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1021:. It was once popular for wagon wheels. Most wood sold as birch in North America is from this tree. Its wood is relatively strong, close grained, and heavy. The wood varies in color from reddish brown to creamy white and accepts stain and can be worked to a high polish. Like most birches, yellow birch wood rots quickly due to its tendency to trap moisture. The cellulose from rotting birch logs was collected by Native Americans and used as a quick fire starter.
107:
82:
58:
1074:. They also make use of Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis, taking of the bark for internal blood diseases, and mixing its sap and maple sap used for a pleasant beverage drink. They use the bark of var. alleghaniensis to build dwellings, lodges, canoes, storage containers, sap dishes, rice baskets, buckets, trays and dishes and place on coffins when burying the dead.
400:
It mostly reproduces by seed. Mature trees typically start producing seeds at about 40 years but may start as young as 20. The optimum age for seed production is about 70 years. Good seed crops are not produced every year, and tend to be produced in intervals of 1–4 years with the years between good
974:
throughout its range due to their similar preferences in habitat. It mostly grows from 0–500 m in elevation but may grow up to 1000 m. It reaches its maximum importance in the transition zone between low elevation deciduous forests and high elevation spruce and fir forests. Due to the thin bark and
396:
reaching 60–80 feet (18–24 m) tall (exceptionally to 100 ft (30 m)) with a trunk typically 2–3 ft (0.61–0.91 m) in diameter, making it the largest North
American species of birch. Yellow birch is long-lived, typically 150 years and some old growth forest specimens may last
648:
where they commonly grow together, but sweet birch does not grow west of Ohio or north into Canada whereas yellow birch does. Sweet birch also has black non-peeling bark compared to the lighter, bronze colored, peeling bark of yellow birch. For young trees where bark has not yet developed, yellow
409:
layer. This can lead to odd situations such as yellow birches with their roots growing around a tree stump, which when it eventually rots away leaves the birch standing atop stilt-like roots. Yellow birch saplings will not establish in full shade (under a closed canopy) so they typically need
893:. While its range extends as far south as Georgia, it is most abundant in the northern part of its range. In southern Pennsylvania, it is rare and generally only found along bodies of water in cool, mature woods, and it only occurs at high elevations from Maryland southward. It grows in
424:. After the tree reaches a diameter greater than 1 ft (0.30 m) the bark typically stops shredding and reveal a platy outer bark although the thinner branches will still have the shreddy bark. There is an uncommon, alternate form of the tree (f.
903:
prefers to grow in cooler conditions and is often found on north facing slopes, swamps, stream banks, and rich woods. It does not grow well in dry regions or regions with hot summers and will often last only 30–50 years in such conditions. It grows soil
644:) have nearly identical leaf shape and both give an odor of wintergreen when crushed. Seedlings of the two species can be very hard to tell apart. To differentiate the two, the range, buds, or bark must be examined. The ranges do overlap in
988:
effects on seedlings of yellow birch and decreases their growth ability. The inhibitory chemical is exuded from the roots of the sugar maple and has a very short soil half-life, it no longer has effects on birch after 5 days.
517:. The male catkins are 2–4 in (5–10 cm) long, yellow purple, pendulous (hang downwards), and occur in groups of 3-6 on the previous year's growth. The female catkins are erect (point upward) and 1.5–3 cm (
451:), which is the only other birch in North America to also smell of wintergreen. However, the potency of the odor is not considered a reliable identification method unless it is combined with other characteristics.
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in northern regions where their ranges overlap. It has seldom been reported but is thought to be more common than realized. In most features it is intermediate between the two parents.
1042:, and although the sap has less sugar content, it flows in greater quantity than sugar maple. When the sap is boiled down, the wintergreen evaporates and leaves a syrup not unlike
831:
swamps. These hybrids are rather common and shrubby in growth pattern and may have an odor of wintergreen or rusty-hairy twigs. The leaf shape is intermediate between both species.
468:) margin. They are dark green in color on the upper side and lighter on the bottom, the veins on the bottom are also pubescent. The leaves arise in pairs or singularly from small
2562:
1585:
Histoire des arbres forestiers de l'Amérique
Septentrionale: considérés principalement sous les rapports de leur usages dans les arts et de leur introduction dans le commerce
342:
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2316:
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Yellow birch is considered the most important species of birch for lumber and is the most important hardwood lumber tree in eastern Canada; as such, the wood of
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on mature trees is a shiny yellow-bronze which flakes and peels in fine horizontal strips. The bark often has small black marks and dark horizontal
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The papery, shredded bark, is very flammable due to its oil content and can be peeled off and used as a fire starter even in wet conditions.
2075:
Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort
Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241
2057:
Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort
Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231
807:— dark brown bark that typically does not exfoliate into shreds or curly flakes at the surface, especially noticeable when the bark is wet
681:
by its shorter fruiting scales and mostly cordate (vs. rarely cordate) leaf bases. After comparing the descriptions and illustrations of
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2134:
1738:
106:
410:
disturbances in a forest in order to establish and grow. The tree is fairly deep-rooted and sends out several long lateral roots.
1198:
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1162:
A field guide to trees and shrubs : northeastern and north-central United States and southeastern and south-central Canada
605:
2334:
569:
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2066:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe
Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 397
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1339:
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Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The
Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 199
1951:
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464:) base. They are 2–5 in (5.1–12.7 cm) long and typically half as wide with a finely serrated (
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are alternately placed on the stem, oval in shape with a pointed tip and often a slightly heart shaped (
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Deer eat many saplings and may limit regeneration of the species if the deer population is too great.
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with two wings which are shorter than the width of the seed which matures and gets released in autumn.
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which open in later spring. Both male and female flowers will occur on the same tree making the plant
264:
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There are three official emblems in Quebec: the yellow birch, the snowy owl and the versicolor iris.
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1987:. Edited for the American Society of Foresters (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
43:
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1166:. Illustrations by George A. Petrides and Roger Tory (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
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1988:
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541: in) long and oval in shape, they arise from short spur branches with the leaves. The
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Several varieties have been named, but are not recognized as distinct by modern authors:
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best on mossy logs, decaying wood or cracks in boulders since they cannot penetrate the
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is extensively used for flooring, furniture, doors, veneer, cabinetry, gun stocks and
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and various songbirds feed on the seeds and buds. Due to the thin bark of the tree
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refer to the golden color of the tree's bark. In the past its scientific name was
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1982:
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2290:
2177:
1507:"Conservation Plant Characteristics for ScientificName (CommonName) USDA PLANTS"
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964:
944:
894:
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637:
444:
406:
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as it was superfluous to the older name that
Michaux had listed as a synonym,
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514:
469:
190:
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described what he considered to be a new closely related species of birch as
2228:
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17:
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Historical common names of Great Plains plants, with scientific names index
2471:
1952:"Allelopathic Relationship between Yellow Birch and Sugar Maple Seedlings"
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2162:
1368:(4. ed., rev. ed.). Champaign, Illinois: Stipes Publishing Company.
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1032:
and for tar and oils. Oil of wintergreen can be distilled from the bark.
998:
874:
421:
157:
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1692:
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or may be flavored. Tea can also be made from the twigs and inner bark.
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feed on this tree by drilling holes in the tree and collecting the sap.
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1908:
1001:. Globally, the species is considered to be of "least concern" by the
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has darker gray-brown bark which shreds less than the typical form.
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921:
697:, but did confirm the existence of two varieties. Later, the name
542:
364:
320:
200:
118:
2308:
1895:
Matray, Paul F. (1974). "Broad-Winged Hawk
Nesting and Ecology".
1716:
Flora of the
Chicago Region: A Floristic and Ecological Synthesis
2220:
1062:
by Native
Americans as a blood purifier and for other uses. The
554:
546:
393:
2143:
1199:"Trees of the Adirondacks: Yellow Birch, Betula alleghaniensis"
1439:(2 ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1088:
1086:
975:
lack of ability to resprout, it is easily killed by wildfire.
650:
720:
the oldest and correct replacement name for the illegitimate
1588:. Vol. v.2. Paris: L. Haussmann. 1812. pp. 151–155
1675:
Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University
1326:. Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
940:
show a preference for nesting in yellow birch in New York.
905:
794:— scales on the fruiting catkins which measure 8–13 mm
1834:"Plants Profile for Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch)"
27:
Species of flowering plant in the birch family Betulaceae
1320:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
1024:
In the past, yellow birch has been used for distilling
2030:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
545:, mature in fall, is composed of numerous tiny winged
758:, though it shares several of these names with other
319:, is a large tree and an important lumber species of
1923:"Butterflies in Your Backyard | NC State University"
1619:"The names of yellow birch and two of its varieties"
1542:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
472:. In the fall the leaves turn a bright yellow color.
428:) which grows in the southern part of the range. F.
2573:
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
2152:
1159:
1038:Yellow birch can be tapped for syrup similarly to
373:
1671:"Notes on the Flora of Western Nova Scotia, 1921"
1226:"Betula alleghaniensis Yellow Birch, Swamp Birch"
2553:Flora of the Great Lakes region (North America)
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
401:years having little seed production. The seeds
1664:
1662:
1660:
1118:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194255A2306701.en
1003:International Union for Conservation of Nature
738:". In addition to "yellow" or "golden" birch,
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
389:is a medium-sized, typically single-stemmed,
8:
2563:Natural history of the Great Smoky Mountains
1323:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
781:— scales on the fruiting catkins 5–8 mm
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1399:
1397:
1395:
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716:was found not to be a yellow birch, making
712:(1789). Additionally, the type specimen of
443:, though not as strongly so as the related
2140:
1435:Rhoads, Ann; Block, Timothy (2007-08-08).
653:and stems; sweet birch has hairless buds.
649:birch can also be identified by its hairy
263:
80:
56:
42:
31:
1714:Wilhelm, Gerould; Rericha, Laura (2017).
1682:
1634:
1116:
353:, a name which in France is used for the
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1307:
1305:
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1251:"Birch Trees Show Gorgeous Fall Foliage"
1153:
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1149:
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1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
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661:The yellow birch was first described by
1562:United States Department of Agriculture
1529:
1527:
1430:
1428:
1082:
565:
439:, when scraped, have a slight scent of
2568:Plants used in Native American cuisine
1809:"Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch)"
1572:– via Southern Research Station.
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1220:
1218:
970:Yellow birch is often associated with
2028:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
1158:Peterson, George A. Petrides (1986).
1070:from the inner bark and take it as a
7:
2394:35dddc39-cd53-4294-8442-883230c0a824
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1046:. The sap can also be used as is in
693:found the latter to be identical to
2528:IUCN Red List least concern species
1104:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2548:Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
2135:University of California, Berkeley
2091:images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
25:
1761:. International Plant Names Index
549:packed between the catkin bracts.
2096:Interactive Distribution Map of
1366:Manual of woody landscape plants
616:
604:
592:
580:
568:
105:
2446:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:32106-2
1868:"Common Trees of Pennsylvania"
1718:. Indiana Academy of Sciences.
997:It is listed as endangered in
947:including the mourning cloak (
873:, and the southeast corner of
849:Its native range extends from
369:Betula alleghaniensis, forest
349:, where it is commonly called
1:
1981:Wenger, Karl F., ed. (1984).
1813:gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org
1790:. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew
1623:The Canadian Field-Naturalist
2558:Provincial symbols of Quebec
1950:Tubbs, Carl H. (June 1973).
1558:United States Forest Service
916:The twigs are browsed on by
500: in (1–1 cm) long.
1340:Harvard University Herbaria
1054:Native American ethnobotany
834:It can also hybridize with
2589:
1788:Plants of the World Online
1437:The Plants of Pennsylvania
1405:"YELLOW BIRCH PLANT GUIDE"
475:The leaf has a very short
2543:Trees of Northern America
1364:Dirr, Michael A. (1990).
1336:Missouri Botanical Garden
1334:– via eFloras.org,
934:yellow bellied sapsuckers
286:
279:
271:
262:
245:
238:
102:Scientific classification
100:
78:
69:
64:
55:
50:
41:
34:
1617:Brayshaw, T. C. (1966).
1550:Silvics of North America
1312:Furlow, John J. (1997).
953:) and dreamy duskywing (
2112:"Betula alleghaniensis"
1755:"Betula alleghaniensis"
1729:Nowick, Elaine (2014).
1669:Fernald, M. L. (1922).
1534:Erdmann, G. G. (1990).
323:native to northeastern
2538:Hardwood forest plants
1338:, St. Louis, MO &
1058:Yellow birch has been
671:Nathaniel Lord Britton
663:François André Michaux
636:Both yellow birch and
383:
231:B. alleghaniensis
2184:Betula alleghaniensis
2154:Betula alleghaniensis
2126:Betula alleghaniensis
2098:Betula alleghaniensis
2089:Betula alleghaniensis
2022:Betula alleghaniensis
1782:Betula alleghaniensis
1538:Betula alleghaniensis
1477:Betula alleghaniensis
1316:Betula alleghaniensis
1232:. PFAF Plant Database
1203:www.adirondackvic.org
1111:: e.T194255A2306701.
1097:Betula alleghaniensis
1015:Betula alleghaniensis
887:Appalachian Mountains
742:has also been called
718:Betula alleghaniensis
675:Betula alleghaniensis
387:Betula alleghaniensis
368:
339:Betula alleghaniensis
304:Betula alleghaniensis
274:Betula alleghaniensis
249:Betula alleghaniensis
51:Yellow birch foliage
36:Betula alleghaniensis
1927:content.ces.ncsu.edu
1483:Illinois Wildflowers
1473:Hilty, John (2020).
1093:Stritch, L. (2014).
855:Prince Edward Island
509:are wind-pollinated
335:, the yellow birch.
2117:Plants for a Future
1269:Quebec Gouvernement
1265:"Emblems of Quebec"
993:Conservation status
943:Several species of
885:, and south in the
817:It hybridizes with
736:Allegheny Mountains
72:Conservation status
2104:2019-03-08 at the
938:Broad-winged hawks
908:ranging from 4-8.
805:(Fassett) Brayshaw
792:(Fernald) Brayshaw
384:
2515:
2514:
2402:Open Tree of Life
2146:Taxon identifiers
1994:978-0-471-06227-1
1984:Forestry Handbook
1446:978-0-8122-4003-0
1375:978-0-87563-344-2
1271:(in French). 2024
1173:978-0-395-13651-5
961:B. alleghaniensis
950:Nymphalis antiopa
901:B. alleghaniensis
845:Range and climate
837:Betula papyrifera
825:Betula × purpusii
806:
793:
740:B. alleghaniensis
711:
687:B. alleghaniensis
677:, differing from
371:emblem of Quebec,
300:
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272:Natural range of
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16:(Redirected from
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1511:plants.usda.gov
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1475:"Yellow Birch (
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1956:Forest Science
1939:
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767:
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714:Betula excelsa
707:Betula excelsa
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629:Similarity to
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2053:
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
2027:
2021:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1983:
1976:
1964:. Retrieved
1959:
1955:
1930:. Retrieved
1926:
1917:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:
1841:. Retrieved
1837:
1828:
1817:. Retrieved
1812:
1803:
1792:. Retrieved
1787:
1781:
1774:
1763:. Retrieved
1758:
1749:
1733:. Lulu.com.
1730:
1724:
1715:
1709:
1674:
1648:. Retrieved
1626:
1622:
1590:. Retrieved
1584:
1578:
1566:. Retrieved
1549:
1544:
1537:
1514:. Retrieved
1510:
1486:. Retrieved
1482:
1476:
1436:
1415:. Retrieved
1411:
1365:
1328:. Retrieved
1322:
1315:
1280:
1273:. Retrieved
1268:
1259:
1245:
1234:. Retrieved
1229:
1206:. Retrieved
1202:
1161:
1122:. Retrieved
1108:
1102:
1096:
1057:
1037:
1034:
1026:wood alcohol
1023:
1014:
1012:
996:
986:allelopathic
979:
977:
969:
965:caterpillars
960:
954:
948:
942:
915:
900:
899:
889:to northern
851:Newfoundland
848:
835:
824:
818:
801:
797:
788:
784:
778:
774:
769:
759:
755:
751:
748:silver birch
747:
743:
739:
731:
726:
721:
717:
713:
706:
703:illegitimate
699:Betula lutea
698:
694:
686:
682:
678:
674:
667:Betula lutea
666:
660:
641:
635:
631:Betula lenta
630:
558:is a winged
553:
504:
476:
455:
448:
436:
429:
425:
415:
399:
386:
385:
350:
338:
337:
333:Betula lutea
332:
316:
313:golden birch
312:
309:yellow birch
308:
303:
302:
301:
290:Betula lutea
289:
273:
248:
246:
230:
229:
213:
201:
164:
151:
138:
125:
35:
29:
18:Yellow birch
2366:NatureServe
2291:iNaturalist
2178:Wikispecies
1412:USDA plants
1124:19 November
1048:birch syrup
1044:maple syrup
1040:sugar maple
945:Lepidoptera
926:cottontails
865:, southern
859:Nova Scotia
756:swamp birch
669:. In 1904,
665:in 1812 as
638:sweet birch
587:Mature bark
470:spur shoots
445:sweet birch
407:leaf litter
361:Description
355:wild cherry
317:swamp birch
145:Angiosperms
2522:Categories
2489:WisFlora:
2415:Plant List
2034:25 January
2016:USDA, NRCS
1819:2018-11-02
1815:. GoBotany
1794:2018-11-02
1765:2018-11-02
1650:2018-11-02
1592:2018-11-02
1236:2018-11-02
1208:2018-11-02
1078:References
1019:toothpicks
959:) feed on
895:USDA zones
881:, west to
789:macrolepis
752:tall birch
744:gray birch
646:Appalachia
575:Young bark
515:monoecious
209:Subgenus:
191:Betulaceae
2420:kew-21135
2257:233500246
2131:CalPhotos
1962:: 139–147
1701:249071768
1645:0008-3550
1545:Hardwoods
1068:decoction
984:) exerts
883:Minnesota
766:Varieties
762:species.
422:lenticels
403:germinate
391:deciduous
225:Species:
218:Betulenta
115:Kingdom:
2479:VASCAN:
2467:Tropicos
2371:2.133573
2322:10426306
2192:BioLib:
2169:Q1499241
2163:Wikidata
2102:Archived
2018:(n.d.).
1759:ipni.org
1693:41764011
1560:(USFS),
1230:pfaf.org
1072:diuretic
999:Illinois
875:Manitoba
823:to form
722:B. lutea
695:B. lutea
683:B. lutea
679:B. lutea
657:Taxonomy
642:B. lenta
449:B. lenta
351:merisier
281:Synonyms
187:Family:
158:Eudicots
92:IUCN 3.1
2472:3600062
2309:32106-2
2270:5331779
2221:1149474
2129:in the
2000:26 July
1966:26 July
1932:26 July
1909:4084510
1897:The Auk
1880:26 July
1843:26 July
1568:14 July
1516:26 July
1417:26 July
1330:26 July
1275:25 June
912:Ecology
891:Georgia
871:Ontario
812:Hybrids
611:Catkins
536:⁄
522:⁄
511:catkins
506:flowers
495:⁄
485:⁄
478:petiole
462:cordate
341:is the
214:Betula
197:Genus:
181:Fagales
177:Order:
119:Plantae
90: (
2533:Betula
2428:PLANTS
2407:452595
2391:NZOR:
2348:194255
2244:betall
2241:FEIS:
1991:
1907:
1784:Britt"
1737:
1699:
1691:
1643:
1564:(USDA)
1488:7 June
1443:
1372:
1170:
1064:Ojibwe
879:Canada
867:Quebec
802:fallax
760:Betula
754:, and
599:Leaves
560:samara
457:leaves
430:fallax
426:fallax
382:Canada
347:Quebec
327:. Its
307:, the
293:Michx.
256:Britt.
202:Betula
171:Rosids
2459:25806
2433:BEAL2
2384:21017
2335:19481
2317:IRMNG
2296:49882
2234:BETAL
1905:JSTOR
1871:(PDF)
1697:S2CID
1689:JSTOR
1408:(PDF)
922:moose
897:3-7.
829:larch
800:var.
798:B. a.
787:var.
785:B. a.
777:var.
775:B. a.
710:Aiton
547:seeds
543:fruit
437:twigs
379:]
375:[
321:birch
315:, or
216:subg.
165:Clade
152:Clade
139:Clade
126:Clade
65:Bark
2492:2735
2482:3685
2441:POWO
2379:NCBI
2343:IUCN
2330:ITIS
2304:IPNI
2283:7068
2278:GRIN
2265:GBIF
2229:EPPO
2208:LP4J
2195:3441
2036:2018
2002:2016
1989:ISBN
1968:2016
1934:2016
1882:2016
1845:2016
1735:ISBN
1641:ISSN
1570:2016
1518:2016
1490:2023
1441:ISBN
1419:2016
1370:ISBN
1332:2016
1277:2024
1168:ISBN
1126:2021
1109:2014
1009:Uses
924:and
869:and
727:The
685:and
651:buds
623:Form
555:seed
552:The
503:The
454:The
435:The
417:bark
414:The
394:tree
2500:WFO
2454:RHS
2358:550
2252:FNA
2216:EoL
2203:CoL
1679:doi
1631:doi
1113:doi
963:as
877:in
853:to
827:in
724:.
345:of
2524::
2502::
2469::
2456::
2443::
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2368::
2345::
2332::
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2306::
2293::
2280::
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2254::
2231::
2218::
2205::
2180::
2165::
2114:.
2026:.
1960:19
1958:.
1954:.
1942:^
1925:.
1901:91
1899:.
1873:.
1853:^
1836:.
1811:.
1786:.
1757:.
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1687:.
1673:.
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1639:.
1627:80
1625:.
1621:.
1601:^
1556::
1548:.
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1498:^
1481:.
1479:)"
1455:^
1427:^
1410:.
1384:^
1348:^
1288:^
1279:.
1267:.
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1201:.
1182:^
1134:^
1107:.
1101:.
1085:^
1028:,
1005:.
967:.
920:,
906:pH
861:,
857:,
750:,
746:,
689:,
357:.
311:,
167::
154::
141::
128::
2120:.
2038:.
2024:"
2020:"
2004:.
1970:.
1936:.
1911:.
1884:.
1847:.
1822:.
1797:.
1780:"
1768:.
1743:.
1703:.
1681::
1653:.
1633::
1595:.
1540:"
1536:"
1520:.
1492:.
1449:.
1421:.
1378:.
1318:"
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1253:.
1239:.
1211:.
1176:.
1128:.
1115::
1099:"
1095:"
640:(
538:8
534:1
531:+
529:1
527:–
524:8
520:5
497:2
493:1
490:–
487:4
483:1
447:(
377:6
94:)
20:)
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