52:
314:, the killer of Iyoas, became the sole leader of the kingdom. The motivation of the assassination may have had to do with the fear of Iyoas leaning towards his conservative Oromo side and his advisors being four corrupt Oromo uncles. Afraid of the politically influential Oromos who already stand in a political influential position, Sehul endeavored to win their support by granting them increased political sway and arranging royal marriages. Nonetheless, a group of Oromo princes conspired together to overthrow him. Sehul managed to flee back to his home province of Tigray. After disposing Sehul, the confederate Oromos put a "worthless" Amhara on the throne called Socinios, given the title "
224:
1052:, who had just finished vassalizing Aligaz, ordered him to appear in Debra Tabor. Kassa realized that compliance with his master's order could mean imprisonment in retaliation for the inflicted damage he had done to Mennen in the past. For some time, he delayed his answer and brought up excuses lik how the rainy season had commenced. He took advantage of this situation to rebuild up his army up to 7,000 soldiers and marched to an area not too far from Gondar.
713:
878:
1090:
247:, an Amhara prince, appealed to the Oromo neighbors to assist him in battle against the Tigrayans in the north. Many Oromos did not seem to care about jockeying for power but had been in a competition for land against the Tigrayans to the north of them so they complied 20,000 well-armed cavalry to assist the Amhara against the enemy.
461:
that
European support was much needed. He dispatched a letter to King George IV in which he requested for military and technical aid. Sabagadis attempted to gain a foothold on the coast of the Red Sea for the British monarch to take so that he may breach the wall of isolation around Ethiopia and create a bridge to Christian Europe.
1129:
was quick to respond as he had brought most of his rebels under submission and dispatched a strong army to
Agawmeder to chase the outlaw. Kassa managed to avoid battle and spent the rainy season among his kinsmen of Qwara. As in the past, he used the rainy season to reorganize his army and strengthen
368:
would become the new governor of Tigray. In essence, the conflicts between the governors of Tigray and the Oromo lords revolved around the desire of the
Tigrayans to overthrow the Oromo oligarchy and claim the title of Negesta Nagastat, while the Oromo aimed to maintain the status quo by manipulating
1203:
was among the first to flee the battlefield and took asylum in the sanctuary of
Mahdera Maryam. However, when Kassa was approaching him, he fled to his kinsmen, the Yejju Oromo, closely pursued by units of Kassa's army. He was, however, never apprehended. The battle of Ayshal dealt the death blow to
738:
he would install the lawful descendant of the line of
Solomon, King of Kings Tekle Giorgis, who was at the time in his camp, on the imperial throne in Gondar. When Abuna Salama had arrived in Ethiopia in the last months of 1841, he was escorted to Wube's camp and was convinced by Wube of the Islamic
793:
thanks to the propaganda spread by Wube and his allies. In such conditions, Ali found himself in dire need of the Abyna's support, leading him to be open to Abuna Salam's counsel to free Wube and restore his properties to him in exchange for minimal recompense and a pledge of loyalty. Nevertheless,
776:
was clearly a battle between the
Christian Amhara and Tigrayan elements and the Oromo, fighting desperately to deserve their predominant position in northern Ethiopia. The battle was won by Wube and Goshu but during their subsequent celebrations, the victors were surprised by a small Oromo army led
170:
According to professor Donald
Crummey the Yejju were of non-Oromo origin, however they were influenced by the Oromo such as in cases of intermarriage. The ethnic makeup of the Yejju is complex. One theory is that the Yejju are the results of various layers of people: the Amhara population of Angot,
999:
was just ravaging the plains of Wogera while Wube remained in the mountain defiles which were heavily guarded by matchlockmen. Both leaders were eager to find a way out of the deadlock. Both of their countries were deteriorating: In Tigray, the
Egyptians had reached Massawa and in the realm of the
954:
At the end of 1845, Mennen demanded Kassa to guide the military commander of Qwara and his army into the low-lands. However, the humility which Kassa had shown in the presence of Mennen had just been a pretence, and once in border areas, Kassa started to incite the population against Mennen. Kassa
289:
was born who later succeeded his father Iyasu II. This dynastic marriage alliance had remarkable importance for the Oromo lords of Wollo in gaining further access to the royal court and dominating the Empire since the 1780s. The son, born of this union, was sent to Wollo and eventually returned to
460:
becoming the victor. It had become evident that the new governor was planning to form a
Tigrayan-Amhara coalition to oppose the regent Oromos in Gondar whom he accused of being Muslims. He was convinced that modern firearms could tip the scales against the fierce Oromo cavalry, thus understanding
864:
Ali's troubles were over, the
Egyptians immediately withdrew most of their army but were caught in an ambush north of Wolkait. Muhammad Ali would later tell the French Consul-General in Egypt that the hostilities between the Ethiopians and Egyptians were never serious. The talk about conquering
642:
Ali II was still a minor when he became the ruler of Begamder and Amhara and the guardian of the King of Kings. He was put under the guardianship of a council of the most powerful Wollo and Yejju Oromo lords who elected him. With the help of his mother, Mennen, he was soon able to shake off the
873:
Ali II who at the beginning allied him was soon afterwards forced to march back to his own domains to suppress the many rebellions in his realm. Nevertheless, Wube succeeded in defeating his brother, Merso, who would later escape to Gondar. Although Wube at this point had given up his imperial
868:
After Wube's defeat at Debra Tabor, the situation in Tigray was very much similar to that which had existed after the death of Wolde Selassie. Political crisis ensued and many pretenders fought for dominance in the different provinces. Throughout 1842 and the first half of 1843, Wube slowly
808:
Ali II, were greatly worried at the turn of events; they had objected to the grant of a governorship on their natural avenue of expansion to Aligaz, who was a Christian Oromo, and who was supported by his brother Faris Aligaz, an old enemy of some of the most important Muslim Wollo lords.
574:
Dori was taken unwell and did not want the bad news to go around, so returned back to Amhara. Tigray, the only region that opposed the Oromo regents so far, were defeated and the young Wube of Semien would be given much of it for his contribution of the battle against Sebagadis.
781:
Ali II who escaped after his defeat with his followers returned to Debra Tabor and grudgingly rewarded the true victor, Aligaz, with the governorship of Daunt, a district to the south of Amhara bordering the Wollo country while Merso was given all of Wube's territories.
491:
After his success in isolating Sebagadis, Marye decided to put an end to the Tigrayan threat. At the head of the Oromo contingents from Wollo, Yejju, Begamder and Amhara, he advanced beyond Takkaze into Tigray. Sebagadis had meanwhile mobilized his forces and the
1120:
Gugsa, but this was just a lull before the big storm which was to bring the Zemene Mesafint to an end and change the history of the country. Kassa, who was tired of being used as a tool for his master whom he secretly despised rejected a call to arms under
207:
and would be defeated by Christian forces thereby under the command of their leader, Sheikh Umar, the El-Ejju would settle in Angot. This tradition states Yejju claim origin from the sixteenth century scholar Umar who had settled in the region during
708:
who were defying her authority. A far more serious threat was the coalition formed by Wube, Goshu, and Faris Aligaz of Lasta, which succeeded in subverting the loyalty of many Amharas in Begamder and Amhara by accusing Ali of becoming a Muslim.
266:, who is now the Negesta Nagastat, married the widow of a high-ranking Oromo. The Oromos who resided in Gondar now would become close confidants to the Negesta Nagastat and significantly place substantial political influence within the kingdom.
1044:
Salama. Meanwhile, Kassa began to advance towards Sennar to reconquer the areas which were once under his governorship by the Egyptians. Kassa was no match against the Egyptians and his army was obliterated by Egyptian muskets and cannons.
281:, who visited Gonder during the period under discussion, wrote that "Nothing was heard at the palace but the Afaan Oromo language". In addition to this, marriage alliances between noble Yejju Oromos and elite Amharas were frequent. It was
483:
Goshu in Gojjam, he marched with the bulk of his army to Lasta then quickly turned to Semien and attacked Wube. Sebagadis, who was watching his border with Lasta, did not come to the aid of his ally and Wube preferred to submit to the
959:
Ali and Wube had deteriorated that another major contest between the two was expected momentarily and Mennen was forced to leave Chelega in order to support her son in the approaching crisis. While Mennen marched to join the
155:
period. The Oromo partially assimilated the Yejju and called them by the name of “warra sheik”. Due to their native origin, the yejju mostly spoke Amharic and adapted themselves better than the rest of the Oromo clans in
1176:
Balaw were killed in battle. The battle shocked the entire country and Kassa was finally able to come from behind his mask of submissiveness and openly declare his aim to defeat Ali and reunite Ethiopia under his rule.
666:
Kassai, the son of Sebagadis, rebelled against him and succeeded in making himself the master of most of Tigray. The situation came to an end however when Wube's superior firearms was able to destroy the rebellion.
134:
The Yeju were people that were first mentioned in the 16th century Futuḥ al-Ḥabash chronicle under the name "Al-Ejju". They inhabited a district called "Qawat” located in eastern Shewa. Eventually they settled in
1168:, however, was far from forgiving and collected a sizeable force with Birru Aligaz, the victor of Debra Tabor, being the commander of the army. In April, the two armies met at Taqusa with Kassa being the victor.
975:
Wube to send him funds and soldiers his coming campaign. Wube, who was himself pestered with rebellions in Tigray used all kinds of excuses and pretexts in order not to comply to the commands of his master. The
955:
revolted and attacked isolated posts of Mennen's troops. Consequently, Mennen marched with her army to Chelega but Kassa retreated. Mennen was furious and wanted revenge but in the meantime relations between
1250:
who on the eastern escarpment of the northern plateau... have been in ling and close contact with the Amharas have resisted absorption and have therefore been the source of grave weakness to the Amharas"
496:. Although the Tigrayans had a superior army, due to the equipment by the British, the match-locked men were poorly employed and the Oromo cavalry won the field after a most bloody fight in which the
51:
1048:
When Kassa had recovered from his wounds, he was in a very difficult situation, as even the remnants of his army were in a rebellious mood. He was faced even in a more serious crisis when the
285:, the wife of Bakaffa, who arranged marriage alliance between her son Iyasu II and a Muslim Oromo princess from Wollo, Wabi, the daughter of Amito, a powerful Wolloye chief. From this union,
163:
The Yejju dynasty were known as the "Warra Sheik", meaning; the descendant of Sheikh Omar. According to the Yejju tradition, Sheikh Omar was an Arab from the Arabia peninsula who during the
840:
If Muhammad Ali will capture Abyssinia he would be able to recruit forces for the army, especially by taking and organizing... the Galla people, who will furnish him with men and horses.
836:
Wube from the Pasha of Mecca; but it is not known whether this mission was political, religious, or economic. In October 1841, the missionary Krapf who was in Shewa wrote the following:
754:
On the same year, Wube's army advanced into Begamder and soon, together with his ally Goshu, captured Gondar. Wube and Goshu then proceeded to attack Ali's army who met at Debra Tabor.
980:, who had distrusted Wube since the battle of Debra Tabor crossed into Wogera. Wube quickly mobilized his armies and rished from Tigre to Semien. As soon as Wube was again at war with
951:. Kassa accepted the offer but was later embarrassed to find out that the position that he was to be given in Qwara was subordinate to that of one of Mennen's weaker Muslim generals.
188:, the Oromo settled in modern day Wollo and established dynasties, two of the most notable ones being the Mammedoch and the Warra Sheik. The Mammedoch dynasty had its origin from the
1007:
and was paid tribute. After the crisis was over, Mennen rushed quickly into Gondar and soon afterwards followed a retreating army of Kassa in the direction of the northern shores of
508:
I have only fought this war to defend my country, which you wished, without cause, to ruin, and of which I was the father. You may kill my body; but my soul is in the hands of God...
433:
was, however, a signal for power among all important lords in the country. Local warlords formed coalitions to overcome the regent Oromo nobility of Begamder and Amhara. In the end,
874:
aspirations of restoring the Solomonic dynasty, he had continued adopted the policy of fostering relations with the European Powers from former governor of Tigray, Sebagadis.
2052:
700:
was forced to return to help his mother who was faced with a rebellion in Agawmeder, Dembya, and Wogera. The growing tension in Dembya and Wogera had grown due to rebellious
1116:
Between the years 1849 and 1852 most of northern Ethiopia enjoyed a period of relative stability and internal peace, the like of which it had not known since the times of
1040:
Goshi and his son Birru Goshu invaded Begamder and finally reached Gondar at the end of the year. They sacked the city due to the harsh treatment that was brought upon
318:". In the coming decades, the guardianship of the King of Kings passed into the hands of a Yejju Oromo family. The founder of this new dynasty of the Oromo regents was
789:'s position was war from secure. His enemies were still active in Gojjam, Damot, Dembya, and Lasta. Most of the clergy and the Christian population were against the
566:
Marye. They pillaged and destroyed everything in sight, slayed all the men and women, and destroyed the province politically in disdain. As soon as they had reached
345:
When Sehul died in 1779, his son Wolde Gabriel succeeded him as the governor of Tigre and took up battle against the Oromo authority in Gondar but fell in battle to
794:
the repercussions of the Debre Tabor conflict only added to Ali's predicament. However, the aftermath of the Debre Tabor battle further complicated Ali's position.
734:
went through the roof when he openly announced that he intended to attack him, who he claimed was Muslim at the heart. He proclaimed that after he had defeated the
151:. He also states that there can be little doubt that the Al-Ejju that are mentioned in Futuḥ al-Habasha are the forefathers of the latter known Yejju people of the
1259:
The Galla to the north of Shoa particularly Wollo, Yejju and Raya Gallas , have never been thoroughly assimilated and remain a political liability. Accounts of
1199:
cavalry were only smashed because of Kassa's personal bravery and the devotion of his followers. When it became apparent that Kassa was about to win the day, the
1130:
it. This time, Kassa was able to recruit into his service a number of deserters from the Egyptian army who would help him in his later major battle with the
662:
just yet as the situation in Tigray was still uncertain. In fact, when Wube rushed from Tigray across Takkaze to Semien in expectation of an attack from the
587:
Throughout the 1830s and until the last years of the 1840s, the three most important rulers of Ethiopia were Wube a non-tigrayan ruler of Tigray, Semien,
1213:
1647:
1059:
Ali had demanded for Kassa to appear in Debra Tabor and if not, then he would attack him. This time, Kassa flatly refused the demand. As a result, the
674:
Ali, Wube wanted more firearms to offset the superiority of the Oromo cavalry in the field and wanted to unite all Christians of Ethiopia behind him.
1160:
This victory was one of the first successful battles which made Kassa the master of Ethiopia but Kassa did not feel strong enough to challenge the
2045:
406:
273:, the son of Bakaffa, came into power Oromo influence in the court was enormous and unsettled the Amhara nobles who questioned Oromo authority.
964:, Kassa took advantage of the opportunity by ravaging Ddembya. He entered Gondar in January 1847 and appointed his own officials in the town.
891:
Ali's army was continually engaged in the suppression of rebellions in the Amhara provinces and in a fruitless chase of Goshu, who had defied
2018:
1988:
1944:
1917:
1890:
1783:
1756:
1729:
1657:
1527:
1331:
1017:
Ali, who was on his way to Lasta, quickly marched to Gondar to revenge Kassa. Once he had reached Kassa, he resorted to common sense and the
512:
A year after the execution of Sebagadis, people all over the Amhara countries were still lamenting Sebagadis, despite him being Tigrayan:
1522:. Internet Archive. London : Ravens Educational & Development Services ; Trenton, N.J. : Red Sea Press. p. 28.
1267:
in 1936 indicate that the Wollo Oromo spat at him and he passed through their areas he refused to travel there again (Shepherd 1975:9).
2535:
2038:
1082:
Ali's army once again, Dejamatch Goshu surrendered immediately and was confirmed governorship while his turbulent son, who hated the
1011:. Once the two armies met, Mennen was completely defeated and was taken prisoner together with her husband, former Emperor Yohannes.
2540:
1391:
988:
Araya, an enemy of Wube, declared himself ruler of Tigray, and Muhammad Ali had assumed full authority on the coast of the Red Sea.
500:
was killed. Sebagadis had surrendered to Wube and was handed over to the Oromos to be executed in retaliation for the death of the
1220:
to save British hostages held by Tewodros, the Emperor was surrounded by hostile Oromos who have every assistance to the British.
1149:
wished to pit the two chiefs against each other whom he did not really care much for as long as one would be destroyed in battle.
388:
rose to power. After the death of Wolde Selassie, Tigray fell into a political crisis. The regent Oromos continued to expand into
1217:
1204:
the Oromo aspirations and brought an end of the Yejju dynasty of Ethiopia, as well as the end of the long era Zemene Mesafint.
231:
The Oromo firmly ensconced Wollo and dominated political and social life quickly in their new settlement. On the other side of
1676:
Southern Ethiopia and the Christian kingdom 1508 - 1708, with special reference to the Galla migrations and their consequences
1487:
Southern Ethiopia and the Christian kingdom, 1508-1708: with special reference to the Galla migrations and their consequences
1408:
Southern Ethiopia and the Christian kingdom, 1508-1708: with special reference to the Galla migrations and their consequences
1184:
had moved down to the plains of Ayshal, which were particularly suitable for the employment of his unbeatable Oromo cavalry.
213:
464:
In 1830, Sabagadis succeeded in forming a loose coalition with the Christian rulers of Gojjam, Lasta, and Semien against
1501:
1422:
804:
was forced to march with his former enemy against his loyal ally. Moreover, the Muslim rulers who have always supported
410:
Zadwe of Gojjam and Damot tried to oppose the Oromo ascendancy and their spread into eastern Gojjam but was defeated by
2489:
1063:
marched on Dembya in January 1849, ravaged the town, and defeated Kassa's army. Kassa surrendered and appeared to the
223:
914:
Ali's mother, was ruler of the provinces to the west and north of Lake Tana. These areas were infested with bands of
865:
Gondar completely subsided by the end of 1842 as the Egyptians were so absorbed with their expansion along the Nile.
2499:
1180:
A short time after the battle of Taqusa, Kassa marched his army southwards to Debra Tabor, but in the meantime the
821:
204:
144:
2061:
1299:
culture during the 20th century, the descendants of the Yejju, presently found in the Amhara Region, identify as
1224:
1909:
Ethiopia: the Era of the Princes: The Challenge of Islam and Re-unification of the Christian Empire, 1769-1855
984:
Ali, the situation in Tigray reverted to what it had been in 1842. Rebellions broke out different provinces,
250:
Their support was decisive and Amhara nobles sent an invitation and a plea for the fighting force to stay in
939:
and Mennen wanted him on their side. He therefore was promised that if he would declare his loyalty to the
820:, was planning on invading Ethiopia.On leaving Ethiopia at the end of 1839, European diplomat and explorer
777:
by Aligaz. Wube and his son were taken prisoners but Goshu managed to escape across the Abbay into Gojjam.
164:
2380:
1242:
A number of observers have commented on the importance of the Wollo Oromo to instability of Amhara rule.
2514:
2494:
2176:
2069:
1292:
881:
860:
to take advantage of the Ethiopians who were in a difficult situation with internal matters. As soon as
813:
773:
658:
Ali. He succeeded in forming an alliance with Goshu of Gojjam and Damot but was not ready to attack the
493:
1141:
after renewing his campaign against Birru Goshu, ordered his own troops back to Begamder and commanded
848:, a messenger of Muhammad came to him carrying the following message signed with the seal of the Pasha:
290:
rule in Gondar. This period of that eventually followed would be known as the "Era of Princes", or the
2509:
1840:"Éloi Ficquet and Wolbert G.C. Smidt, eds, The Life and Times of Lïj Iyasu of Ethiopia: New Insights"
1495:
1416:
1000:
Yejju, Gosdu was back again causing trouble in Gojjam and while Kassa was causing trouble in Gondar.
647:
did not take his position seriously when it came down to religious affairs and practiced a system of
2226:
1691:
800:
Merso, who had reached Semien in the meantime, refused to give his brother's governorship, and the
535:
216:, Yejju in addition to their native tongue also knew the speech of the Muslims which he states was
2366:
2504:
2078:
1820:
1591:
1466:
1385:
1154:
971:
Ali, who was preparing for his annual expedition against Aligaz Goshu, called upon his tributary
716:
140:
167:
settled in Angot/yejju. The Yejju dynasty dominated Ethiopia during the Zemene Mesafint period.
693:. Dissatisfied with his father's submissiveness, Goshu fought his own father whom he defeated.
2186:
2014:
1984:
1940:
1913:
1886:
1861:
1812:
1779:
1752:
1725:
1653:
1583:
1523:
1458:
1327:
1272:
856:
His words did not match his actions as later Muhammad Ali would dispatch the Egyptian army to
690:
434:
1721:
1674:
2448:
2273:
2243:
2106:
1851:
1717:
1711:
1575:
1450:
1347:
1192:
1067:
to ask for forgiveness. He was forgiven and confirmed his governorship and later joined the
712:
192:
under the leadership of their clan leader, Babo. The Warra Sheik dynasty had its origins in
995:
Ali and Wube's troops were avoiding battle. It had become evident due to the fact that the
2393:
2351:
2136:
1296:
1231:
first conquered the Wollo Oromo and created a single administrative region that he called
1097:
599:
457:
393:
346:
291:
259:
217:
203:
According to professor Muhammad Hassan, the El-Ejju, an Oromo clan, would be converted by
185:
152:
579:
Dori's disease creased upon him during the month of May when it was terminated in death.
1564:"Society and Ethnicity in the Politics of Christian Ethiopia during the Zamana Masafent"
1439:"Society and Ethnicity in the Politics of Christian Ethiopia during the Zamana Masafent"
654:
By the half of 1838, it was an open secret that Wube was actively plotting to overthrow
2408:
2356:
2291:
2199:
1882:
Crisis and Terror in the Horn of Africa: Autopsy of Democracy, Human Rights and Freedom
1260:
1243:
1232:
948:
592:
465:
438:
419:
382:
365:
319:
274:
209:
157:
83:
71:
1517:
479:
Marye was forewarned of the plot and dealt with his opponents singly. After defeating
2529:
2423:
2248:
2238:
2221:
2194:
2171:
2161:
2151:
2126:
2096:
1323:
The Galla of Ethiopia; The Kingdoms of Kafa and Janjero: North Eastern Africa Part II
1300:
817:
552:
330:
315:
236:
111:, also historically known as the Yajju, Edjow or Edjou Galla, are a sub-clan of the
2473:
2468:
2463:
2453:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2418:
2413:
2403:
2398:
2388:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2316:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2286:
2258:
2231:
2209:
2146:
2141:
2121:
2116:
2111:
1089:
877:
308:
120:
116:
99:
844:
However, when the Belgian Consul in Egypt arrived in Gondar to negotiate with the
307:
The death of Iyoas I would spark the Zemene Mesafint which would last until 1855.
2008:
1978:
1961:
1934:
1907:
1880:
1856:
1839:
1773:
1746:
1321:
852:
Do not fear, your friends will be my friends and your enemies will be my enemies.
139:
instead of returning to their home district of Qawat. According to the historian
17:
2443:
2326:
2321:
2311:
2281:
2214:
2204:
2156:
2131:
2091:
2086:
1610:
1544:
1485:
1406:
1264:
1236:
1093:
929:
925:
705:
618:
334:
278:
189:
148:
651:
Therefore, Ethiopia was left in the hands of an infantile and lethargic ruler.
364:
Ali I after his death and after a period for struggle among Tigrayan nobility,
2361:
2263:
2101:
1288:
1228:
935:, had gained the support of the local populace and rose to much fame that the
128:
1865:
1816:
1587:
1462:
1036:
Ali led his armies against Birru Aligaz. Taking advantage of this situation,
2458:
2253:
2030:
1372:
1348:"Africa :: Ethiopia — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
1008:
761:
Ali II's army was mostly composed of Oromo contingents and was supported by
689:, however, took away west and north of Lake Tana and gave it to his mother,
240:
232:
1693:
INVISIBLE ACTORS: THE OROMO AND THE CREATION OF MODERN ETHIOPIA (1855-1913)
918:, who often raided the trade routes between Ethiopia and Sudan. One of the
504:
It was said that right before his be-heading, Sebagadis said to the Oromos:
1235:. In this province, Oromos were sandwiched between Amhara on one side and
262:. Many of the Oromo cavalry stayed in the Gondar region, especially after
160:
to the traditional social and political structures of Christian Ethiopia.
1239:
on the other. This administrative unit still exists with the name Wollo.
765:
Merso. Wube's army was overwhelming superior in firearms compared to the
723:
326:
282:
270:
124:
1824:
1800:
1164:
yet and in an effort blamed Mennen for all their misunderstandings. The
429:
Gugsa in 1825, northern Ethiopia was relatively quiet. The death of the
2166:
1611:"Social and political history of Wollo Province in Ethiopia: 1769-1916"
1545:"Social and political history of Wollo Province in Ethiopia: 1769-1916"
1284:
1276:
947:
Ali's daughter and the governorship of his birthplace, the district of
899:
until his fall with Kassa Hailu in 1853. Another major problem for the
825:
588:
286:
263:
244:
193:
112:
1595:
1563:
1470:
1438:
1633:
Social and Political History of Wollo Province in Ethiopia: 1769-1916
1374:
Social and Political History of Wollo Province in Ethiopia: 1769-1916
1071:
in his campaign against Goshu and Birru Goshu. Kassa would serve the
1003:
Once the news of Massawa had reached Wube, he had surrendered to the
920:
389:
369:
the Amharas as puppets for their own political and social advantage.
251:
57:
696:
The current situation in Begamader had become so explosive that the
277:
is to have said dominated the Imperial court. A Scottish traveller,
143:
they were originally Christians but many were converted to Islam by
1579:
1454:
1280:
1088:
876:
857:
711:
401:
397:
255:
222:
197:
136:
95:
1255:
G. A. Lipsky also notes in a survey of the peoples of the empire:
1191:
Ali to Qwarta and on the 29th of June, the two armies clashed at
567:
171:
remnants of the forces of Ahmad Gragn, and the migrating Oromo.
2034:
1635:. United States of America: Transaction Publishers. p. 93.
1225:
expand the area of Abyssinian rule beyond its historical limits
456:
The political crisis in Tigray had come to an end in 1822 with
1112:
The fall of Ras Ali II of Yejju and end of the Zemene Mesafint
1104:
mountain fortress where he was besieged until the fall of the
551:
After the death of Sebagadis, the Oromo army, under a furious
1193:
Ayshal in one of the bloodiest battles of the Zemene Mesafint
681:
Ali at the beginning of 1839, Goshu swore allegiance to the
243:
principalities for supremacy within the Abyssinian kingdom.
562:
Marye, went on to ravage Tigray in revenge of the death of
528:
The people of this country, will they find it a good thing
56:
Portrait of Woodage Asahel, a Yejju Oromo elite located in
1649:
The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia: 1300-1700
812:
During this already uneasy period, there were rumors that
541:
Mariam (Marye), with five thousand Gallas, had killed him
895:
Ali's rule. Goshu would continue to be a problem for the
200:. However, there are other origin theories of the Yejju.
1775:
Revolutionary Ethiopia: From Empire to People's Republic
1212:
Tewodros' campaign eventually foundered and by the time
643:
control of the regents and his legitimacy was firm. The
547:
The friend of the Christians has fallen at Daga Shaha."
1936:
Greater Tigray and the Mysterious Magnetism of Ethiopia
1568:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
1519:
Empress Taytu and Menilek II : Ethiopia, 1883-1910
1443:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
1075:
faithfully whenever called upon to do so until 1852.
907:
Salama who he had to keep under control as an asset.
632:
Ali II, whom he believed stole his rightful title to
613:
came into power in 1831 upon the deaths of his uncle
824:
met an Arab notable in the house of the governor of
147:
and assisted him in his conquest of the province of
2482:
2379:
2272:
2185:
2077:
2068:
1096:, later crowned Tewodros II, the man who ended the
519:Has fallen at Daga Shaha, by the hand of Aubeshat!
89:
77:
65:
38:
531:To eat ears of corn which have grown in the blood
525:Has fallen at Daga Shaha, weltering in his blood!
227:A Yejju Oromo women from Wollo spinning wool, 1869
119:. They are one of the northernmost communities of
1380:. University of the Western Cape. pp. 98–99.
1187:After the burning of Debra Tabor, Kassa followed
757:Both armies were similar in size, around 30,000.
258:and to act as a deterrent to future threats from
196:, who would also invade northwards, specifically
869:established authority on both sides of Takkaze.
448:Gugsa, for an alliance to defeat the coalition.
404:, and to a lesser degree, Tigray. Initially the
785:Despite the victory against the coalition, the
769:, who had bad relations with Christian Europe.
212:occupation of Ethiopia. According to historian
2010:Politics and the Ethiopian Famine: 1984 - 1985
1963:Journal of Three Years' Residence in Abyssinia
1879:Toggia, Pietro; Lauderdale, Pat (2017-03-02).
609:Gugsa through his son Alula of Yejju. The new
2046:
1371:Melaku, Misganaw Tadesse (6 September 2019).
1279:, Yejju was divided between the districts of
494:two armies met at Mai Islami near Debra Abbai
8:
1801:"The Early History of Ethiopian Horse-Names"
1137:At the end of the rainy season of 1852, the
33:
887:Throughout 1845 and the beginning of 1846,
40:
2074:
2053:
2039:
2031:
1021:agreed to give him all the territories of
943:and join his followers, he would be given
50:
32:
27:Subgroup of Oromo ethnic group in Ethiopia
1855:
522:Alas! Sebagadis, the pillar of the poor,
414:Gugsa. Zadwe's territories were given to
1312:
1722:10.7208/chicago/9780226229676.001.0001
1493:
1414:
1383:
2002:
2000:
1980:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia
1699:. B.A, Morehouse College. p. 41.
1626:
1624:
743:Ali. He therefore excommunicated the
544:For half of a loaf, for cup of wine,
516:"Alas! Sebagadis, the friend of all,
7:
1679:. University of London. p. 139.
1320:Huntingford, G. W. B. (2017-02-10).
1218:expedition made its way to Abyssinia
1029:in exchange for his mother, Mennen.
685:and reinstated in his position. The
66:Regions with significant populations
2007:Clay, Jason W.; Holcomb, Bonnie K.
1745:Adejumobi, Saheed A. (2006-12-30).
1275:in 1994 and the abolishment of the
1295:of Yejju Oromos into the dominant
1287:, and the mid-altitude portion of
1145:Goshu to march against Kassa. The
1055:With the end of the rainy season,
828:. The notable was on a mission to
25:
1609:Melaku, Misganaw Tadesse (2020).
1543:Melaku, Misganaw Tadesse (2020).
471:, the brother and predecessor of
1277:Awrajja administrative structure
1716:. University of Chicago Press.
235:, skirmishes broke out between
1838:Ancel, Stéphane (2016-07-07).
1615:University of the Western Cape
1549:University of the Western Cape
730:Wube's growing hatred for the
1:
1933:Erlich, Haggai (2023-11-30).
1751:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
1390:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1153:Ali's plan was a success and
1086:, preferred to escape to his
1032:At the end of April in 1847,
628:Maru, often rebelled against
1857:10.15460/aethiopica.18.1.794
1778:. Indiana University Press.
583:Reign of Ras Ali II of Yejju
488:rather than face him alone.
341:Reign of Ras Aligaz of Yejju
325:, who ruled the province of
1799:Pankhurst, Richard (1989).
1157:on the plains of Gur Amba.
1025:Kinfu as well as the title
882:Muhammad Ali Pasha of Egypt
452:Reign of Ras Marye of Yejju
435:Wube Haile Maryam of Semien
373:Reign of Ras Gugsa of Yejju
303:Reign of Ras Ali I of Yejju
2557:
2013:. Transaction Publishers.
1772:Keller, Edmond J. (1988).
1710:Levine, Donald N. (2000).
1246:writes of the Wollo Oromo:
636:and sole ruler of Gondar.
2536:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia
2062:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia
1646:Hassen, Mohammed (2015).
1631:Melaku, Misganaw (2019).
1155:Goshu was killed by Kassa
622:Goshu of Gojjam and Damot
94:
82:
70:
49:
2541:Ethiopian noble families
1906:Abir, Mordechai (1968).
1652:. Boydell & Brewer.
1562:Crummey, Donald (1975).
1500:: CS1 maint: location (
1437:Crummey, Donald (1975).
1421:: CS1 maint: location (
1748:The History of Ethiopia
536:St. Micheal of November
1960:Gobat, Samuel (1850).
1516:Prouty, Chris (1986).
1269:
1253:
1101:
928:who was a relative to
884:
854:
842:
727:
704:leaders, specifically
624:, the grand nephew of
549:
510:
312:Mikael Sehul of Tigray
228:
41:
1977:NA, NA (2016-09-27).
1484:Aregay, Merid Wolde.
1405:Aregay, Merid Wolde.
1271:With the adoption of
1257:
1248:
1195:. The charges of the
1092:
880:
850:
838:
774:Battle of Debra Tabor
747:, and proclaimed the
715:
677:After this defeat by
514:
506:
360:Aligaz would succeed
226:
184:As a result of their
1939:. Hurst Publishers.
2227:Soddo Gurage people
1125:Ali's command. The
967:During April 1846,
726:ruler of Abyssinia.
670:Planning to attack
425:Until the death of
381:Aligaz, his nephew
377:After the death of
333:from his centre in
298:Zemene Mesafint era
35:
1102:
885:
816:, the governor of
728:
605:, the grandson of
534:Who will remember
229:
165:Ethiopian-Adal war
141:Merid Wolde Aregay
2523:
2522:
2375:
2374:
2020:978-1-4128-3128-4
1990:978-1-137-11786-1
1946:978-1-80526-329-6
1919:978-0-582-64517-2
1892:978-1-351-94744-2
1785:978-0-253-20646-6
1758:978-0-313-08823-0
1731:978-0-226-47561-5
1659:978-1-84701-117-6
1529:978-0-932415-11-0
1333:978-1-315-30809-8
1273:ethnic federalism
1172:Birru Aligaz and
822:Arnauld d'Abbadie
444:, another son of
352:, the brother of
214:Richard Pankhurst
194:southern Ethiopia
127:, along with the
105:
104:
18:Yejju Oromo tribe
16:(Redirected from
2548:
2490:African American
2075:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2032:
2025:
2024:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1713:Greater Ethiopia
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1491:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1420:
1412:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1381:
1379:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1317:
1263:'s journey from
1078:When faced with
910:Empress Mennen,
475:Yimam. However,
256:Negesta Nagastat
54:
44:
36:
21:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2478:
2371:
2268:
2181:
2064:
2059:
2029:
2028:
2021:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1673:Aregay, Merid.
1672:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1492:
1490:(Thesis). 1971.
1483:
1482:
1478:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1413:
1411:(Thesis). 1971.
1404:
1403:
1399:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1223:In his push to
1210:
1114:
1098:Zemene Mesafint
720:Ali II of Yejju
603:Ali II of Yejju
585:
558:the brother of
458:Sabagadis Woldu
454:
375:
350:Aligaz of Yejju
343:
305:
300:
292:Zemene Mesafint
218:Harari language
182:
177:
153:Zemene Mesafint
61:
45:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2483:Non-Indigenous
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2027:
2026:
2019:
1996:
1989:
1969:
1952:
1945:
1925:
1918:
1898:
1891:
1871:
1830:
1791:
1784:
1764:
1757:
1737:
1730:
1702:
1690:Yates, Brian.
1682:
1665:
1658:
1638:
1620:
1601:
1580:10.2307/216650
1554:
1535:
1528:
1508:
1476:
1455:10.2307/216650
1429:
1397:
1363:
1339:
1332:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1261:Haile Selassie
1244:Margery Perham
1209:
1206:
1113:
1110:
739:tendencies of
649:laissez faire.
598:of Showa, and
596:Sahle Selassie
591:, and Wogera,
584:
581:
538:to give alms?
469:Marye of Yejju
453:
450:
442:Yimam of Yejju
420:Alula of Yejju
386:Gugsa of Yejju
374:
371:
366:Wolde Selassie
342:
339:
323:Ali I of Yejju
316:Kings of Kings
304:
301:
299:
296:
254:to defend the
210:Adal Sultanate
181:
178:
176:
173:
103:
102:
92:
91:
87:
86:
80:
79:
75:
74:
72:Wollo Province
68:
67:
63:
62:
55:
47:
46:
39:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2553:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1885:. Routledge.
1884:
1883:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1703:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1364:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1326:. Routledge.
1325:
1324:
1316:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1291:. Due to the
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1001:
998:
994:
989:
987:
983:
979:
974:
970:
965:
963:
958:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
932:
927:
923:
922:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
883:
879:
875:
872:
866:
863:
859:
853:
849:
847:
841:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
807:
803:
799:
795:
792:
788:
783:
780:
775:
770:
768:
764:
760:
755:
752:
750:
746:
742:
737:
733:
725:
721:
719:
714:
710:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
668:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
641:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
602:
597:
595:
590:
582:
580:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:Dori of Yejju
555:
548:
545:
542:
539:
537:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
513:
509:
505:
503:
499:
495:
489:
487:
482:
478:
474:
470:
468:
462:
459:
451:
449:
447:
443:
441:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
418:Gugsa's son,
417:
413:
409:
408:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
385:
380:
372:
370:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
349:
340:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
322:
317:
313:
311:
302:
297:
295:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
225:
221:
219:
215:
211:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
179:
174:
172:
168:
166:
161:
159:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
101:
97:
93:
88:
85:
81:
76:
73:
69:
64:
59:
53:
48:
43:
37:
19:
2381:Nilo-Saharan
2232:Chebo people
2210:Beta Abraham
2070:Afro-Asiatic
2009:
1983:. Springer.
1979:
1972:
1966:. M.W. Dodd.
1962:
1955:
1935:
1928:
1908:
1901:
1881:
1874:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1774:
1767:
1747:
1740:
1712:
1705:
1692:
1685:
1675:
1668:
1648:
1641:
1632:
1614:
1604:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1548:
1538:
1518:
1511:
1486:
1479:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1407:
1400:
1373:
1366:
1355:. Retrieved
1351:
1342:
1322:
1315:
1293:assimilation
1285:Weldiya town
1270:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1241:
1222:
1211:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1004:
1002:
996:
992:
990:
985:
981:
977:
972:
968:
966:
961:
956:
953:
944:
940:
936:
930:
919:
915:
911:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
886:
870:
867:
861:
855:
851:
845:
843:
839:
833:
829:
814:Muhammad Ali
811:
805:
801:
797:
796:
790:
786:
784:
778:
771:
766:
762:
758:
756:
753:
748:
744:
740:
735:
731:
729:
717:
701:
697:
695:
686:
682:
678:
676:
671:
669:
663:
659:
655:
653:
648:
644:
639:
638:
633:
629:
625:
619:
614:
610:
606:
600:
593:
586:
576:
571:
563:
559:
553:
550:
546:
543:
540:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
511:
507:
501:
497:
490:
485:
480:
476:
472:
466:
463:
455:
445:
439:
430:
426:
424:
415:
411:
405:
383:
378:
376:
361:
357:
353:
347:
344:
320:
309:
306:
269:By the time
268:
249:
230:
202:
183:
169:
162:
133:
123:residing in
121:Oromo people
117:Oromo people
108:
106:
100:Christianity
42:Yajju, Edjow
30:Ethnic group
2215:Falash Mura
2205:Beta Israel
1912:. Praeger.
1850:: 276–278.
1811:: 197–206.
1506:pp. 138-139
1496:cite thesis
1427:pp. 138-139
1417:cite thesis
1352:www.cia.gov
1265:Addis Ababa
1251:(1969:303).
1216:celebrated
1094:Kassa Hailu
926:Kassa Hailu
751:a heretic.
722:, the last
706:Kassa Hailu
335:Debra Tabor
279:James Bruce
275:Afaan Oromo
205:Ahmad Gragn
149:Bete Amhara
109:Yejju Oromo
84:Afaan Oromo
2530:Categories
1844:Aethiopica
1574:(2): 277.
1449:(2): 277.
1357:2020-06-29
1307:References
1289:Guba Lafto
1229:Menelik II
1174:Dejazmatch
1170:Dejazmatch
1143:Dejazmatch
1038:Dejazmatch
1027:Dejazmatch
1023:Dejazmatch
973:Dejazmatch
931:Dejazmatch
834:Dejazmatch
798:Dejazmatch
763:Dejazmatch
481:Dejazmatch
407:Dejazmatch
186:expansions
145:Ahmad Gran
115:branch of
2515:Jamaicans
2459:Shanqella
2449:Nyangatom
2357:Wolaitans
2107:Daasanach
1866:2194-4024
1817:0078-7809
1588:0361-7882
1463:0361-7882
1386:cite book
1208:Aftermath
1108:in 1853.
1009:Lake Tana
924:leaders,
620:Dejamatch
245:Bakaffa I
233:Abyssinia
78:Languages
2510:Italians
2495:Armenian
2352:Shinasha
2254:Tigrayan
2137:Kambaata
2079:Cushitic
1825:40733033
1805:Paideuma
1551:: 98–99.
1214:Napier's
832:Ali and
724:de facto
327:Begamder
283:Mentewab
271:Iyasu II
241:Tigrayan
125:Ethiopia
90:Religion
2500:Chinese
2409:Kichepo
2292:Basketo
2200:Argobba
2187:Semitic
2167:Somalis
1301:Amharas
1297:Habesha
986:Balgada
826:Massawa
589:Wolkait
356:Ali I.
287:Iyoas I
264:Bakaffa
180:Origins
175:History
129:Raayyaa
113:Barento
2505:Greeks
2424:Majang
2274:Omotic
2249:Wolane
2244:Silt'e
2239:Harari
2222:Gurage
2195:Amhara
2172:Tsamai
2162:Sidama
2152:Qemant
2127:Hadiya
2097:Arbore
2017:
1987:
1943:
1916:
1889:
1864:
1823:
1815:
1782:
1755:
1728:
1656:
1596:216650
1594:
1586:
1526:
1471:216650
1469:
1461:
1330:
921:Shifta
916:Shifta
749:Ichege
702:shifta
691:Mennen
437:asked
394:Semien
390:Gojjam
331:Amhara
260:Tigray
252:Gondar
237:Amhara
58:Gondar
2474:Tirma
2469:Surma
2464:Shita
2454:Shabo
2439:Mursi
2434:Murle
2429:Mekan
2419:Kwegu
2414:Kwama
2404:Gumuz
2399:Berta
2389:Anuak
2367:Zayse
2362:Yemsa
2347:Maale
2342:Koore
2337:Konta
2332:Hamar
2317:Dorze
2307:Dawro
2302:Chara
2297:Bench
2287:Banna
2259:Werji
2177:Weyto
2147:Oromo
2142:Konso
2122:Gedeo
2117:Gabra
2112:Danta
1821:JSTOR
1697:(PDF)
1617:: 99.
1592:JSTOR
1467:JSTOR
1378:(PDF)
1281:Habru
1233:Wollo
1042:Abuna
991:Both
949:Qwara
933:Kinfu
905:Abuna
858:Wehni
818:Egypt
617:Dori.
594:Negus
402:Lasta
398:Showa
198:Angot
158:Wollo
137:Angot
96:Islam
34:Yejju
2444:Nuer
2394:Bare
2327:Gofa
2322:Gamo
2312:Dizi
2282:Aari
2157:Saho
2132:Irob
2092:Agaw
2087:Afar
2015:ISBN
1985:ISBN
1941:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1862:ISSN
1813:ISSN
1780:ISBN
1753:ISBN
1726:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1584:ISSN
1524:ISBN
1502:link
1459:ISSN
1423:link
1392:link
1328:ISBN
1237:Afar
1197:Ras'
903:was
772:The
736:Ras,
664:Ras,
568:Axum
502:Ras.
329:and
239:and
190:Arsi
107:The
98:and
2264:Zay
2102:Awi
1852:doi
1718:doi
1576:doi
1451:doi
1201:Ras
1189:Ras
1182:Ras
1166:Ras
1162:Ras
1151:Ras
1147:Ras
1139:Ras
1132:Ras
1127:Ras
1123:Ras
1118:Ras
1106:Ras
1084:Ras
1080:Ras
1073:Ras
1069:Ras
1065:Ras
1061:Ras
1057:Ras
1050:Ras
1034:Ras
1019:Ras
1015:Ras
1005:Ras
997:Ras
993:Ras
982:Ras
978:Ras
969:Ras
962:Ras
957:Ras
945:Ras
941:Ras
937:Ras
912:Ras
901:Ras
897:Ras
893:Ras
889:Ras
871:Ras
862:Ras
846:Ras
830:Ras
806:Ras
802:Ras
791:Ras
787:Ras
779:Ras
767:Ras
759:Ras
745:Ras
741:Ras
732:Ras
718:Ras
698:Ras
687:Ras
683:Ras
679:Ras
672:Ras
660:Ras
656:Ras
645:Ras
640:Ras
634:Ras
630:Ras
626:Ras
615:Ras
611:Ras
607:Ras
601:Ras
577:Ras
572:Ras
564:Ras
560:Ras
554:Ras
498:Ras
486:Ras
477:Ras
473:Ras
467:Ras
446:Ras
440:Ras
431:Ras
427:Ras
416:Ras
412:Ras
384:Ras
379:Ras
362:Ras
358:Ras
354:Ras
348:Ras
321:Ras
310:Ras
2532::
1999:^
1860:.
1848:18
1846:.
1842:.
1819:.
1809:35
1807:.
1803:.
1724:.
1623:^
1613:.
1590:.
1582:.
1570:.
1566:.
1547:.
1498:}}
1494:{{
1465:.
1457:.
1445:.
1441:.
1419:}}
1415:{{
1388:}}
1384:{{
1350:.
1303:.
1283:,
1227:,
1134:.
570:,
422:.
400:,
396:,
392:,
337:.
294:.
220:.
131:.
2054:e
2047:t
2040:v
2023:.
1993:.
1949:.
1922:.
1895:.
1868:.
1854::
1827:.
1788:.
1761:.
1734:.
1720::
1662:.
1598:.
1578::
1572:8
1532:.
1504:)
1473:.
1453::
1447:8
1425:)
1394:)
1360:.
1336:.
1100:.
60:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
