148: 1006: 1004: 1002: 707:

Yassin Kadi is listed along with the following defendants:

594:

February 2009: Second challenge to EU listing and EU freeze

1511: 1509: 1444:

Alms for Jihad: Charity and Terrorism in the Islamic World

1286:

Sanctions, Blocked Persons, Specially Designated Nationals

619:

as arms trafficking from Albania to Bosnia and Herzegovina

492:

September 2008: EU Court of Justice rules in favor of Kadi

1993:

A Guide to the 9-11 Lawsuit, Part I: Overview of the Suit

1551:

The Bin Ladens: An Arabian Family in the American Century

391:

reported that Kadi is a friend of Turkish Prime Minister

2260:," 3 April 2012, Charity & Security Network website 1758:

Office of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of Treasury, "

1749:," 3 April 2012, Charity & Security Network website 73:. On 12 October 2001, the U.S. Department of Treasury's 2097:

Swiss decision dismissing SDGT Yassin Al Kadi Complaint

421:

In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001, MDL 1570

317:

Mohammed Bayazid, another alleged founder of al-Qaeda.

204:

al-Qaeda, an allegation Mr Kadi has repeatedly denied.

2682:(University of Minnesota Press, 2012) p. 133 ff. 2487:"KADI v. PAULSON et al Civil Action No. 09-0108 (JDB)" 2385:

The Global Lawyer: The Kingdom and the 9/11 Plaintiffs

2256:

OMB Watch Timeline of Kadi Litigation in EU and U.S. "

1250:"UN Removes Saudi Businessman from Al Qaeda Blacklist" 2284:"The Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee - 1267" 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1831:

Richard C. Morais, Denet C. Tezel (24 January 2008).

1809: 1807: 1331: 1329: 1288:," Foreign Assets Control Office Report, 21 June 2007 973:

Richard C. Morais; Denet C. Tezel (24 January 2008).

951: 949: 947: 945: 943: 918: 916: 756:

March 2012: U.S. Judge denies Kadi's motion to delist

77:(OFAC) ordered his assets in the United States to be 2652:

Defeating Islamic Terrorism: An Alternative Strategy

1013:"UN expert wary of handling of suspected terrorists" 898: 896: 894: 892: 890: 888: 1821: 1819: 1458:"Assets frozen, Saudi businessman demands evidence" 867: 865: 532: 2243: 2067: 2065: 2052: 2050: 1248: 1209: 1207: 800:September 2014: US unblocks property and interests 602:August 2009: UN clarifies reasons for listing Kadi 442:September 2004: Complaint against Swiss prosecutor 2730:(Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1992) 2572:"Court says EU wrongly froze assets of Saudi man" 1967: 1965: 1799:Yassin Al-Qadi Wins Case Against Swiss Prosecutor 1396: 1394: 1392: 379:reconsideration of his listing and asset freeze. 1955:Weinstein, Henry "9/11 Victims' Suit Expanded," 1609:At Yemen College, Scholarship and Jihadist Ideas 558:December 2008: Partially delisted by UK Treasury 500:overturned sanctions against Kadi by individual 414:, originally filed in the District of Columbia. 2776:Court of Justice of the European Union case law 1691:Ex-bin Laden aide gets life for prison stabbing 1374:David Jackson, Laurie Cohen and Robert Manor, " 925:(University of Michigan: Publitec, 1981) p. 820 580:Yassin Abdullah Kadi v. Timothy Geithner et al. 458:September 2005: EU denies request for delisting 374:December 2001: Appeals listing and asset freeze 904:Well Connected, A Saudi Mogul Skirts Sanctions 774:October 2012: UN Security Council delists Kadi 2709:. (Chicago: Probis Publishing Company, 1992). 2657:Brisard, Jean-Charles and Guillaume Dasquié. 2361:," Courthouse News website, 12 September 2011 2117: 2115: 1162: 1160: 8: 2481: 2479: 2106:," The Blog of Jean-Charles Brisard, citing 1788:(University of Minnesota Press, 2012) p. 133 429:March 2004: Delisting request denied by OFAC 2141:" 15 Colum. J. Eur. L. F. 1 (2009) citing " 690:Kadi was among nine defendants sued by the 637:January 2010: UK Supreme Court delists Kadi 574:January 2009: Kadi v Timothy Geithner et al 60:United Nations Security Council Resolutions 2108:Swiss court documents posted in PDF format 1973:9/11 Families United to Bankrupt Terrorism 2781:Academic staff of Dar Al-Hekma University 2761:21st-century Saudi Arabian businesspeople 2756:20th-century Saudi Arabian businesspeople 2723:(M.E. Sharpe, 2009). Vol. 1, p. 127 2340: 2338: 2313:Case Comment: HM Treasury v Ahmed UKSC2 2145:" European Union Legal Documents website 2082: 2080: 1442:Burr, J. Millard and Robert O. Collins, 1273:"Counter Terrorism Designation Removals" 399:November 2002: Defendant in 9/11 lawsuit 2661:(New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 2002) 1920: 1918: 1865:Gaza Flotilla Sponsor Funding Al-Qaeda? 1586:, (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2009). 875:" Secular Voice of Bangladesh website 873:Jamaat-i-Islam: A Threat to Bangladesh? 814: 467:December 2005: Wins case in Switzerland 2671:(Potomac Books Inc., 2010) p. 98 2631:magazine. Retrieved 2008-10-23. mirror 1653: 1651: 1190:Her Majesty's Treasury v. Ahmed UKSC2 923:Who's Who in the Arab World: 1981-1982 479:December 2007: Delisted by Switzerland 304:January - August 1998: Linked to Maram 247:In a December 2008 interview with the 240:In an October 2001 interview with the 209:Dar Al-Hekma Private College for Girls 150:. He has six sisters and no brothers. 2694:University Press, 2007), p. 168 2499:from the original on 25 December 2018 2464:Profile: Sulaiman Abdul Aziz al-Rajhi 1845:from the original on 11 November 2009 1580:Bin Laden, Omar and Najwa bin Laden. 1430: 1335: 27:Saudi Arabian businessman (born 1955) 7: 2431:CIA Report on NGOs with Terror Links 1773:Alphabetical List of Blocked Persons 1400:Pallister, David and Jamie Wilson. " 1247:Rubenfeld, Samuel (8 October 2012). 1059:, 15 Colum. J. Eur. L. F. 1 (2009), 1023:from the original on 23 October 2008 745:Prince Salman Bin Abdul-Aziz al Saud 43:(also transliterated from Arabic as 2654:(Branden Books, 2007) p. 50-51 643:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 322:1998 United States embassy bombings 2043:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1881:Toygun ATİLLA (28 December 2013). 1565:Osama in America: The Final Answer 1522:(Potomac Books, Inc., 2010). P. 98 1125:Fromuth, Peter (30 October 2009). 726:Saudi Arabian Red Crescent Society 25: 2444:Profile: National Commercial Bank 2071: 2056: 1456:Cohen, Laurie (16 October 2001). 1271:U.S. Department of the Treasury. 1090:. European Union. 13 October 2012 1011:John Heilprin (22 October 2008). 686:8 September 2011: Sued by Lloyd's 2726:Truell, Peter and Larry Gurwin. 2716:(New York: Vintage Books, 2004). 2714:Osama: The Making of a Terrorist 2286:. United Nations. Archived from 2242: 1057:Columbia Journal of European Law 853:U.S.: Money Trail Leads to Saudi 821:Gerth, Jeff and Judith Miller, " 755: 582:, Civil Action No. 09-0108; and 328:Blocked by Executive Order 13224 75:Office of Foreign Assets Control 2702:(New York: Random House, 2005). 2547:"THE ECJ's JUDGMENT IN KADI II" 1801:," Arab News, 26 September 2004 1554:(New York: Penguin Books, 2009) 1179:," EUBusiness 30 September 2010 742:and Investment Company (ARABIC) 566:According to his UK lawyers at 526:United Nations Security Council 168:Business and nonprofit ventures 45:Yasin Abdullah Ezzedine al-Qadi 2402:Profile: Saudi High Commission 648:Her Majesty's Treasury v Ahmed 342:"Not found guilty of anything" 273:1998: Funds Al-Iman University 155:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill 1: 2801:Saudi Arabian philanthropists 2545:Lester, Maya (21 July 2013). 2429:Central Intelligence Agency " 1732:U.S. Department of Treasury " 1503:," Arab News, 14 October 2001 1382:, 29 October 2001, posted on 236:Meetings with Osama bin Laden 1253:. Wall Street Journal (Blog) 749:Sulaiman Abdul Aziz Al Rajhi 215:Business activity after 2001 2721:Guide to Islamist Movements 2154:European Court of Justice " 1408:, Tuesday 25 September 2001 2817: 2411:," History Commons website 1433:, page 10, paragraph 17.2. 1316:staff (21 December 2001). 258:1991: Loan Linked to Hamas 2574:. Arab News. 19 July 2013 2473:" History Commons website 2453:" History Commons website 498:European Court of Justice 159:King Abdulaziz University 107:European Court of Justice 2469:24 December 2016 at the 2449:23 December 2016 at the 2137:31 December 2012 at the 2095:Brisard, Jean-Charles. " 1220:13 November 2014 at the 733:National Commercial Bank 641:On 27 January 2010, the 182:National Commercial Bank 91:public international law 2786:International sanctions 2383:Goldhaber, Michael D. " 2346:Bloomberg Business Week 2332:(UK), 19 September 2011 2219:Kadi v. Paulson et. al. 2193:Kadi v. Paulson et. al. 1825:On 5 October 2012, the 1710:" reproduced at FAS.org 1213:Carter-Ruck Law Firm, " 851:Jackson, David et al. " 659:United Nations Act 1946 584:Kadi v. Paulson et al. 139: 37: 2645:Additional References 2269:UN Security Council " 1797:Ghafour, P.K. Abdul " 1417:Bin Mahfouz Family, " 879:21 March 2012 at the 524:, in a report to the 137: 35: 2707:The Money Launderers 2311:MacDonald, Alison. " 2186:"Memorandum Opinion" 2102:3 March 2016 at the 1978:8 April 2015 at the 1833:"The Al Qadi Affair" 1723:," 31 December 2001. 1663:4 March 2016 at the 975:"The Al Qadi Affair" 955:Thomas Jr., Landon " 677:According to Kadi's 520:On 22 October 2008, 405:September 11 attacks 393:Recep Tayyip Erdogan 311:Mamdouh Mahmud Salim 138:Present Saudi Arabia 41:Yassin Abdullah Kadi 2433:," 1996, Wikisource 2407:22 May 2018 at the 2391:, 8 September 2011. 2348:, 12 September 2011 2290:on 13 October 2010. 1998:1 July 2016 at the 1944:Wall Street Journal 1888:Hürriyet Daily News 1869:Commentary Magazine 1827:UN Security Council 1762:," 22 January 2004. 1671:, 19 September 2002 1643:Wall Street Journal 1630:Wall Street Journal 1624:Simpson, Glenn R. " 1607:Erlanger, Steven. " 1597:Wall Street Journal 1516:Comras, Victor D. 1499:Samman, Muhammad. " 1352:, p. 3, footnote 3. 1275:, 26 November 2014. 1108:The fuller name is 1068:on 31 December 2012 987:on 11 November 2009 908:Wall Street Journal 902:Simpson, Glenn R. " 298:Wall Street Journal 231:Terrorism blacklist 119:UN Security Council 2712:Randal, Jonathan. 2675:DeGoede, Marieke. 2664:Comras, Victor D. 2610:Cited in Footnotes 2596:. 5 December 2014. 2526:on 12 October 2012 1959:, 23 November 2002 1946:, 22 November 2002 1784:DeGoede, Marieke. 1771:Federal Register, 1539:, 12 December 2008 1141:on 25 August 2013. 963:, 12 December 2008 871:Blackburn, Chris " 178:Khalid bin Mahfouz 140: 38: 2705:Powis, Robert E. 2698:Posner, Gerald. 2686:Levitt, Matthew. 2650:Bascio, Patrick, 1957:Los Angeles Times 1615:, 18 January 2010 859:, 29 October 2001 829:, 13 October 2001 692:Lloyd's of London 544: 543: 16:(Redirected from 2808: 2771:Counterterrorism 2598: 2597: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2551:Global Sanctions 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2522:. 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Kahdi 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2813: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2791:Living people 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2695: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2646: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2604: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2538: 2525: 2521: 2515: 2512: 2495: 2488: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2297: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2241: 2238: 2233: 2221: 2220: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2194: 2187: 2181: 2178: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2127: 2124: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2092: 2089: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2074:, p. 17. 2073: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2059:, p. 16. 2058: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2039: 2038: 2030: 2027: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1930: 1927: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1860: 1857: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1519: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1496: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1475: 1463: 1459: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1320: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1265: 1251: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1172: 1169: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131:ASIL Insights 1128: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1105: 1102: 1089: 1083: 1080: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1038: 1035: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1007: 1005: 1003: 999: 986: 982: 981: 976: 969: 966: 962: 958: 952: 950: 948: 946: 944: 940: 937: 931: 928: 924: 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 899: 897: 895: 893: 891: 889: 885: 882: 878: 874: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 848: 846: 844: 842: 840: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 818: 815: 808: 806: 799: 797: 794: 793:Grand Chamber 786: 784: 780: 773: 771: 767: 764: 750: 747: 744: 741: 740:Al-Rajhi Bank 737: 734: 730: 727: 723: 720: 717: 714: 710: 709: 708: 705: 702: 700: 699: 693: 683: 680: 675: 668: 666: 662: 660: 656: 655: 650: 649: 644: 636: 634: 627: 624: 621: 617: 614: 610: 609: 608: 601: 599: 593: 591: 587: 585: 581: 573: 571: 569: 564: 557: 555: 548: 537: 536: 535: 534: 531: 530: 529: 527: 523: 518: 516: 515: 511:According to 509: 505: 503: 499: 491: 489: 486: 478: 476: 473: 466: 464: 457: 455: 451: 448: 441: 439: 435: 428: 426: 424: 422: 415: 413: 412: 406: 398: 396: 394: 390: 382: 380: 373: 368: 366: 362: 358: 356: 351: 348: 341: 339: 336: 327: 325: 323: 318: 314: 312: 303: 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 282: 280: 272: 270: 267: 265: 257: 255: 252: 250: 245: 243: 235: 230: 228: 226: 222: 219:According to 214: 212: 210: 205: 201: 199: 193: 191: 187: 183: 179: 174: 167: 165: 162: 160: 156: 151: 149: 145: 136: 129: 127: 124: 120: 114: 112: 108: 104: 103: 98: 97: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 61: 56: 54: 50: 46: 42: 34: 30: 19: 18:Yasin al-Qadi 2741:ECJ judgment 2727: 2720: 2713: 2706: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2676: 2670: 2665: 2658: 2651: 2644: 2643: 2628: 2609: 2608: 2605:Bibliography 2588: 2576:. Retrieved 2566: 2554:. Retrieved 2550: 2540: 2528:. Retrieved 2524:the original 2514: 2501:. Retrieved 2458: 2438: 2425: 2416: 2396: 2388: 2379: 2371: 2366: 2353: 2345: 2329: 2320: 2307: 2296: 2288:the original 2278: 2265: 2252: 2240:current view 2230:– via 2224:, retrieved 2218: 2212: 2203:– via 2197:, retrieved 2192: 2180: 2150: 2126: 2091: 2036: 2029: 1987: 1956: 1951: 1943: 1938: 1929: 1909: 1904: 1892:. Retrieved 1886: 1876: 1868: 1859: 1847:. Retrieved 1836: 1793: 1785: 1780: 1767: 1754: 1741: 1728: 1715: 1702: 1694: 1685: 1676: 1668: 1642: 1637: 1629: 1620: 1612: 1603: 1596: 1591: 1582: 1576: 1568: 1559: 1549: 1544: 1536: 1527: 1517: 1495: 1487:the original 1477: 1465:. Retrieved 1461: 1451: 1443: 1438: 1426: 1413: 1406:The Guardian 1405: 1383: 1379: 1357: 1350:Petition 175 1343: 1338:, p. 4. 1318: 1293: 1280: 1267: 1255:. Retrieved 1242: 1234: 1229: 1197: 1184: 1171: 1139:the original 1134: 1130: 1120: 1109: 1104: 1092:. Retrieved 1082: 1070:. 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