25:
269:
345:
The
Yazghulami language consists of two dialects: one of these is spoken higher in the mountains, the other lower. The differences are not significant and are limited to the vocabulary. Differences in the vocabulary are also detectable between the languages used in different villages in the lower
350:(also Vanži, Wanji) was once the nearest linguistic relative of Yazghulami. Yazghulami shares many grammatical and lexical features with the other languages spoken in the Pamirs, but even its most closely related living relative, Shughni, is not mutually intelligible with it.
366:(1916). The most significant research to date on the Yazghulami language was done by Russian linguist Dzhoi (Joy) I. Ėdel’man, resulting in multiple publications from the 1960s through the early 2000s. Most of her works are in the Russian language.
1140:
sentence. This tripartite alignment only appears in singular pronouns in past tense clauses. Plural pronouns in past tense clauses and all pronouns in non-past tense clauses show nominative-accusative alignment.
1148:"from" is optionally used to indicate that the following noun is the direct object. All nominal forms may be marked for dative case or for either of two genitive cases by means of enclitics:
358:
The language was first recorded by
Russian traveller G. Arandarenko in 1889, listing 34 Yazghulami words recorded in 1882. The language was described in greater detail by French linguist
381:
The
Yazghulami language has 45 phonemes: 8 vowels and 37 consonants. The phonology of the Yazghulami language differs from the basic "Shughni-Roshani" type in its system of
1536:
1169:
which links a modifier to its noun. However, the order of constituents in the two languages is reversed, meaning that in
Yazghulami the modifier precedes its noun (
1936:
279:
369:
In 1954 the
Yazghulami living in villages at higher elevations (deeper into the Yazghulam valley) were resettled, about 20% of them forcibly, to the
1372:
2556:
1529:
1031:
46:
1038:
1484:
2546:
68:
476:
This threefold system of articulation of dorsals has been compared typologically to the three reconstructed rows of dorsals in the
2551:
1522:
921:
778:
1929:
900:
547:
990:
852:
1122:
969:
914:
771:
477:
241:
1160:(genitive 2). The genitive 1 case marks attributive possession and is practically identical in function with the Tajik
1812:
561:
526:
519:
39:
33:
1922:
1049:
946:
907:
875:
801:
764:
757:
681:
575:
2372:
2209:
1984:
983:
930:
845:
633:
597:
was recognized as a separate phoneme by earlier researchers, but a recent study finds that it now contrasts with
584:
156:
50:
2541:
808:
533:
445:(labialised uvulars). A significant number of labialised consonants etymologically correspond to Proto-Iranian
253:
1509:
259:
2437:
1596:
1545:
1010:
976:
838:
831:
787:
141:
1132:
marking—one of the very few languages in the world to have this feature. This means that the subject of an
333:
The
Yazghulami people are an exception among the speakers of Pamir languages in that they do not adhere to
1959:
1744:
1284:
1109:
1102:
999:
598:
594:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
146:
2518:
1857:
1807:
1075:
1025:
715:
708:
2300:
1382:. National State University of Tajikistan and North Eurasia Group, SIL International. pp. 107–149.
1356:
Edelman, D. (Joy) I.; Dodykhudoeva, Leila R. (2009). "The Pamir
Languages". In Windfuhr, Gernot (ed.).
1261:
161:
2355:
2295:
2089:
1734:
1724:
1677:
1610:
861:
2511:
2006:
1729:
1642:
1231:
Edelman, D. I. and Leila R. Dodykhudoeva. (2009). "The Pamir
Languages" in: Gernot Windfuhr (ed.),
1129:
887:
744:
2426:
2403:
2393:
2140:
2026:
1789:
1697:
663:
628:
1256:
2418:
2398:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2224:
2193:
2151:
2082:
2031:
2001:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1945:
1817:
1749:
1719:
1692:
1657:
1133:
962:
824:
739:
640:
554:
373:
valley, where they live dispersed among the Tajiks, Uzbeks, Russians and other ethnic groups.
303:
151:
1315:
1270:
2447:
2432:
2408:
2343:
2283:
2278:
2263:
2257:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2187:
2095:
2036:
2021:
1903:
1888:
1878:
1822:
1784:
1739:
1682:
1565:
1238:
Gauthiot, Robert. (1916). "Notes sur le
Yazgoulami: Dialecte Iranien des Confins du Pamir".
1067:
650:
623:
618:
382:
319:
311:
103:
294:(also Yazgulami, Yazgulyami, Iazgulem, Yazgulyam, Yazgulam, Yazgulyamskiy, Jazguljamskij, (
2388:
2360:
2350:
2308:
2251:
2246:
2115:
2110:
2058:
1993:
1898:
1893:
1799:
1774:
1764:
1754:
1619:
1137:
645:
359:
307:
133:
1252:
2507:
2465:
2452:
2167:
2156:
2105:
2048:
2042:
2016:
2011:
1769:
1687:
1662:
1652:
1591:
1559:
1445:
1144:
Morphological marking of core cases does not occur on nouns, however, the preposition
347:
327:
295:
186:
233:
2535:
2413:
2367:
2288:
2178:
2161:
1849:
1017:
953:
937:
893:
868:
815:
794:
750:
694:
675:
501:
323:
1494:
1373:"Language Access and Tajik Language Proficiency among the Yazghulami of Tajikistan"
370:
1317:
The enclitic =da and the marking of indicative and subjunctive mood in
Yazghulami
1271:
The enclitic =da and the marking of indicative and subjunctive mood in Yazghulami
2458:
1499:
513:
496:
268:
246:
1250:
1246:
2133:
702:
569:
506:
315:
114:
1371:
Tiessen, Gabriela; Abbess, Elisabeth; Müller, Katja; Tiessen, Calvin (2005).
1197:
big"). The genitive 2 case is used only to mark predicative possession, e.g.
2315:
541:
334:
226:
210:
1335:
1514:
217:
2268:
1759:
1632:
1489:
1247:
Ishkashmi, Zebaki, and Yazghulami, an account of three Eranian dialects."
1161:
1136:
sentence is marked differently from both the subject and the object of a
193:
2488:
2120:
2075:
1672:
1637:
1504:
433:(labialised velars, there is no labialised voiced velar fricative) and
1334:
Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2023).
326:
group of Pamir languages. Virtually all speakers are bilingual in the
2273:
2127:
2100:
1883:
1667:
1647:
1627:
1462:
Payne, John R. (1980). "The Decay of Ergativity in Pamir Languages".
276:
1914:
1873:
1779:
1277:
Payne, John. (1989). "Pamir languages" in: Rüdiger Schmitt (ed.),
197:
1495:
The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire: The Yazgulamis
2442:
1918:
1518:
364:
Notes sur le yazgoulami, dialecte iranien des Confins du Pamir
18:
1291:, University of London, vol. 8, no. 2/3, p. 875‑881.
322:, it is classified in a Shugni-Yazgulami subgroup of the
1183:
house") whereas in Tajik the modifier follows the noun (
413:, Yazghulami has a palatalised and a labialised series
461:"sister", while others are unrelated to Proto-Iranian
1351:
1349:
1500:
World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS): Yazgulyam
1112:
is somewhat marginal, occurring in only a few words.
2481:
2381:
2217:
2208:
2067:
1992:
1983:
1952:
1866:
1848:
1831:
1798:
1710:
1618:
1609:
1584:
1575:
1552:
252:
240:
224:
208:
203:
183:
130:
120:
110:
98:
83:
1433:Phonological features of Yazghulami: A field study
302:) is a member of the Southeastern subgroup of the
610:The following are the consonants of Yazghulami:
1452:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 40.
1105:can also be heard as sounds in free variation.
275:Yazghulami is classified as Vulnerable by the
1930:
1530:
1274:(MA Thesis). Dallas International University.
8:
488:The following are the vowels of Yazghulami:
385:: in addition to the velar and uvular stops
1391:
1389:
2214:
1989:
1937:
1923:
1915:
1615:
1581:
1537:
1523:
1515:
1289:Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies
306:, spoken by around 9,000 people along the
267:
80:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1257:Yazghulami wordlist from Grierson article
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
612:
490:
280:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
32:This article includes a list of general
1301:
1360:. London, Routledge. pp. 773–786.
1121:The basic word order of Yazghulami is
1024:
615:
601:only in the speech of older speakers.
102:
16:Iranian language spoken in Tajikistan
7:
1342:. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
1262:Full wordlist from Grierson article
2517:Languages between parentheses are
1380:Studies in Languages of Tajikistan
1340:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
1323:. Dallas International University.
1242:, vol. 11, no. 7, p. 239‑270.
1128:In the past tense, Yazghulami has
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1505:Yazghulami Dictionary on Webonary
1074:
1048:
1037:
1030:
1016:
1009:
998:
989:
982:
975:
968:
952:
945:
936:
929:
920:
913:
906:
899:
874:
867:
860:
851:
844:
837:
830:
814:
807:
800:
793:
786:
777:
770:
763:
756:
714:
707:
583:
574:
560:
553:
546:
532:
525:
518:
2491:(unknown further classification)
1287:(1936). "Two Yazghulāmī Texts".
23:
1485:The Lord's Prayer in Yazgulyami
1281:, 417‑444. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
1279:Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum
2521:of the language on their left.
1249:London, Royal Asiatic Society.
1:
1510:Yazghulami Picture Dictionary
1378:. In Clifton, John M. (ed.).
1245:Grierson, George A. (1920). "
1235:, 773‑786. London: Routledge.
2557:Endangered Iranian languages
1490:OLAC Resources for Yazgulyam
1226:Jazguljamsko-russkij slovar’
1065:
1023:
959:
821:
737:
700:
478:Proto-Indo-European language
1268:Jamison, Rachel E. (2022).
94:йуздоми звег (yuzdomi zveg)
2573:
1841:Russian-Tajik mixed speech
2547:Eastern Iranian languages
2498:
1396:Pakhalina, T. M. (1969).
1123:subject–object–verb (SOV)
1066:
886:
738:
701:
649:
644:
639:
632:
622:
617:
299:
266:
93:
88:
1314:Jamison, Rachel (2022).
1224:Ėdel’man, D. I. (1971).
1217:Ėdel’man, D. I. (1966).
2552:Languages of Tajikistan
1597:Southern Uzbek language
1592:Northern Uzbek language
1546:Languages of Tajikistan
1435:. Stockholm University.
1431:Narin, Matilda (2016).
1416:Edelman, D. I. (1966).
346:mountains. The extinct
53:more precise citations.
421:(palatalised velars),
1858:Russian Sign Language
1808:East Slavic languages
1358:The Iranian Languages
1233:The Iranian Languages
300:язғуломӣ (Yazghulomi)
104:[zɡʲamiˈɡʲai]
2512:historical languages
1813:French Sign Language
1735:Central Asian Arabic
1678:Sanglechi-Ishkashimi
1611:Indigenous languages
1418:Jazguljamskij jazyk
1219:Jazguljamskij jazyk
292:Yazghulami language
89:зѓамиѓай (zǵamiǵai)
1156:(genitive 1), and
2529:
2528:
2477:
2476:
2204:
2203:
1946:Iranian languages
1912:
1911:
1867:Foreign languages
1818:Iranian languages
1711:Regional/Minority
1706:
1705:
1605:
1604:
1553:Official language
1398:Pamirskie jazyki
1240:Journal Asiatique
1098:
1097:
965:
896:
827:
753:
697:
684:
678:
591:
590:
383:dorsal consonants
304:Iranian languages
288:
287:
126:9,000 (2010)
79:
78:
71:
2564:
2373:Zoroastrian Dari
2215:
1990:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1916:
1879:Mandarin Chinese
1823:Turkic languages
1616:
1582:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1516:
1472:
1471:
1459:
1453:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1420:. Moscow: Nauka.
1413:
1402:
1401:
1400:. Moscow: Nauka.
1393:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1311:
1228:. Moscow: Nauka.
1221:. Moscow: Nauka.
1111:
1104:
1078:
1052:
1041:
1034:
1020:
1013:
1002:
993:
986:
979:
972:
961:
956:
949:
940:
933:
924:
917:
910:
903:
892:
878:
871:
864:
855:
848:
841:
834:
823:
818:
811:
804:
797:
790:
781:
774:
767:
760:
749:
718:
711:
693:
690:
682:
674:
671:
666:
659:
613:
600:
596:
587:
578:
564:
557:
550:
536:
529:
522:
491:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
318:. Together with
312:Gorno-Badakhshan
301:
282:
271:
262:
236:
220:
213:
189:
162:Shugni–Yazgulami
136:
106:
81:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2542:Pamir languages
2532:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2494:
2473:
2377:
2200:
2063:
1979:
1948:
1943:
1913:
1908:
1862:
1844:
1827:
1794:
1712:
1702:
1601:
1577:
1571:
1548:
1543:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1414:
1405:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1313:
1312:
1303:
1298:
1214:
1204:"this house is
1119:
743:
688:
669:
662:
657:
635:
627:
608:
486:
397:and fricatives
379:
360:Robert Gauthiot
356:
343:
308:Yazghulom River
284:
283:
274:
258:
232:
216:
209:
190:
185:
179:
137:
134:Language family
132:
123:
122:Native speakers
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2570:
2568:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2515:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:Middle Persian
2462:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2430:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2137:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1970:Middle Iranian
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1479:External links
1477:
1474:
1473:
1454:
1438:
1423:
1403:
1385:
1363:
1345:
1326:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1285:Zarubin, I. I.
1282:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1213:
1210:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1003:
996:
994:
987:
980:
973:
966:
958:
957:
950:
943:
941:
934:
927:
925:
918:
911:
904:
897:
890:
884:
883:
881:
879:
872:
865:
858:
856:
849:
842:
835:
828:
820:
819:
812:
805:
798:
791:
784:
782:
775:
768:
761:
754:
747:
736:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
712:
705:
699:
698:
691:
686:
679:
672:
667:
660:
654:
653:
648:
643:
638:
631:
621:
616:
607:
604:
603:
602:
589:
588:
581:
579:
572:
566:
565:
558:
551:
544:
538:
537:
530:
523:
516:
510:
509:
504:
499:
494:
485:
482:
378:
375:
355:
352:
348:Vanji language
342:
339:
328:Tajik language
286:
285:
273:
272:
264:
263:
256:
250:
249:
244:
238:
237:
230:
222:
221:
214:
206:
205:
204:Language codes
201:
200:
191:
187:Writing system
184:
181:
180:
178:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
140:
138:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
112:
111:Native to
108:
107:
100:
96:
95:
91:
90:
86:
85:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2569:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:Caucasian Tat
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1960:Proto-Iranian
1958:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1838:Iranian style
1837:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:Crimean Tatar
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1568:(interethnic)
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:Dixon, R.M.W.
1442:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1116:
1107:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1001:
997:
995:
992:
988:
985:
981:
978:
974:
971:
967:
964:
960:
955:
951:
948:
944:
942:
939:
935:
932:
928:
926:
923:
919:
916:
912:
909:
905:
902:
898:
895:
891:
889:
885:
882:
880:
877:
873:
870:
866:
863:
859:
857:
854:
850:
847:
843:
840:
836:
833:
829:
826:
822:
817:
813:
810:
806:
803:
799:
796:
792:
789:
785:
783:
780:
776:
773:
769:
766:
762:
759:
755:
752:
748:
746:
741:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
717:
713:
710:
706:
704:
696:
692:
687:
685:
680:
677:
673:
668:
665:
661:
656:
655:
652:
647:
642:
637:
630:
625:
620:
614:
611:
605:
593:
592:
586:
582:
580:
577:
573:
571:
568:
567:
563:
559:
556:
552:
549:
545:
543:
540:
539:
535:
531:
528:
524:
521:
517:
515:
512:
511:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
492:
489:
483:
481:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
384:
376:
374:
372:
367:
365:
361:
353:
351:
349:
340:
338:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
297:
293:
281:
278:
270:
265:
261:
257:
255:
251:
248:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
229:
228:
223:
219:
215:
212:
207:
202:
199:
195:
192:
188:
182:
168:
165:
164:
163:
160:
159:
158:
155:
154:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
144:
143:
142:Indo-European
139:
135:
129:
125:
119:
116:
113:
109:
105:
101:
99:Pronunciation
97:
92:
87:
82:
73:
70:
62:
59:February 2014
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2503:
2464:
2457:
2425:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2256:
2234:
2186:
2177:
2166:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2053:
2041:
1832:Mixed-speech
1467:
1463:
1457:
1449:
1441:
1432:
1426:
1417:
1397:
1379:
1366:
1357:
1339:
1336:"Yazghulami"
1329:
1316:
1288:
1278:
1269:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1134:intransitive
1127:
1120:
1108:The phoneme
609:
487:
475:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
380:
368:
363:
357:
344:
332:
291:
289:
254:Linguasphere
225:
166:
147:Indo-Iranian
65:
56:
37:
2459:Old Persian
2296:Mazanderani
2090:Khwarezmian
1975:New Iranian
1965:Old Iranian
1725:Azerbaijani
1576:Significant
1026:Approximant
51:introducing
2536:Categories
2134:Sarghulami
2054:Yazghulami
2007:Ishkashimi
1730:Belarusian
1643:Ishkashimi
1470:: 147–186.
1450:Ergativity
1296:References
1212:Literature
1199:ju kud=ai
1152:(dative),
1138:transitive
1130:tripartite
606:Consonants
316:Tajikistan
247:Yazgulyami
167:Yazghulami
115:Tajikistan
84:Yazghulami
34:references
2519:varieties
2506:indicate
2427:Pahlavani
2419:Bakhtiari
2404:Kuhmareyi
2394:Bashkardi
2316:Old Azeri
2027:Sanglechi
1790:Ukrainian
1713:languages
1698:Yazgulyam
894:voiceless
888:Fricative
751:voiceless
745:Affricate
473:"puppy".
459:*hvaharā-
377:Phonology
335:Ismailism
227:Glottolog
211:ISO 639-3
2448:Hazaragi
2399:Garmsiri
2339:Sangsari
2334:Lasgerdi
2323:Parthian
2301:Tabaroid
2269:Kurmanji
2225:Ashtiani
2194:Yaghnobi
2152:Ossetian
2141:Scythian
2116:Southern
2111:Northern
2083:Bactrian
2032:Sarikoli
2002:Bartangi
1800:Families
1760:Hazaragi
1750:Georgian
1720:Armenian
1693:Yaghnobi
1658:Oroshani
1633:Bartangi
1578:minority
1448:(1994).
664:sibilant
636:alveolar
629:Alveolar
341:Dialects
260:58-ABD-f
234:yazg1240
194:Cyrillic
2508:extinct
2504:Italics
2489:Badeshi
2433:Persian
2409:Kumzari
2351:Taleshi
2344:Sorkhei
2329:Semnani
2284:Kordali
2264:Kurdish
2258:Gorgani
2236:Daylami
2230:Balochi
2210:Western
2188:Sogdian
2147:Alanian
2121:Wanetsi
2106:Central
2096:Parachi
2076:Avestan
2037:Shughni
2022:Roshani
1985:Eastern
1953:History
1904:Turkish
1889:English
1785:Turkmen
1740:Chinese
1683:Shughni
1673:Rushani
1638:Bukhori
1566:Russian
1562:(state)
1191:"house-
1117:Grammar
1103:/kʲ,ɡʲ/
1101:Sounds
740:Plosive
641:Palatal
502:Central
465:, e.g.
453:, e.g.
354:History
157:Eastern
152:Iranian
47:improve
2482:Others
2389:Achomi
2361:Tatoid
2309:Median
2279:Xwarin
2274:Sorani
2252:Gorani
2247:Gilaki
2168:Jassic
2128:Ormuri
2101:Pashto
2068:Others
2059:Yidgha
1899:German
1894:French
1884:Arabic
1775:Pashto
1765:Kyrgyz
1755:Dungan
1668:Pashto
1648:Khowar
1628:Aimaqi
1464:Lingua
1171:qatol-
1163:izofat
1068:Rhotic
963:voiced
825:voiced
651:Uvular
624:Dental
619:Labial
484:Vowels
471:skana-
371:Vakhsh
320:Shugni
277:UNESCO
36:, but
2453:Tajik
2382:South
2218:North
2157:Digor
2049:Wakhi
2043:Vanji
2017:Munji
2012:Khufi
1994:Pamir
1874:Farsi
1850:Signs
1780:Tatar
1770:Parya
1688:Wakhi
1663:Parya
1653:Khufi
1620:Pamir
1585:Uzbek
1560:Tajik
1376:(PDF)
1321:(PDF)
1201:mo=me
1189:kalon
1185:χona-
1177:"big-
1146:na(ʒ)
1110:/d͡z/
703:Nasal
689:plain
670:plain
658:plain
646:Velar
634:Post-
514:Close
497:Front
469:<
467:skʷon
457:<
455:xʷarɡ
324:areal
296:Tajik
198:Latin
2443:Dari
2414:Luri
2368:Zaza
2356:Tati
2289:Laki
2242:Fars
2179:Saka
2162:Iron
1206:mine
695:lab.
683:pal.
676:lab.
570:Open
507:Back
443:/ʁʷ/
439:/χʷ/
435:/qʷ/
431:/xʷ/
427:/ɡʷ/
423:/kʷ/
419:/ɡʲ/
415:/kʲ/
290:The
2510:or
1208:".
1175:kud
1158:=me
1150:=ra
853:d͡ʒ
846:d͡z
779:t͡ʃ
772:t͡s
599:/u/
595:/ʉ/
542:Mid
451:*Cu
449:or
447:*Cv
411:/ʁ/
407:/χ/
403:/ɣ/
399:/x/
395:/q/
391:/k/
387:/ɡ/
362:in
310:in
242:ELP
218:yah
2538::
1468:51
1466:.
1406:^
1388:^
1348:^
1338:.
1304:^
1167:=i
1154:=i
1125:.
1018:ʁʷ
954:χʷ
938:xʷ
876:ɡʲ
869:ɡʷ
816:qʷ
802:kʲ
795:kʷ
585:ɑː
480:.
441:,
437:,
429:,
425:,
417:,
409:,
405:,
401:,
393:,
389:,
337:.
330:.
314:,
298::
196:,
2514:.
1938:e
1931:t
1924:v
1538:e
1531:t
1524:v
1194:i
1187:i
1180:i
1173:i
1076:r
1050:j
1039:l
1032:w
1011:ʁ
1000:ɣ
991:ʒ
984:z
977:ð
970:v
947:χ
931:x
922:ʃ
915:s
908:θ
901:f
862:ɡ
839:d
832:b
809:q
788:k
765:t
758:p
742:/
716:n
709:m
626:/
576:a
562:ɔ
555:ə
548:ɛ
534:u
527:ʉ
520:i
463:v
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
